审计学：一种整合方法(3)

竭诚为您提供优质的服务，优质的文档，谢谢阅读/双击去除审计人员必读书籍推荐审计工作的励志书籍|大学生必读的励志书籍审计是指由专设机关依照法律对国家各级政府及金融机构、企业事业组织的重大项目和财务收支进行事前和事后的审查的独立性经济监督活动。

有什么适合审计人员的励志书籍?以下是小编为你推荐的审计人员必读书籍，希望能帮到你。

审计人员必读书籍推荐一：《告密者》辛西娅·库珀作为欺诈案的见证者，她为读者提供了世通公司兴衰骤然的不寻常的视角。

世通曾是电信巨头，华尔街的宠儿，拥有令密西西比骄傲的灰姑娘般的成功传奇。

库珀以极大的坦率诚恳态度，阐述了她是如何进行斗争，以克服这些困难和挑战，以及如何通过与后来者一起分享其中的经验和教训，从而使自己恢复如常。

本书告诉我们：道德抉择并非形成于重大事件发生的十字路口，而是始于一个人的童年，恰如“点滴汇成大海”。

辛西娅·库珀，美国世通公司前内审部副总裁，她因为发现并报告了发生在公司最高层的巨大欺骗行为而被大家广为熟知。

辛西娅·库珀因此被授予时代杂志年度人物之一。

审计人员必读书籍推荐二：索耶内部审计劳伦斯·索耶劳伦斯·b·索耶是一位律师、作家、会计师和内部审计师。

他曾在美国审计总署担任内部审计总监，而且是内部审计师协会的活跃分子。

40多年审计经历，使他掌握了大量的第一手资料。

出版过数本学术专著，其中包括《现代内部审计实务》(1973年)、《现代内部审计》(1974年)、《管理和现代内部审计》和《内部审计手册》。

他还举办过各种学术讲座和研讨会，参加过录象教学。

在当代审计不空中，索耶在发展内部审计方面，占有重要地位。

他的处女作、也是成名之作《现代内部审计实务》一方面继承了前人的优秀成果，同时又将自己的丰富经验与现代管理科学融为一体，从一种崭新的角度，对各种内部审计实践问题进行了系统的、孜孜不倦的研究。

索耶称得上是当代世界第一流的内部审计权威人士，现代内部审计的重要奠基人。

审计学--一种整合方法审计学是一门综合性的学科，它通过收集、分析、评估和报告企业财务信息的合理性和准确性，为利益相关方提供决策依据。

审计学整合了会计学、法律学、经济学和管理学等多个学科的理论和技术，以确保审计师能够有效地履行其职责。

为了更好地理解审计学的整合方法，我们可以从以下几个方面进行讨论。

首先，审计学整合了会计学的理论和技术。

会计学是审计学的基础，它提供了审计师所需的财务会计和管理会计的知识和技能，使其能够理解和分析企业的财务状况和经营绩效。

审计师必须对会计准则和原则有深入的了解，以确保财务信息的合规性和真实性。

其次，审计学整合了法律学的理论和技术。

在审计过程中，审计师需要了解和遵守相关法律法规，特别是公司法、证券法和税法等法律法规，确保审计工作的合法性和合规性。

此外，审计师还需要掌握法律程序和法律文书的编制方法，以便在需要时提供有效的法律支持。

第三，审计学整合了经济学的理论和技术。

经济学是审计学的重要支撑，它提供了审计师所需的经济分析和决策理论，使其能够理解和评估企业的经济状况和竞争力。

审计师需要通过经济学方法进行成本、效益和风险的分析，为企业的经营决策提供专业建议。

第四，审计学整合了管理学的理论和技术。

审计是一项复杂的管理活动，它需要审计师具备良好的管理能力和沟通能力，以有效地组织和实施审计工作。

管理学的理论和技术为审计师提供了管理思维和管理方法，帮助他们更好地规划和控制审计活动，提高审计效益和质量。

最后，审计学整合了信息技术的理论和技术。

随着信息技术的不断发展，现代审计已经越来越依赖于计算机和信息系统的支持。

审计师需要掌握信息技术工具和技术，以提高审计效率和准确性。

此外，信息技术还为审计师提供了大数据分析和数据挖掘等技术手段，有助于发现企业的潜在风险和问题。

综上所述，审计学是一种整合方法，它综合了会计学、法律学、经济学和管理学等多个学科的理论和技术。

通过整合这些学科的知识和技能，审计师能够更好地履行其职责，提供可靠的审计意见，为企业和利益相关方提供决策依据。

Chapter 1The Demand for Audit and Other Assurance Services Review Questions1-1The relationship among audit services, attestation services, and assurance services is reflected in Figure 1-3 on page 13 of the text. An assurance service is an independent professional service to improve the quality of information for decision makers. An attestation service is a form of assurance service in which the CPA firm issues a report about the reliability of an assertion that is the responsibility of another party. Audit services are a form of attestation service in which the auditor expresses a written conclusion about the degree of correspondence between information and established criteria.The most common form of audit service is an audit of historical financial statements, in which the auditor expresses a conclusion as to whether the financial statements are presented in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. An example of an attestation service is a report on the effe ctiveness of an entity’s internal control over financial reporting. There are many possible forms of assurance services, including services related to business performance measurement, health care performance, and information system reliability.1-2 An independent audit is a means of satisfying the need for reliable information on the part of decision makers. Factors of a complex society which contribute to this need are:1.Remoteness of informationa.Owners (stockholders) divorced from managementb.Directors not involved in day-to-day operations ordecisionsc.Dispersion of the business among numerous geographiclocations and complex corporate structures2.Biases and motives of providerrmation will be biased in favor of the providerwhen his or her goals are inconsistent with thedecision maker's goals.3.Voluminous dataa.Possibly millions of transactions processed daily viasophisticated computerized systemsb.Multiple product linesc.Multiple transaction locationsplex exchange transactionsa.New and changing business relationships lead toinnovative accounting and reporting problemsb.Potential impact of transactions not quantifiable,leading to increased disclosures1-3 1. Risk-free interest rate This is approximately the rate the bank could earn by investing in U.S. treasury notes for thesame length of time as the business loan.2.Business risk for the customer This risk reflects thepossibility that the business will not be able to repay itsloan because of economic or business conditions such as arecession, poor management decisions, or unexpectedcompetition in the industry.rmation risk This risk reflects the possibility thatthe information upon which the business risk decision wasmade was inaccurate. A likely cause of the information riskis the possibility of inaccurate financial statements.Auditing has no effect on either the risk-free interest rate or business risk. However, auditing can significantly reduce information risk.1-4The four primary causes of information risk are remoteness of information, biases and motives of the provider, voluminous data, and the existence of complex exchange transactions.The three main ways to reduce information risk are:er verifies the information.er shares the information risk with management.3.Audited financial statements are provided.The advantages and disadvantages of each are as follows:1-5 To do an audit, there must be information in a verifiable form and some standards (criteria) by which the auditor can evaluate the information. Examples of established criteria include generally accepted accounting principles and the Internal Revenue Code. Determining the degree of correspondence between information and established criteria is determining whether a given set of information is in accordance with the established criteria. The information for Jones Company's tax return is the federal tax returns filed by the company. The established criteria are found in the Internal Revenue Code and all interpretations. For the audit of Jones Company's financial statements the information is the financial statements being audited and the established criteria are generally accepted accounting principles.1-6The primary evidence the internal revenue agent will use in the audit of the Jones Company's tax return include all available documentation and other information available in Jones' office or from other sources. For example, when the internal revenue agent audits taxable income, a major source of information will be bank statements, the cash receipts journal and deposit slips. The internal revenue agent is likely to emphasize unrecorded receipts and revenues. For expenses, major sources of evidence are likely to be cancelled checks, vendors' invoices and other supporting documentation.1-7This apparent paradox arises from the distinction between the function of auditing and the function of accounting. The accounting function is the recording, classifying and summarizing of economic events to provide relevant information to decision makers. The rules of accounting are the criteria used by the auditor for evaluating the presentation of economic events for financial statements and he or she must therefore have an understanding of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), as well as auditing standards. The accountant need not, and frequently does not, understand what auditors do, unless he or she is involved in doing audits, or has been trained as an auditor.1-81-9Five examples of specific operational audits that could be conducted by an internal auditor in a manufacturing company are:1.Examine employee time cards and personnel records todetermine if sufficient information is available to maximizethe effective use of personnel.2.Review the processing of sales invoices to determine if itcould be done more efficiently.3.Review the acquisitions of goods, including costs, todetermine if they are being purchased at the lowest possiblecost considering the quality needed.4.Review and evaluate the efficiency of the manufacturingprocess.5.Review the processing of cash receipts to determine if theyare deposited as quickly as possible.1-10 When using a strategic systems auditing approach in an audit of historical financial statements, an auditor must have a thorough understanding of the client and its environment. This knowledge should include the client’s regulatory and operating environment, business strategies and processes, and measurement indicators. The strategic systems approach is also useful in other assurance or consulting engagements. For example, an auditor who is performing an assurance service on information technology would need to understand the client’s business strategies and processes related to information technology, including such things as purchases and sales via the Internet. Similarly, a practitioner performing a consulting engagement to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of a cli ent’s manufacturing process would likely start with an analysis of various measurement indicators, including ratio analysis and benchmarking against key competitors.1-11 The major differences in the scope of audit responsibilities are:1.CPAs perform audits in accordance with auditing standards ofpublished financial statements prepared in accordance withgenerally accepted accounting principles.2.GAO auditors perform compliance or operational audits inorder to assure the Congress of the expenditure of publicfunds in accordance with its directives and the law.3.IRS agents perform compliance audits to enforce the federaltax laws as defined by Congress, interpreted by the courts,and regulated by the IRS.4.Internal auditors perform compliance or operational auditsin order to assure management or the board of directors thatcontrols and policies are properly and consistentlydeveloped, applied and evaluated.1-12 The four parts of the Uniform CPA Examination are: Auditing and Attestation, Financial Accounting and Reporting, Regulation, and Business Environment and Concepts.1-13 It is important for CPAs to be knowledgeable about e-commerce technologies because more of their clients are rapidly expanding their use of e-commerce. Examples of commonly used e-commerce technologiesinclude purchases and sales of goods through the Internet, automatic inventory reordering via direct connection to inventory suppliers, and online banking. CPAs who perform audits or provide other assurance services about information generated with these technologies need a basic knowledge and understanding of information technology and e-commerce in order to identify and respond to risks in the financial and other information generated by these technologies.Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations1-14 a. (3) b. (2) c. (2) d. (3)1-15 a. (2) b. (3) c. (4) d. (3)Discussion Questions And Problems1-16 a. The relationship among audit services, attestation services and assurance services is reflected in Figure 1-3 on page 13of the text. Audit services are a form of attestationservice, and attestation services are a form of assuranceservice. In a diagram, audit services are located within theattestation service area, and attestation services arelocated within the assurance service area.b. 1. (1) Audit of historical financial statements2.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice; or(3) An assurance service that is not an attestationservice (WebTrust developed from the AICPASpecial Committee on Assurance Services, but theservice meets the criteria for an attestationservice.)3.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice4.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice5.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice6.(2) An attestation service that is not an auditservice (Review services are a form ofattestation, but are performed according toStatements on Standards for Accounting andReview Services.)7.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice8.(2) An attestation service other than an auditservice9.(3) An assurance service that is not an attestationservice1-17 a. The interest rate for the loan that requires a review report is lower than the loan that did not require a review becauseof lower information risk. A review report provides moderateassurance to financial statement users, which lowersinformation risk. An audit report provides further assuranceand lower information risk. As a result of reducedinformation risk, the interest rate is lowest for the loanwith the audit report.b.Given these circumstances, Vial-tek should select the loanfrom City First Bank that requires an annual audit. In thissituation, the additional cost of the audit is less than thereduction in interest due to lower information risk. Thefollowing is the calculation of total costs for each loan:1-17 (continued)c. Vial-tek may desire to have an audit because of the manyother positive benefits that an audit provides. The auditwill provide Vial-tek’s management with assurance aboutannual financial information used for decision-makingpurposes. The audit may detect errors or fraud, and providemanagement with information about the effectiveness ofcontrols. In addition, the audit may result inrecommendations to management that will improve efficiencyor effectiveness.d. Under a strategic systems audit approach, the auditor musthave a thorough understanding of the client and itsenvironment, including the client’s e-commerce technologies,industry, regulatory and operating environment, suppliers,customers, creditors, and business strategies and processes.This thorough analysis helps the auditor identify risksassociated with the client’s strategies that may affectwhether the financial statements are fairly stated. Whenapplying the strategic systems audit approach, the auditoroften discovers ways to help the client improve businessoperations, thereby providing added value to the auditfunction.1-18 a. The services provided by Consumers Union are very similar to assurance services provided by CPA firms. The servicesprovided by Consumers Union and assurance services providedby CPA firms are designed to improve the quality ofinformation for decision makers. CPAs are valued for theirindependence, and the reports provided by Consumers Unionare valued because Consumers Union is independent of theproducts tested.b.The concepts of information risk for the buyer of anautomobile and for the user of financial statements areessentially the same. They are both concerned with theproblem of unreliable information being provided. In thecase of the auditor, the user is concerned about unreliableinformation being provided in the financial statements. Thebuyer of an automobile is likely to be concerned about themanufacturer or dealer providing unreliable information.c.The four causes of information risk are essentially the samefor a buyer of an automobile and a user of financialstatements:(1)Remoteness of information It is difficult for a userto obtain much information about either an automobilemanufacturer or the automobile itself withoutincurring considerable cost. The automobile buyer doeshave the advantage of possibly knowing other users who are satisfied or dissatisfied with a similar automobile.(2)Biases and motives of provider There is a conflictbetween the automobile buyer and the manufacturer. The buyer wants to buy a high quality product at minimum cost whereas the seller wants to maximize the selling price and quantity sold.(3)Voluminous data There is a large amount of availableinformation about automobiles that users might like to have in order to evaluate an automobile. Either that information is not available or too costly to obtain.1-18 (continued)(4)Complex exchange transactions The acquisition of anautomobile is expensive and certainly a complexdecision because of all the components that go intomaking a good automobile and choosing between a largenumber of alternatives.d.The three ways users of financial statements and buyers ofautomobiles reduce information risk are also similar:(1)User verifies information him or herself That can beobtained by driving different automobiles, examiningthe specifications of the automobiles, talking toother users and doing research in various magazines.(2)User shares information risk with management Themanufacturer of a product has a responsibility to meetits warranties and to provide a reasonable product.The buyer of an automobile can return the automobilefor correction of defects. In some cases a refund maybe obtained.(3)Examine the information prepared by Consumer ReportsThis is similar to an audit in the sense thatindependent information is provided by an independentparty. The information provided by Consumer Reports iscomparable to that provided by a CPA firm that auditedfinancial statements.1-19 a. The following parts of the definition of auditing are related to the narrative:(1)Virms is being asked to issue a report aboutqualitative and quantitative information for trucks.The trucks are therefore the information with whichthe auditor is concerned.(2)There are four established criteria which must beevaluated and reported by Virms: existence of thetrucks on the night of June 30, 2005, ownership ofeach truck by Regional Delivery Service, physicalcondition of each truck and fair market value of eachtruck.(3)Susan Virms will accumulate and evaluate four types ofevidence:(a)Count the trucks to determine their existence.(b)Use registrations documents held by Oatley forcomparison to the serial number on each truck todetermine ownership.(c)Examine the trucks to determine each truck'sphysical condition.(d)Examine the blue book to determine the fairmarket value of each truck.(4)Susan Virms, CPA, appears qualified, as a competent,independent person. She is a CPA, and she spends most of her time auditing used automobile and truck dealerships and has extensive specialized knowledge about used trucks that is consistent with the nature of the engagement.1-19(continued)(5)The report results are to include:(a)which of the 35 trucks are parked in Regional'sparking lot the night of June 30.(b)whether all of the trucks are owned by RegionalDelivery Service.(c)the condition of each truck, using establishedguidelines.(d)fair market value of each truck using thecurrent blue book for trucks.b.The only parts of the audit that will be difficult for Virmsare:(1)Evaluating the condition, using the guidelines of poor,good, and excellent. It is highly subjective to do so.If she uses a different criterion than the "bluebook," the fair market value will not be meaningful.Her experience will be essential in using thisguideline.(2)Determining the fair market value, unless it isclearly defined in the blue book for each condition.1-20 a. The major advantages and disadvantages of a career as an IRS agent, CPA, GAO auditor, or an internal auditor are:1-20 (continued)EMPLOYMENT ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESINTERNAL AUDITOR 1.Extensive exposure to allsegments of theenterprise with whichemployed.2.Constant exposure to oneindustry presentingopportunity for expertisein that industry.3.Likely to have exposureto compliance, financialand operational auditing.1.Little exposure totaxation and the auditthereof.2.Experience is limited toone enterprise, usuallywithin one or a limitednumber of industries.(b)Other auditing careers that are available are:Auditors within many of the branches of the federalgovernment ., Atomic Energy Commission)Auditors for many state and local government units .,state insurance or bank auditors)1-21 The most likely type of auditor and the type of audit for each of the examples are:EXAMPLE TYPE OF AUDITOR TYPE OF AUDIT1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.IRSGAOInternal auditor or CPACPA or Internal auditorGAOCPAGAOIRSCPAInternal auditor or CPAInternal auditor or CPAGAOComplianceOperationalOperationalFinancial statementsOperationalFinancial statementsFinancial statementsComplianceFinancial statementsComplianceFinancial statementsCompliance1-22 a. The conglomerate should either engage the management advisory services division of a CPA firm or its own internalauditors to conduct the operational audit.b.The auditors will encounter problems in establishingcriteria for evaluating the actual quantitative events andin setting the scope to include all operations in whichsignificant inefficiencies might exist. In writing thereport, the auditors must choose proper wording to statethat no financial audit was performed, that the procedureswere limited in scope and that the results reported do notnecessarily include all the inefficiencies that might exist.1-23 a. The CPA firm for the Internet company described in this problem could address these customer concerns by performinga WebTrust attestation engagement. The WebTrust assuranceservice was created by the profession to respond to thegrowing need for assurance resulting from the growth ofbusiness transacted over the Internet.b.The appropriate WebTrust principle for each of the customerconcerns noted in the problem is as follows:1.Accuracy of product descriptions and adherence tostated return policies: (3) Processing Integrity.2.Credit card and other personal information: (1) OnlinePrivacy and (2) Security.3.Selling information to other companies: (1) OnlinePrivacy and (2) Security.4.System failure: (4) Availability.Internet Problem Solution: Assurance Services1-1 This problem requires students to work with the AICPA assurance services Web site.1.Considering the assurance needs of customers and thecapabilities of CPAs, the Special Committee on AssuranceServices developed business plans for six assurance services.Chapter 1 of the textbook discussed several of theseservices. Go to the service description for the assuranceservice that most interests you (any one of the six). Whatare the major aspects or sections of the associated businessplan ., does the plan address market potential, competition,etc.?)Answer: Each business plan provides background information,describes the service, assesses market potential, discussesissues such as competition and why CPAs should offer theservice, identifies practice tools available and steps thatCPAs must take to begin offering the services.2.The Special Committee's report on Assurance Servicesdiscusses competencies needed by assurance providers todayand in the coming decade. Briefly describe the 5 generalcompetencies needed in the next decade (Hint: See the“About Assurance Services” link. Then follow the“Assurance Services and Academia” link.)Answer:The Committee identified the following five majorimperatives regarding future competencies, each of whichimplies increasing emphasis on the competencies noted:1-1 (continued)Customer focus.Assurance service providers need tounderstand user decision processes and how informationshould enter into those processes. Increased emphasis isneeded on: understanding user needs, communication skills,relationship management, responsiveness and timeliness.Migration to higher value-added information activities. Toprovide more value to client/decision makers and others,assurance service providers need to focus less on activitiesinvolved in the conversion of business events intoinformation ., collecting, classifying, and summarizingactivities) and more on activities involved in thetransformation of information into knowledge ., analyzing,interpreting, and evaluating activities) that effectivelydrives decision processes. This will require: analyticalskills, business advisory skills, business knowledge, modelbuilding (including sensitivity analysis), understanding theclient’s business processes, measurement theory(development of operational definitions of concepts, designof appropriate measurement techniques, etc.).Information technology (IT).Assurance services deal ininformation. Hence, the profound changes occurring ininformation technology will shape virtually all aspects ofassurance services. As information specialists, assuranceservice providers need to embrace information technology inall of its complex dimensions. Embracing IT meansunderstanding how it is transforming all aspects of business.It also means learning how to effectively use newdevelopments in hardware, software, communications, memory,encryption, etc., in everything assurance service providersdo as information specialists, not only in dealing withclients, but also in dealing with each other as individuals,teams, firms, state societies, and national professionalorganizations.Pace of change and complexity. Assurance services will takeplace in an environment of rapid change and increasingcomplexity. Assurance service providers need to investheavily in life-long learning in order to maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills. They will require: intellectualcapability, learning and rejuvenation.Competition.Growth in new assurance services will dependless on franchise/regulation and more on market forces.Assurance service providers need to develop their marketingskills —the ability to see clients’ latent informationand assurance needs and rapidly design and deploy cost-effective services to meet those needs —in order toeffectively compete for market-driven assurance services.Required skills include: marketing and selling,understanding customer needs, designing and deployingeffective solutions.1-1 (continued)(Note: Internet problems address current issues using Internet sources. Because Internet sites are subject to change, Internet problems and solutions are subject to change. Current information on Internet problems is available at。

作为一名审计员，需要学习的知识很多，多看书对你积累知识是很有帮助的，有什么适合审计人员的励志书籍下面是由给大家带来关于，希望对大家有帮助!审计人员必读的经典好书推荐审计人员必读的经典好书一：《告密者》辛西娅·库珀作为欺诈案的见证者，她为读者提供了世通公司兴衰骤然的不寻常的视角。

世通曾是电信巨头，华尔街的宠儿，拥有令密西西比骄傲的灰姑娘般的成功传奇。

库珀以极大的坦率诚恳态度，阐述了她是如何进行斗争，以克服这些困难和挑战，以及如何通过与后来者一起分享其中的经验和教训，从而使自己恢复如常。

本书告诉我们：道德抉择并非形成于重大事件发生的十字路口，而是始于一个人的童年，恰如“点滴汇成大海”。

辛西娅·库珀，美国世通公司前内审部副总裁，她因为发现并报告了发生在公司最高层的巨大欺骗行为而被大家广为熟知。

辛西娅·库珀因此被授予时代杂志年度人物之一。

审计人员必读的经典好书二：索耶内部审计劳伦斯·索耶劳伦斯·B·索耶是一位律师、作家、会计师和内部审计师。

他曾在美国审计总署担任内部审计总监，而且是内部审计师协会的活跃分子。

40多年审计经历，使他掌握了大量的第一手资料。

出版过数本学术专著，其中包括《现代内部审计实务》1973年、《现代内部审计》1974年、《管理和现代内部审计》和《内部审计手册》。

他还举办过各种学术讲座和研讨会，参加过录象教学。

在当代审计不空中，索耶在发展内部审计方面，占有重要地位。

他的处女作、也是成名之作《现代内部审计实务》一方面继承了前人的优秀成果，同时又将自己的丰富经验与现代管理科学融为一体，从一种崭新的角度，对各种内部审计实践问题进行了系统的、孜孜不倦的研究。

索耶称得上是当代世界第一流的内部审计权威人士，现代内部审计的重要奠基人。

为了表彰他对内部审计职业所作出的卓越贡献，内部审计师协会向他颁发了内部审计最高奖—布雷德福纪念奖，并四次向他颁发了瑟斯顿奖。