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中国传媒大学807现代汉语2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题一、1、声母、韵母、声调2、呼吸器官、喉头和声带、鼻腔口腔咽腔3、p t k c ch q4、a、u、5、4、36、[ɕi]55 [an]55 xi’an7、独体字二、1、语法单位有大有小，最大的语法单位是句子，比句子小的语法单位，依次是短语、词、语素。
人类的语言是有声音、有意义的，是语音和语义的结合体，这便是语法单位基本的特点。
语素是最小的语法单位，也就是最小的语音、语义结合体。
按音节分类，分为单音节语素、双音节语素、多音节语素；按是否能单独回答问题分类，自由语素、粘着语素；按是否有词汇意义分类实语素、虚语素。
2、句类：句类是根据句子的语气划分出来的类别．汉语有陈述句疑问句祈使句感叹句４种三、1、汉语拼音方案包括字母表、声母表、韵母表、声调符号、隔音符号。
实行汉语拼音的目的有三：一是给汉字注音；二是推广普通话；三是进行拼音文字的试验工作。
方案特点有①只用国际通用的26个字母，不增加新字母；②尽量不用附加符号（只用了两个附加符号）；③尽量不用变读；④采用y,w和隔音符号“'”来隔音；⑤采用四个双字母zh, ch, sh, ng；⑥采用四个声调符号来表示阴平、阳平、上声、去声四个调类；⑦采用拉丁字母通用的字母表顺序，并确定了汉语拼音字母的名称。
方案原则有①口语化；②音素化；③拉丁化2、⑴形似致误例如：松弛——误做松驰；潦草——误做缭草如火如荼——误做如火如茶相形见绌——误做不能写成相形见拙⑵音近致误例如：提纲——误做题纲国籍——误做国藉重叠——误做重迭川流不息——误做穿流不息一筹莫展——误做一愁莫展⑶义近致误例如：擅长——误做善长掠夺——误做略夺鸠占鹊巢——误做鸠占雀巢积毁销骨¬——误做积毁消骨⑷音、形两近致误例如：急躁——误做急燥贪赃——误做贪脏枉法九霄云外——误做九宵云外⑸音、形、义三近致误例如：摩擦——误做磨擦甜言蜜语——误做甜言密语了解了常见错别字的错误，我们会发现，基本上的错别字都是因为音、形、义的某一个环节出现了问题。
2009年中山大学外国语学院840语言学概论考研真题及答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary(10 points)Example:find—//,beneath—//1.schema2.plurality3.pragmatics4.hierarchy5.iamb6.functional7.ballad8.textual9.syntactic10.variableII.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.According to Halliday,of the various speech roles,two are the most basic:giving and taking.In interpersonal commemorations,the commodities exchanged can also fail into two kinds: ______and information.2.______Hypotheses suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently,different languages may probably express speakers’unique ways of understanding the world.3.Jacobson established a well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication,namely:referential,poetic,emotive,conative,phatic and______ function.4.Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances)as______5.Our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks,and would not be rational if they did.They are characteristically,to some degree at least, cooperative efforts;and each participant recognizes in them,to some extent,a common purpose or set of purposes,or at least a mutually accepted direction.In other words,we seem to follow some principle in our conversation this principle is known as______.6.______involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed interims of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain.7.In Systemic Functional Linguistics,______processes are those in which something is done. Those processes are expressed by an action verb,an Actor arid the Goal of the action.8.Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of“______ reinforcement.”9.Positional relation,or______,refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.10.______consists of lines in iambic pentameters which do not rhyme.An example is fromRobert Borrowing’s poem Andrea de I Sarto(1855).exposed to should be just far enough beyond their current competence so that they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress.12.A general______is a collection of material which is broadly homogeneous,but which isgathered from a variety of sources so that the individuality of a source is obscured,unless there searcher isolates a particular text.13.The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and thedistinction between______and phonology.14.______is the smallest a unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression andcontent,a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.15.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat inmate,and that children are born with what hecalls a______which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.III.Define the following terms.(50points)1.ideational functionmunicative syllabusponential analysis4.cognition5.illocutionary act6.arbitrariness7.concordance8.hyponymy9.assimilation10.Quality MaximIV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units,in respect of their iceman structure,that is,theconstituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement,compared with the relative positional mobility of the constituents of sentences in the hierarchy.2.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one ormore of its constituents.3.Concord may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specificword classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories).V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45points)1.What is folk etymology?2.What is the difference between regional dialect and social dialect?3.Why is the syllabus very important in a language teaching programmer?参考答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary(10 points)1.schema—/'ski:mə/2.plurality—/pluə'ræliti/3.pragmatics—/præɡ'mætiks/4.hierarchy—/'haiərɑ:ki/5.iamb—/'aiæmb/6.functional—/'fʌŋkʃənəl/7.ballad—/'bæləd/8.textual—/'tekstʃuəl/9.syntactic—/sɪn'tæktɪk]/10.variable—/'vɛəriəbl/II.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.goods-&-services2.Sapir-Whorf3.metalingualngue and parole5.the Cooperative Principle6.metaphor7.material8.stimulus-response9.word order10.Blank verse11.i+112.corpora13.phonetics14.Morphemenguage acquisition deviceIII.Define the following terms.(50points)according to Halliday,is to convey new information,to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer.Present in all language uses,the ideational function is a meaning potential.The ideational function mainly consists of“transitivity”and“voice”.This function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realizations.municative syllabus:A communicative syllabus aims at the learner’s communicative competence.Based on a notional-functional syllabus,it teaches the language needed to express and understand different kinds of functions,and emphasizes the process of communication.ponential analysis:It refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components,or semantic features.For example,the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components:HUMAN,YOUNG and MALE.4.cognition:The term“cognition”is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual,with particular relation to a view that argues that the mind has internal mental states(such as beliefs,desires,and intentions)and can be understood in terms of information processing, especially when a lot of abstraction or concretization is involved,or processes such as involving knowledge,expertise or learning for example are at work.Another definition of“cognition”is the mental process or faculty of knowing,including aspects such as awareness,perception, reasoning,and judgment.5.illocutionary act:According to Austin,a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.Therefore,when somebody says“Morning”,we can ask a question like“What did he mean?”,and the answer could be“He meant it as a greeting”.6.arbitrariness:Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs have no natural relationship to their meaning.Therefore,we could not explain why a book is called a// and a pen a/pen/.However,onomatopoeic words,which sound like the sounds they describe, are regarded to be non-arbitrary since there seems to be some sound-meaning association.7.concordance:It is also known as agreement,and could be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.For example,in English the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number as in“this man”,“these men”;“a book”,“same books”.8.hyponymy:It refers to the sense relationship between a more general,more inclusive and a more specific word.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.For example,the hyponymy relationship could be established between“animal”and“rabbit”.9.assimilation:It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.It is often used synonymously with co-articulation.Nasalization, dentalization and,velarization are all instances of assimilation.There are two possibilities of assimilation:if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound,it is regressive assimilation; the converse process,in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound,is known as progressive assimilation.For example,in“mink”,“n”,which is originally pronounced as/n/,will be velarized by the following“k”/k/,and therefore the word will be pronounced as //.refers to:Try to make your contribution one that is true.1)Do not say what you believe to be false.2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.IV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units,in respect of their iceman structure,that is,the constituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement,compared with the relative positional mobility of the constituents of sentences in the hierarchy.Key:Words are the most stable of all linguistic units,in respect of their internal structure. Generally speaking,it is hard for us to rearrange the internal structure of a complex word into a different order.For example,the word nothingness cannot be re-arranged as*nessnothing, the latter is an unacceptable word in English;nor can chairman be rearranged as*manchair. But it is all right for us to rearrange the parts or constituents in a sentence to a certain degree. For example:a.John is a clever boy.a’.A clever boy John is.b.The chairman looked at the audience.b’.The audience looked at the chairman.2.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.Key:An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constitutes,which serves as the center,or head,of the whole.Hence,an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.Its constituents,i.e.,a word or a group of words,serve as a definable Center or ually noun phrases,verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types because the constituent items are subordinate to the Head.For example:in the phrases these two oldest stone bridges,will be leaving,very late,“bridge,”“leaving,”and“late”are heads,which can substitute for the phrase as a whole.3.Concord may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories).Key:Concord,also known as agreement,may be defined as the requirement that forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.For example,in English the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number as in this man.These men;a book,some books.And the form of a subject should agree with that of the verb in terms of number in the present tense as is shown by He speaks English,They speak English.In language like French,there are more cases of concord.The articles and adjectives should agree in number with the noun they modify,as mentioned earlier.And they should also agree in gender.V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45points)Key:Folk etymology refers to a change of the form of a word or phrase resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous As a result,the word sparrowgrass in English derived from asparagus;the Spanish cucaracha changed into English cockroach.Wiz in he’s a wiz at math is a shortened form of“wizard”(a man who has magic powers,and hence a man of amazing abilities).However,it was interpreted as“a man of intellectual quickness”here, which finally led to the variant whiz.2.What is the difference between regional dialect and social dialect?Key:Regional dialects refer to varieties of a language spoken in a geographical area,such as Cockney dialect,and Yorkshire dialect in Britain,or North Midland dialect and South Midland dialect in the United States,and Guangdong dialect(Cantonese)in China.A regional dialect carries a lot of information about the speaker.In some Chinese films,Mao Zedong speaks Hunan dialect,which makes the story more authentic.Social dialects refer to varieties of a language used by people belonging to particular social classes.Since members of a speech community bind themselves together in groups for gains,security,amusement,or solidarity,they tend to use the same kind of language which is highly stratified in terms of social division,such as class,professional,status,age and sex. Social dialects may be categorized as high or low in status as illustrated by the following in English,for example:1)He and I were going there(higher social dialect);2)‘im‘n me was goin’there(lower social dialect).3.Why is the syllabus very important in a language teaching programmer?Key:Syllabus design is of fundamental importance in language teaching.In some sense, syllabus design is a bridge between language teaching theory and language teaching practice. It translates theoretical understanding of language teaching and sets up an operable framework in which language teaching takes place.The most important part of syllabus design is selecting and sequencing language items.Obviously,the selecting and sequencing of language items should be based on a sound understanding of the language system itself.It is here where linguistics has an important role to play.。
上海师范大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题专业名称语言学及应用语言学（050102）科目名称（代码）现代汉语（629）一、填空题（20分）1、共同语是一个社会全体成员通用的语言，方言可以在（1）中使用，北方方言区可以分成（2）个次方言区，它们分别是（3）。
2、音强就是声音的（4），语音中的音强取决于（5），普通话中的（6）主要由音强决定。
3、声母n和l的构成阻碍的部位相同，都是（7）。
但是，n和l的发音方法不同，n是（8）音，l是（9）音。
4、普通话中塞擦音有三对，它们是（10），它们之间有（11）的区别。
5、秦统一六国后的法定字体是（12），它是我国历史上第一次汉字（13）的产物；汉代通行的字体是（14），它是古文字演变为今文字的过渡字体。
6、词的本义是指（15）意义，词的比喻义是（16）意义。
比喻义可以从本文中产生，也可以从（17）发展出来的。
7、词和词之间存在着各种各样的联系，大致上可以分为两类：一类是（18）的联系，可以叫做形式关系；一类是（19）的联系，可以叫做意义关系。
“当作”和“当做”是一对同音词，这一类词又叫做（20）。
二、多项选择题（20分）8、对韵母ie的描写正确的是（）A、单韵母B、前响复韵母C、后响复韵母D、开口呼韵母E、齐齿呼韵母9、下列各组韵母中只有韵头和韵腹的是（）A、ao、ouB、ua、ieC、uo、iaD、ie、iuE、ei、uo10、下列各组词中，声调正确的是（）A、激情昂扬（阳平、阳平、阳平、阳平）B、无可非议（阳平、阳平、阴平、去声）C、忠言逆耳（阴平、阳平、去声、阳平）D、光明磊落（阴平、阳平、上声、去声）E、语重心长（上声、去声、阴平、阳平）11、带点的轻声音节具有区别意义和区别词性的作用，下列几组词中区别词性的是（）A、地道/地道．B、莲子/帘子．C、蛇头/舌头．D、东西/东西．E、大意/大意．12、下列成语中有错别字的是（）A、陈辞烂调B、瞠目结舌C、有持无恐D、为虎作帐E、相形见绌13、下列不属于现代汉字“定形”工作范围的是（）A、整理异体字B、统计汉字自量C、整理异形字D、规范异读字E、规定标准的查字法14、下列双音节词中属于叠韵词的是（）A、哆嗦B、咖啡C、参差D、烂漫E、尴尬15、下列合成词中结构方式相同的是（）A、诗篇B、火车C、司机D、接近E、心虚16、下列五组词中，完全属于译音词的是（）A、卡车、葡萄、拖拉机B、马达、沙发、扑克C、民主、逻辑、灵感D、哈达、戈壁、喇嘛E、地中海、好望角、冰岛17、下列成语中结构方式相同的是（）A、高朋满座B、众叛亲离C、指鹿为马D、正本清源E、层出不穷三、操作题（22分）18、指出下列句子的主语，说明充当主语的词语的结构类型（4分）（1）吃得太快不一定好。
全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试现代汉语试题课程代码：00535一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．联合国规定了六种工作语言，它们是（）A．汉语、日语、法语、英语、阿拉伯语、葡萄牙语B．俄语、英语、德语、法语、意大利语、西班牙语C．汉语、俄语、法语、英语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语D．日语、德语、英语、法语、葡萄牙语、意大利语2．“舌尖中、浊、边音”声母是（）A．n B．lC．m D．ng3．下列各项中都有韵头的韵母是（）A．ua、iang、ueng B．ei、ou、ieC．ua、en、ing D．uei、in、ai4．下列各组中，三个字都不．是阳平字的一组是（）A．实、前、培B．习、扎、绝C．荫、撮、妃D．锚、淆、清5．“你从什么地方来啊”、“是啊”中的“啊”应该念作（）A．na、ra B．wa、zaC．ya、ra D．nga、wa6．下列各组汉语拼音全都正确的一组是（）A．黯然ànrán 沉浸cãnjǐnB．倩影qiànyǐng 斑驳bünbãC．徘徊páihuái 租赁zūlìnD．崔嵬chuīwãi 骀荡yìdàng7．“女、写、长”三个汉字的笔画数分别是（）A．四、五、四B．三、五、四浙00535#现代汉语试卷第 1 页共44 页C．三、六、五D．四、六、五8．下列各组中三个汉字都属于形声字的一组是（）A．案、明、楷B．休、旗、闷C．恭、惊、清D．体、娘、甘9．“踟蹰”是（）A．双声词B．叠韵词C．音译词D．外来词10．下列各组中两个语素都是不定位语素的一组是（）A．了、呢B．可、者C．与、阿D．民、语11．下列各组中两个词都是补充式合成词的一组是（）A．马匹、接近B．平反、缩小C．爱护、革新D．壮观、武断12．“铭记、尴尬”分别属于（）A．方言词、外来词B．古语词、方言词C．古语词、外来词D．外来词、方言词13．下列各组中两个成语都属于主谓结构的一组是（）A．高朋满座、狐假虎威B．草木皆兵、入木三分C．众叛亲离、兵荒马乱D．令人发指、名列前茅14．下列各组中三个词都是介词的一组是（）A．其实、把、自B．似的、为、对C．对于、被、于D．所以、从、和15．下列各项中，“净”不．是副词的是（）A．屋子里净是垃圾B．放在桶里的是净水C．净来些不三不四的人D．浑身净是泥巴16．下列短语中属于连动短语的是（）A．争论开始B．气得流泪C．躺着不动D．喜欢旅游17．下列各句的主语属于体词性主语的是（）A．游泳是一项很好的运动。
★启用前绝密2009年北京语言大学硕士研究生入学考试试题专业：语言学及应用语言学科目：现代汉语和古代汉语现代汉语部分（75‟）一、列出所有普通话辅音音位，说出p 的音位变体及出现条件。
10分普通话共有二十二个辅音音位，其中包括声母所使用的二十一个辅音和只在韵尾位置上出现的/ŋ/音位。
每个辅音音位的音位变体及其所出现的条件(见教材)。
p 的音位变体：1、不送气清塞音，不送气清塞擦音出现在轻声音节中，变成相应的浊辅音。
如：尾巴2、在同后头的圆唇元音相拼时，产生各种圆唇音的音位变体。
二、用严式国际音标标出下列两句话中的儿化词。
10 分……有事儿…………香味儿……( 1 )、儿化韵er 和uer 的来自哪些韵母，全部列出( 2 )、为什么儿化使不同的音变得相同了儿化是否使韵母产生了音变，取决于韵母的最末一个音素发音动作是否与卷舌动作发生冲突(即前一个动作是否妨碍了后一个动作的发生)，若两者发生冲突，妨碍了卷舌动作，儿化时韵母发音就必须有所改变。
普通话中除er 韵、ê韵外，其它韵母均可儿化。
有些不同的韵母经过儿化之后，发音变得相同了，故归纳起来普通话39 个韵母中只有26个儿化韵。
三、观察下列四组词10分1 、丑—难看2 、英勇—勇敢3 、兴奋—激动4 、一样—一致写出用法上的不同点，归纳辨析同义形容词的角度和方法一、辨明色彩有些词语的意义是一样的，但是所附加的感情色彩不同。
从褒贬色彩看，有褒义词、中性词和贬义词。
除褒贬色彩外，还有其他感情色彩的区别。
有的带有庄重尊敬的感情;有的带有诙谐或讥讽的感情，等等。
有的是口语和书面语的不同。
如“小气”与“吝音”，有的是一般用语和特殊用语的不同。
“一般用语”指口头和书面都常用的普通用语。
后者多用于公文。
熟悉词语的不同色彩，便于我们准确使用词语。
二、辨别轻重词义所表现的程度有轻重之分，也是同义的形容词表现出来的一种意义上的差别。
三、确定范围有很多同义形容词词义的范围是不同的。
中山大学考研历年真题解析——805汉语学基础主编：弘毅考研编者：杨小莳弘毅教育出品【资料说明】《汉语言学基础历年真题解析》系中山大学优秀考研辅导团队集体编撰的“历年考研真题解析系列资料”之一。
历年真题是除了参考教材之外的最重要的一份资料，其实，这也是我们聚团队之力，编撰此资料的原因所在。
历年真题除了能直接告诉我们历年考研试题中考了哪些内容、哪一年考试难、哪一年考试容易之外，还能告诉我们很多东西。
1.命题风格与试题难易纵观中大这几年的汉语言学基础的真题，很多同学都会觉得松一口气，觉得很简单。
确实，从这些试题中可以看到，汉语言学基础考的都是很基础的题目，在复习过黄廖版的《现代汉语》之后，其中的大部分题目都可以轻松解答。
但是，同学们一定要记住一句话，“你觉得简单别人也觉得简单，你觉得困难别人也觉得困难”，所以千万不要粗心大意。
仔细研究过汉语言学基础的真题之后，我们发现，虽然试题相对简单，但考的都是非常细的知识点，这一命题风格非常契合黄廖版的《现代汉语》，书中知识点多而繁杂，任何一点都可以提取出来成为考点，这一特点就决定了考生在复习时必须面面俱到，书中任何细节都不能放过，特别是在真题中反复出现的考点。
面对这一命题风格，考生在复习时就得特别着重提高自身的归纳分析的能力，将知识点由散变整，理成系统，反复练习，力求真正掌握。
同时，我们应该注意到的一个问题是，2013年中大汉语言学基础的试题题型有了一定的变动，变动之后的试题所考察的能力更加注重考生的总结分析能力，特别是对繁复的汉语语法现象的分析总结，这是对考生能力的更高层次的要求。
2.考试题型与分值大家要了解有哪些题型，每个题型的分值。
从最近五年看，中大的题目从09年到12年都是由判断题、分析题、简单题、古文阅读题、翻译题组成的，其中现代汉语部分占100分，古代汉语部分占50分，现代汉语的考点主要集中在语音、词汇、语法这三章，古代汉语着重考察古文阅读能力、文言断句能力、翻译能力等。
华侨大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试专业课试卷（答案必须写在答题纸上）招生专业汉语言文字学科目名称现代汉语科目代码823一、按照拼写规则用汉语拼音给下列材料注音（计16分）：唐朝有个诗人叫贾岛。
一天，他想到两句好诗：“鸟宿池边树，僧敲月下门。
”这通俗易懂的两句诗，描绘了在一个万籁俱寂的夜晚，一轮明月高挂，如水的月光洒在山前山后。
二、用国际音标给下列诗句注音（要求用五度标记法标明实际调值，计14分）：羌笛何须怨杨柳，春风不度玉门关。
三、分析下列词语的构成方式（计10分，每小题1分）：1.吃惊2.吃香3.美化4.转化5.封锁6.封条7.卑微8.望子成龙9.功业彪炳10.请君入瓮四、请说说你对“与妻子相比他更爱狗”这个短语的理解（计10分）。
五、在下列句子中任选一个配成一副对联（计10分）：瑞雪映梅梅更俏春风化雨引万般春色1招生专业汉语言文字学科目名称现代汉语科目代码823六、用层次分析法分析下列短语（计20分）：她不只是一个孩子的母亲房间里有人轻轻地哼着小调他把材料写好上报给外事局审批这后一句话给同学们很大的鼓励七、《汉语拼音方案》中的/ a /包含了几个变体？请在舌面元音舌位唇形图上用国际音标标明，并说说为什么《汉语拼音方案》可以只用一个符号表示？（计10分）八、论述题（计60分，每小题20分）：1.请举例说明在语音的辨义功能（区别特征）方面汉语与英语的主要区别是什么。
2.请举例说明如何区别形容词和区别词？3.请举例说明汉语与英语在亲属称谓方面有什么明显差异。
这种差异反映了什么？表现了词义的什么性质？共2 页第2 页2华侨大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试专业课试卷（答案必须写在答题纸上）招生专业语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学科目名称现代汉语科目代码822一、按照拼写规则用汉语拼音给下列材料注音（16分）：牡丹没有花败之时，要么烁于枝头，要么归于泥土，跨越萎顿和衰老，由青春而死亡，由美丽而消遁。
它虽美却不吝惜生命，即使告别也要展示最后一次的惊心动魄。
09年一、列出所有普通话辅音音位，说出p的音位变体及出现条件。
10…二、用严式国际音标标出下列两句话中的儿化词。
10‟有事儿香味儿（1）、儿化韵er和 uer的来自哪些韵母，全部列出（2）、为什么儿化使不同的音变得相同了三、观察下列四组词 10…1、丑——难看2、英勇——勇敢3、兴奋——激动4、一样——一致写出用法上的不同点，归纳辨析同义形容词的角度和方法四、根据例句归并“说”的义项10…1、说说你的想法2、这孩子真聪明，一说就明白3、**回来的好晚，妈妈今天说了他4、有此一说5、说了个笑话6、这段话是说谁呢？7、现在越来越多的人著书立说（1）比喻义和引申义的区别（2）多义词和兼类词的区别五、观察下列三组词10…1、刚才——刚刚2、的——所3、关于——修理（1）指出其中的虚词，以及判断原因（2）举例写出以上三组词用法上的相同点六、词组了吧（7-8个）10…宿舍管理 **的（一个“的”字结构）管理宿舍事情解决后“大”字所**（一个“所”字结构）（1）根据词组的整理功能分类（2）汉语词组的构成手段七、找出连动句和兼语句，归纳两者的结构特征。
10…1、千万别让他弄错了！2、连动句3、安排他去哪里做什么。
4、他走了进来，拿上衣服出去了。
（连动句）5、带他去隔壁房间审问八、选择适当的分析方法分化下列歧义句，说明歧义分化的实质。
5…1、两个幼儿园的小朋友2、批评了他的家长3、背叛的是他们4、英语就考了八十分08年（75分）一、画声韵配合简表8‟二、标严式国际音标并回答问题（音变也标出）：12‟演讲喜欢早晨打鸣儿有趣儿画儿1、上声的变调规则 2、儿化的含义和作用三、什么是语素？举例说明语素与词、汉字的区别10‟四、写出下面词的结构类型，并总结汉语构词和印欧语系语言的构词相比有什么特点。
10‟狐疑幼儿常常经商霜降买卖房间老乡五、下列词在语法上有什么相同和不同10‟1、上边刚刚2、大方大肆3、但却 4、过去曾经 5、男式难得六、看下列短语，回答问题10‟所闻儿童教育太麻烦红的院子里面教育儿童三十左右已经走了做好来人1、找出非名词性短语2、根据所给材料归纳汉语短语构成手段七、比较下面两组句子语法上的相同和不同10‟ A、A1 前几天还开着鲜红的花呢。
