国际商务期末复习总结

CHAP6 国际贸易理论

 Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export

more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口）  Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主

义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）  It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看

成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）

Absolute Advantage 绝对优势

 Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it  亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势

 According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute

advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国

应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品

The Benefit of Absolute Advantage and Free Trade

 The Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage  国际分工的原则---绝对优势

 The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易

 1. To Production:

 the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动

 the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率  the Quantity of Production 产品质量

 2. To Consumer:

 Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利

 : low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费

Comparative Advantage比较优势

Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods

they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means

buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己更能有效生产的

产品是有意义

choose bigger one in two advantages and smaller one in two disadvantages 两利取重两害取轻

Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 俄林理论

 Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor

endowments（天赋） – the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital

赫克歇尔和俄林认为比较优势是由各国生产要素禀赋的差异引起的，指一国的一些资源比如土地，劳动力

还有资本  The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of

those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors

that are locally scarce 赫克歇尔俄琳理论预测一国将出口密集型使用本国充足要素的产品，进

口密集使用本国稀缺要素的产品

 To take advantage of factor of endowments

New Trade Theory 新贸易理论

New trade theory suggests that the ability of firms to gain economies of scale (unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output) can have important implications for international trade

New trade theory suggests that:  through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goods  贸易可以通过对规模经济的影响增加消费品的种类，降低这些商品的平均成本  in those industries when output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises  一些应该达到规模经济的产业，所生产的产品占世界总需求的比重较大，这样全球市场就只能容纳数量很

少的企业

Factor Endowments 要素禀赋

 Factor endowments refer to a nation’s position in factors of production necessary to compete in a given

industry 要素禀赋理论意味着国家态度对一个特定行业生产要素的竞争是很必要的  A nation's position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage国家对生产要素的使用态度可以导致比较优势  These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced (skilled labor, infrastructure,

technological know-how) 要素可以是基础的也可以是高等的

First-Mover Advantages 第一进入者优势

 Being a first mover can have important competitive implications, especially if there are economies of scale and

the global industry will only support a few competitors  第一进入者有重要的竞争影响，特别是规模经济或者全球行业只有少量竞争者时  Firms that establish a first-mover advantage may dominate global trade in that product

 公司建立了第一个优势可能会在全球贸易中占主导地位

Porter’s Diamond 波特的钻石理论

  Michael Porter tried to explain: (1) why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry, while some nations fail 为什么一个国家在

特定行业取得国际成功

(2 )how to get successful in a particular industry: identified four attributes that promote or impede the creation of

competitive advantage:如何在特定行业取得成功，确定了4大特性促进或阻碍竞争优势的建立  Factor endowments 要素禀赋  Demand conditions需求情况

 Relating and supporting industries相关与支持产业

 Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry 企业组织，战略与竞争

CHAP8 国际直接投资

FDI 国际直接投资

 Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities to produce and/or market in

a foreign country国际直接投资发生在一家企业在国外直接投资用于生产或者销售时  FDI can be: