托福听力材料：米兰科维奇假说1

TPO 1 Conversation 1Topic: libraryKey vocabulary:database 数据库 Electronic source 电子来源 Reference 参考书Network 网络Narrow down 缩小范围 Abstract 摘要Journal 专业Durable 耐用的TPO 1 Conversation 2Topic: educationKey vocabulary: Approach to teaching 教学方法 Elementary school 小学 Goal 目标Observation note 观察笔记 Astronomy 天文学Planet 行星Interdisciplinary 学科间的 Planet 行星Mythology 神话Jupiter 木星Presentation 展示Literature 文学Solar system 太阳系TPO2 Conversation 2Topic :register class 选课Key vocabulary:Summer school 暑期课程Seminar 研讨班Schedule 安排Theory 理论Impressive 给人印象深刻的,了不起的 Master degree 硕士课程Thesis 论文,毕业论文Revise 修订Poetry 诗歌Public publication公开发表 Thanksgiving 感恩节Environment 环境TPO2 Conversation 1 Topic: research project Key vocabulary: Recognize 认出Journal 日志Notepad 笔记便签Evolution 演化Forgetful 健忘的 Meteorological 气象学的 Statistical 统计的Expert 专家Regional 地区的Variation 变化,变动 variability 变化性TPO3 Conversation1Topic: registrar 大学注册主任 Key vocabulary: Assignment 分配,作业 Junk mail 垃圾邮件Apartment 公寓Sign up for 注册(课程 Instructor 讲师,辅导员 Cancel 取消Enroll 招收 Inconvenient 不方便的 Practical issue 实际问题 Right away 马上Go through 开课Mailing address 邮寄地址TPO3 Conversation 2 Topic: volunteer 志愿者 Key vocabulary:Extra credit 额外学分 Incentive 激励Schedule 安排On sight 到场Training 培训 Archeology 考古学 Assume 假定Relief 放心Excavation 挖掘Item 物品Clay pottery 泥质陶器 Respond 回复Tough time 难过的时光 Senior researcher 高级研究员TPO4 Conversation 1Topic: review 书评,剧评 Key vocabulary:Review 评论Contemporary review 当代评论 Influence 影响力Critic 评论家Be torn to pieces 被撕成碎片 Controversial 有争议的 Curious 好奇的Fuss 大惊小怪On vacation 度假Online 在线Basement 地下室Impressed 印象深刻的Tape 磁带Radical 激进的,根本性的 Dramatic 戏剧的Honest 城市Video library 视频博物馆Figure out 弄清楚Traditional 传统的Logical 有逻辑的Anything but boring 一点也不无聊TPO4 Conversation 2Topic: group project 小组项目 Key vocabulary: Due 到期Share 份额Supreme Court 最高法院 Deadline 期限Contribute 贡献Negative 消极的Split up 分开Goof off 吊儿郎当Section 部分Risk 风险Go down the drain 白费 Property right 物权Freedom of speech 言论自由 Source 来源From scratch 重新开始TPO5 Conversation 1Topic: culture shock 文化冲击 Key vocabulary: Overwhelmed 压倒性的 Culture shock 文化攻击 Unfamiliar 不熟悉的 Understatement 轻描淡写 Academic 学术的Keep pace with 跟上节奏 Impersonal 不人性化的 Sociology 社会学 Distinguish 区别Pop in 跑出来Appreciate 感激 Feedback 反馈Social life 社会生活 Cello 大提琴Audition 试镜Fit in 融入Orchestra 管弦乐队TPO5 Conversation 2 Topic :course 课程 Key vocabulary:Ignore 忽视Introductory 介绍性的 Techniques 技巧 Permission 允许Drop :放弃(课程 Recommend 推荐Catch up 赶上 Prerequisite 前提基础课程。

新托福听力场景-地球环境学科解题技巧详解在之前的文章中，有为考生们讲解过地理地质学的内容，在本篇，我们进一步来研究一下地球环境学科。

前者往往和化学以及考古学有所交叉，后者的内容更接近我们的实际生活或认知，比如环境变化。

当然也会涉及到许多场景词汇，广大考生在备考过程中还是要认真复习备考。

下面将带领大家具体看一下地球环境学类的听力段子应该如何应对。

一、概述这一学科要求考生们要关注一些时事，并且扩大自己知识面，开拓视野，可以和地理地质学科一起关注。

☆大气环境，例如赤道无风带，大气环流，全球气候变化。

☆地面环境，例如风能，地下水的研究与保护。

☆海洋环境，例如海底热液，潮汐能。

☆其他话题，可能和天文学，生物学，地理地质学等产生交叉。

在此，考生最好能积累背景知识，多浏览一些原汁原味的报刊杂志，比如Scientific Americans、NationalGeographical等等，多积累相关词汇，熟悉发音。

当然，刚才也提到了，新托福听力段子所涉及的话题往往千变万化且有所交叉，考生在熟悉背景知识的同时也要打牢基础，培养快速辨音能力和短时记忆能力，才能以不变应万变。

二、案例分析请看一个地球环境学的经典案例：E.G.TPO17 Milankovitch Hypothesis听力原文：1) Ok, so we have been talking about theories that deal with the effects ofhuman activity on the climate. But today I’d like to talka little bit aboutother theories that canexplain variations in climate. And one of the best-knownis called the Milankovitch HypothesisQ:What is the lecture mainly about?AA hypothesis that explains how changes in Earth’s motions affectclimate.BA hypothesis that explains why the shape of earth’s orbit varies overtime.CReasons it is difficult to find evidence to support hypotheses about theclimate.DAnalyses of the accuracy of data collected in different ways.分析：这是一道简单的主旨题。

【导语】距离6⽉23⽇的托福考试还有不到⼀周的时间，⼤家是否已经做好准备了呢?在考试前⼣，不妨来看看考前的机经，辅助⼤家更好地练习⼀些托福考试的题⽬，做好考前的冲刺。

下⾯就让我们⼀起俩看看详细的内容吧! 【听⼒】 1.⽜顿对诗⼈的影响，什么以前光对应darkness，现在因为的论光学什么的，诗⼈全都写⽜顿体可分解光，⽽且这破书拿英语⽽不是神马拉丁⽂写的，⽽且这破书谁都看得懂，不是科学体 2.什么diamond，有⿊砖⽯，地球上只有两处有，不是地球天然的，⽽是天上掉下来的，没有听仔细，⿊砖是是粗糙的表⾯，多孔的。

3.找管理员问东西没了，可能在别的storage，答应尽快答复 4.找⽼师要推荐信，⽼师很热情，说的很快，⽼师帮忙练习那个项⽬并且系⾥给加学分 听⼒ plan2 1.第⼀段超简单，后⾯越来越难，我最后⼀个简直就是听的云⾥雾⾥。

有两段话⽤的是同⼀个教授的突破，教授的特点是，发⾳很奇怪，说话很快，基本是⼀个⾳调。

第⼀段讲有个学⽣去找⾷宿部的⽼师，问学⽣都有哪些⾷宿计划。

主旨题，问学⽣为什么去找⽼师，谈话的主题是什么 ⽼师回答有三种，195，95和另外⼀种。

学⽣问。

下学期他可以选择的那种吗 ⽼师答,不可以，那是给3/4年级的学⽣准备的 学⽣问，为什么只给⾼年级的同学准备 ⽼师答，⾼年级的学⽣可以不住在校内，并且劝这个学⽣趁着能住在校内，好好利⽤学校的设施。

学⽣问，为什么他的⽗母给他选了195 的那种。

⽼师答，她认为绝⼤多数⽗母都希望第⼀学期孩⼦不会为⾷宿发愁，所以宁愿选最贵的，不 会让学⽣遇到不够吃的问题。

(这⾥有题，问⼀半⽗母第⼀年为什么为学⽣选最贵的) 学⽣问，那我的卡⾥还剩下很多钱怎么办。

⽼师答，可以请你的朋友来吃饭。

学⽣答，他的朋友都遇到同样的情况，⼤家都有很多钱吃不完。

学⽣问，能不能把钱退出来，或者挪到下学期⽤。

⽼师答，不可以。

学校有相关规定，不能退钱，或者下学期接着⽤。

托福听力TPO14原文Lecture1托福听力TPO14原文Lecture1下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO14原文中Lecture1的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。

TPO14Lecture1PsychologyProfessor：We’ve said that the term“Cognition”refers to mental states like:knowing and believing,and to mental processes that we use to arrive at those states.So for example, reasoning is a cognitive process,so it’s perception.We use information that we perceive through our senses to help us make decisions to arrive at beliefs and so on.And then there are memory and imagination which relate to the knowledge of things that happen in the past and may happen in the future.So perceiving,remembering,imagining are all internal mental processes that lead to knowing or believing.Yet,each of these processes has limitations, and can lead us to hold mistaken believes or make false predictions.T ake memory for example, maybe you have heard of studies in which people hear a list of related words.Ah…,let`s say a list of different kinds of fruit.After hearing this list,they are presented with several additional words.In this case,we`ll say the additional words were“blanket”and“cheery”.Neither of these words was on the original list,and,well,people will claim correctly that“blanket”was not on the original list,they’ll also claim incorrectly that the word“cheery”was on the list.Most people are convinced they heard the word “cheery”on the original list.Why do they make such a simple mistake?Well,we thinkbecause the words on the list were so closely related,the brain stored only the gist of what they heard.For example,that all the items on the list were types of the fruit.When we tap our memory,our brains often fill in details and quite of ten these details are actually false. We also see this“fill-in”phenomenon with perception.Perception is the faculty that allows us to process information in the present as we take it via our senses.Again,studies have shown that people will fill in information that they thought they perceived even when they didn`t.For example,experiments have been done where a person hears a sentence,but itis missing the word,that logically completes it.They’ll claim to hear that word even though it was never said.So if I were to say…er…the sunrise is in the…and then fill to complete the sentence,people will often claim to have heard the word“east”.In cognitive psychology,we have a phrase for this kind of inaccurate“filling in of details”---it’s called:A Blind Spot.The term originally refers to the place in our eyes where the optic nerve connects the back of the eye to the brain.There are no photo receptors in the area where the nerve connects to the eye.So that particular area of the eye is incapable of detecting images.It p roduces“A Blind Spot”in our field vision.We are unaware of it, because the brain fills in what it thinks belongs in its image,so the picture always appears complete to us.But the term“blind spot”has also taken on a more general meaning---it refers to people being unaware of a bias that may affect their judgment about the subject. And the same“blind-spot phenomenon”that affects memory and perception also affects imagination.Imagination is a faculty that some people use to anticipate future events in their lives.But the ease with which weimagine details can lead to unrealistic expectations and can bias our decisions.So…er…Peter,suppose I ask you to image a lunch salad,no problem,right?But I bet you imagine specific ingredients.Did yours have tomatoes,Onion,Lettuce?mine did?Our brains fill in all sorts of details that might not be part of other people’s image of a salad,which could lead to disappointment for us.If the next time we order a salad in a restaurant,we have our imagined salad in mind,that’s not necessarily what we’ll get on our plate.The problem is not that we imagine things,but that we assume what we’ve imagined is accurate.We should be aware that our imagination has this built-in feature, the blind spot,which makes our predictions fall short of reality.《心理学》教授：我们已经说过，“认知力”指的是这样的精神状态：熟悉某事并相信它确实存在，精神层面上我们曾经达到这样的状态。

【托福听力备考】TPO14 听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO 14 Lecture 1 PsychologyNarrator:Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology classProfessor:We’ve said that the term “Cognition” refers to mental states like: knowingand believing, and to mental processes that we use to arrive at those states. Sofor example, reasoning is a cognitive process, so is perception. We useinformation that we perceive through our senses to help us make decisions, toarrive at beliefs and so on. And then there are memory and imagination whichrelate to the knowledge of things that happen in the past or may happen in thefuture. So perceiving, remembering, imagining are all internal mental processesthat lead to knowing or believing.Yet, each of these processes has limitations and can lead us to hold mistakenbeliefs or make false predictions.Take memory for example, maybe you have heard of studies in which people heara list of related words. Um…, let`s say a list of different kinds of fruit.After hearing this list, they are presented with several additional words. Inthis case, we`ll say the additional words were “blanket” and “cherry”. Neitherof these words was on the original list, and while people will claim correctlythat “blanket” was not on the original list, they’ll also claim incorrectly thatthe word “cherry” was on the list. Most people are convinced they heard the word“cherry” on the original list. Why did they make such a simple mistake? Well, wethink because the words on the list were so closely related, the brain storedonly the gist of what it heard. For example, that all the items on the list weretypes of fruit. When we tap our memory, our brains often fill in details andquite often these details are actually false.We also see this “fill-in” phenomenon with perception. Perception is thefaculty that allows us to process information in the present as we take it invia our senses. Again, studies have shown that people will fill in informationthat they thought they perceived even when they didn`t. For example, experimentshave been done where a person hears a sentence, but it is missing the word thatlogically completes it. They’ll claim to hear that word even though it was neversaid. So if I were to say…er…the Sun rises in the…and then fail to complete thesentence, people will often claim to have heard the word “east”.In cognitive psychology, we have a phrase for this kind of inaccurate“filling in of details”--- it’s called: A Blind Spot. The term originally refersto the place in our eyes where the optic nerve connects the back of the eye tothe brain. There are no photoreceptors in the area where the nerve connects tothe eye. So that particular area of the eye is incapable of detecting images.Itproduces “A Blind Spot” in our field of vision. We aren’t aware of it, because the brain fills in what it thinks belongs in the image, so the picture always appears complete to us. But the term “blind spot” has also taken on a more general meaning--- it refers to people being unaware of a bias that may affect their judgment about a subject.And the same “blind-spot phenomenon” that affects memory and perception also affects imagination. Imagination is a faculty that some people use to anticipate future events in their lives. But the ease with which we imagine details can lead to unrealistic expectations and can bias our decisions.So…um…Peter, suppose I ask you to imagine a lunch salad, no problem, right?But I bet you imagine specific ingredients. Did yours have tomatoes, Onion, Lettuce? mine did. Our brains fill in all sorts of details that might not be part of other people’s image of a salad, which could lead to disappointment for us. If the next time we order a salad in a restaurant, we have our imagined salad in mind, that’s not necessarily what we’ll get on our plate. The problem is not that we imagine things, but that we assume what we’ve imagined is accurate. We should be aware that our imagination has this built-in feature, the blind spot, which makes our predictions fall short of reality.。

托福TPO听力：TPO-17 Lecture 2 环境科学There is a third movement the hypothesis covers called precession. Precession, basically is the change in the direction of earth's axis of rotation. It will take me a million years to explain even just the basics of this movement as precession is quite complex. And all thesedetails are way beyond our scope. What's important for you to understand is these three movements, well, they are cyclical, and they work together to form, to produce complex but regular variations in earth's climate, and lead to the growth or decline of glaciers. Now, when Milankovitch first proposed this theory in the 1920s, many of his colleagues were skeptical. Milankovitch didn't have any proof. Actually there wouldn't be any evidence to support his hypothesis until the 1970s, when oceanographers were able to drill deep into the seafloor and collect samples, samples which were then analyzed by geologists. And from these samples they were able to put together a history of ocean temperatures going back hundreds of thousands of years, and this showed that earth's climate had changed pretty much the way Milankovitch's hypothesis suggested it would. So this evidence was pretty strong support for the Milankovitch Hypothesis. And by the 1980s, most people accepted this theory.假说还包括了第三种名为“旋式推动”运动。

托福听力加试大王花Rafflesia原文及试题答案RafflesiaListen to part of a lecture in a Botany classP: We've been talking about plant classifications and how species belong to a family and families belong to an order, but sometimes, figuring out how we assign certain plant species to a particular order is challenging, even if the plant has...unusual characteristics. You'd think that plants with similar characteristics would belong to the same order, but that's not always true. A good example of this is a flower, that is—a flowering plant—that grows only in Malaysia and Indonesia, called Rafflesia.As you can see, Rafflesia is a pretty unusual plant. For starters, it's huge. The flower can grow up to a meter in width and can weigh up to seven kilos—pretty big, huh There aren't any other specimens in the plant world that have flowers even close to this size. But that's not the only unusual characteristic of Rafflesia, in fact, that's probably one of the least strange features of the plant.The plant also emits a terrible stench, like rotting meat. But again, there are other plants with bad smelling flowers. And in the case of Rafflesia, flies are attracted to that smell, and that's how the flowers get pollinated. So...um...Rafflesia's flowers are huge and smelly. Rafflesia is also a parasite; it gets its energy from another plant instead of from the sun, which is unusual, but not unheard of in the plant kingdom. It actually grows inside its host, which is a type of grapevine. I mean... it grows inside its host until it blooms—it doesn't bloom inside the host. But that leads me to...I want to tell you really quickly about another plant, a plant that's also from the forests of Southeast Asia, called Mitrastema.Now, Mitrastema is also a parasite, which led some to believe that Rafflesia was related to Mitrastema—that they belong to the same order. Mitrastema as I said is a parasite, but its flowers are much smaller, and don't smell bad, so you can see why there was debate about whether they were related. But as it turns out, Mitrastema is actually related to blueberries. So, even plants that share an unusual characteristic with Rafflesia are not related to it. And, um...no plant shares all three of its unusual characteristics, and that made classifying Rafflesia very, very difficult.Now, you're probably thinking, why don't they just analyze the DNA of the plant Well, as I said, Rafflesia is a parasite. It lacks the leaves; the green tissue that most plants need for photosynthesis. It's unable to...um...to capture the sunlight most other plants use to make food. So, it's lacking...it...it...it doesn't have the DNA—the genes—for photosynthesis, which is what we usually use to classify plant species. But some researchers in Michigan persisted, and analyzed about 90 species of seed plants and compared them to Rafflesia, and we finally had an answer. Rafflesia was part of the Malpighiales order.Now, other species in the Malpighiales order includeviolets...um...poinsettias...uh...passion-flowers...what else Willows. So it was pretty unexpected because flowers like violets are a lot smaller than Rafflesia, right And they don't smell bad—they don't smell like rotting meat...and they're not parasitic. It took almost 200 years to classify Rafflesia, to identify its relatives, and I don't think anyone would have ever guessed that it's in the order Malpighiales. I mean...you know-it'd be nice to be able to classify species based on their obvious characteristics, but, it didn't work that way with Rafflesia. And unfortunately for Rafflesia, and for the field of botany, it seems that Rafflesia may be dying out. It's certainly endangered because of deforestation in its habitat. And to make matters worse, Rafflesia doesn't reproduce very well. First of all, only 10-20% of buds turn intofull-fledged flowers, and it can take them a year to grow. There are also male flowers and female flowers, and one of each has to be in the same area—the same vicinity—at the same time, to produce seeds, and the flies that are attracted to the flower's strong smell have to carry pollen from one flower to the other, so how often do you think these events occur all together Even people who study the plant for years may never witness it.考题:问题一：主旨题What is the lecture mainly about正确答案：(C) 植物的分类困难。

Impacts and Mass ExtinctionsWords & Phrases1.Meteorites and impact craters bear witness to the fact that large impactsoccasionally occur on Earth.Meteorite：n. 陨石impact craters：撞击形成的陨石坑crater：n. 陨石坑bear witness to：作证，见证2.impactor roughly 50 meters across：直径大约50米的撞击物across：某物的宽，直径=diameterradius: n. 半径3. a major impact coincided with the death of the dinosaurs：一个大的撞击和恐龙的灭绝恰巧同时发生coincide with: 与…恰巧同时发生4.instantly melt bedrock and propel it far from its origin：立即熔化基底岩石并且推出基底岩石远离它的最初位置bedrock：n. 基底岩石propel：v. 向前推出far from its origin：远离它的最初位置5.wiped out：被一扫而空，灭绝6.ignited wildfires：点燃野火7.effects propagated throughout the food chain：影响蔓延下去贯穿整个食物链propagate: v. 原义是“繁殖”，引申为“扩展蔓延”=spread表示繁殖的词总结如下：Propagate=proliferate=reproduce=multiply8.the most astonishing fact：最令人吃惊的事实9.rodent-like mammals：像啮齿类的哺乳动物10.they lived in underground burrows and managed to store enough food to outlastthe long spell of cold, dark daysunderground burrows：地下的洞穴outlast：v. 比…时间持续的久spell: n. 一段时间Syntax1.Although the crater is only slightly more than one kilometer across, an areacovering hundreds of square kilometers was probably battered by the blast and ejecta—the debris ejected or displaced during the formation of an impact crater.名词后面+doing，doing是对名词的修饰所以，“an area covering hundreds of square kilometers”的意思是：覆盖着成百上千平方千米的一个区域Batter：v. 连续猛击Blast：n. 爆炸ejecta：n. 喷出物debris：n. 碎屑残骸2.After a decade-long search, scientists identified what appears to be the impactcrater from the event.What引出的整句话做identify的宾语，what任何情况下翻译成“什么”即可impact crater：撞击坑3.Located off the coast of Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula, it is 200 kilometers across,which is close to what one would expect for a 10-kilometer impactor, and dates to 65 million years ago.1）主语出现前的所有东西都是对主语的铺垫修饰，所以“Located off…”是对后文it的铺垫修饰；2）What引出的整句话做close to的宾语，what任何情况下翻译成“什么”即可；3）one 做主语指“任何一个人”，以“任何一个人”代替整体；4）and dates 并列对象的寻找，应该是和前面的第三人称单数的谓语动词并列，所以和前文的“is 200…”并列，指的仍是主语it “dates to 65 million years ago”4.Further evidence that the Yucatan crater is the rightdistribution of small glassy spheres that formed when the molten impact ejecta solidified as it rained back to Earth.主谓分离，comes from 动作的发出者（主语）在很远的句子开头glassy spheres：玻璃球molten impact ejecta：融化的撞击喷射物solidified：v. 变成固体，固化5.The impact almost immediately sent a shower of debris raining across much ofNorth and South America that may have sloshed“and generated”所以找到前文的sent，这两个动作的发出者都是主语the impact整句话意为：这次撞击几乎立即发射出一片碎屑雨，降落覆盖大片的北美和南美地区，并且这次撞击还产生巨大的冲击波(waves)，这个冲击波向内陆地区泼溅了超过1000千米的距离。

托福考试(TOEFL)/真题题库2015年11月21日托福听力真题Conversation 1 讲一个女生在杂志上看到一个关于iceberg的文章，觉得很有意思，就来问professor，想用这个做project，professor表示赞成鼓励，后来又讲了一个air beam，这个东西的特点和它的名字有关，最后professor询问女生去不去某个活动，女生表示不太想去。

Lecture 1 讲的是玛雅毁灭的原因，有一种说法是干旱。

气候学家说发现了一种G开头是物质(TPO里一个cave 里面提过这种物质)。

在玛雅一个城市附近的lake里，说明气候很干旱。

后来又有研究发现，说是一个城市并不是因为干旱而毁灭的，具体原因忘了。

后来说研究了很多wetland anima，发现大多数都有数量下降。

最后说因为玛雅人砍伐树林过度产生了很严重的后果。

Lecture 2 讲的是很难确定一些物种是不是endangered。

一种生物eel，它在幼虫阶段时在大西洋某个S开头的地方，然后随着洋流到处漂，最后快死的时候又会回到S地产卵，再死去。

很多人觉得eel不应该是endangered，因为它能随着洋流去很多地方，能适应很多环境。

然后又说它是一种C开头的种类，这个种类的生物都是在salt water里出生，生活在fresh water，并且回到salt water产卵。

也有人说，因为不同地方发现的eel数量没法估算整体，所以也没有人知道eel的大概数量。

Conversation 2一个男生在图书馆用电脑遇到些问题，管理员说帮忙查看是不是系统问题，男生说应该不是，只是偶尔会遇到问题，其他都是挺好的，特别是新上的在线图书馆很useful。

然后男生问能否在这儿工作。

管理员说确实在招人，要求是graduate并且熟悉电脑，男生是大三但是电脑很好，整个group还去公司实习过，然后开始说自己团队的东西的优点。

最后管理员说，系统是新安装的，就算有问题也应该很快会修复，并且建议男生就工作问题去咨询另一个人。