【评论】法律英语作业
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简析公司法规制公司的法律(在英国,就是公司法)在不同的国家会不同吗?尽管研究公司法的学者们很少提及这一问题,但是对公司法的比较研究还是非常重要的。
最近关于公司法的研究主要集中于欧洲、美国和日本等发达经济体在公司治理、股份所有权、金融资产和企业文化等方面的比较分析。
在这些方面,尽管不同的国家有各自的特征,但是各国家公司形式的根本一致还是令人印象非常深刻的。
其实,公司都具有一套基本类似的法律性质,同样,它们也面临着一套基本类似的法律问题。
就公司形式而言,就要考虑公司的根本法律属性,展望本文以下讨论,我们认为公司具有五个方面的属性,它们为大部分商务人士所知悉。
这五个方面的属性是:法人资格、有限责任、股权转让、董事会领导下的公司管理及出资者所有权。
这些属性因现代大型企业所面对的紧急需要而产生,具体原因我们将在下文中从四个方面进行说明。
总之,任何国家的公司法都必须围绕公司的这五大属性进行拟制。
事实上,有一些企业缺乏其中的某些属性,但是我们想强调的是,在市场经济条件下,所有的大型公司都采用具备五大属性的法人形式。
除此之外,绝大多数小型合伙企业也经常采用这种形式,尽管有时因为特殊需要,这些公司可能会缺失五大属性中的一种或多种。
(通过本书,我们将遵循通常所谓的“封闭公司”的概念,来讨论那些股份不能自由转让的不同于“公众公司”的公司,股份不能转让的原因要么是股份被一小部分人所持有,要么是对股东的转让权有所限制。
)很显然,公司法的首要功能是为公司提供一个具备五个核心属性的法定形式。
如果这种形式能够广泛推广,并且被广泛采纳,那么借助于其中的某些规则,比如改变背景财产权及提供备用开支等规则,公司法就能够鼓励企业家通过公司实体这一媒介进行交易,进而还可以降低交易成本。
当然,从整体看来,那些用来规制公司形式的法律条款的数量仅仅是公司法中的一小部分,然而,这些条款却构成了公司法的核心部分。
在这一章,我将探寻具有五大属性的公司的缔约效率,我们也相信这五大属性已经推动了世界范围内对这种公司形式的采用。
法律英语词汇学习1. 引言法律英语是法律学习的重要组成部分,掌握法律英语词汇是理解和运用法律文件的基础。
本篇文档将介绍一些常用的法律英语词汇,帮助读者更好地理解和运用法律英语。
2. 常用法律英语词汇2.1 法律文件在学习法律英语之前,首先需要了解一些常见的法律文件类型。
以下是一些常用的法律文件的英文表达:•Constitution: 宪法•Statute: 法令•Regulation: 规定•Ordinance: 条例•Decree: 法令/法令书•Directive: 指令•Treaty: 条约•Agreement: 合同•Contract: 合同•Memorandum of Understanding (MoU): 谅解备忘录2.2 法律流程和程序学习法律英语,也需要了解一些常见的法律流程和程序。
以下是一些常用的法律流程和程序的英文表达:•Lawsuit: 诉讼•Hearing: 审理/听证会•Trial: 审判•Appeal: 上诉•Verdict: 裁决•Judgement: 判决•Defendant: 被告•Plntiff: 原告•Witness: 证人•Subpoena: 传票•Petition: 请愿•Settlement: 和解2.3 法律术语掌握常用法律术语对理解法律文件和案件非常重要。
以下是一些常见的法律术语的英文表达:•Legal liability: 法律责任•Breach of contract: 违约•Intellectual property: 知识产权•Tort: 侵权行为•Negligence: 过失•Force majeure: 不可抗力•Injunction: 禁令•Liability insurance: 责任保险•Statute of limitations: 诉讼时效•Confidentiality agreement: 保密协议•Arbitration: 仲裁3. 学习方法3.1 阅读法律文件阅读法律文件是学习法律英语的重要方法之一。
法律英语作业文档HOMEWORK《一》解释下列术语Legal system法系Legal English 法律英语Common law……………………普通法Civil law……………………………大陆法Advocate是指学习法律、依法获准执业、为当事人提供法律意见,并有资格出庭参加案件公开审理的律师,即辩护律师(英美不用);指法国等地律师、法律顾问。
1、attorney, attorney at law;广泛用于美国,指授权为当事人代理案件的律师;,2、barrister词源自英格兰法律,多用于英国、新加坡等国和香港地区,又称大律师、辩护律师,指有资格出席高等法院法庭的律师。
3、solicitor多用于英国、新加坡等国和香港地区,又称初级律师、诉讼律师,在香港称为事务律师,多从事诉讼、咨询等事务性工作,有资格出席初级法庭包括刑事案件的庭审。
4、counsel指接受指派,专门为个人、公司和政府公务部门提供法律服务的人,称为法律顾问。
Counselor经常与counsel或counselor at law互用,多指从事出庭诉讼的律师。
Counselor-at-law又拼为counselor at law用法同counselor和counselor at law。
5、Defense counsel指辩护律师。
6、Counsel pro hoc vice指仅仅代理某案件的律师。
7、Agent ad litem诉讼代理人,常用于书面用语。
Party (the agent) appointed by anotherparty (the principal) to represent its interests in a court case.8、Benngoshi日本人对律师的称呼,称为“辩护士”。
9、Esquire主要用于美国,是对律师的尊称,多以缩写形式出现,加在律师姓名之后,如John Smith Esq., Will Lee Esq.10、Gentleman of the (long) robe是对律师的比喻性称谓,不直接修饰某律师。
第一幕秘书:Hello, I’m the secretary of the Beijing Automobile Co. What can I do for you?律师2:I’m a lawyer from the East China Jiao Tong University law firm. My name is X X. This is my partner X X, we had made a appiontment with your General Manager yesterday. We must have a talk with your General Manager (总经理)now.秘书:Ok, this way please, follow me!旁白:Five minutes latter, outside of the General Manager’s office.秘书:Mr wang, these are the East China Jiao Tong University law firm’s lawyers. (秘书下)总经理:Oh, I know. Thanks for your coming. Nice to meet you.律师1、律师2(合):Nice to meet you , too.总经理:Have a seat and let’s get right to it.(让我们开门见山直奔主题) 律师1、律师2:Okay, shoot.总经理:Now, let me introduce you the basic situation. We’d like to set up a Chinese-foreign joint venture with Michigan Automobile Co. We want to have control of the joint venture management and we will provide 20 million USD in capital, plus land, plant and equipment.律师1: I understand, so you need us to draft a joint venture agreement. Ok, we need to sign a power of attorney. (我们需要签一份委托书)总经理:Ok, I need you go with us during talks. If you see a urgent problem, whisper it to me or hand me a note, otherwise, wait until we’re on break or after the negotiation.律师1:Sure, I can live with that. Anything else?总经理:Not really, just that all your comments should be told me at the first time.I get the final say on whether it gets into the meeting.律师2:If you forget something I see as important, I’m going to inform you in writing.总经理:No problem.律师1:It’s my pleasure to cooperate with you, but we’d better to talk about the attorney fees.总经理:Ok, we will pay you according to the standard of attorney fees. If Michigan Co. and we can reach agreement we’d like to pay you another 10,000 yuan .律师2:Wish a wonderful cooperation !旁白:Meanwhile ,the representatives of Michigan Co. interview the lawyers from the American law firm.The second scene: the representatives and lawyers from both sides make the negotiation which is held to negotiate about the joint venture and todraft a letter of intent.第二幕中国的董事长和经理:Nice to meet you.美国的董事长和经理:Nice to meet you too .中国的董事:Last cooperation with your company is very wonderful .After the feasibility study ,our Co. is interested in forming a joint venture to assemble and sell automobiles using your company’s engines.美国的董事:Chinese market is attractive. We’d like to cooperate with you , too.美国的经理:In order to make the negotiation quickly and efficiently ,I suggest introduce the basic situation of companies respectively. Please allow me to introduce our Co. firstly, Our company has 2350 workers including engineers and technical workers 300, has 400 million USD fixed assets .It produces a powerful efficient 4-cylinder automobile engine of its own design.中国的经理:Our company has 40000 workers including engineers and technical workers 48,has fixed assets 450 million yuan .美国的董事:How about your production process?中国的经理:Our factory’s production process is on the first class in China even in the Southeast Asia .Our detection means is excellent and the industrial equipments are advanced as well.美国的经理:How many automobiles does your company manufacture every year?中国的经理:More than 1 million.美国的董事:Ok ,we are satisfied with your company.中国的董事:I’m very pleased. We believe we should have control of the joint venture management because our company provide 20 million USD in capital plus land,plant and equipment.美国的董事:No, I don’t agree with you. We must have control of the joint venture management. After all, we provide 40 million USD in capital plus patents know-how and other technology. Suppose you don’t have patents, you couldn’t manufacture. What’s more, from the last feasibility study which has shown that there is great demand for such engines in China, it can bring you great profits.中国的董事:I’m for your opinion, but you couldn’t ignore we have the excellent production process and cheap labor. If you don’t want to cooperate with us, that is to say, you choose other companies in China or Asia, you should make sure whether they can put your patents and technology into practice. While we can meet your requirement. Of course, you also can choose Japan or Korea, but you need to know where is themarket – it’s China and even Southeast Asia. I believe it can be a large number of transportation expenses. In addition, they don’t have cheap labor either. The last but not the least, we are familiar with the market in China and Southeast Asia. Our company’s condition is unique and perfect.中国的经理:About patents ,we will ask the asset appraisal company to evaluate.美国的董事:Wait a minute.旁白:At the moment, the chairman whispers to his lawyer.美国律师1:According to the Law of the People’s Republic of Chinese-Foreign Quity Joint Ventures. The proportion of the investment contributed by the foreign joint ventures shall generally not be less than 25% of the registered capital of a joint venture. The parties to the venture shall share the risks and losses in proportion to their respective contributions to the registered capital. No assignment of the registered capital of a joint venture shall be made without the consent of the other parties to the venture. Y ou need to think twice.旁白:After a hot discussion.美国的董事:Um, We decide that you have control of the joint venture management, but we should take 48% share. Ok?中国的董事:Ok, we reach the agreement.中国的经理:Now the most important thing has decided. How about the equipments and materials?美国的经理:Our Co. wants to import some equipments and materials from the United States.中国的经理:I think the cost is too high. Our company wants to use Chinese equipments and materials as much as possible.美国的经理:It’s known to all, American equipments are more advanced. Moreover, equipments are vital to manufacture products.中国的经理:But the materials in China are cheaper than American. In addition, the Chinese-foreign joint venture will set up in Beijing. It’s more convenient and cheaper to transport.美国的董事:Okay, considering all the sides, we had better import equipments from the United States while materials must buy from China. How about your viewpoint?中国的董事:No problem.中国的律师1:Y ou should consider the first capital to start the operation of the joint venture.中国的董事:It’ll need 50 million USD in capital to start the operation of the joint venture .Based on the share, we need due 26 million USD andyou will due the left.美国董事:We will due the capital in a week.美国律师2:Y ou ought to determine how soon do you transfer the property.中国经理:In 15 days.美国的经理:Ok! The exciting moment is coming, we should pick a name for our company. Do you have some good idea?中国董事:Changsheng Automobile Chinese-Foreign joint venture.美国董事:Good !美国律师2:The joint venture agreement contract and articles of association signed by the parties to the venture shall be submitted to the competent authorities of foreign economic relations and trade.中国经理:Don’t worry, our lawyer will accomplish it.旁白:After the negotiation, a letter of intent has been draft .After the negotiation attended by the lawyers from both sides, the two sides reach agreement. A ceremony for signing the contract have been held.——原创Thank you !。
法律英语学习经验与资源分享法律英语学习经验与资源分享一、基础首先,我需要强调一下,任何专业英语都离不开普通英语的支撑。
跟其他所有专业英语一样,所谓的专业,主要体现在一些固定的表达方式以及词汇、短语上面。
基本的语法结构,表达方式其实跟普通英语无异。
要想学好法律英语,法律英语也得有一定的水平。
因此,建议对法律英语有兴趣的同学先把普通英语学好,至少六级得考高一点吧。
二、入门所谓入门,其实就是把法律英语常见的十几种表达掌握了,比如shall, subject to, provided that, in respect of, without prejudice to, notwithstanding 什么的。
这十几种句型在法律英语,尤其是英文合同中,极其常见。
不把它们的意思搞明白,下一步很难继续进行。
网上已有很多这方面的教学课件,度娘"法律英语典型句式"即可得,不过度娘得来的东西有时候并不靠谱。
这种教学课件一般都是学校老师制作的,有些老师其实并没有多少实践经验,他们的理解可能并不一定很准确。
鉴于大家学这个是以今后从事实务为目标,我建议还是买一本实务教材比较好。
推荐一本书,叫作《鏖战英文合同》,这本书对我最开始的时候研习起到了极大的作用。
网上有电子版,有需要的可以去找找,如果找不到,可以找我要。
这本书的第一部分即是对这十几种句式的梳理。
此外,建议在入门阶段熟读《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》,将其中英文对照着看。
该公约据说参考了美国的统一商法典,而我国的合同法又参考了该公约,可以说,该公约与美国合同法和中国合同法都有很多相似的地方,其中一些术语自然是比较一致的。
加上这是比较官方的译文,准确度极高。
加上为了增加普及性,该公约的文本采用了"平易(plain)"原则,英文文本尽量使用比较简单的句式和表达,比较容易理解三、进阶熟练掌握这十几种常用表达之后,需要解决下一个难点,那就是长难句。
法律英语学习体会与建议法律英语的学习总体还是有所收获的,和我们本科期间的法律英语感受是完全不同的。
我的体会首先是做了很多作业,但是课堂上收获不明显。
当然我说的是外在的收获,至于对于英语本身的一个了解和促进是绝对有好处的。
我们的普通英语是由外语学院李汉强老师讲授的,他几乎全程用英语问答,我的英语听力不好,但是他说的很慢,语法简单,就像是普通的交流,我的感觉是可以听懂,同时他对于英语新闻,英语展示环节等做的很好。
最大感觉就是课下的作业很少,但每次课上的时间利用率很高。
所以这一点我的建议是,减少课下的作业(因为诸如案例阅读对于我们来说生词量大,内容不易懂,作业用掉的时间非常多,但感觉花了很久读懂的一个案例,课堂上几分钟一笔带过),对于课堂上的利用率一定要很高(虽然老师您讲了很多有趣的事例,课上很热闹),例如对于案例的解析,希望能有一个法律性很强的分析,而不只是对于大意的一个了解,就像一堂其他的法律课程中对于案例的分析,只不过读的是英文案例,可以了解英美法系(当然里面涉及的内容最好是中外有通用,或者值得对比的案例,而且案例的内容不要只限于公司法,例如经典的辛普森案例,未尝不能分析),包括具体适用的条例的关键点在哪,法官或者律师在一针见血的分析是什么,案件制胜的关键等等,希望案例不用太多,但读一个就要读的非常透彻(就是能在案例里对于法律事实条文本身,法律精神,甚至未来执业的经验)。
当然,如果只是局限于对于英语的一个阅读,那么就不需要布置很长的案例,只需要简短的一个小案子,案情不用太复杂,词汇语法难一点就行,但总觉得这似乎未能体现法律英语之“法律”。
另外,对于英语展示环节的互动性不强,展示的同学和听众之间脱节。
在法庭辩论环节,当时和我合作辩论的同学称述他的观点时,我当时有一刹那间对于案件有很多分析的思维,就像我大学时候参加我们省的大学生模拟法庭,完全模拟法庭过程,站在我们省高院的少年庭里举行的,当时我就回忆起当时庭上的那种感觉,严肃而充满思维的碰撞,但接下去大概是同学一窝蜂的进行了一些有点擦边球的讨论,很快那种感觉就散了。
法律英语口语示例法律英语口语示例1.A judicial forum has nothing to do with what is not before it.法院不能主动寻找案件。
2.The court found the accused guilty on all charges.法庭裁决被告犯有所有被指控的罪行。
3.The court has made an order for specific performance.法院已经做出强制履行裁定。
4.The court ordered the company's funds to be seized.法院命令没收公司资金。
5.The court recorded an open verdict on the dead policeman.法庭对警察死因不明的裁决作了记录。
6.The court returned a verdict of death by misadventure.法院裁定为意外事故死亡。
7.She was acting on the arthority of the court.她按法院给她的权力做事。
8.Six weeks elapsed before the court order was put into effect.六周后法院命令才生效。
9.The court asked for details of the background to the case.法院要求了解案件详细的背景情况。
10.The court asked the accused to show good cause why the should not be sent to prison.法院让被告拿出他不应该被监禁的充足的理由。
11.The court dismissed the action.法院驳回诉松。
12.The court extended the defendant's time for serving his defense by fourteen days.法院把被告送交答辩状的时间延长了14天。
1,What is civil law system?We can say that civil law system is also called the roman law system or the continental law system.we all know that civil law system is based on legal code (statutes),and can be divided into private law and public law, codes of law are then developed for commercial,civil and criminal applications. Many countries have a civil law system, such as France, Germany, Japan.2,the judge 's status in civil law system is benefit for protect the litigant?Of course ,as we all know , in the countries of civil law system, judge plays the leading roles, they are guide the progress of lawsuit. But there is a character in civil law system, judge must make decision according with statutes, that is very similar with the Roman law,on the design of judge system, judge is the user of law but not the former of law. When the judge make decision,there is nor the rule to be abide, the can use the similar rules, if there is not the similar rules, they can use the law principle. At last, they can't against the law, and make decision by their own ideas.Therefor, the judge status of civil law system will benefit for protecting the litigant.3, is the compilation form of civil law system fit for the development of China?i think the compilation form of civil law system is fit for the development of China, china especially pay attention to the reality need of social changes. We introduce and imitate code structure mode of civil law system, and make further improvent on the law construction. For example, constitutional law, administrative law, civil law, commercial law, criminal law are all will eventually to build uniform code, and our country's civil code is about to come.。
Legal English考试分数占70 上课回答问占10 Presentation 占20客观题填空主观题名词解释占20 判断占80 简答题选择翻译论述题第一章总体介绍重点前五个关键词法系英美法特点两个主义遵循先例三推一1.【legal family】The doctrine of legal families seeks to establish common groups, identifying similar legal practices, activities and subject matter and thereby classifying the entirety of global legal transactions and activities into "families" according to particular criteria. The traditional and almost exclusive focus on the continental European and Anglo-American systems.法系的信条是争取建立共同的团体,识别相似的法律实践,活动和主题从而将整个全球法律事务和活动分为“家庭”根据特定的标准。
传统的和几乎独有的法律都集中在欧洲大陆和英美系统。
2.【英美法的特点】Main characteristic① In the way of thinking and mode of operation of law, the common law system is the use of inductive methods. 归纳法② in the legal form, the case law plays an important role.判例法很重要③In the classification of the law, common law there is not strictly department law In the classification of the law, common law there is not strictly department law 普通法无严格分类④In education law area, common law in the United States is mainly located in vocational education.职业教育⑤In the legal profession, judges of the Federal Court of Justice are generally from lawyers.从律师做到法官3.【两个主义】4.【遵循先例原则】后文也有此处提到The Doctrine of Stare ; The doctrine ofstare decisis; Stare Decisis; the principle of stare decisis;the Precedent Principle.5.【犯罪构成理论:三推一】The theory of constitution of crime in civil law system.犯罪构成理论,强调严格以制定法为依据,将行为人和行为带入犯罪构成体系中进行衡量,得出是否构成犯罪的结论。
Legal EnglishCh.2 Typical Legal English Sentence Structures(Conjunctions) and Translations Thereof:法律翻译有一个非常重要的原则,即在法律文书中要保持法律术语、习语及相同句式结构译文的同一性和一致性,不能随意用不同形态的同义词或近义词表达相同的法律概念,也不能让同样的句式结构有许多不同形式的翻译表述,法律英译为了维护同一概念、内涵或事物在法律上始终同一,,以免引起歧义,词语一经选定就必须前后统一,在翻译中只要认准并用准了某词语,就千万别怕反复使用该词语。
此即法律英译的译名同一律原则。
Henry Weihofen 在其《法律文体》一书中曾告诫英语法律起草工作执笔者:Don’t be afraid to repeat the right word! 其所以然,旨在保证法律文字的准确:Exactness often demands repeating the same term to express the same idea. Where that is true, never be afraid of using the same word over and over again. Many more sentences are spoiled by trying to avoid repetition than by repetition. 据有人研究,我国《民法通则》中同样是“法律规定”的动词“规定”,就被英译者有意识地一而再、再而三地更换译名,如stipulate (Art. 72), specify (Art. 52), prescribe (Art.64), require (Art. 65) 和provide (Art. 107). 自然违反同一律,会使法律概念混淆,使读者不必要地去揣测不同词语之差别,从而影响法律的精确度。
《法律英语》(沙丽金版)2011年第二版课文参考译文翻译整理人:新浪微博@我是空白白《法律英语》(沙丽金版)2011年第二版参考译文目录前言(必看) (2)Lesson 1 law(法律) (3)Lesson 2 Legal System(法律体系) (4)Lesson 3 Legal Education(法律教育) (6)Lesson 4 Court System(法院体系) (7)Lesson 5 Construction(宪法) (9)Lesson 6 Administrative Law(行政法) (10)Lesson 7 Criminal Law(刑法) (12)Lesson 8 Criminal Procedure(刑事诉讼程序) (13)Lesson 9 Civil Procedure(民事诉讼程序) (15)Lesson 10 Torts(侵权行为) (16)Lesson 11 Contract(合同) (18)Lesson 12 Property Law(物权法) (19)Lesson 13 Law of Corporation(公司法) (20)Lesson 14 Intellectual Property(知识产权) (22)Lesson 15 International Law(国际法) (23)Lesson 16 Evidence(证据) (24)后记 (26)前言(必看)1、此翻译并非权威翻译,而是技术含量不高的译文。
其中肯定有很多不恰当甚至错误的地方,所以仅供参考,欢迎各位同学指正。
(新浪微博@我是空白白)2、制作本译文动力源于兴趣,目的在于互相交流学习。
3、如果你只是想以此译文来应付老师上课的抽问,那么你大可不必下载或复制此文档,因为这样你对不起你自己。
4、本译文=老师的长难句注解(即划线部分。
我无意间在网上找到了部分老师传到网上的注解文档。
O(∩_∩)O )+1位往届同学的翻译+1位同届同学的翻译+课堂笔记+本人拙译(虽然本人英语不怎么好,但我会尽最大努力与大家分享所学到的知识)。
法律英语阅读完整版Unit 1 Legal StudiesNotes1. Law is regarded as a set of fixed principles…ignorance of which excuses no one, not even the less knowledgeable or less affluent members of society.法律被认为是一整套固有的规则…不了解这套规则的人并不能因此而免除责任,即使他是这个社会中对此知之甚少,或并不那么富足的成员。
2. Law begins only when a coercive apparatus comes into existence to maintain control through enforcement of social norms.只有在一种强制性的机构通过实施社会规范来维持控制时,法律才开始形成。
3. The control group need not be agents of a political entity.控制集团不一定要是政治实体的代表。
4. Law as social engineering. Under this concept law is regarded as a means of social control which seeks to balance various competing conflicting interests and values within a society.法律是社会的调节器。
根据这个概念,法律作为社会控制的一种手段,力图将一个社会中各种纷争不同的权益和价值加以平衡。
5. to maintain the status quo in certain aspects of society.维持社会某些方面的现状6. to facilitate orderly change有利于进行有序的变革7. to facilitate planning and the realization of reasonable expectations有利于计划和实现合理的预期目标8. Courts will not turn to case decision for law if a statute is directly in point..如果某一成文法条直接适用,法院不会到判例中去寻找法律依据。
第1篇一、案例一:Smith v. Johnson案件背景:Smith v. Johnson 是一起典型的美国合同法案例。
本案中,原告Smith 与被告Johnson 签订了一份销售合同,约定Johnson 以一定价格购买Smith 的房产。
合同中包含了一系列条款,包括付款方式、交房时间等。
然而,在合同履行过程中,双方发生了争议。
案件事实:1. Smith 与 Johnson 签订了销售合同,约定Johnson 以$200,000的价格购买Smith的房产。
2. 合同规定,Johnson 需在签订合同后的30天内支付$20,000的定金,并在交房前支付剩余款项。
3. Johnson 在签订合同后立即支付了定金,但随后以房屋存在结构性问题为由拒绝继续履行合同。
4. Smith 请求法院判决Johnson 继续履行合同或支付违约金。
法院判决:法院审理后认为,根据合同法的相关规定,合同一旦成立即具有法律效力。
除非存在不可抗力等法定免责事由,否则双方均应履行合同义务。
在本案中,Johnson 没有提供证据证明存在不可抗力,因此法院判决Johnson 继续履行合同或支付违约金。
法律分析:本案涉及的主要法律问题是合同法中的履行义务。
根据美国合同法,合同一旦成立,双方当事人均有义务履行合同约定的义务。
在本案中,Johnson 以房屋存在结构性问题为由拒绝履行合同,但未提供充分的证据,因此法院判决其继续履行合同或支付违约金。
二、案例二:Chevron Corporation v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.案件背景:Chevron Corporation v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. 是一起涉及环境保护的美国案例。
本案中,原告Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.(NRDC)指控被告Chevron Corporation 在其运营过程中违反了美国环境保护法,对环境造成了污染。
介绍法学专业的英语作文介绍法学Law is to open one of the categories of institutions of higher learning, one of Chinas top ten universities disciplines, including law, political science, public security science and sociology of four main parts.英语作文Law is also called the law, legal science, is based on law, legal phenomenon and its regularity of science that studies the content.It is the study of specialized knowledge and law related issues, is about the legal problems of knowledge and theory system. Law is about the science of law.The direct purpose of law, is to maintain social order, and by order of the construction and maintenance, to realize social justice.As take law as the research object of law, its core is in for the research of order and justice, is the knowledge of order and justice.[1]Legal thoughts first legalist philosophy originated from the spring and autumn period and the warring states period.The word law in China, the pre-qin period is referred to as "" study of forms, from the han dynasty began to have the name of the" law ".In the west, the ancient Roman jurists ulpian (Ulpianus) to "the law" (the ancient Latin words of Jurisprudentia) is defined as: and the god of the transaction, the concept of justice and injustice of learning.【英语作文mydream我想当一名律师.100词以上法律英语翻译-一个词!predecessorininterestpredecessorininterest可翻译成:“前利益相关人”。
法律英语特点及其应用法律英语是指在法律领域中使用的英语,其特点及应用涵盖了以下几个方面:1.严密性和精确性:法律英语的特点之一是要求严密性和精确性,因为法律条款和文件的解释和适用需要避免模糊和歧义。
法律文件中使用的词汇和句法结构通常比较正式和保守,以确保法律条款的准确传达和解释。
2.法律术语的使用:法律英语中使用了大量的法律术语,这些术语具有严格的定义和解释,以确定其在法律上的特定含义。
这些术语通常来自拉丁语或法语等其他语言,也有部分由普通英语词汇在法律领域中派生而来。
准确理解和运用这些法律术语是了解和解释法律文件和条款的关键。
3.条文的表达方式:法律英语中的文件和条款通常以特定的格式和表达方式编写。
例如,在合同和法律文件中,会使用分条目的形式来列举各种法律条款和条件,以确保其清晰和易于理解。
此外,法律英语中也经常使用引述和参照其他文件或法律依据,以建立相关性和权威性。
4.正式性和严肃性:法律英语是一种非常正式和严肃的语言形式,它在表达和应用中要求严谨性和专业性。
使用法律英语的场合通常都是处理重要法律事项的情况,因此需要所有人都能理解和遵守相关法律规定。
法律英语的应用广泛,涵盖各个方面的法律实践和领域,包括合同、法律文件的起草和修订、法律诉讼和法庭程序、法律研究和文献解读等。
以下是几个常见的法律英语应用场景:1.合同起草和审查:律师和法律专业人士经常需要起草和审查各种合同文件,这些合同文件在法律英语中是以特定的格式和措辞编写的,确保了合同各条款的合法性和有效性。
法律英语的运用可以保证合同条款清晰、明确和符合法律法规的要求。
2.法庭程序和案件辩护:法庭程序涉及律师提交法律文件、控辩双方的陈述和辩护等,需要运用法律英语来准确地表达和解释法律条款和权益。
法律英语对于法官、律师、检察官和辩护律师等来说都是必备技能,以确保案件正当和公正的处理。
3.法律研究和文献解读:法律研究和文献解读需要对法律文书和法律评论进行深入的理解和解析。
Case BriefCitation528 F.2d 1327PartiesPlaintiff—Appellee:United States of AmericaDefendants—Appellants:Major Ellis Harris and Henry HarrisPrior ProceedingsTrial found against the Defendants—Defendants appealed—Court of appeals affirmed the trail cou rt’s decisionTheories of the partiesUnreasonable enforcement, warrantless search, insufficiency of the evidence ObjectivesGetting acquittedFactsNebraska state patrolman Compton noticed that appellants' vehicle bore a current Missouri license plates and an in-transit sticker in the rear window, so he stopped the vehicle, because the appellants failed to produce sufficient identification, Officer Compton detained them. Officer Compton also noticed various scratches and marks surrounding vehicle identification number attached to dash, he thought the vehicle was a stolen vehicle. Then Officer Compton arrested the appellants and the automobile was taken to the police station.Issues1.Did Officer Compton had reasonable grounds for the initial stop of the automobile?2.Whether the warrantless search of the automobile was unreasonable and violateddefendants' fourth amendment rights?3.Whether the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to support the guilty verdictas to each defendant?Holding1.Yes. There can be no doubt that the in-transit sticker was not required to bedisplayed by law since the vehicle also bore current license plates, so reasonable grounds existed to initially stop the vehicle and require the driver to produce his operator's license.2.Yes. After running the N.C.I.C. Check, Officer Compton had reasonable cause tosuspect that the automobile was stolen. The automobile was a fleeting target for a search. The probable cause factor which developed at the scene still obtained at the station house when Compton and Burnett inspected the vehicle.3.Yes. The vehicle were reported stolen, jury found defendants knew that the vehiclewas stolen, and defendants concede that they drove the vehicle in interstate commerce.Reasoning analysis1.Issue:Did Officer Compton had reasonable grounds for the initial stop of theautomobile?Rule:Missouri and Nebraska law prohibit the use of any unauthorized license plate. (Neb.Rev.Stat. s 60-323; Mo.Ann.Stat. s 301.320.)Facts: Defendants' vehicle bore a current Missouri license plates and an in-transit sticker in the rear window.Conclusion: Officer Compton had reasonable grounds for the initial stop of the automobile.2.Issue:Whether the warrantless search of the automobile was unreasonable andviolated defendants' fourth amendment rights?Rule:Police officer could constitutionally search on automobile at the station house.(Chambers v. Maroney; Texas v. White)Facts:Officer Compton searched the vehicle on the open highway and Burnett inspected the vehicle at the station later.Conclusion: The warrantless search of the automobile was reasonable and not violated defendants' fourth amendment rights.3.Issue: Whether the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to support the guiltyverdict as to each defendant?Rule:the government must prove the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) the vehicle was stolen; (2) the defendants had knowledge that it was stolen; and (3) the defendants transported the vehicle in interstate commerce.Facts: (1) The engine and transmission belonged to the Ford Motor Company and were part of an automobile leased to George Stencel. Stencel reported that the car was missing in October, 1973. The frame of the defendants' automobile belonged to the employer of Milton Zorensky and was reported stolen in July, 1974. (2) The jury found that both defendants knew that the vehicle was stolen. (3) Defendants concede that they drove the vehicle in interstate commerce.Conclusion: The evidence adduced at trial was sufficient to support the guilty verdict as to each defendant.DictaNoneCommentsThis case let me know the difference of jurisdiction between the U.S and China. In the U.S, the facts are determined by the jury, for example, in this case the jury found the defendants knew the automobile was stolen, so the judges should not examine the facts. Chinese judge should determine both the facts and application of law.。
法律英语(段落翻译与作文)(范文模版)第一篇:法律英语(段落翻译与作文)(范文模版)《法律英语》考试时间不变,向老师申请要了两道大题,范围如下:1、段落英译汉(20分):内容涉及刑事程序法,简单涉及美国宪法第五修正案和米兰达警告等。
2、作文题(20分):评述一下审前取证制度;评述抗辩制。
1、段落英译汉:刑事程序法大家看一下教材第一单元第8课(中文即可),是关于刑事程序的内容。
此题应该是老师自己编的英文材料。
美国第五宪法:No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger;nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb;nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.无论何人,除非根据大陪审团的报告或起诉,不得受判处死罪或其他不名誉罪行之审判,唯发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时服现役的民兵中的案件,不在此限。
第一幕秘书:Hello, I’m the secretary of the Beijing Automobile Co. What can I do for you?律师2:I’m a lawyer from the East China Jiao Tong University law firm. My name is X X. This is my partner X X, we had made a appiontment with your General Manager yesterday. We must have a talk with your General Manager (总经理)now.秘书:Ok, this way please, follow me!旁白:Five minutes latter, outside of the General Manager’s office.秘书:Mr wang, these are the East China Jiao Tong University law firm’s lawyers. (秘书下)总经理:Oh, I know. Thanks for your coming. Nice to meet you.律师1、律师2(合):Nice to meet you , too.总经理:Have a seat and let’s get right to it.(让我们开门见山直奔主题) 律师1、律师2:Okay, shoot.总经理:Now, let me introduce you the basic situation. We’d like to set up a Chinese-foreign joint venture with Michigan Automobile Co. We want to have control of the joint venture management and we will provide 20 million USD in capital, plus land, plant and equipment.律师1: I understand, so you need us to draft a joint venture agreement. Ok, we need to sign a power of attorney. (我们需要签一份委托书)总经理:Ok, I need you go with us during talks. If you see a urgent problem, whisper it to me or hand me a note, otherwise, wait until we’re on break or after the negotiation.律师1:Sure, I can live with that. Anything else?总经理:Not really, just that all your comments should be told me at the first time.I get the final say on whether it gets into the meeting.律师2:If you forget something I see as important, I’m going to inform you in writing.总经理:No problem.律师1:It’s my pleasure to cooperate with you, but we’d better to talk about the attorney fees.总经理:Ok, we will pay you according to the standard of attorney fees. If Michigan Co. and we can reach agreement we’d like to pay you another 10,000 yuan .律师2:Wish a wonderful cooperation !旁白:Meanwhile ,the representatives of Michigan Co. interview the lawyers from the American law firm.The second scene: the representatives and lawyers from both sides make the negotiation which is held to negotiate about the joint venture and todraft a letter of intent.第二幕中国的董事长和经理:Nice to meet you.美国的董事长和经理:Nice to meet you too .中国的董事:Last cooperation with your company is very wonderful .After the feasibility study ,our Co. is interested in forming a joint venture to assemble and sell automobiles using your company’s engines.美国的董事:Chinese market is attractive. We’d like to cooperate with you , too.美国的经理:In order to make the negotiation quickly and efficiently ,I suggest introduce the basic situation of companies respectively. Please allow me to introduce our Co. firstly, Our company has 2350 workers including engineers and technical workers 300, has 400 million USD fixed assets .It produces a powerful efficient 4-cylinder automobile engine of its own design.中国的经理:Our company has 40000 workers including engineers and technical workers 48,has fixed assets 450 million yuan .美国的董事:How about your production process?中国的经理:Our factory’s production process is on the first class in China even in the Southeast Asia .Our detection means is excellent and the industrial equipments are advanced as well.美国的经理:How many automobiles does your company manufacture every year?中国的经理:More than 1 million.美国的董事:Ok ,we are satisfied with your company.中国的董事:I’m very pleased. We believe we should have control of the joint venture management because our company provide 20 million USD in capital plus land,plant and equipment.美国的董事:No, I don’t agree with you. We must have control of the joint venture management. After all, we provide 40 million USD in capital plus patents know-how and other technology. Suppose you don’t have patents, you couldn’t manufacture. What’s more, from the last feasibility study which has shown that there is great demand for such engines in China, it can bring you great profits.中国的董事:I’m for your opinion, but you couldn’t ignore we have the excellent production process and cheap labor. If you don’t want to cooperate with us, that is to say, you choose other companies in China or Asia, you should make sure whether they can put your patents and technology into practice. While we can meet your requirement. Of course, you also can choose Japan or Korea, but you need to know where is themarket – it’s China and even Southeast Asia. I believe it can be a large number of transportation expenses. In addition, they don’t have cheap labor either. The last but not the least, we are familiar with the market in China and Southeast Asia. Our company’s condition is unique and perfect.中国的经理:About patents ,we will ask the asset appraisal company to evaluate.美国的董事:Wait a minute.旁白:At the moment, the chairman whispers to his lawyer.美国律师1:According to the Law of the People’s Republic of Chinese-Foreign Quity Joint Ventures. The proportion of the investment contributed by the foreign joint ventures shall generally not be less than 25% of the registered capital of a joint venture. The parties to the venture shall share the risks and losses in proportion to their respective contributions to the registered capital. No assignment of the registered capital of a joint venture shall be made without the consent of the other parties to the venture. Y ou need to think twice.旁白:After a hot discussion.美国的董事:Um, We decide that you have control of the joint venture management, but we should take 48% share. Ok?中国的董事:Ok, we reach the agreement.中国的经理:Now the most important thing has decided. How about the equipments and materials?美国的经理:Our Co. wants to import some equipments and materials from the United States.中国的经理:I think the cost is too high. Our company wants to use Chinese equipments and materials as much as possible.美国的经理:It’s known to all, American equipments are more advanced. Moreover, equipments are vital to manufacture products.中国的经理:But the materials in China are cheaper than American. In addition, the Chinese-foreign joint venture will set up in Beijing. It’s more convenient and cheaper to transport.美国的董事:Okay, considering all the sides, we had better import equipments from the United States while materials must buy from China. How about your viewpoint?中国的董事:No problem.中国的律师1:Y ou should consider the first capital to start the operation of the joint venture.中国的董事:It’ll need 50 million USD in capital to start the operation of the joint venture .Based on the share, we need due 26 million USD andyou will due the left.美国董事:We will due the capital in a week.美国律师2:Y ou ought to determine how soon do you transfer the property.中国经理:In 15 days.美国的经理:Ok! The exciting moment is coming, we should pick a name for our company. Do you have some good idea?中国董事:Changsheng Automobile Chinese-Foreign joint venture.美国董事:Good !美国律师2:The joint venture agreement contract and articles of association signed by the parties to the venture shall be submitted to the competent authorities of foreign economic relations and trade.中国经理:Don’t worry, our lawyer will accomplish it.旁白:After the negotiation, a letter of intent has been draft .After the negotiation attended by the lawyers from both sides, the two sides reach agreement. A ceremony for signing the contract have been held.——原创Thank you !。
目录第一讲合同与其他债 (1)案例1:合同之债与其他债-不当得利 (2)第二讲意思表示和许诺的作出 (3)案例2:诺言的存在-确定性 (4)案例3:诺言的存在-担保与见解 (6)第三讲合同的订立 (8)案例4:合同的订立 (8)第二节要约 (12)案例5:要约与要约邀请 (12)案例6:谁是要约的主人 (16)案例7:要约的可撤销与不得自食其言 (20)第四讲合同的效力 (23)第一节对价 (24)案例8:对价-原有的义务 (24)案例9:过去的对价 (25)案例10:效力-合法性 (29)案例11:效力-合法性-分解合同 (34)第三节可撤销的合同 (35)案例12:效力-欺诈 (35)案例13:效力-胁迫 (42)案例14:效力-不正当影响 (45)案例15:效力-缔约能力 (48)案例16:效力-共同错误 (52)案例17:效力-未成年人的撤销权 (55)第五讲合同的内容 (59)案例18:合同的解释 (59)Presentation要求:1、每个人预计上台讲解时间为15-30分钟,根据案例的长短和人员的个数略有差别。
请合理安排时间。
2、内容包括案例分析和回答讨论题。
案例分析的格式老师在课堂上已经讲过,按照书后面的案例分析格式,中英文均可,只要有利于表达就好;回答讨论题也是中英文均可。
3、讲解的辅助工具是PPT,案例分析需要,回答问题同样需要。
字体不能太小,以免同学看不见。
4、仔细阅读案例,并重点研究老师划了颜色的文字,老师会不定时的针对案例的具体情形提问。
5、除了自己负责的案例,其他同学讲解的案例也要提前预习。
老师也会提问其他同学,这样有利于大家知识的积累和系统化。
第一讲合同与其他债【教学目的和要求】掌握合同的相关概念,区别合同之债与其他债券债务关系。
【教学时数】约2学时案例1:合同之债与其他债-不当得利Beley v. Ventura County Municipal CourtCourt of Appeal, Second District, Division 5, California.100 Cal. App. 3d 5December 17, 1979ASHBY, J.Real party in interest Gerry Harmsma (hereinafter Seller) is a building contractor who brought an action in the municipal court to recover for services performed and material furnished in remodeling the home of appellants John and Lorraine Beley (hereinafter Buyer)On June 10, 1977, the parties executed a contract, at the home of Buyer, for the remodeling of Buyer's home. The contract price was $11,689 and the work was to be completed by August 15. .… The work was not com pleted on time, and on November 10, 1977, Buyer gave written notice that the contract was canceled.Buyer moved for summary judgment, contending that the contract was a home solicitation contract (Civ. Code, §1689.5)which did not contain the mandatory notice of Buyer's right to cancel within three days (§ 1689.7); that Buyer therefore had the right to cancel at any time prior to Seller's giving the required notice (§1689.7, subd. (e)); that Buyer canceled the contract on November 10, 1977 (§ 1689.6); and that Seller was entitled to no compensation for the services performed (§ 1689.11, subd. (c)). ( Weatherall Aluminum Products Co. v. Scott, 71 Cal.App.3d 245 [ 139 Cal.Rptr. 329].) Buyer also sought the return of the $8,566 Buyer had paid to Seller.Although the home solicitation contract statute was enacted in 1971 primarily to protect residents from the high-pressure techniques of door-to-door salespersons, it was interpreted in Weatherall Aluminum Products Co. v. Scott, supra., 71 Cal.App.3d 245, 248 (decided shortly after the execution of the contract in the present case) to apply to contracts entered in the home, even where the buyer had telephoned the seller and invited him to come to the home. Thus, under Weatherall, the instant contract was a home solicitation contract. Because the instant contract did not contain the required notice giving the Buyer a right to cancel within three days, the statute technically extended indefinitely (until the Seller complied with the notice requirement) the Buyer's right to cancel (Civ. Code, § 1689.7, subd. (e).) Here Buyer exercised this statutory right to cancel, but only after Seller had apparently substantially completed the job. Buyer argues that the statute gives Buyer the right to retain all the substantial benefits conferred by Seller's performance without paying anything at all for them. We disagree..…Although Buyer's statutory cancellation gives Buyer a defense to Seller's first cause of action on the contract, Seller has also alleged in his second cause of action a quantum meruit quasicontractual theory for recovery of the reasonable value of the benefits conferred on Buyer by Seller's performance. (See 1 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law (8th ed. 1973) Contracts, §49, p. 60.) Although the statute gives Buyer a right to avoid the written contract, there was nothing illegal or immoral about the contract itself or the nature of the services and materials to be furnished under it. (See Trumbo v. Bank of Berkeley, 77 Cal.App.2d 704, 709-710 [ 176 P.2d 376].) Therefore, even though Seller could not recover on the express building contract, Seller is entitled to recovery on quantum meruit for the reasonable value of the improvements Buyer has received. ( Sims v. Petaluma Gas Light Co., 131 Cal. 656, 660 [ 63 P. 1011].)Nothing in Weatherall Aluminum Products Co. v. Scott, supra., 71 Cal.App.3d 245, precludes such equitable adjustment of the rights and duties of the parties. There is no indication in that opinion that the seller in that case raised an equitable quasi contractual theory for the reasonable value of benefits conferred, as distinguished from an action on the contract. Nor does Civil Code section 1689.11 preclude Seller's quasi contractual recovery. .…This case does not involve an attempt to evade the statute or to pressure the buyer by the performance of a small portion of the contract within the first three days.Here we have a large building contract which was substantially completed over a long period of time before Buyer exercised Buyer's technical right under the statute to cancel. It would be grossly inequitable to interpret the statute to mean that Seller gets no compensation even though Buyer has the benefit of several thousand dollars' worth of home improvements. Of course, in determining the reasonable value of the benefits conferred on Buyer, the court can also take into account the damages suffered by Buyer from the incomplete, delayed or improper performance of the job.The judgment is affirmed.Stephens, Acting P. J., and Hastings, J., concurred.讨论题:1. 本案双方争议的焦点是什么?2.在本案中,加州的民法典赋予了“买方”(被装修房屋的房主)什么权利?该方基于什么事实可以行使该法赋予的权利?3. 买方是在卖方(装修房屋的一方)已经实质性地完成了其装修工作之后宣布解除合同的。
联系本案小论当事人意思自治原则与最紧密联系原则2014级法律硕士(非法学)3班陈卉 2014281060314 通过对英格兰公司与苏格兰公司关于仲裁争议案例的翻译和学习,以国际私法中当事人意思自治原则与最紧密联系原则为视角,对于选择准据法、管辖地等问题做出一点评论。
一.案例概述
1965年5月10日,一家英格兰公司与一家苏格兰公司之间达成了一项关于对位于苏格兰境内的英格兰公司的工厂进行改装的建设工程承包合同。
在履行协议的过程中,双方之间产生了争议,并将其提交仲裁。
而后,一方提出了上诉,并申请依照有利于己方的法律在己方所在地进行仲裁。
上诉方主张合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法都是苏格兰法,要求以苏格兰法在苏格兰对该争议进行仲裁,而被上诉方则主张该合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法都是英格兰法,要求根据1950年的《仲裁法》的第四节在英格兰进行仲裁。
随后双方协议由皇家建筑师协会主席任命仲裁员进行仲裁,但之后又就管辖权、仲裁地、仲裁程序、仲裁的适用法等一系列问题产生了分歧。
期间双方以及双方的支持者提出了大量支持己方诉求的意见以及判例,但最后的认定适用苏格兰法作为合同准据法,也就是说这是一个苏格兰合同,并在苏格兰进行仲裁。
二.当事人意思自治原则
在民法中,当事人意思自治原则是指当事人依法享有自愿订立合同的权利,任何单位个人不得非法干预。
意思自治原则是指合同当事人可以自由选择处理合同争议所适用的法律原则,它是确定合同准据法的最普遍的原则。
这一原则来源于16世纪法国的理查世。
杜摩兰(1500—1566)的意思自治说。
他主张契约应适用当事人自己选择的习惯,法院也应推定当事人意欲适用什么习惯于契约的实质要件和效力。
当事人意思自治原则也称当事人自主选择的法律,是指当事人双方根据“意思自治原则”合意选择的特定法律。
而“意思自治原则”指涉外合同双方当事人有权自主选择某一国的法律作为他们之间合同准据法的准则。
该原则最初是由16世纪法国学者杜摩林在《巴黎习惯法评述》一书中提出的。
他认为,在合同关系中应该适用当事人自主选择的那一习惯法,如果当事人没有明确选择
哪个习惯法时,法院应推定当事人默示的选择法的意思。
这个主张即是形成意思自治原则的理论基础,该原则也体现了契约自由。
当事人自主选择合同准据法是意思自治原则的具体表现,采用该原则确定合同准据法有以下两个优势:第一,有利于当事人预知行为的后果,维护法律关系的稳定性;第二,有利于争议的迅速解决,因为当事人在合同缔结时已经约定了发生争议后应适用的法律①。
在本案中,上诉方认为,首先,当事人选择R.I.B.A.合同形式不能说明是其希望合同受英格兰法律管辖。
其次,当事人在英格兰提起诉讼仅仅是基于方便,与确定合同准据法无关。
最后,当事人之间存在着默许争议在苏格兰进行仲裁的意思表示。
然而被上诉方则持反对意见,其认为,首先,这是一个以英国形式制定的合同。
其次,在仲裁协议中,被上诉人在两处提出参考1950年仲裁法。
由于双方当事人就合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法均没有作出明示切确定的选择,导致了无法适用当事人意思自治原则,这造成了之后一系列争议的存在与解决的困难。
三.最密切联系原则
最密切联系原则,也叫最强联系原则,重力中心原则,是指法院在审理某一涉外民商事案件时,权衡各种与该案当事人具有联系的因素,从中找出与该案具有最密切联系的因素,根据该因素的指引,适用解决该案件的与当事人有最密切联系国家或地区的法律原则。
这些因素通常包括当事人的出生地、惯常居所地、住所地、形式政治权利或从事业务活动的场所以及个人的意愿等。
1978年《奥地利联邦国际私法法规》——最早确立最密切联系原则②。
在本案中,由于存在着对于合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法的争议,而当事人双方没有对这两个方面的争议作出明示且明确的选择,所以只能根据案中一系列的事实,最后由法院依据最密切联系原则,对合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法作出了认定。
由于合同履行地是苏格兰,承包商是苏格兰主体,雇佣的工人是苏格兰人,并且英格兰公司也位于苏格兰境内。
此外,仲裁是在苏格兰进行的,采用了苏格兰形式的诉讼程序,双方也并未对此提出任何反对意见,这些事实都充分地表明双方已经同意仲裁程序按照苏格兰法进行仲裁。
依据以上事实,法院根
据最密切联系原则,认定合同的准据法为苏格兰法,仲裁的准据法为苏格兰法。
四.当事人意思自治原则与最密切联系原则的关系
关于当事人意思自治原则与最密切联系原则之间的关系,应当认为,最密切联系原则是作为当事人意思自治原则的补充或辅助方法而存在的。
也就是说,就一具体的争议而言,只有在双方当事人没有做出明确的选择,根据当事人意思自治原则无法选择处理合同争议所适用的法律时,才可以就争议,根据具体事实,依照最密切联系原则,来认定处理合同争议所适用的法律。
在本案中,在双方当事人无法根据当事人意思自治原则明确认定合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法,在这一前提之下,法院通过对一系列案情事实的判断,根据最密切联系原则这一补充原则,来对合同的准据法以及仲裁的准据法做出客观的认定。
注:①百度百科“当事人意思自治原则”;
②百度百科“最密切联系原则”。