english oversationto

Good afternoon,ladies and gentlemen, first I’d like to thank my collegues for their very generous introduction, and particularly now, I’d like to thank you all for coming on this occasion. It’s a great privilege for me to be here, to be able to address you and to satisfy your curiosity. I’ve known from many years’ teaching experience when I was a young teacher specially, and I had a textbook in my hand, and I kept looking at the same name, I kept wondering, I wonder this person is like. I wonder if I could ever meet him or her, I know that feeling very well and I hope that feeling will be satisfied this afternoon. I know the name 亚历山大, it’s very well known to you from textbooks and so on. And it may surprise you here that this is my third visit to beijing, I have been here another two occasions. I came in 1981 when I spent a month traveling through the country and lecturing, I came again in 1988, because I was associated with junior english for china with the PEP, and I am here again at the invitation of the foreign language press. And that is why I am able through the generous inviting me to be able to address you. Now we have about an hour, I need about an hour to speak to you about the subject, communication and grammar. When I finish speaking, just 3:15 now, if you want to ask me qustions you may, large audience and it may be difficult for you to stand up and ask question, and if you wish to write a question and if there is time, I would like to answer it, but it has to be a question on language. My theme this afernoon is communiation and grammar. In other words, the role of grammar in english language teaching today. Dose grammar still have a relavance? I can here mickey mouse in the background. Dose language teaching, dose grammar still have a relavance when we are teaching for communication? And I think that is a very important question. When we look at the way language was taught in the past, we based language teaching on what we called a grammar translation method. All of you know about this method, consist of books that gives you lots of rules with translation exercises from english and into english, and you have to get the language right, get the grammar right, and you could spend many many years doing these exercises and never become fluent in a language. There are good reasons why you can n’t become fluent when using the grammar translation method. One of these reasons is that teachers were encouraged to talk about the language, never to use it, and the language was like a patient on the operation table with various doctors going over it, talking about it but never doing anyting to cure it and make it get up and walk again. And what we are concerned with is to make language live, to consider that language is not some object dead we study but a performance skill. We think of language not how much we know about it but how well we can perform it, how well we can speak it, how well we can understand it, how well we can use it, and that is what we are concerned with in language teaching today. I have been in classes where I heard a whole lesson in english conducted in the student’s own language. I remember one lesson I attended where I heard the teacher speak for something like 50 minutes, and the teacher spoke entirely in the student’s language. I only heard three english words during that lesson, and those words were anglo saxon genergective. And so obviously if we teach like that, teaching a living language as if it were a dead language, then that language will remain permernently dead.. so one reason students failed to learn the language through the grammar translation method was that they were always talking about language. It was always knowledge not performance. The second reason why students couldn’t learn from the grammar translation method is that they couldn’t transfer their knowledge from the grammar book to real life, so that that knowledge was permanently frozen. When I began teaching english as a young man, I was given one book to teach english from and it was called a living english structure. It was a set of grammatical exercises with a rule at the top, lots of sentences to fill in the blanks, then the students somehowby some miracle, were expected to perform from this, and I quickly realized you couldn’d learn a modern language in that way. You could use this information for certain purposes, but you couln’t learn a language only in that way, you had to have human situations , you had to have texts, you had to have activities, you had to train students in the four primary skills, of understanding, speaking, reading and writing, because a language is not just grammar. How have things changed today? Well today our emphasis is on communication, we want students to perform in understanding, speaking, reading and writing. So that we have realised that one of the highest priorities when we are learning a language is listening comprehension, everything begins with listening comprehension. You are exercising listening comprehension now. If you cann’t understand what I am saying, then you are in deep trouble. And listening comprehension is the first step in language aquisiton and what we have train our students in before they can speak, they go through a kind of silent period while they are taking in a lot of language before they are giving out a lot of language. That is a very very slow business, because learning a language is slow and accumulative. You can never learn a language in twenty four hours as many advertisement promise you. I donn’t know if you have this in china but certainy in europe, newspapers are full of advertisements of how you can learn a language in two weeks of study, learn to be a concert pianist after five hours at piano, learn to be a linguist after using this magic tape. If there were such simple solutions, you and I would surely know about them. We worked all our lives to learn languages, so there cann’t be simple solutions. Why is it impossible to learn a language in a short period, the answer is listening comprehension. You can learn a lot of phrases, you can learn to aske the way to the station and order a cup of coffee and so on. But you have to listen to hundreds of hours of english or any foreign language before you can understand it and that is why it is a long term study. Children, of coure, are born with a language instinct, that’s how we have aquired our mothertongue. But when we get beyong the ages of 5 6 7, life becomes more difficuld where language acquisition is concerned. When we speak of communication, we find what we mean by communication is the ability to do things through language. If you look at older textbooks, they were full of completely unnecessary bits of language, completely useless of language, things like this is my head and this is my nose and so on, or has she milked the cows yet and so on. In other words, pieces of english that you would never use in several large times. I want to quote an advertisement to you, which is from AT&T, the big american telephone company, and I want you try to understand what communicatores mean by communication. Telecommunication has the word communication in it, it’s about telecommunication. This advertisement reads like this “this machine communicates over a hundred and fifty words per minute across oceans and less than one and a half cents per word, it also listens, reacts, sympathizes, charms, persuades, pleads, apologizes, suits, explores, informs, explains and does whatever it takes to solve the problem or close the sale.” What’s this machine? Of course this machine is a telephone. And all those things that are spoken about here are what we do through language. listens, reacts, sympathizes, charms, persuades, pleads, apologizes, suits, explores, informs, explains And we can go on and on and on. Doing things through language is communication. And therefore what we are concentration on today is teaching communication skills. And we teach communication skills, the four primary skills, listening comprehension, we develop the speaking skills through training students to be socially appropriate to use language that is appropriate. So when you have a guest, you don’t say drink this, you say, because you’ve learned the imperatve, would you like something to drink and so on. If you’ve learned the imperative, you’ve learned “stand up and sit down”, you may thinkthat’s the only way you can offer drink to someone. We have to learn socially appropriate ways of communicating with others. We also have to develop the reading skill and there are several different reading skills, skimming, scanning, reading for details and so on. And we also have to develop the writing skill which means controlling the syntexts of a language, that is the way sentences are joining together. So communication is quite a complicate business. We can say in the past with the grammar translation method, grammar was the master and communication was the servant, that is we began by teaching grammar and if communication resulted from that, that was a lucky coincidence. We say today that communication is the master and grammar is the servant, that is the way things have changed, but has grammar disappeared, that is the question. And that is the question I am going to try and answer in the rest of this lecture. We must now look at grammar as a support system for learning a foreign language. And I’m going to try and answer four questions, why do we teach grammar, what do we teach, when do we teach grammar and how do we teach it. So there are four questions we shall be looking at. It is very reasonable to begin with the question why, because when we are speaking chinese, when you are speaking chinese, do you think of grammar when you have a conversation with your friends, and your answer must be no. you said I’m with my friends, we are sitting in a restaurant, we are walking in the garden in the park and we have a consersation, I don’t think of the grammar of the chinese ever. And I’m thinking of the grammar of english now as I’m speaking to you. As I’m saying I think now I’m using the present perfect tense, now I’m using the past tense. Of course not, of course not, if I think for a minute I must use the past tense, something happens to me I freeze, I cann’t speak, in other words grammar will interfere with my communicative skills. When you are riding a bicycle, you don’t think how it is you stay on the bicycle, the moment you think how does it happen that I can balance on these two wheels, once you start thinking about that, what happens, you fall off. It’s like the story of the old man granddad with a long beard, and his grandchildren one morning said to him “granddad when you go to bed at night, do you sleep with the beards under the sheet or over the sheet” granddad said “I’ve never thought about that, I’ll tell you tomorrow morning”so the next morning the grandchildren went to see the granddad, and he said “well, I’m very cross with you”, he said “why granddad, where was the beard when you sleep last night”, he said “well that is the problem，I spent the whole night thinking about it, and I didn’t get any sleep”. So grammar is a bit like that. If we think too much about it, we cann’t say anything. It’s anti-productive. When you want to speak english, do you sit in a corner and say “I will begin with the present perfect, moving to the past tense, sprinking a few adjectives” then I’ll really slay them when I am introducing past perfect as well, they are really been pressed. If you try to do that, of course, you wouldn’t be able to speak. So we can say that thinking about grammar is not a good thing. And we cann’t learn to communicate by thinking about grammar. But is it true that we never think about grammar when we communicate. Well the answer to that question is not entirely true. Imaging you are applying for a job, and you want to impress the person you are writing to with curriculum vitae, your CV, or what the amerian calls your resume, and you are filling this out and you pick it up, you screw it up and throw it into bin. And you try again, try again, and you keep throwing it away until you get it perfect. Why do you keep doing this? Because you are monitoring yourself, and the time when we think about language very very carefully. If you talk to your boss, you are thinking about the language you are using very very carefully. You donn’t come into the office in the morning and say “hello, old thing, how are you today”. Because that is not an appropriate way of speaking to your boss. You know, you choose your words very carefully ifyour boss says “well, did you do this report yesterday”, you donn’t say “yeah, I knocked them off”You will say “yes, sir”and you explain very very carefully, choosing your words carefully. In other words, it is not entirely true to say we never think about language, we never think about grammar when we are communicating. We are always monitoring ourselves, and we are always monitoring our people. when other people are using language badly, we can hear it, we can say “I didn’t like the way he said that, I didn’t like the way she reacted to this”, because we didn’t like the language they use. I’am sure that happens in chinese as much as it happens in the european languages. When we are learning a foreign language, we are constantly fighting a battle, and that is the battle with our own language. Because our own language always wants to interfere with the target language. Every time we want to say something, we have to push aside our own language, because it keeps coming up in front. And we only become successful at doing this when we manage to suppress our own language and use the target language with some degree of fluency. So this means that grammar dose have a role in language teaching. It is not something we are completely unconscious of. And I think there are three good reasons why we still need grammar. The first reason is that when we are teaching english as a foreign language we cann’t avoid grammar. Why cann’t we avoid it? Because every time we teach something, there is a student in the class who wants to know why, how, how dose this happen, when do I use some, and when do I use any. These are all questions which have grammatical answers. When do I use the present progressive, and when do I use the simple present, these are questions which have grammatical answers. So every time your student ask a question, the question, the answer to that question is usually a grammatical answer. We cannot avoid it. We are learning language in an artificial situation in classroom, we not learn a language as a young child following the mother around the room and coping things she says and doing things she tells us to do. We are learning, sitting in rolls, in a highly artificial way. So it takes a long time to aquire a language and grammar. Every time we learn something, we have questions about it. Some of you may know that I am doing a column in china daily now for nearly two years, and I have questions from thousands of students, chinese students from all over china. Of course, I cann’t answer all these questions in this small column, but all these questions relate to vocabulary use or grammar. I cann’t avoid it, they cann’t avoid it, and I try to provide them with answers. The second reason why we need grammar when we a learning a foreign language as grown-ups is that grammar gives us a short-cut to learning. It’s a quick way to understand something. Imagine I was teaching you english, and imagine I didn’t tell you at all that english has two present tenses. And imagine I said to myself I’ll see if they can discover this for themselves. What would happen? Well, I might wait a whole life time before the question even arousing your mind.You as a student might say why you didn’t tell me this before. You will say I wanted you to discover it yourself. But of course,language teaching dosen’t work that way. The more information we give to our students, the more it helps them to understand the principles of language acquisition, so that they can communicate better. The third reason why we learn grammar is that it is expected. In other words, it is unimaginable that we would learn a language and not have any grammar. If we don’t have grammar, all the mistakes we make would become a habit. And we will learn to form very bad bad habits in the way we express ourselves because no one would correct us. It is expected and it is provided. If you are teachers of english, and you are teaching youngchildren, and the parents come and see you, they would quite often ask what kind of grammar work you are doing with the children as well as other activities you are doing from an academin point of view。

刑法诉讼法英文一、单词1. Prosecution- 英语释义：the institution and conducting of legal proceedings against someone in respect of a criminal charge.- 用法：作名词，可用于短语“the prosecution of a crime”（对犯罪的起诉）。

- 双语例句：- The prosecution presented strong evidence against the defendant.（控方提出了对被告不利的强有力的证据。

）- The decision of the prosecution has a great impact on the case.（检方的决定对这个案件有很大影响。

）2. Verdict- 英语释义：a decision on a disputed issue in a civil or criminal case or an inquest.- 用法：作名词，例如“reach a verdict”（作出裁决）。

- 双语例句：- The jury reached a guilty verdict.（陪审团作出了有罪裁决。

） - The judge will announce the verdict tomorrow.（法官明天将宣布裁决。

）3. Jurisdiction- 英语释义：the official power to make legal decisions and judgments.- 用法：作名词，如“within one's jurisdiction”（在某人的管辖权范围内）。

- 双语例句：- This court has jurisdiction over all criminal cases in this area.（这个法院对该地区的所有刑事案件有管辖权。

新视野大学英语〔第二版〕第四册课后答案新视野大学英语〔第二版〕第四册Unit1III.idle2.justify3.discount4.distinct5.minuteobject8.contaminate9.sustain10.worshipIV.accusing...of2.endup3.cameupon4.atherworst5.payfor6.runarisk of7.participate in8.other than9.object to/objected 10.atbest6. 1.delay2.pain3.hardship4.suffering5.feverdefeat7.poverty8.treatment9.noise10.agonyWordbuildingVII.justify2.glorify3.exemplifies4.classifiedpurified6.intensify7.identify8.terrifiedVIII.bravery2.jewelry3.delivery4.machinery5.robbery6.nursery7.scenery8.discoverySentenceStructureIX.otherthanforfuneralsandweddingsotherthantoliveanindependentlifeotherthanthattheyappealedtohiseye..`butotherthanthat,he'lleatjustabouteverything.otherthanthatit'ssomewhereinthetowncenterX.shouldn'thavebeentothecinemalastnightwouldhave;toldhimtheanswertheyneedn'thavegoneatallmusthavehadtoomuchworktodomighthavebeeninjuredseriouslyTranslationXI.-Theplantdoesnotgrowwellinsoilsotherthantheoneinwhichithasbeendeveloped. Researchfindingsshowthatwespendabouttwohoursdreamingeverynight,nomatterwhatwemayhavedoneduringtheday..Somepeopletendtojustifytheirfailurebyblamingothersfornottryingtheirbest..Weremaintruetoourcommitment:Whateverwepromisedtodo;wewoulddoit..EvenBeethoven'sfatherdiscountedthepossibilitythathissonwouldonedaybecomethegreatestmusicianintheworld.ThesameistrueofEdison,whoseem edtohisteachertobequitedull.Theywereaccusedbytheauthoritiesofthreateningthestatesecurity.XII.出入除自己家以外的任何场所时，如果你带有宠物，一定要了解有关宠物的规定。

2302019年31期总第471期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS法英双语主要构词方法对比与分析文/张雨晴一、引言在世界语言谱系中，法语和英语同属印欧语系。

构成法语基础的三种语言分别是高卢语、拉丁语和法兰克语。

英语在其形成与发展过程中，同样受到了多种语言的影响，主要有拉丁语、希腊语、法语和斯堪的纳维亚语。

从语言发展角度来看，法语和英语都直接或间接地影响着彼此。

此外，法国和英国地理位置上的毗邻，以及双方在政治、经济、军事、文化、科技等方面的交流都促进了法英双语的相通性。

二、法语和英语构词法比较和分析1.派生构词法(derivation)。

派生构词法，是指在已有的单词上添加词缀来改变词义的方法，也叫加词缀法。

由这种方法得到的词为派生词。

根据法国词典学家迪布瓦的研究，法语词典中的派生词占70%。

而在英语中，派生词的比例也高达30%-40%。

这里介绍两种常用类型：(1)加前缀派生。

前缀一般只有语义功能，而没有语法功能，加前缀派生通常只引起词义的改变，不引起词性改变。

名词加前缀还是名词，形容词加前缀还是形容词。

比如，法语中的normal(正常的)→anormal(反常的)，英语normal(正常的) →abnormal(反常的)。

在阅读中，通过掌握前缀的含义来推测派生词的含义是十分有效的技巧。

另外，法英双语中很多前缀的形式和含义都是相近的。

比如anti-在法语和英语中均有“反对”“反抗”的含义，extra-均表示“超越”“非常”，co-均表示“共同”。

(2)加后缀派生。

与前缀不同，后缀同时具备语义和语法功能，可以改变词的语法属性。

比如，法语中collecte(名词，募捐)→collecter(动词，收集)，英语有collect(动词，收集) →collection(名词，收藏品)。

但实际上，后缀的语义功能相对语法功能来讲并不那么突出，很多时候只是进一步修饰词的中心含义。

比如，法语中agréable(愉快的)→agréablement(愉快地)，英语中happly(快乐的)→happily(快乐地)。

新视野大学英语（第2版）第4册答案2010-03-30 12:49 新视野大学英语（第2版）第4册答案III.1. idle2. justify3. discount4. distinct5. minute6.accused7. object8. contaminate9. sustain 10. worshipIV.1. using... of2. end up3. came upon4. at her worst5. pa:6. run a risk of7. participate in8. other than9. object to/objectedV1. K2. G3. C4. E5. N6.07.18. L9. A 10. DCollocationVI.1. delay2. pain3. hardship4. suffering5. fever6. defeat7. poverty8. treatment9. noise 10. agonyWord buildingVII.1. justify2. glorify3. exemplifies4. classified5. purified6. intensify7. identify8. terrifiedVIII.1. bravery2. jewelry3. delivery4. machinery5. robbery6. nursery7. scenery8. discoverysentence StructureIX.1. other than for funerals and weddings2. other than to live an independent life3. other than that they appealed to his eye . . `4. but other than that, he'll eat just about everything .5. other than that it's somewhere in the town centerX.1. shouldn't have been to the cinema last night2. would have; told him the answer3. they needn't have gone at all4. must have had too much work to do5. might have been injured seriouslyXIII.1 ．B 2.A 3.C 4.D 5. B 6.A 7.B 8.A 9. C 10.AII．D 12.C 13. D 14.A 15. C 16.D 17.B 18.C I9. A 20.D新视野大学英语（第2版）第4册Unit 2答案Section AComprehension o f the text1. He lived a poor and miserable life during his childhood.2. Because no one in Britain appeared to appreciate his talent foredy. Hisic figures did not conform to British standards.3. Because his dress and behavior didn't seem that English.4. It was the first movie in which Chaplin spoke.5. He used his physical senses to invent his art as he went along without a prepared script.6. His transformation of lifeless objects into other kinds of objects, plus the skill with which he executed it again and again.7. She brought stability and happiness to him and became a center of calm in his family.8. Comic.V ocabularyIII.1. coarse2. betrayed3. incident4. postponed5. execute6. surrounding7. applause8. extraordinary9. clumsy 10. sparkedIV.1. for2. against3. up4. about5. up6. to7. down8. down9. in 10. onV.l. I 2.J 3.B 4.D 5.E 6.G 7.F 8.L 9.N 10.ACollocationVI.1. service2. help/hand3. influence4. guarantee5. visit6. span .7. wee8. spirit9. duties 10. buildingsWord BuildingVII.1. artist2. terrorist3. novelist4. activists5. biologists6. idealist7. capitalists8. touristVIII.1. terrorism2. industrialism3. realism4. idealism5. criticism6. heroism7. racism8. Modernismsentence structureIX1. If I had known that you coming, I would have meet you at the airport.2. If he had tried to leave the country, he would have been stopped at the border.3. If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.4. If I had caught that plane, I would have been killed in the air crash.5. If he had been in good health, he could have written many books.X.1. it is a wonder to find2. It is a surprise for us to find3. it is a waste of time to argue with him4. It's relief to know5. It is a relief for us to learnXI1. If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience.2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to be a successful actress.3. I never had formal training, I just learned as I went along.4. As their products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining in popularity.5. She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable.6. No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him.ClozeXIII.1 ．C 2. B 3．C 4.B 5．A 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. C11 ．D 12. A 13．A 14.C 15．B 16. D 17．A 18．C 19. B 20. AStructured WritingXV.Charlie Chaplin is a greatic for his native land Britain, but even more so for the world. On the stage he often wore tiny moustaches, huge pants and tailcoats that were perhaps more characteristic ofEuropeans and may be not much of the British. Since more than half of the roles Chaplin played werein silent films, people throughout the world had no difficulty understanding his films. With sound movies, Chaplin created a nonsense language that sounded like no known nationality and was acceptedand appreciated by people all over the world. For most of his lifetime he did not stay in his mother country; he traveled throughout the world to appear on stage for people of different nationalities新视野大学英语（第2版）第4册Unit 3答案Section AV ocabularyIII.1. raw2. convicted3.pensation4. notify5. provisions6. receipt7. paste8. altered9. thrive 10. certifyExercises on Web course only:11. donation 12. roast 13. rent 14. champion 15. temptationIV1. up2. to3. down4. of5. out6. into7. for8. on9. through 10. of V.1. M2. E3. G4. A5. H6. C7.18. K9.0 10. DCollocationVI.1. respect2. degree3. money4. living5. praise6. place7. success8. scholarship9. job 10. reputationWord BuildingVII.1. longish2. animal-like3. selfish4. honey-like5. ball-like6. boyish7. yellowish8. bookishVIII.1. politicians2. technicianedian4. musicians5. physicians6. electricians7. beautician8. magiciansentence structureIX.1. The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.2. Many people are said to be homeless after the floods.3. Three men are said to have been arrested after the explosion.4. The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall.5. Four people are reported to have been seriously injured in the accident.X.1. He tried sending her flowers, but it didn't have any effect.2. I don't regret telling her what I thought, even if I upset her.3. The window was broken because I forgot to close it when I left.4. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are out of stock.5. He weed the new student and then went on to explain the college regulations.TranslationXI.1. Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to look into theaffair in person.2. These workers regret yielding to the management's advice and going back to work. Now they areagain faced with the threat of losing their jobs.3. You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which entitles you to a discount on goods.4. Their car broke down halfway for no reason. As a result they arrived three hours later than they hadplanned.5. The official got involved in a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later.6. The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a time and his business isthriving. XII1.据报道这个男子曾在私下说：“许多救济对象在欺骗我们，因此，作为补偿，我们有权让他们对我们点头哈腰。

加班记录英语一、单词1. Overtime- 英语释义：time worked in addition to one's normal working hours.- 用法：可作名词或形容词。

作名词时，例如：He has a lot of overtime this month.（他这个月有很多加班。

）作形容词时，如：overtime work（加班工作）。

- 双语例句：The employees are not happy about the overtime.（员工们对加班不满意。

）2. Extra - shift- 英语释义：an additional work shift, usually outside of the regular working schedule.- 用法：名词短语。

例如：He had to take an extra - shift to finish the project on time.（为了按时完成项目，他不得不加一个班。

） - 双语例句：Thepany arranged an extra - shift for the urgent order.（公司为紧急订单安排了加班。

）3. Work overtime- 英语释义：to spend additional time working beyond normal working hours.- 用法：动词短语。

例如：I often work overtime to earn more money.（我经常加班以挣更多钱。

）- 双语例句：She has to work overtime today because of the backlog of work.（由于积压的工作，她今天不得不加班。

）二、短语1. Overtime hours- 英语释义：the number of hours worked in addition to the normal working hours.- 用法：在句中作主语、宾语等。

考研英语相似易混单词总结vt、1、使适应2、改编adept a、（与at, in连用）熟练的；精通的n、内行；老手adjustvt、1、调整，调节2、校正adopt vt、1、收养2、采用，采纳acclaim v、欢呼，喝彩；n、喝彩claim v、1、要求，索赔2、声称，主张3、值得；n、1、权利，要求权，所有权2、 (for, on)索赔3、主张，断言exclaim v、呼喊，惊叫 exclamation n、感叹，惊叹reclaim vt、1、收回2、开垦proclaim vt、宣布，声明declaim v、巧辩, 雄辩; (激昂地)演说; 朗读; 谴责, 以言词攻击declaim against 抗议, 攻击(注：词干claim和clam有“喊叫，说”的意思)applause n、喝彩；夸奖，称赞applaud v、喝彩；称赞plausible a、似乎合情理的，似乎可信的announce v、1、宣布，发表，通告2、报告……到来announcer n、播音员，报幕员denounce vt、公开指责, 公然抨击, 谴责damnv、谴责pronunciation n、发音（方法）pronounce v、1、宣判，宣布2、发音declare vt、1、宣布，宣告2、声明，表明3、断言，宣称declaration n、宣布，宣言appraise v、评价appraisal n、1、评价2、估计，估量praise v、/n、称赞，表扬estimate n、/vt、评估，评价underestimate vt、低估appreciable a、可估计的，可察觉的appreciate vt、感激，欣赏assert vt、1、断言，宣称2、维护insert vt、插入，嵌入exert vt、发挥，施加dessertn、甜食；甜糕点desert vt、1、抛弃2、擅离（职守）；n、沙漠，不毛之地abandon vt、1、离弃，抛弃2、放弃discard vt、丢弃，抛弃pretext n、借口，托辞context n、文章前后关系，上下文contest v、比赛，争论；n、竞争，比赛protest v、n、抗议，反对(联想记忆: 凡是应试test我们都是反对的！)detest vt、厌恶, 憎恨 (联想记忆: 凡是应试test我们都是讨厌的！)testimony n、1、证据，证词2、表明testify v、证实，作证verify vi、证实，核实certify v、1、证明2、发证书certificate n、证书，证明书scare vt、惊吓；n、惊恐stare vi、盯，凝视glare v、n、1、闪耀，闪光2、怒视，瞪眼flare n、1、闪耀2、（衣裙等）张开3、（感情的）爆发 v、1、（火焰）闪耀2、（衣裙等）张开flairn、天赋，天资（如：a flair for writing写作的天才）例：If you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills、如果你有节约、投资、管理钱财的天分，那么你拥有理财的能力。

英语倒装（English Inversion）1. complete inversion1) complete inversion is to put the whole predicate before the subject (the whole predicate verb, not the auxiliary verb).For example: In, came, the, teacher, and, the, class, began. (the teacher came in, and then began the class.)2) there the inversion: in addition to the most common there be pattern, there can also be connected to appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand, generally translated into "" meaning, form a complete inversion.For example: There, appeared, to, be, a, man, in, black, in, distance., the, (a man in black in the distance)3) led by the location and time adverbs inversion: the adverb of place here, now, there and then at the beginning of time adverbs, behind the verb is be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand, and the subject is a noun, constitute a complete inversion.Example: Under, that, tree, sits, a, beautiful, girl. (under that tree sits a beautiful girl)Example: from tenth floor when _________ the the policeman pointed his pistol at him.A) Jumped, down, the, burglar, B) Down, the, burglar, jumpedC) The, burglar, jumps, down, D) Down, jumped, the, burglarThe answer is D) Down, jumped, the, burglar. Because the adverbial clause "Down" at the beginning of the sentence should be completely inverted, the entire predicate verb should be placed before the subject. (C) The burglar jumps down although it is a natural word order, but tense errors should be used in conjunction with the temporal adverbial clause instead of the present tense.Be careful：1) in the inversion of here and there, when a subject is an ordinary noun, a full inverted sentence is used, but when the subject is a pronoun, a partial inversion is used.Example: Here, comes, the, postman! (the postman finally arrived! Pay attention to the notional verb before the subjectHere, we, are.. (here we are. Note that the attached verb is after the pronoun of the subject2) notice the difference between the positive word order and the inverted word order:Examples: Here, is, the, picture, I, love. (this is my favorite painting)The, picture, I, love, is, here. (my favorite painting is here) 3) when the subject is a pronoun, is the predicate verb, it isillustrative of words and phrases and attributive clauses, you can use the full inversion, emphasize.Example: Lucky is he who has been enrolled a into famous university. (he was lucky enough to be admitted to a famous university)The 2. part is inversion(1) partial inversion, that is, only a part of the predicate (such as auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, etc.) is placed before the subject, or the emphasis of the sentence is advanced.Example: right now she _______, would get there on Sunday.A) Would, she, leave, B) if, she, leaveC) were, she, to, leave, D) If, she, had, leftIf she leaves right away, she'll get there on Sunday". The answer is C.2) a sentence that begins with a negative word requires partial inversion. Pay attention to the use of the auxiliary or modal verb in advance or even the auxiliary verb in the following sentences:Example: Not, until, yesterday, did, little, John, change, his, mind.,. (little John didn't change his mind until yesterday.)For example: In no country Britain it had ______, been said,can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.A) better, than, B) than, C) other, than, D) rather than moreThis is a reverse sentence, the answer is C) other than. "No other than" means "yes, that is"; and "rather than" means "prefer"...... Rather than...... Rather than".3) a sentence with negative adverbs beginning with adverbial clauses requires partial inversion. These negative adverbs are barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely...... When, never, no, sooner...... Than, rarely, no, more, nor, nearly, not, only, and only.For example: Only under special circumstances to take make-up tests. _________A) are, freshmen, permitted, C) permitted, are, freshmenB) freshmen, are, permitted, D) are, permitted, freshmenFirst grade students can only be allowed to make-up in special circumstances." This declarative sentence begins with "only", followed by "adverbial", and should use partial inversion.所以答案是一）是允许新生。

2020年7月英语六级真题及参考答案【完整版】【有道考神版】Listening CONEVERSATION 1-Tonight, we have a very special guest, Mrs.Ana Sanchez is a three time Olympic champion and author of the new book To the Edge. Mrs. Sanchez, thank you for joining us. -Thank you for having me.-Let's start with your book.What does thetitleto the Edge mean?What are you referring to?-The book is about how science and technology has helped push humans to the edge of their physical abilities. I argue that in the past 20 years we have had the best athletes the world has ever seen. But is this a fair comparison? How do you know how, say, a football player from 50 years ago would compare to one today?-Well, you are right.-That comparison would be perhaps impossible to make. But the point is more about our knowledge today of human biochemistry, nutrition and mechanics. I believe that while our bodies have not changed in thousands of years, what has changed is the scientific knowledge.This has allowed athletes to push the limits of what was previously thought possible.-That's interesting. Please tell us more about these perceived limits.-The world has seen sports records being broken. That could only be broken with the aid of technology, whether this be the speed of a tennis serve or the fastest time in 100 meter dash or 200 meter swimming race.-Is there any concern that technology is giving some athletes an unfair advantage over others?-That is an interesting question and one that has to be considered very carefully. Skis, for example, went from being made of wood to a metal alloy, which allows for better control and faster speed. There is no stopping technological progress. But as I said, each sit-uation should be considered carefully on a case by case basis. Questions one to four are based on the conversation you have just heard.1.What do we learn about Anna Sanchez?2.What is the woman's book mainly about?3. What has changed in the past thousands of years?4.What is the man's concern about the use of technologyin sports competitions?CONEVERSATION 2-I've worked in international trade all my life. My father did so to before me. So I guess you could say it runs in the family. -What products have you worked with?-All sorts, really. I've imported textiles, machinery, toys, solar panels, all kinds of things. Over the years, trends in demand come and go. So what needs to be very flexible to succeed in this indus-try?-I see. What goods are you trading now?-I now import furniture from China into Italy and foods from Italy into China.I even use the same container. It's a very efficient way of conducting trade.-The same container. You mean you own a 40 foot cargo container?-Yeah, that's right. I have a warehouse in Genoa, Italy, and another in Shanghai. I source mid century modern furniture from different factories in China. It's a very good value for money. I collectitall in my warehouse and then dispatch it to my other warehouse in Italy over there. I do the same, but with Italian foods instead of furniture, things like pasta, cheese, wine, chocolate. And I send all that to my warehouse in China in the same freight container I use for the furniture.-So I presume you sell both lines of products wholesale in each re-spective country? -Of course, I possess a network of clients and partners in both countries. That's the main benefit of having done this for so long. I've made great business contacts over time. -How many times do you ship?-I did 12 shipments last year,18 this year, and I hope to grow to around 25 next year. That's both ways. There and back again. Demand for authentic Italian food in China is growing rapidly. And similarly, sales of affordable,yet stylish wooden furniture are also increasing in Italy. Furniture is marginally more profitable, mostly because it enjoys lower customs duties.Questions five to eight are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. What does the woman think is required to be successful in the international trade?6.What does the woman say is special about her way of doing change?7.What does the woman have in both Italy and China?8.What does the woman say makes furniture marginally more profitable?Listening LECTURE 1Qualities of a relationship such as openness, compassion and mental stimulation are of concern to most of us regardless of sex, but-judging from the questionnaire response-—they are more im-portant to women than to men. Asked to consider the ingredients of close friendship, women rated these qualities above all others. Men assigned a lower priority to them in favor of similarity in in-terests, selected by 77 percent of men, and responsiveness in a crisis, chosen by 61 percent of male respondents. Mental stimula-tion, ranked third in popularity by men as well as women, was the only area of overlap. Among men, only 28 percent namedopen-ness as an important quality; caring was picked by just 23per-cent. It is evident by their selections that when women speak of close friendships, they are referring to emotional factors, while men emphasize the pleasure they find in a friend's company. That is, when a man speaks of "a friend"he is likely to be talking about someone he does things with-a teammate, a fellow hobbyist, a drinking buddy. These activitiesare the fabric of the friendship; it is a "doing"relationship in which similarity in interests is the key bond. This factor was a consideration ofless than 11 percent of Women.Women opt for a warm, emotional atmosphere where communi-cation flows freely; activity is mere background. Lastly, men, as we have seen, have serious questions about each other's loyalty. Perhaps this is why they placed such strong emphasis on respon-siveness in a crisis.Someone I can call on for help. Women, as their testimonies indi-cate, are generally more secure with each other and consequently are more likely to treat this issue lightly. In follow-up interviews this was confirmed numerous times as woman after woman indi-cated that "being there when needed was taken for granted." As for the hazards of friendship, more than a few relationships have been shattered because of cutthroat competition and feelings of betrayal. This applies to both men and women, but unequally. In comparison, nearly twice as many men complained about these issues as women. Further, while competition and betrayal are the main thorns to female friendship, men are plagued in almost equal amounts by two additional issues, lack of frankness and a fear of appearing unmanly. Obviously, for a man, a good friend-ship is hard to find.Question 16 to 18.Based on the recording you have just heard16.What quality do men value most concerning friendship accord-ing to a questionnaire response?17. What do women refer to when speaking of close friendships?18.What may threaten a friendship for both men and women?LECTURE2Recording to the partial skeletons of more than 20 dinosaurs and the scattered bones of about 300more have been discovered in Utah and Colorado. At what is now the Dinosaur National Monu-ment. Many of the best specimens may be seen today at museums of natural history in the largest cities of the United States and Canada. This dinosaur pit is the largest and best preserved depos-it of dinosaurs known today. Many people get the idea from the massive bones and the pit bull that some disaster, such as a volca. nic explosion or a sudden flood, killed a whole herd of dinosaurs in this area. This could have happened, but it probably did not. The main reasons for thinking otherwise are the scattered bones and the thickness of the deposit.In other deposits where the ani-mals were thought to have died together, the skeletons were usu-ally complete and often all the bones were in their proper places. Rounded pieces of fossil bones have been found here. These frag-ments got their smooth round shape, though, rolling along the stream bottom.In a mass killing, the bones would have been left on the stream or lake bottom together at the same level. But in this deposit, the bones occur throughout a zone of sandstone about 12 feet thick. The mixture of swamp dwellers and dry land types also seems to indicate that the deposit is a mixture from dif-ferent places. The pit area is a large dinosaur graveyard, not a place where they died. Most of the remains probably floated down oneastward flowing river until they were left on a shallow sand-bar. Some of them may have come from far away dry land areas to the west. Perhaps they drowned trying to cross a small stream or washed away during floods. Some of the swamp dwellers may have got stuck in the very sandbar that became their grave. Others may have floated for miles before being stranded. Even today, similar events take place when floods come in the spring. Sheep, castling, deer are often trapped by rising waters and often drown. Their dead bodies float downstream until the flood re-cedes and leaves them stranded on a bar or shore where they lie half buried in the sand until they decay. Early travelers on the Mis-souri River reported that shores and bars were often lined with the decaying bodies of Buffalo that had died during spring floods. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. Where can many of the best dinosaur specimens be found in North America?20.What occurs to many people when they see the massive bones in the pit wall?21. What does the speaker suggest about the large number of di-nosaur bones found in the pet?LECTURE3I would like particularly to talk about the need to develop a new style of aging in our own society. Young people in this country have been accused of not caring for their parents the way they would have in the old country. And this is true. But itis also true that old people have been influenced by an American ideal of in-dependence and autonomy. So we live alone, perhaps on the verge of starvation in time without friends. But we are indepen-dent. This standard American style has been forced on every ethnic group, although there are many groups for whom the ideal is not practical. It is a pooridealin pursuing it does a great deal of harm. This ideal of independence also contains a tremendous amount of unselfishness. In talking to today's young mothers. I have asked them what kind of grandmothers they think they are going to be.I hear devoted, loving mothers say that when they are through raising their children, they have no intention of becoming grandmothers. They were astonished to hear that in most of the world, throughout most of its history, families have been three or four generation families living under the same roof. We have over-emphasized the small family unit, father, mother, small children. We think it is wonderful if grandma and grandpa, if they're still alive, can live alone. We have reached the point where we think the only thing we can do for our children is to stay out of their way. And the only thing we can do for our daughter in law is to see as little of her as possible. All peoples nursing homes.Even the best run are filled with older people who believe the only thing they can do for their children is to look cheerful when they come to visit.So in the end, older people have to devote all their energies to not being a burden.We are beginning to see what a tremendous price we've paid for emphasis on independence and autonomy.We've isolated old people and we've cut off the chil-dren from their grandparents.One of the reasons we have as bad a generation gap today as we do is that grandparents have stepped out.Young people are being deprived of the thing they need most perspective to know why their parents behave so pecu-liarly and why their grandparents say the things they do. Questions 22 to 25 based on recording you have just heard.22. What of young Americans being accused of?23 What does the speaker say about old people in the United States?24.What is astonishing to the young mothers interviewed by the speaker?25. What does the speaker say old people try their best to do?Listening1. A She is a great athlete.解析∶同义替换Olympic Champion=athlete2.D How technology has helped athlete to scale new heights. 解析∶视听一致+同义替换push humans totheir edge of physical abili-ty=scale new heights.3. B Our scientific knowledge. 解析∶视听一致4. C It may give an unfair advantage to someathletes. 解析∶视听一致5.B Flexibility. 解析∶视听一致6.D Using the same container back and forth. 解析∶视听一致7. A Warehouses. 解析∶视听一致8. C Lower import duties.解析∶视听一致+同义替换importduties=customS dutieS 9. A It helps employees to reduce their stress.解析∶视听一致（乱序全篇有stress reducing=reduce their stress）10.D Humor can help workers excel at routinetasks. 解析∶视听一致11. B Take the boss doll apart as long as theyreassemble it. 解析∶视听一致+同义替换put.back inplace=reassemble it 12. A The recent finding of a changed gene inobese mice. 解析∶视听一致+同义替换the latestdiscovery=recent finding 13.D It renders mice unable to sense when tostop eating. 解析∶视听一致+同义替换can't tell=unableto sense14. C People are born with a tendency to have acertain weight. 解析∶视听一—致15.B The abundant provision of rich foods. 解析∶视听一致16.A Similarity in interests. 解析∶视听一致17.D Emotional factors.解析∶视听一致（问女生，要通过问题判断））18. C Feelings of betrayal.解析∶视听一致（问男女共同点，要通过问题判断）19.D At museums of natural history in largecities. 解析∶视听一致（要通过问题判断）20.B Some natural disaster killed a whole herdof dinosaurs in the area.解析∶视听一致21. A The floated down an eastward of flowingriver. 解析∶视听一致22. C Failing to care for parents in the traditional way. 解析∶视听一致+同义替换（not caring=failing to care，in an oldcoun-try=in the traditional way)23.D The have a sense of independence andautonomy. 解析∶视听一致24.B There have been extended families in mostparts of the world.解析∶视听一致+同义替换（three orfour-generation family=extended families)25.B Avoid being a burden to their children. 解析∶视听一致+同义替换（not=avoid）Reading(1)选词填空26.G grabbed27.B declaration28.M stake29. K overwhelming30. C deteriorating31.Feroding32. E disaster33.D determined34.O0urgent35.A capacity段落匹配36.C Historically, children didn't receive..37.J In a set of experiments...38.F Part of the motivation...39.A Until a few decades ago.…40.G To prove that infants know more...41.E Today,a very different picture..42.M There's no consensus..43.H Instaed of engaging babies.…44.B Much of the subsequent research..45. L Despite these obvious advances...仔细阅读46.B They hold a diffrent view on stress from the popular one.47.D They apply extreme tactics.48.A They help him combat stress from work.49.D It does not help build up one's tolerance.50.C Its effect varies considerably from person to person.51.B Hunting may also be a solution to the problem caused by hunting.52. C It leads to ecological imbalance.53.A Overpopulation is not an issue for most hunted animals.54.A When it benefits animals and their ecosystem.55.C Coordinated efforts of hunters and environmentalists.Translation[1]《三国演义》（The Romance of the Three kingdoms）是中国一部著名的历史小说，写于十四世纪。