2014中西文化对比期末复习

电子科技大学2013-2014学年第 2 学期期 末 考试 A 卷课程名称：中西文化比较 考试形式：闭卷 考试日期2014年6月 30日 考试时长：120_分钟课程成绩构成：平时30 %， 实验 20 %， 期末 50 %本试卷试题由_6部分构成，共 10 页试卷一Part I. Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a cross bar onthe letter “A ” if TRUE and “B ” if FALSE on your Answer Sheet. (10%)1. ( a ) “Red ” is the traditional color of both Spring Festival and Christmas; it representshappiness in Chinese culture but symbolizes Jesus ’ blood in Christian culture.2. ( a ) The candy cane symbolizes the shepherds ’ staff. When turned upside down, it becomesthe letter “J ” for Jesus.3. ( a ) If heating and cooking will cause nutrition loss, Westerners would even half cook food andeat simply. They regard diet as a kind of science.4. ( a ) There may be loud noises and exciting arguments in Chinese restaurants, which is againstthe Chinese “he ” culture.5. ( b ) Emperor Kangxi ’s ban on foot binding met with strong protest of especially the Hans onlybecause girls couldn ’t marry if they had natural feet.6. ( a ) In the French court of the 16th century, a corset of steel framework was introduced; thismay have something to do with the aesthetical standard of “the slimmer the more beautiful ” then.7. ( b ) In Beijing Siheyuan, the wife of the family head lives in the west corner rooms of the mainhouse and the concubines lives in the east corner rooms.8. ( b ) The pointed arches, ribbed vaults and flying buttresses of Notre Dame de Paris givepeople the visual hint – “up ”.9. ( a ) An English word may have one or various syllables while a Chinese word includes onecharacter and one syllable only.10. ( a ) Alphabetic languages share some common letters that have totally different sounds,which makes letters hard to jump from one language to another.Part II. Choose the best one to complete each of the following sentences. (20%)11. ___a___ is not the different cultural connotation between the Spring Festival and Christmas.A. Secularism and non-secularismB. Non-religiousness and religiousnessC. Ancestor worship and God worshipD. Ancestor reunion and family reunion12. Seniors’ Day is called “九九重阳节”, and this means all the following but __d____.A. it is a happy and sunny dayB. it is a wish for longevity of senior peopleC. “9” is the largest heavenly numberD. it is on the 9th day of the 9th lunar month13. The star at the top of a Christmas tree symbolizes ___b_____.A. the starlight in the skyB. the Star of BethlehemC. the evening starD. the morning star14. The jingle bell has the symbolic meanings with except that____d__.A. it rings out to guide lost sheep back homeB. it rings to proclaim the birth of Jesus ChristC. it rings to inform of the arrival of Santa ClausD. at Christmas, it rings to announce the arrival of the new season15. The Chinese sage Confucius says that “bu shi bu shi”, which __d____.A. reminds people not to eat food of unidentified sourcesB. stresses the intakes of more vegetables than meatC. warns people not to eat unhealthy foodD. emphasizes the punctuality of meals16. Which of the following is not the evidence of Chinese people’s seriousness with their food? bA. There are over 60 cooking methods for Chinese foodB. Zheng Banqiao apotheosized rice congee in his letter to his brotherC. Many foods are classifiable into those of the yin quality and those of the yang qualityD. In the classic novel The Dream of Red Mansions, there are detailed descriptions of the entire menuof Daiyu’s breakfast or Baoyu’s meal at midnight17. Individual dining in the west is manifested by the following habits except that__a____.A. they like barbecuing in the open airB. each diner eats food on his own plateC. one does not like to taste the food in another’ plateD. the dishes are served one after another and there’s only one before a diner at a time18. Which of the following is not a proper western dining etiquette? cA. Put your coffee cup plate on the right and your bread plate on the leftB. Once silverware is picked up from the table, it never touches the table againC. A blade pointed outward is a sign that you have finished your food and want moreD. When a waiter serves you, food will be presented on your left, and the dish will be removed fromyour right side when you’ve finished.19. About foot binding, all the following statements are true according to the texts except __c____.A to reduce weight on the bound feet, the girl didn’t move often and she ate little, and this led topoor bone density; a fall after the age of fifty may result in a broken hip and a slow deathB. all the toes were broken below the second joints and folded underC. the legend in which the last empress of the Shang Dynasty had clubbed foot and she ordered thefemale court bind their feet so that her food didn’t stand outD. the entire foot may die of infection and this may kill the girl20. A three-inch foot was called “_____a____”, and one longer than 4 inches “a iron lotus”.A. a golden lotusB. a silver lotusC. a bronze lotusD. a copper lotus21. Around 1700s BC, men are also shown in artwork as having tiny waists; it’s believed that they wore___c___to tighten their waists.A. ropesB. bandsC. beltsD. corset-like garments22. In general, men have a preference for women with ____b___.A. high waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs).B. low waist-to-hip ratios (WHRs).C. high waist-to-breast ratios (WTBs).D. low waist-to-breast ratios (WTBs).23. Feng Shui concepts are applied to the layout of Beijing Siheyuan except that___d___.A. the main gate is at the southeastern cornerB. the main house is built on the north sideC. the houses along the north-south axes are longer than those along the east-west axesD. the western walls are usually higher than the other walls to protect the inside buildings from theharsh winds in the winter24. In Beijing Siheyuan, the position “middle” is presided by __c____ according to the Five ElementsTheory, and so the courtyards are growing plants like trees, flowers, etc.A. earthB. waterC. woodD. fire25. The following statements about Gothic cathedrals are true except___c____.A. The essence of Gothic architecture is “God is light”B. Every painting on the glass windows tells at least one biblical storyC. The statue Pieta in Notre Dame de Paris is about how Jesus was crucifiedD. The paintings on the flower windows and statues on the walls are called “Stone Bible”26. The middle doorway of Notre Dame de Paris depicts ___c___.A. Madonna and ChildB. St. Anne and bishop Sully baptizing Louis VIIC. Judgment DayD. Portal-Resurrection of the Virgin Mary27. The tallest building in ancient times is ____b__.A. the Tower of BabelB. the Great Pyramid of GizaC. the Washing MonumentD. the 10-storey Home Insurance Building28. For centuries classical Chinese was the official written language in these countries except ___b___.A. VietnamB. MalaysiaC. JapanD. Korea29. One huge advantage English writing system enjoys over Chinese writing system is that___a___.A. it has only 26 lettersB. it has only 48 phonemesC. it has a smaller number of wordsD. it has a smaller number of sounds30. The alphabet is used phonetically to visually represent the sound of a word, and Chinese charactersare used ___d____ to represent the idea of a word.A. symbolicallyB. grammaticallyC. semanticallyD. pictographicallyPart III. Fill in the blanks with the following words marked with A, B, C or D, choose themost appropriate word. (10%)In society, attractive people tend to be more intelligent, better adjusted, and more popular. This is described as the halo effect - due to the perfection associated with angels. Research shows attractive people also have more occupational success and more dating experience than their ____a___ counterparts. One theory __b_____ this halo effect is that it is accurate -- attractive people are indeed more successful.An alternative explanation for attractive people achieving more in life is that we automatically __d_____ others before having an opportunity to evaluate their personalities, based on cultural stereotypes which ___c____ attractive people must be intrinsically good, and ugly people must be inherently bad. But Elliot Aronson, a social psychologist at Stanford University, believes self-fulfilling prophecies - in which a person's confident self-perception, further perpetuated by healthy feedback from others - may ___b____ in success as well. Aronson suggests, based on the self-fulfilling prophecy that people who feel they are attractive - though not necessarily rated as such - are just as successful as their counterparts who are ___c____ to be good-looking.____a___ the reason, the notion that attractiveness correlates with success still rings true. Yet beauty is not always advantageous, for beautiful people, particularly attractive women, ____d___ be perceived as more materialistic, snobbish, and vain.For better or worse, the bottom line is that research shows beauty matters; it pervades society and affects how we choose loved ones. Thus, striving to appear attractive may not be such a vain endeavor after all. This isn't to say plastic surgery is necessarily the answer. Instead, ____d___ a healthy lifestyle that will ____c___ make you a happier person.31. A. unattractive B. similar C. other D. worst32. A. above B. behind C. over D. about33. A. avoid B. think C. refuse D. categorize34. A. is B. mean C. say D. know35. A. take a place B. play a role C. serve D. find a place36. A. / B. thought C. judged D. found37. A. Whatever B. Despite C. However D. For38. A. will B. likely to C. really D. tend to39. A. leading B. led C. to lead D. lead40. A. return B. turn to C. in turn D. in returnPart IV. Reading Comprehensions: please choose the most appropriate answer from A, B,C or D. (20%)Recent developments in the field of neurophysiology tend to support the hypothesis that the alphabet produced a situation favorable for the development of logic, rational thought, and science. Neurophysiologists have determined that while there is a certain degree of redundancy and overlap between the two hemispheres of the brain, essentially the left and right hemispheres of the brain perform specialized tasks. The right hemisphere is the locus of the artistic, intuitive, spiritual, holistic, simultaneous, discontinuous or creative side of our personalities, whereas the left hemisphere controls the lineal, visual, logical, analytic, mathematical, and verbal activities of our psyche.We here suggest that the alphabet created a lineal and visual environment of services and experiences (everything from architecture and highways to representational art) which contributed to theascendancy or dominance of the left, or lineal, hemisphere. This conjecture is consistent with the results of the Russian neurophysiologist Luria who found that the area of the brain which controls linear sequencing and, hence, logic, _______, and scientific thinking, is located in the prefrontal region of the left hemisphere:The mental process for writing a word entails still another specialization: Putting the letters in the proper sequence to form the word. Lashley discovered many years ago that sequential analysis involved a zone of the brain different from that employed for spatial analysis. In the course of our extensive studies we have located the region responsible for sequential analysis in the anterior regions of the left hemisphere.Luria’s results show that the expression “linear thinking” is not merely a figure of speech, but an actual, bona fide activity of the brain which takes place in the anterior regions of the left hemisphere of the brain. His results also indicate that the use of the alphabet, with its emphasis on linear sequence, stimulates this area of the brain. Luria’s findings provide an understanding of how the written alphabet, with its lineal structure, was able to create the conditions conducive to the development of Western science, technology, and rationality.41.According to neurophysiologists, the left hemisphere is charge of ___b____ skill.A. abstractB. concreteC. artD. picture42.For spelling of words, which part of our brain is in charge of it? cA.lineal part of the left hemisphereB.lineal part of the right hemisphereC.anterior regions of the left hemisphereD.anterior regions of the right hemisphere43.What is the missing word in the blank in paragraph 2? cA. artisticB. musicC. mathematicD. neuroscience44.What might be the meaning of bona fide (para 4, line 2) in the text? cA. beautifulB. trueC. activeD. instinctive45.What might be the author’s opinion? dA.Only English alphabet can enhance development of science and technology.B.Chinese speakers are better at arts.C.English speakers are cleverer.D.Continuous use of alphabet can improve our linear thinking.Passage twoThese are three main differences of western and eastern clothing cultures. When we talk about eastern clothing culture, what reminds of us is traditional Chinese clothing. However, to western clothing, it seems that we know fewer things. What we will think of is either western-style suit or luxurious noble clothes. Actually, the difference of western and eastern clothing culture is not simple. A clothing culture of a nationality is based on the culture of this nationality. After long history of culture, western and eastern clothing culture form unique characteristics and systems of each other. Now let me tell you something about that.The first is the difference of color. On the one hand, the characteristic of a nationality reflects the love of colors. In ancient China, black was regarded as the imperial color. The colors of imperial clothes in ancient dynasties were black. With the development of feudal central power, people worshiped the earthinstead of the god. Therefore, color of clothing was mainly in yellow. On the other hand, in west, white and purple were the most popular color in Roman times. People held the view that white was pure and honest while purple represented elegance. However, since the Renaissance, clothes developed faster and faster. With the development of luxury, bright colors were popular with people. People of Spain like rose and grey while people of England like black.The second is the difference of the shape. In one hand, Traditional Chinese clothes emphasized the vertical feeling. This design can make people look thin and tall. The most important is that this design can make up the short stature of easterners. In the other hand, classical western clothes emphasized lateral feeling. Extravagant outline of shoulder will have radioactive effect. What is more, this design was fit into the passionate temperament of westerners. In the meanwhile, this design was fit into the tall and strong stature of westerners.The third is the difference of pattern. On the one hand, we can see many patterns in Chinese clothes. People hold the view that lucky patterns show the propitious wish. From ancient time till today, propitious patterns were used widely. No matter expensive silk or common printed cloth, these patterns can be seen easily. These patterns not only show the totem worship but also express the feeling of descendants of the dragon. On the other hand, with the development of history, patterns in western clothes changed continually. In ancient time, people liked to use flowers and other plants. However, in recent generations, animal patterns were popular.46.What is the writer’s idea on clothing culture? bA.Clothing culture is based on design;B.Clothing culture forms its unique feature throughout history;C.Western clothing culture influences eastern one to a large extent;D.Eastern clothing culture focuses more on tradition.47.What does the color of yellow represent? cA. EarthB. GodC. RoyaltyD. Elegance48.What is the meaning of the word ‘lateral’ (para 3, line 4)? cA. GrandB. TallC. SideD. Round49.Which pattern might be ancient Westerners’ choice for their clothing? bA. DragonB. SwallowC. LilyD. Sun50.What might be the most common theme of Chinese clothes design throughout history? dA. Patterns of plants and flowersB. Patterns of animalsC. Patterns of royal symbolD. Patterns of descendants of dragon电子科技大学2013-2014学年第 2 学期期 末 考试 A 卷课程名称：中西文化比较 考试形式：闭卷 考试日期2014年6月 30日 考试时长：120_分钟 课程成绩构成：平时30 %， 实验 20 %， 期末 50 %本试卷试题由_6部分构成，共 10 页试卷二Part V. Translation. (20%)1. Translate the following words and phrases into English. (10%)春联____spring couplets________________美食家____ gourmand ________________书法____ Calligraphy _________________甲骨文__ Oracle ___ 餐具___ utensils __________________ 沙漏型身材_the hourglass figure_ 黄金比例___ The golden ratio ___ 圣诞花环 ___ Christmas wreath ____门当户对__a well-matched in social and economica family____一贫如洗__ On one's uppers _______2. Translate the following passage into Chinese. (10%)Chinese language is a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. Its writing system began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, which are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.汉语是体现了系统的语音，图像，思想，和韵的一种具有独特的个性的系统，。

1、请结合好莱坞的实例谈谈你对中西文化交流与融合的看法答：二战前:好莱坞电影中的“黄祸论”和“东方女性”，在早期好莱坞电影中，“东方”与“黄祸论”不可避免的联系到了一起。

19世纪90年代“黄祸论”在欧洲正式形成，并逐渐成为西方对东方的一种论调。

“黄祸论”认为黄种人从生理到心理上都是孱弱的、野蛮的，而且粗鄙、暴力、未开化、道德感缺失、异教和幼稚。

在这种意识延续下，好莱坞热衷于将华人想象为对白人构成威胁的“野蛮的他者”。

1945至1990年期间，好莱坞热衷用“冷战”思维思考问题，通过电影故事反映或折射错综复杂的国际政治关系。

“东方主义”的论调此时常常用来形容美国的东方“朋友”或“敌人”，而且带给观众无限遐想。

新时代的东方主义，《明日帝国》现象：东方人在好莱坞银幕上的新形象。

促使电影对东方形象作出修正的原因，第一，在欧美社会中面临着数量越来越大的非白人移民，他们的反对声音不容忽视。

其次就是票房表现。

电影中负面的东方形象令日渐清醒的东方观众反感，电影制作者在考虑利润的前提下，不得不推出貌似正面的他者形象，更标榜在他者形象上前所未有的真实塑造。

007电影一向以其敏感的时代触觉见称。

在《明日帝国》中，它带出了潮流元素:媒体的力量。

同时，在电影中，我们也可以看到中国的崛起，因为在电影中，在中国成立办事处是媒体大亨卡佛的目标。

在电影中可以看到两股力量的交织:一是要维护东西方的差距，二是对中国发展的担心。

进一步考量，由于中国的庞大票房，电影不得不对林慧这个角色有一番斟酌。

观众看到的林慧，正是一个折衷的东方人物形象。

“所有的对于东方社会，语言，文学，历史，社会学等等的看法我都称之为显性东方主义。

任何关于东方的知识的改变都仅限于显性东方主义的改变，隐性东方主义是不变的，稳定的，永恒的”。

2、试述中西文化的源流与差异答：中国文化有许多不同的源流传统,但自中国秦汉文化以来,基本上是循着一种主体文化——儒家文化发展下来的。

第二章 中西文化寻根第一节 河的赐予与海的磨砺第二节 华夏土地上的农耕文明与古希腊罗马的工商业文明第三节 家国与城邦一、 以血缘家庭为纽带的中国传统社会二、 以地缘政治为基础的希腊城市国家第三章 中西文化的基本精神第一节 历来对中西文化精神差异的探讨第二节 人文传统与科学精神 一、 中国文化的人文传统与道德价值————人类精神文化以宗教为开端，中国自周代就出现了“重民轻神”的思想，中国古代文化君重神轻，民重神轻。

神体现在：理性精神，客观态度与探求真理的执着。

第三节 群体认同与个人本位西方文化强调人作为有理智、尊严和自由意志的独立个体的地位，要求对自己的命运负责。

而中国文化则主要把人理解为类的存在物，重视人的社会价值，仅把（一）“家天下”的宗主统治----天下为家的王位继承 （二）事君如事父的忠孝原则（三）大一统的专制政体一、 严复：中之人好古而忽今，西之人力今以胜古；中国亲亲，西人尚贤 二、李大钊：一为自然的，一为人为的；一为安息的，一为战争的；一为消极的，一为积极的；一为依赖的，一为独立的；一为苟安的，一为突进的；一为因袭的，一为创造的；一为保守的，一为进步的；一为直觉的，一为理智的；一为空想的，一为体验的；一为艺术的，一为科学的；一为精神的，一为物质的；一为灵的，一为肉的；一为向天的；一为立地的；一为自然支配人间的，一为人间征服自然的人看作群体的一份子，是他所属社会关系的派生物，他的价值因群体而存在并借此体现。

因而只有无条件地将自己的命运和利益都托付给所属的群体。

一、义务为本位的群体原则二、个人主义的自由与权利第四节中庸和平与崇力尚争一、中国精神中的“中”与“和”1）儒家中庸思想与道家无为的中道观2）艺术上表现为优雅宁静、冲淡平和的审美境界，“乐而不淫哀而不伤”的感情节制，以及含蓄委婉地艺术传达。

二、西方价值的“利”与“力”1）功利主义的道德原则2）强烈的竞争意识3）对力量的崇拜第五节内向与开放一、道统与涵纳二、开拓与求新第四章中西思维方式比较天人合一与物我二分中国哲学坚持有机联系的整一宇宙观，努力将人投入到自然中，以认识主体与客体的合一为认识的基本前提；而西方哲学则专注于对事物作本质区别，细心的分解万事万物，欢欣于人的独立，给之地位和荣耀，以独立个体的确立作为认识的前提。

1.请从中西视域阐述文化的含义，并比较文化与文明的差异。

答：“文化”，是中国语言系统中古已有之的词汇。

“文”的本义，指各色交错的纹理，引申为涵盖、反映社会、自然现象的条理及规律性。

“化”，本义为改易、生成、造化，引申为教行迁善之义。

“文”与“化”方合成一个整词，本义就是“以文教化”，它表示对人的性情的陶冶，品德的教养，本属精神领域之范畴。

西方的“文化”，英文“culture”和德文的“kuctur”都由拉丁文“cultura”衍化而来，原意指耕作土地（故园艺学在英语为Horticulture），后来逐渐引申出神明崇拜、性情陶冶、品德教化等，这就与古汉语中“文化”所具有的“文治教化”的义项日益接近。

用《中国大百科全书》社会学卷上的话说:“文化一词的中西两个来源,殊途同归,今人都用来指称人类社会的精神现象。

”随着时间的流变和空间的差异，现在“文化”已成为一个内涵丰富、外延宽广的多维概念，并有广义与狭义之分。

广义的“文化”，着眼于人类与一般动物、人类社会与自然界的本质区别，着眼于人类卓立于自然的独特的生存方式，其涵盖面非常广泛，所以又称作“大文化”。

“大文化”指的是人类自身的一切精神性创造活动及其结果，包括认识的（语言、哲学、科学、教育）、规范的（道德、法律、信仰）、艺术的（文学、美术、音乐、舞蹈、戏剧）、器用的（生产工具、日用器皿以及制造它们的技术）。

社会的（制度、组织、风俗习惯）等等。

广义的“文化”从人之所以为人的意义上立论，认为正是文化的出现“将动物的人变为创造的人、组织的人、思想的人、说话的人以及计划的人”，因而将人类社会——历史生活的全部内容统统摄入“文化”的定义域。

与广义“文化”相对的，是狭义的“文化”。

狭义的“文化”排除人类社会——历史生活中关于物质创造活动及其结果的部分，专注于精神创造活动及其结果，所以又被称作“小文化”。

1871年英国文化学家泰勒在《原始文化》一书中提出，文化“乃是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体”，是狭义“文化”早期的经典界说。