2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）模拟试题2Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The beauty of poker is that on the surface it is a game of utter simplicity, yet beneath the surface it is profound, rich and full of subtlety. Children can learn the 1 in just a few open hands—that is, rounds played with all cards visible and all the principles 2 . The lessons they gather will last a lifetime.To sceptics, poker 3 them of images of casinos, late nights and smoky back rooms—all places 4 for kids. And, yes, poker is a form of gambling, 5 it is primarily a game of skill and nerve.6 plays a larger role than in purely skill-driven games such as chess, but that is what makes poker so appealing for oppressed parents: you will be a better player than your children, but the children will still7 often enough to keep them interested.Just as a parent is excited to see their offspring reading, even if what the child chooses to read is not what the adult would, a poker-enthusiast parent will 8 play Five-card Draw with his child. The 9 is always straightforward: collect a better five-card hand than your opponents. But the paths to success are many and 10 . Sometimes it involves deceiving, a practice that, initially, children embrace with reckless 11 . However, 12 they will learn that they cannot always 13 their way to victory. They will also learn the lesson: sometimes deceiving works.Soon they will figure out how to read their opponents— 14 that arrogance can be a cover for 15 , and silence a maneuver to 16 others into overconfidence. They will see that a lost hand is not a lost game, and a lost game today does not signal the same tomorrow.1But the only way they will learn any of these lessons is if these lessons can hurt them. 117 a few practice rounds, the stakes must be actual money—and adults must keep it when they win. But this may be 18 : children come into the world lovable but penniless, and no parent wants to make their own children further 19 . On the other hand, raising children is 20 . Consider any victory a partial repayment for their upbringing.1.[A] results[B]letters[C]pictures[D]rules2.[A] rewarded[B]counted[C]explained[D]watched3.[A] reminds[B]deprives[C]accuses[D]convicts4.[A] unnecessary[B]inappropriate[C]unavoidable[D]invariable5.[A] and[B]but[C]or[D]so6.[A] Temper[B]Luck[C]Analysis[D]Proficiency7.[A] win[B]pause[C]exit[D]calculate8.[A] intentionally[B]gradually[C]happily[D]irregularly9.[A] notice[B]trial[C]goal[D]concept10.[A] direct[B]controversial[C]exclusive[D]diverse11.[A] caution[B]generosity[C]patience[D]enthusiasm12.[A] immediately[B]eventually[C]conversely[D]similarly13.[A] battle[B]cheer[C]lie[D]innovate14.[A] observing[B]mentioning[C]promising[D]determining15.[A] weakness[B]suspicion[C]illusion[D]indifference16.[A] turn[B]persuade[C]tempt[D]force17.[A] Below[B]After[C]Above[D]Before18.[A] necessary[B]interesting[C]promising[D]difficult19.[A] sillier[B]lazier[C]fatter[D]poorer20.[A] expensive[B]perplexing[C]enlightening[D]accessibleSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A2Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Two decades ago Microsoft was a technological walled garden. One of its bosses called free open-source programs a “cancer”. That was then. On April 21st the tech firm joined a movement to liberate data. The company plans to launch 20 data-sharing groups by 2022 and give away some of its digital information.Microsoft is not alone in its recent fondness for sharing. Mark Zuckerberg, the boss of Facebook, regarded the ability to share data as a superpower in the face of crisis. Despite the EU’s strict privacy rules, some Eurocrats now argue for data-sharing, too.The benefits of data-sharing have been confirmed by many individuals and organizations. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reckons that if data were more widely exchanged, many states could enjoy gains worth 1–2.5% of GDP. Economists agree that readier access to data is generally beneficial, because data are “non-rivalrous”: unlike oil, say, they can be used and re-used without being used up.Many governments have recognized the potential. Cities from Berlin to San Francisco have “open data” initiatives. Companies have been more cautious. Firms fear losing intellectual property, endangering users’ privacy and hitting technical obstacles. Less than half of “data collaboratives” involve corporations. Those that do have been small or limited in scope.Microsoft’s campaign is the most consequential by far. Besides encouraging non-commercial sharing, the firm is developing software, licences and rules frameworks to let firms trade data or provide access without losing control. Optimists believe that the foresight behind the giant’s move is novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact.Brad Smith, Microsoft’s president, notes that fewer than 100 firms collect more than half of all data generated online. More sharing would counteract the concentration of economic—and political—power. Bridging the “data divide” won’t be easy. People in charge of data often come from different industries without a common vocabulary.Indeed, Microsoft has reasons other than unselfishness to support open data. It makes3most of its money not by extracting value from data through targeted advertising, like Facebook, but by selling services and software to help others process digital information. The more data that are shared, the better for Microsoft. Mr. Smith argues that this makes his firm the perfect campaigner for open data.That may be so. But this also points to a bigger obstacle. Even if technical and legal barriers to sharing could be removed, many data-rich firms will be reluctant to loosen their lucrative grip on user information. Despite Mr. Zuckerberg’s declarations, don’t expect Facebook to follow Microsoft’s lead any time soon.21.What does Microsoft plan to do according to the first paragraph?[A]To upgrade environmental technology.[B]To provide a health care program.[C]To lead a movement to analyze data.[D]To share some digital information for free.22.According to Paragraph 4, companies have been more cautious about “open data” becausethey are fearful of ______.[A]being cheated by governments[B]breaking the intellectual property law[C]violating their users’ privacy[D]competing with other corporations23.Brad Smith believes that bridging the “data divide” won’t be easy because ______.[A]data generated online are hard to collect and manage[B]the movement may be hindered by economic power[C]people from different industries have conflicting interests[D]data holders have difficulty communicating with each other24.In addition to unselfishness, what motivates Microsoft to support open data?[A]Economic benefit[B]Moral concern4[C]Legal obligation[D]Prior commitment25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Microsoft Allies With Facebook[B]Microsoft Embraces Big Data[C]Microsoft: A Technological Walled Garden[D]Microsoft: A New Business Model PromoterText 2Interruptions have always been a reality of work, as meetings, text or chat messages, emails, and conversations with coworkers endlessly fragment our time and thus our attention. Research across several surveys suggest that employees—from IT professionals to health care providers—are interrupted every six to 12 minutes.Earlier research by Sophie Leroy, a professor at the University of Washington Bothell, has shown that our brains find it difficult to switch attention between tasks. More often than not, part of our attention stays focused on the interrupted task and does not fully switch to the interrupting demand—a term she coined attention residue. This happens because we have a fundamental need for completion that makes switching our attention quite difficult for the brain to execute; we hold on to incomplete work instead of putting it aside even when a switch of focus is necessary.Leroy proposes the “Ready-to-Resume Plan” as a way to manage interruptions, prevent attention residue, and perform at full capacity on interrupting tasks. The premise of the plan is that if we can put the brain at ease about our ability to complete the interrupted task upon return, we would be able to switch our attention more effectively.To test this idea, Leroy and her team ran a series of lab experiments. Participants started working on Task A and were interrupted to switch to another task, Task B. In the control group, participants immediately switched to the interrupting task, Task B, following the interruption. In the treatment group, the researchers asked participants to take a few minutes before switching to create a “Ready-to-Resume” plan; essentially, to take a minute to note where they5were on the interrupted task, Task A, and what they wanted to do and focus on upon return. Then they switched to Task B.The researchers have found that those who engaged in the Ready-to-Resume plan were 79% more likely to choose an optimal candidate when Task B asked them to evaluate profiles for a job position, revealing better decision making when dealing with complex information. The Ready-to-Resume plan took participants less than a minute and yet it yielded significant benefits. This simple and brief practice of taking stock of where one stands on an interrupted task and briefly planning one’s return helps the brain feel more at ease with putting it aside and switching attention to an interrupting demand.It’s shown that we don’t have to passively succumb to the negative effects of inevitable interruptions. The Ready-to-Resume plan provides the brain the cognitive closure it needs to reduce attention residue so that we can be more present and perform at our full capacity. Yes, interruptions at work may be a fact of organizational life; but with the Ready-to-Resume Plan, we can mitigate their effects.26.According to Paragraph 1, findings of the surveys are used to show that interruptions______.[A]are unnecessary[B]are unavoidable[C]can worsen job performance[D]will increase our time pressure27.The word “residue” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to _______.[A]remainder[B]deficit[C]control[D]span28.The premise for the plan proposed by Leroy is ______.[A]preparing to get back to the task interrupted[B]reducing our exposure to interruptions6[C]completing the current task immediately[D]communicating the priority of the urgent task29.What did the participants in the treatment group do during the experiment?[A]They wrote a plan for how to complete Task B.[B]They noted down their progress of Task A.[C]They consulted with researchers on the plan.[D]They diverted their attention to Task B instantly.30.According to Paragraph 6, the Ready-to-Resume plan ______.[A]reduces disruptive interruptions effectively[B]helps us be mentally engaged in the present[C]optimizes the benefits of organizational life[D]leaves little cognitive capacity for multi-tasksText 3At 2018’s awards, Caltech’s Frances Arnold became only the fifth female Nobel chemistry laureate since the prize was first given in 1901, while Donna Strickland of the University of Waterloo in Canada became only the third female recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics in its 118-year history.For too long, women have been marginalized by the profession. Of nearly 18 million scientists and engineers in the EU, 41 percent are women. However, just in 2018, a leading professor declared that “physics was invented and built by men, it’s not by invitation.” The almost laughable irony is that he said this at an event convened to explore the discrepancy between gender and science by CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research.This mindset is also reflected in the findings of a 2017 report by Elsevier that looked at the authorship of more than 62 million peer-reviewed papers published over the previous two decades. The analysis found that in 8 of 11 countries studied, the share of women authors grew from about 30 percent in the late 1990s to about 40 percent in recent years. However, female authors were more likely to be represented in health-care-related fields such as nursing and7psychology than in the “hard” sciences. This may be due to gender bias in peer review: a self-assessment by the journal eLife found that men had greater chances of getting published than women when facing all-male review panels.While scientists might measure their achievements in publications and citations, the rest of the world is more likely to appreciate their accomplishments from the media coverage surrounding major scientific awards. Despite the triumphs of Arnold and Strickland at last year’s Nobel Prizes, here, too, there has been a distinct gender bias. Since the Nobel Prize was established, 97 percent of science prize winners have been men.The fact remains that women in general are still overlooked by research prize–awarding committees. Earlier this year, a study by Brian Uzzi and Teresa Woodruff of Northwestern University found that while that’s changing—women awardees are up from 5 percent between 1968 and 1977 to 27 percent in the last decade—women earn 64 cents of prize money for every dollar a man receives.Of course, there should not be positive discrimination; female scientists should win awards on merit alone. But there are certainly candidates who are overlooked by nominators and evaluators because of gender biases in the sciences. Only by redressing the balance of work and gender can we ever hope the day when a woman receiving a prestigious award in science is newsworthy only for her work and not for her gender will come.31.According to Paragraph 2, CERN summoned the convention to discuss ______.[A]the gender gap in science[B]the drop of women researchers[C]the rise of women’s publishing[D]the gender bias in peer review32.The result of the self-assessment reflected that women have ______.[A]suffered unfair treatment[B]broken gender stereotypes[C]gained health coverage[D]experienced peer pressure833.For the public, a scientist’s accomplishment is recognized mainly through ______.[A]academic conferences[B]enormous published papers[C]press reports on scientific prizes[D]international publication websites34.According to the author, the key for women scientists to win more prestigious awards is to______.[A]offer them guidance on academic publishing[B]drive gender balance in academic publishing[C]improve the media coverage of their work[D]raise the standards for reviewing papers35.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A]Prestigious Science Awards: An Opportunity to Prevent Inequality[B]Prestigious Science Awards: A Path to Financial Freedom[C]Prestigious Science Awards: A Ladder to Career Progression[D]Prestigious Science Awards: A Glass Ceiling for Women to BreakText 4Perfect fluency in a second language can make someone seem so worldly and intelligent. But does knowing more than one language really make a person smarter?The answer is a matter of debate, and the pendulum has swung back and forth. In the first half of the 20th century, hearing two languages at the same time was considered to be a confusing experience for small children. But in the late 1970s, a turnaround was under way. Early exposure to two languages was considered not a handicap but a cognitive advantage.Now the consensus is changing again. A vast online study published in the journal Psychological Science suggests that bilingualism can be handy but doesn’t make people more intelligent.Emily Nichols, the lead author and a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Western9Ontario, noted that the study enlisted 11,000 people to complete 12 online cognitive tests. Participants included “people who hadn’t finished high school and others with professional degrees.” The researchers then selected 372 pairs comprising one bilingual and one monolingual subject, matching people who were equivalent in age, education, income and gender. Satisfied that they had controlled for these confounding factors, the researchers compared the performance of the pair in online tests of their intelligence.The study found almost no cognitive differences between people who speak just one language and those who said they speak at least two. Bilinguals had a slight leg up on Digit Span, a task that requires a person to remember increasingly long strings of numbers by heart. Otherwise, the performance of the two groups was a wash.That “no difference” finding might be partly explained by the fact that the study “treated all bilinguals as a single group,” said Prof. Genesee. In a 2015 study, he and his colleagues looked at neural differences between children who learned two languages simultaneously in infancy and those who learned a second language later. The very early learners, Prof. Genesee said, “engaged neural areas related to language but also areas of executive control,” such as planning and problem solving.The degree of mastery of a second language also matters, said Richard Haier, author of “The Neuroscience of Intelligence”. “Proficiency can range from barely adequate to excellent; lumping everyone into the same group obscures effects.”Absence of evidence isn’t evidence of absence, as the saying goes. We don’t know all the details about this new study’s participants, so we can’t yet close the book on whether their bilingualism boosts their smarts. But there are clearly other benefits, said Prof. Owen: “You can speak to more people, qualify for more jobs and fall in love with more people.” And for most of us, that’s enough.36.By saying “the pendulum has swung back and forth” (Para. 2), the author means that______.[A]people are prone to be confused by bilingualism[B]early access to bilingualism is detrimental to people[C]no relationship exists between bilingualism and cognitive development[D]whether bilingualism makes people more intelligent is controversial10版权所有翻版必究37.According to Paragraph 5, the online study showed that bilinguals ______.[A]were equipped with higher degree[B]didn’t have cognitive advantages[C]failed to remember long numbers[D]performed worse than monolinguals38.An additional study conducted by Prof. Genesee and his colleagues took into account______.[A]neural differences between infants and adults[B]the age children start to study a second tongue[C]obstacles in second language acquisition[D]impacts of executive control capability39.The quotation of Richard Haier emphasized the importance of ______.[A]language certificates[B]effects of neuroscience[C]second language proficiency[D]problems of language learning40.Bilingualism is beneficial because it can.[A]make brain smarter and more flexible[B]guarantee a promising future[C]delay the onset of disease[D]develop interpersonal relationshipsPart BDirections:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)11版权所有翻版必究Water companies in England discharged raw sewage (wastewater) into rivers on more than 200,000 occasions last year, according to data obtained by the Guardian.Luke Pollard, the shadow environment secretary, said: “Sewage discharges should take place only in the most extreme of circumstances. Regulation needs to be tightened to stop water companies using discharges as a day-to-day measure.”“Customers will rightly be shocked at the frequency of sewage discharges and the damage it does to some of our country’s most precious and valuable river habitats.”The Environment Agency issues permits to allow water companies to release untreated human waste, which includes excrement, condoms and toilet paper, from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) after extreme weather events, such as torrential rain, to stop water backing up and flooding homes.Ashley Smith of the campaign group Windrush against Sewage Pollution said the system was little more than a “licence to pollute”. Smith, who monitors sewage spills on the River Windrush in Oxfordshire, said discharges happened after just a rain shower.He said: “The industry has been given a way to prop up failed infrastructure and it has exploited this enthusiastically. The inability of the Environment Agency to prosecute or even drive improvement has led us to where we are today—in a complete shambles with pollution rife and unchecked.”Michelle Walker of the Rivers Trust described the data as “very alarming”. The environmental charity worked with the Guardian’s data to create an interactive map where you can search for river discharges by area. She said: “When you look at the detail, you see that some of these locations are releasing untreated sewage hundreds of times a year, so they are not just operating during extreme rainstorms.”Walker said: “People think our rivers should be fit to swim in but they don’t realise it is legal to discharge untreated raw sewage into our rivers.”Dr Andrew Singer, a senior scientist at the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, said the pollution impact of CSO discharge was a risk to ecological and human health.“English rivers, even the Thames and the Severn, are relatively small, so the contribution of CSOs to many of our rivers can be extremely significant,” he said. “Rivers are much more likely to be impacted now by CSOs because of the increase in population density and the fact that the sewage system has not expanded to meet it.”12版权所有翻版必究A spokesperson for Wessex Water said: “In an ideal world there would not be a combined sewerage system, but many sewers were laid at a time when only one drain served a property —carrying both rainwater and sewage … Since 2000 we have invested £181m to upgrade more than 582 CSOs, and there are plans to improve more over the next five years.” A spokesperson for the industry body Water UK, said: “The water industry is committed to the very highest environmental standards … Although there is currently no simple and effective alternative to overflows, there are some innovative solutions being used, such as sustainable drainage systems, which are natural features that help keep rainwater out of the sewer. In new housing developments, these can help to take some of the pressure off the sewer network.”13版权所有翻版必究Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Historically, there’s been no way for third parties to directly gather data on the greenhouse gas emissions of both public and private entities. So any concerted effort to reduce emissions has required trusting companies and governments to tell the truth about how much they’re polluting.Now, a new coalition of nine climate and technology organizations calling themselves Climate Trace say they have used satellite data, artificial intelligence and other technology to track greenhouse-gas emissions from across the globe remotely. At the micro level, the platform allows users to track emissions down to the level of individual factories, ships and power plants. In general, the platform will allow for a collective accounting of how the world is doing in the effort to reduce emissions. If a given country claims to have reduced, say power-plant emissions, other countries will soon be able to immediately tap into Climate Trace and get data to verify the claim.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose your university is to hold an award event for the best ten clubs. Write an email on behalf of your book club to1)apply to participate in the selection, and2)briefly introduce your club.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:14版权所有翻版必究Write an essay based on the chart below. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)15版权所有翻版必究16内部资料免费交流2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）模拟试题2参考答案及详解Section I Use of English1.答案：【D】rules【解析】逻辑关系题。
