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led视觉效应参数显色指数-回复什么是LED视觉效应参数显色指数？LED视觉效应参数显色指数，又称为色彩还原指数或者显色指数（Color Rendering Index，简称CRI），是评价灯光对物体真实颜色呈现能力的重要指标。
它用来衡量光源对照明对象颜色的还原度，即灯光照射物体后与自然光照射物体的颜色差异程度。
CRI的范围是从0到100，数值越高表示光源对物体颜色的还原能力越强。
为什么LED视觉效应参数显色指数很重要？在我们的日常生活中，色彩起着重要的作用。
好的照明条件能够使人们更舒适地工作、学习和生活，而LED照明作为新一代照明技术，具有高效节能、长寿命和可调光等优点，因此被广泛应用在各种照明场景中。
然而，由于LED发光的特性，不同的LED灯具在对颜色还原上会存在较大差异。
灯光的颜色质量对于保证物体颜色的真实还原以及人眼的舒适感都非常重要。
因此，了解和评价LED视觉效应参数显色指数是选择合适的LED照明产品非常重要的一步。
如何确定LED视觉效应参数显色指数？确定LED视觉效应参数显色指数有两种常用的方法：通过实验测量和通过光谱分析。
实验测量是通过人眼感知不同光源下物体颜色的差异来确定显色指数。
对一系列已知颜色的标准样品，使用被测试的LED光源照射，并与标准光源照射下的样品颜色进行比较。
根据比较结果，计算出显色指数。
这种方法比较直观，能够准确地反映灯光对物体颜色的还原能力。
光谱分析则通过测量光源辐射的光谱信息，利用数学模型计算出显色指数。
这种方法更多地依赖于光谱仪等仪器设备，操作复杂、繁琐。
但它对人眼感知的不同颜色有较高的准确性和稳定性。
因此，从理论上来说，光谱分析方法可以更准确地评估LED照明产品的显色能力。
LED视觉效应参数显色指数的影响因素是什么？LED视觉效应参数显色指数受到多种因素的影响，其中最主要的因素包括光源的光谱分布、光源的颜色温度、照明环境以及物体的表面反射特性等。
光源的光谱分布是影响显色指数的关键因素。
城市景观照明技术规范篇一：城市景观照明工程技术规范城市景观照明工程技术规范(表摘要：为了规范和发展城市景观照明工程技术，照明学会组织有关单位的专家、学者、工程技术人员成立了《城市景观照明工程技术规范》编制组。
1 总则1.0.1 为使城市景观照明工程建设走向规范化、标准化，特制定本技术规范。
1.0.2 本规范适用于省市城市建筑物外景、道路、水系、桥梁、立交桥、广场、名胜古迹、公园、商业街、生活居住区、迎宾区、文化休闲区、橱窗、广告及标志等景观照明。
1.0.3 城市道路、体育场、栈场等功能性照明应符合相关专业性标准的规定。
1.0.4 在执行过程中，尚应符合国家或地方现行有关标准规范的规定。
2 术语和符号2.0.1 灯具 luminair收集、分配或改变光能方向和分布的器具，包括除光源以外所有用于固定保护光源、调节光能的全部部件，以及与电源连接所必需的线路附件。
2.0.2 配光曲线 luminous intensity distribution curve是描述灯具的发光强度在不同方向上变化的曲线，根据灯具的特点它可以是一根或是一组曲线。
通常配光曲线是以总光通量为1000 lm来绘制，因此当灯具的光通量不是1000 lm时，发光强度应根据光通量的比例加以修正。
2.0.3 照度(E) illuminace被照面单位面积上得到的光通量，反映物体被照明程度，单位为勒克斯(lx)。
2.0.4 亮度(L) luminance发光面在观察方向上单位投影面积发出的光强，是反映人眼对物体明亮感的参数，单位为尼脱(nt)。
(1 nt = 1 cd/m2)。
2.0.5 泛光照明 floodlighting用单个或成组的投光灯从外面照射照明对象物，使其亮度和色调区别于周围环境的照明方式。
2.0.6 轮廓照明 outline lighting用白炽灯泡、串灯、霓虹灯管或其他线状、带状光源勾画建筑物轮廓的照明方式。
2.0.7 内透光照明 illumination with inner lighting sources利用室内光源照明建筑物内体，通过门、窗、构孔透射光显示建筑艺术美的照明方式。
热力学温度：开[尔文]（K）开尔文英文是 Kelvin 简称开，国际代号K，热力学温度的单位。
开尔文是国际单位制（SI）中7个基本单位之一，以绝对零度（0K）为最低温度，规定水的三相点的温度为 273.16K，1K等于水三相点温度的1/273.16。
特别需要注意的是：水的三相点不是冰点，冰点与气压和水中的溶质有关（比如空气），三相点只与水本身的性质有关，是恒量。
由此推算出的1K的大小与1摄氏度大致相等，且水在101.325Pa下的熔点大约为273.15K，故摄氏温标与国际温标之间的换算大约为Tc=Tk-273.15。
开尔文是为了纪念英国物理学家Lord Kelvin而命名的。
注明：国际单位制=International System of Units热力学温度是国际单位制中七个基本物理量之一，其单位开尔文(符号K)定义为水三相点热力学温度的1／273．16。
可见，水三相点既是热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是1990年国际温标(ITs 一90)定义的最基本的、极其重要的固定点。
水三相点是水的固、液、汽三相平衡共存时的温度(图l1，其值为273．16K (0．01℃)。
它是在一个密封的装有高纯度水(水的同位素成分相当于海水)的玻璃容器——水三相点瓶内复现的。
Material: PC+ABS/al + PC/PCPC: Polycarbonate聚碳酸酯 ABS: Acrylonitrile Butadiene StyreneAL: AluminumLED : Light Emitting Diode (display) 发光二极管(显示)Most digital read-outs on laboratory instruments, calculators and watches use LED display. 实验仪器、计算机、手表的数字读出大多是二极管显示Power ratio: 90lm/wLm: lumen 流明(光束的能量单位)lm是光通量的单位，通俗说就是度量一个光源发出多少光的单位lm/w是光电效率的表征，表示消耗电功率1w发出多少光能。
ICS03.180A 18备案号：四川省地方标准DB51/T -2015中小学校及幼儿园教室照明设计标准(征求意见稿)Standard for lighting design of classrooms in schools and children gardens2015- 发布 2015- 实施四川省质量技术监督局发布目次前言 (Ⅰ)1 范围 ............................................ .............. ............... ..12 规范性引用文件 ................................................ ............... ..13 术语和定义 ..................................................... .. (2)4 教室照明质量要求 ................................................. (5)5 灯具的技术要求 ................................................ . (8)6 电子镇流器的技术要求 ............................................. . (9)7 光源的技术要求 ........................................ (9)前言为保障学生视力健康，抑制视力不良发病率，提高教室照明光环境质量，加强学校节能减排工作，特制定本标准。
本标准参考了国家标准GB7793-2010《中小学教室采光和照明卫生标准》、 GB50034-2013《建筑照明设计标准》、GB50099-2011《中小学校设计规范》、GB/T 13379-2008《视觉工效学原则室内工作场所照明》和DB31/539-2011《中小学校及幼儿园教室照明设计规范》，结合四川省教室照明实际情况和部份地方教室照明改善工程经验，并参考了国内外建筑照明标准和照明节能标准而制定。
光源寿命（lamp life）光源寿命，又称光源寿期。
电光源的寿命通常常利用有效寿命和平均寿命两个指标来表示。
01，有效寿命：指灯开始点燃到灯的光通量衰减到额定光通量的某一百分比时所经历的点灯时数。
一般这一百分比规定在70%～80%之间。
02，平均寿命：指一组实验样灯，从点燃到其中的50%的灯失效时，所经历的点灯时数。
寿命是评价电光源靠得住性和质量的主要技术参数，寿命长表明它的服务时刻长，耐费用高，节电大。
光效（Efficacy）：光源所发出的总光通量与该光源所消耗的电功率（瓦）的比值，称为该光源的光效。
单位是：流明/瓦（lm/w）。
流明即是光通量（Lumens）：。
光通量（Lumens）：光源在单位时间内发出的光亮总和称为光源的光通量。
符号：Φ，单位流明Lm.例如：一只40W的普通白织灯的光通量为350---470lm，而一只40W的普通直管形荧光灯的光通量为2800lm左右，为白织灯的6--8倍。
色温（Colour Temperature）色温：光源发射光的颜色与黑体在某一温度下辐射光色相同时，黑体的温度称为该光源的色温。
因为大部份光源所发出的光皆通称为白光，故光源的色表温度或相关色温度即用以指称其光色相对白的程度，以量化光源的光色表现。
按照Max Planck的理论，将一具完全吸收与放射能力的标准黑体加热，温度逐渐升高光度亦随之改变；CIE色座标上的黑体曲线（Black body locus）显示黑体由红—橙红—黄—黄白—白—蓝白的进程。
黑体加温到出现与光源相同或接近光色时的温度，概念为该光源的相关色温度，称色温，以绝对温K（Kelvin，或称开氏温度）为单位（K=℃+）。
因此，黑体加热至呈红色时温度约527摄氏度即800K，其他温度影响光色转变。
光色愈偏蓝，色温愈高；偏红则色温愈低。
一天当中画光的光色亦随时刻转变：日出后40分钟光色较黄，色温3,000K；正午阳光雪白，上升至4,800-5,800K，阴天正午时分则约6,500K；日落前光色偏红，色温又降至纸2,200K。
CIE 标准美国照明协会标准大全CIE 1-1980 Guide Lines for Minimizing Urban Sky Glow Near Astronomical Observatories (E)CIE 13.3-1995 Method of Measuring and Specifying Colour Rendering Properties of Light Sources (E)CIE 15-2004 Colorimetry - Third Edition;CIE 16-1970 Daylight (1st Edition) (E)CIE 17.4-1987 International Lighting Vocabulary (E) (F) (G) (R)CIE 18.2-1983 Basis of Physical Photometry (E)CIE 19/2.1-1981 An Analytic Model for Describing the Influence of Lighting Parameters Upon Visual Performance: Volume 1: Technical Foundations (E)CIE 19/2.2-1981 An Analytic Model for Describing the Influence of Lighting Parameters Upon Visual Performance: Volume II: Summary and Application Guidelines (E)CIE 23-1973 International Recommendations for Motorway Lighting (CIE 23.1-1996 Revision 1) (E)CIE 31-1976 Glare and Uniformity in Road Lighting Installations (E)CIE 32-1977 Lighting in Situations Requiring Special Treatment (CIE 32.1-1996 Revision 1) (E) (F)CIE 33-1977 Depreciation of Installations and Their Maintenance (CIE 33.1-1996 Revision 1) (E) (F)CIE 34-1977 Road Lighting Lantern and Installation Data - Photometrics, Classification and Performance (E)CIE 38-1977 Radiometric and Photometric Characteristics of Materials and Their Measurement (E) (F) (G)CIE 39.2-1983 Recommendations for Surface Colours for Visual Signalling (CIE 39.3-1996 Revision 1) (E)CIE 40-1978 Calculations for Interior Lighting: Basic Method - CIE 40.1-1996; Revision 1; (E)CIE 41-1978 Light as a True Visual Quantity: Principles of Measurement (1st Edition) (Reprint 1994) (E)CIE 42-1978 Lighting for Tennis (E)CIE 43-1979 Photometry of Floodlights (E)CIE 44-1979 Absolute Methods for Reflection Measurement (1st Edition) (Reprint 1990) (E)CIE 45-1979 Lighting for Ice Sports (E)CIE 46-1979 A Review of Publications on Properties and Reflection Values of Material Reflection Standards (E)CIE 47-1979 Road Lighting for Wet Conditions (E)CIE 48-1980 Light Signals for Road Traffic Control (E)CIE 49-1981 Guide on the Emergency Lighting of Building Interiors (E)CIE 51.2-1999 A METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF DAYLIGHT SIMULATORS FOR COLORIMETRY - Incorporating supplement 1CIE 52-1982 Calculations for Interior Lighting Applied Method (E)CIE 53-1982 Methods of Characterizing the Performance of Radiometers and Photometers (E)CIE 54.2-2001 RETROREFLECTION: DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENTCIE 55-1983 Discomfort Glare in the Interior Working Environment (E)CIE 57-1983 Lighting for Football (E)CIE 58-1983 Lighting for Sports Halls (E)CIE 59-1984 Polarization: Definitions and Nomenclature, Instrument Polarization (E)CIE 60-1984 Vision and the Visual Display Unit Work Station (E)CIE 61-1984 Tunnel Entrance Lighting: A Survey of Fundamentals for Determining the Luminance in the Threshold Zone (E)CIE 62-1984 Lighting for Swimming Pools (E)CIE 63-1984 The Spectroradiometric Measurement of Light Sources (E)CIE 64-1984 Determination of the Spectral Responsivity of Optical Radiation Detectors (E)CIE 65-1985 Electrically Calibrated Thermal Detectors of Optical Radiation: (Absolute Radiometers) (E)CIE 66-1984 Road Surfaces and Lighting: Joint Technical Report CIE/PIARC (E)CIE 67-1986 Guide for the Photometric Specification and Measurement of Sports Lighting Installations (E)CIE 69-1987 Methods of Characterizing Illuminance Meters and Luminance Meters: Performance, Characteristics and Specifications (E) CIE 70-1987 Measurement of Absolute Luminous Intensity Distributions (E)CIE 72-1987 Guide to the Properties and Uses of Retroreflectors at Night (E)CIE 73-1988 Visual Aspects of Road Markings: Joint Technical Report CIE/PIARC (E)CIE 74-1988 Roadsigns (E)CIE 75-1988 Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions Based Upon Brightness Matching for Monochromatic Point Sources 2 Degree and 10 Degree Fields (E)CIE 76-1988 Intercomparison on Measurement of (Total) Spectral Radiance Factor of Luminescent Specimens (1st Edition) (Reprint 1990) (E) CIE 77-1988 Electric Light Sources State of the Art - 1987 (E)CIE 78-1988 Brightness Luminance Relations: Classified Bibliography (E)CIE 79-1988 A Guide for the Design of Road Traffic Lights (1st Edition) (Reprint 1992) (E)CIE 80-1989 Special Metamerism Index: Change in Observer (1st Edition) (E)CIE 81-1989 Mesopic Photometry: History, Special Problems and Practical Solutions (1st Edition) (E)CIE 82-1990 History of the CIE: 1913-1918 (E)CIE 83-1989 Guide for the Lighting of Sports Events for Colour Television and Film Systems (2nd Edition) (E)CIE 84-1989 Measurement of Luminous Flux (1st Edition) (E)CIE 85-1989 Solar Spectral Irradiance (1st Edition) (E)CIE 86-1990 CIE 1988 2 Degree Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function for Photopic Vision (1st Edition) (E)CIE 87-1990 Colorimetry of Self-Luminous Displays - A Bibliography (1st Edition) (E)CIE 88-2004 Guide for the Lighting of Road Tunnels and Underpasses - 2nd Edition (D)CIE 89-1991 Technical Collection 1990 (E)CIE 90-1991 Sunscreen Testing (UV.B) (1st Edition) (E)CIE 93-1992 Road Lighting as an Accident Countermeasure (1st Edition) (E)CIE 94-1993 Guide for Floodlighting (1st Edition) (E)CIE 95-1992 Contrast and Visibility (1st Edition) (E)CIE 96-1992 Electric Light Sources State of the Art - 1991 (1st Edition) (E)CIE 97-2005 Guide on the Maintenance of Indoor Electric Lighting Systems - Second EditionCIE 98-1992 Personal Dosimetry of UV Radiation (1st Edition) (E)CIE 99-1992 Lighting Education (1983 - 1989) (1st Edition) (E)CIE 100-1992 Fundamentals of the Visual Task of Night Driving (1st Edition) (E)CIE 101-1993 Parametric Effects in Colour-Difference Evaluation (1st Edition) (E)CIE 102-1993 Recommended File Format for Electronic Transfer of Luminaire Photometric Data (1st Edition) (E)CIE 103-1993 Technical Collection 1993 (1st Edition) (E)CIE 104-1993 Daytime Running Lights (DRL) (1st Edition) (E)CIE 105-1993 Spectroradiometry of Pulsed Optical Radiation Sources (1st Edition) (E)CIE 106-1993 CIE Collection in Photobiology and Photochemistry (1st Edition) (E)CIE 107-1994 Review of the Offical Recommendations of the CIE for the Colours of Signal Lights (E)CIE 108-1994 Guide to Recommended Practice of Daylight Measurement (E)CIE 109-1994 A Method of Predicting Corresponding Colours Under Different Chromatic and Illuminance Adaptations (CIE 109CIE 110-1994 Spatial Distribution of Daylight - Luminance Distributions of Various Reference Skies (CIE 110.1-1995 Revision 1)CIE 111-1994 Variable Message Signs (E)CIE 112-1994 Glare Evaluation System for Use Within Outdoor Sports and Area Lighting (E)CIE 113-1995 Maintained Night-Time Visibility of Retroreflective Road Signs (E)CIE 114-1994 CIE Collection in Photometry and Rodiometry (E)CIE 115-1995 Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic (E)CIE 116-1995 Industrial Colour-Difference Evaluation (E)CIE 117-1995 Technical Report Discomfort Glare in Interior LightingCIE 118-1995 CIE Collection in Colour and VisionCIE 119-1995 23RD Session of the CIE New Delhi November 1-8, 1995 Volume 1 - Table of Contents OnlyCIE 121-SP1-2009 THE PHOTOMETRY AND GONIOPHOTOMETRY OF LUMINAIRES 鈥?SUPPLEMENT 1: LUMINAIRES FOR EMERGENCY LIGHTINGCIE 121-1996 The Photometry and Goniophotometry of LuminairesCIE 122-1996 Technical Report the Relationship Between Digital and Colorimetric Data for Computer-Controlled CRT DisplaysCIE 123-1997 Low Vision Lighting Needs for the Partially SightedCIE 124-1997 CIE Collection in Colour and Vision 1997CIE 125-1997 Standard Erythema Dose a ReviewCIE 126-1997 Guidelines for Minimizing Sky GlowCIE 127-2007 Measurement of LEDs - Second EditionCIE 128-1998 Guide to the Lighting for Open-Cast MinesCIE 129-1998 Guide for Lighting Exterior Work AreasCIE 130-1998 Practical Methods for the Measurement of Reflectance and TransmittanceCIE 132-1999 Design Methods for Lighting of RoadsCIE 133 VOL-1999 24th Session of the CIE Warsaw - June 24-30, 1999CIE 133 VOL-1999 24th Session of the CIE Warsaw - June 24-30, 1999CIE 134-1999 CIE Collection in Photobiology and Photochemistry 1999CIE 135-1999 CIE Collection 1999; Vision and Colour; Physical Measurement of Light and Radiation - Revision 1 - February 2000CIE 136-2000 Technical Report; Guide to the Lighting of Urban AreasCIE 137-2000 Technical Report; Conspicuity of Traffic Signs in Complex BackgroundsCIE 138-2000 CIE Collection in Photobiology and Photochemistry 2000CIE 139-2001 Influence of Daylight and Artificial Light on Diural and Seasonal Variations in Humans. A BibliographyCIE 140-2000 Road Lighting Calculations - Revision 2: December 2006CIE 141-2001 Testing of Supplementary Systems of PhotometryCIE 142-2001 Improvement to Industrial Colour-Difference EvaluationCIE 143-2001 International Recommendations for Colour Vision Requirements for TransportCIE 144-2001 ROAD SURFACE AND ROAD MARKING REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICSCIE 145-2002 THE CORRELATION OF MODELS FOR VISION AND VISUAL PERFORMANCECIE 146/147-2002 CIE COLLECTION on GLARE 2002CIE 148-2002 ACTION SPECTROSCOPY OF SKIN WITH TUNABLE LASERSCIE 149-2002 THE USE OF TUNGSTEN FILAMENT LAMPS AS SECONDARY STANDARD SOURCESCIE 150-2003 GUIDE ON THE LIMITATION OF THE EFFECTS OF OBTRUSIVE LIGHT FROM OUTDOOR LIGHTING INSTALLATIONSCIE 151-2003 SPECTRAL WEIGHTING OF SOLAR ULTRA VIOLET RADIATIONCIE 153-2003 REPORT ON AN INTERCOMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS OF THE LUMINOUS FLUX OF HIGHPRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS - (A)CIE 154-2003 THE MAINTENANCE OF OUTDOOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS - (C)CIE 155-2003 ULTRA VIOLET AIR DISINFECTION - (G)CIE 156-2004 GUIDELINES FOR THE EV ALUATION OF GAMUT MAPPING ALGORITHMS - (C)CIE 157-2004 CONTROL OF DAMAGE TO MUSEUM OBJECTS BY OPTICAL RADIATION - (D)CIE 158-2004 OCULAR LIGHTING EFFECTS ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHA VIOUR - (F)CIE 159-2004 A COLOUR APPEARANCE MODEL FOR COLOUR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: CIECAM02 - (C)CIE 160-2004 A REVIEW OF CHROMATIC ADAPTATION TRANSFORMS - (D)CIE 161-2004 LIGHTING DESIGN METHODS FOR OBSTRUCTED INTERIORSCIE 162-2004 CHROMATIC ADAPTATION UNDER MIXED ILLUMINATION CONDITION WHEN COMPARING SOFTCOPY AND HARDCOPY IMAGES - (C)CIE 163-2004 THE EFFECTS OF FLUORESCENCE IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF IMAGING MEDIA - (B)CIE 164-2005 HOLLOW LIGHT GUIDE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONSCIE 165-2005 CIE 10 DEGREE PHOTOPIC PHOTOMETRIC OBSERVERCIE 167-2005 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR TABULATING SPECTRAL DATA FOR USE IN COLOUR COMPUTATIONSCIE 168-2005 CRITERIA FOR THE EV ALUATION OF EXTENDED-GAMUT COLOUR ENCODINGSCIE 169-2005 PRACTICAL DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR THE LIGHTING OF SPORT EVENTS FOR COLOUR TELEVISION AND FILMING CIE 170-1-2006 FUNDAMENTAL CHROMATICITY DIAGRAM WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL AXES 鈥?PART 1CIE 171-2006 TEST CASES TO ASSESS THE ACCURACY OF LIGHTING COMPUTER PROGRAMSCIE 172-2006 UV PROTECTION AND CLOTHINGCIE 173-2006 TUBULAR DAYLIGHT GUIDANCE SYSTEMSCIE 174-2006 ACTION SPECTRUM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PREVITAMIN D3 IN HUMAN SKINCIE 175-2006 A FRAMEWORK FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF VISUAL APPEARANCE - BilingualCIE 176-2006 GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES FOR COLOUR MEASUREMENTS - BilingualCIE 177-2007 COLOUR RENDERING OF WHITE LED LIGHT SOURCESCIE 178 VOL 1-1-2007 26TH SESSION OF THE CIE BEIJING - 4 JULY - 11 JULY 2007 PROCEEDINGS Volume 1 Part 1CIE 178 VOL 1-2-2007 26TH SESSION OF THE CIE BEIJING - 4 JULY - 11 JULY 2007 PROCEEDINGS Volume 1 Part 2CIE 178 VOL 2-2007 26TH SESSION OF THE CIE BEIJING - 4 JULY - 11 JULY 2007 PROCEEDINGS Volume 2CIE 179-2007 METHODS FOR CHARACTERISING TRISTIMULUS COLORIMETERS FOR MEASURING THE COLOUR OF LIGHT CIE 180-2007 ROAD TRANSPORT LIGHTING FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIESCIE 181-2007 HAND PROTECTION BY DISPOSABLE GLOVES AGAINST OCCUPATIONAL UV EXPOSURECIE 182-2007 CALIBRATION METHODS AND PHOTOLUMINESCENT STANDARDS FOR TOTAL RADIANCE FACTOR MEASUREMENTSCIE 183-2008 DEFINITION OF THE CUT-OFF OF VEHICLE HEADLIGHTSCIE 184-2009 INDOOR DAYLIGHT ILLUMINANTSCIE S 004/E-2001 Colours of Light SignalsCIE S 005/E-1998 CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry - ISO 10526: 1999CIE S 006.1/E-1999 Road Traffic Lights - Photometric Properties of 200 mm Roundel Signals - First Edition; ISO 16508CIE S 007/E-1998 Erythema Reference Action Spectrum and Standard Erythema Dose - ISO 17166: 1999CIE S 008/E-2001 Lighting of Indoor Work PlacesCIE S 009/E-2006 Photobiological Safety of Lamps and Lamp SystemsCIE S 010/E-2004 Photometry The CIE system of physical photometry - (E)CIE S 010/E-2004 PHOTOMETRY - THE CIE SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL PHOTOMETRY - (E)CIE S 011/E-2003 Spatial Distribution of Daylight - CIE Standard General SkyCIE S 012/E-2004 Standard method of assessing the spectral quality of daylight simulators for visual appraisal and measurement of colour - (E) CIE S 013/E-2003 International Standard Global Solar UV IndexCIE S 014-1/E-2006 Colorimetry 鈥?Part 1: CIE standard colorimetric observersCIE S 014-2/E-2006 Colorimetry - Part 2: CIE Standard IlluminantsCIE S 014-4/E-2007 Colorimetry 鈥?Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour spaceCIE S 015/E-2005 Lighting of Outdoor Work PlacesCIE S 019/E-2006 Photocarcinogenesis Action Spectrum (Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers) - (E)CIE S 020/E-2007 Emergency LightingCIE X005-1992 Proceedings of the CIE Seminar on Computer Programs for Light and Lighting: 5-9 October 1992 CIE Central Bureau Vienna, Austria (Table of Contents Only) (E)CIE X006-1991 Japan CIE Session at Prakash 91: Papers Presented by Japanese CIE Members in New Delhi,India, from October 7th to 13th, 1991 (Table of Contents Only) (E)CIE X007-1993 Proceedings of the CIE Symposium on Advanced Colorimetry: 8-10 June 1993 CIE Central Bureau Vienna, Austria (Table of Contents Only) (E)CIE X008-1994 Urban Sky Glow, A Worry for Astronomy: Proceedings of a Symposium of CIE TC 4-21: 3 April 1993 Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Scotland (Table of Contents Only) (E)CIE X009-1995 Proceedings of the CIE Symposium on Advances in Photometry: 1-3 December 1994 CIE Central Bureau, Vienna, Austria (Table of Contents Only) (E)CIE X010-1996 Proceedings of the CIE Expert Symposium 麓96 Colour Standards for Image Technology 25 - 27 March 1996 at the CIE Central Bureau Vienna, Austria - Table of Contents OnlyCIE X011-1996 Special Volume 23rd Session of the CIE New Delhi, November 1-8, 1995 Late Papers - Table of Contents OnlyCIE X012-1997 Proceedings of the NPL - CIE-UK Conference Visual Scales; Photometric and Colorimetric Aspects; 24 - 26 March 1997 at the National Physical Laboratory Teddington, UKCIE X013-1997 Proceedings of the CIE LED Symposium 麓97 on Standard Methods for Specifying and Measuring LED Characteristics; 24 - 25 October 1997 at the CIE Central Bureau Vienna, AustriaCIE X014-1998 Proceedings of the CIE Expert Symposium 麓97 on Colour Standards for Imaging Technology 21-22 November 1997 at the Radisson Resort Scottsdale, Arizona USACIE X015-1998 Proceedings of the First CIE Cymposium on Lighting Quality 9 - 10 May 1998 at the National Research Council Canada Ottowa, Ontario CanadaCIE X016-1998 Reference Book Based on Presentation Given by Health and Safety Experts on Optical Radiation Hazards; September 1-3, 1998; Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA (Table of Contents Only) (E)CIE X017-2000 Special Volume; 24th Session of the CIE; Warsaw, June 24 - 30, 1999; Late Papers (Table of Content Only) (E)CIE X018-1999 Proceedings of the CIE Symposium '99; 75 Years of CIE Photometry; 30 September - 02 October 1999 at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest, Hungary (Table of Contents Only) (E)CIE X019-2001 Proceedings of Three CIE Workshops on Criteria for Road Lighting - Durban, Sourth Africa, 1997; Bath, United Kindgom, 1998; Warsaw, Poland, 1999CIE X020-2001 Proceedings of the CIE Expert Symposium 2001 on Uncertainty Evaluation Methods for Analysis of Uncertainties in Optical Radiation Measurement - 23 - 24 January 2001 at the CIE Cental Bureau; Vienna, AustriaCIE X021-2001 PROCEEDINGS of the CIE Expert Symposium 2000 on Extended Range Colour SpacesCIE X022-2001 PROCEEDINGS of the 2nd CIE Expert Symposium on LED Measurement Standard methods for specifying and measuring LED and LED cluster characteristicsCIE X023-2002 Proceedings of two CIE Worshops on Photometric Measurement Systems for Road Lighting InstallationsCIE X024-2002 PROCEEDINGS of the CIE/ARUP Symposium on Visual EnvironmentCIE X025-2002 PROCEEDINGS of the CIE Symposium '02 Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Light and Colour Perception and MeasurementCIE X026-2004 PROCEEDINGS of the CIE Symposium '04 LED Light Sources: Physical Measurement and Visual and Photobiological Assessment - Second Edition; CD-ROM INCLUDEDCIE X027-2004 PROCEEDINGS of the CIE Symposium '04 Light and Health: non-visual effects - CD-ROM INCLUDEDCIE X028-2005 PROCEEDINGS of the CIE Symposium '05 Vision and Lighting in Mesopic Conditions - CD-ROM INCLUDEDCIE X029-2006 PROCEEDINGS of the 2nd CIE Expert Symposium on Measurement UncertaintyCIE X030-2006 PROCEEDINGS of the ISCC/CIE Expert Symposium '06 75 Years of the CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer - 16 - 17 May 2006 National Research Council of Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Includes CD-ROMCIE X031-2006 PROCEEDINGS of the 2nd CIE Expert Symposium on Lighting and Health - CD-ROM INCLUDEDCIE X032-2007 Proceedings of the CIE Expert Symposium VISUAL APPEARANCE 19-20 October 2006, Paris, FranceCIE X033-2008 PROCEEDINGS of the CIE Expert Symposium on Advances in Photometry and Colorimetry 7-8 July 2008 Hotel Concorde Turin, Italy - CD-ROM INCLUDED。
热力学温度：开[尔文]（K）开尔文英文是 Kelvin 简称开，国际代号K，热力学温度的单位。
开尔文是国际单位制（SI）中7个基本单位之一，以绝对零度（0K）为最低温度，规定水的三相点的温度为 273.16K，1K等于水三相点温度的1/273.16。
特别需要注意的是：水的三相点不是冰点，冰点与气压和水中的溶质有关（比如空气），三相点只与水本身的性质有关，是恒量。
由此推算出的1K的大小与1摄氏度大致相等，且水在101.325Pa下的熔点大约为273.15K，故摄氏温标与国际温标之间的换算大约为Tc=Tk-273.15。
开尔文是为了纪念英国物理学家Lord Kelvin而命名的。
注明：国际单位制=International System of Units热力学温度是国际单位制中七个基本物理量之一，其单位开尔文(符号K)定义为水三相点热力学温度的1／273．16。
可见，水三相点既是热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是1990年国际温标(ITs 一90)定义的最基本的、极其重要的固定点。
水三相点是水的固、液、汽三相平衡共存时的温度(图l1，其值为273．16K (0．01℃)。
它是在一个密封的装有高纯度水(水的同位素成分相当于海水)的玻璃容器——水三相点瓶内复现的。
Material: PC+ABS/al + PC/PCPC: Polycarbonate聚碳酸酯 ABS: Acrylonitrile Butadiene StyreneAL: AluminumLED : Light Emitting Diode (display) 发光二极管(显示)Most digital read-outs on laboratory instruments, calculators and watches use LED display. 实验仪器、计算机、手表的数字读出大多是二极管显示Power ratio: 90lm/wLm: lumen 流明(光束的能量单位)lm是光通量的单位，通俗说就是度量一个光源发出多少光的单位lm/w是光电效率的表征，表示消耗电功率1w发出多少光能。
质量分级及“领跑者”评价要求LED柔性灯带1范围本文件规定了LED柔性灯带产品质量及企业标准水平的评价指标体系、评价方法及等级划分。
本文件适用于LED柔性灯带产品质量及企业标准水平评价。
相关机构开展质量分级和企业标准水平评估、“领跑者”评价以及相关认证时可参照使用，相关企业在制定企业标准时也可参照本文件。
2规范性引用文件下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。
其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。
GB/T2900.65-2004电工术语照明GB/T5702-2019光源显色性评价方法GB7000.1-2015灯具第1部分：一般要求与试验GB17625.1-2012电磁兼容限值谐波电流发射限值(设备每相输入电流≤16A)GB/T17743-2021电气照明和类似设备的无线电骚扰特性的限值和测量方法GB/T20145-2006灯和灯系统的光生物安全性GB/T24825-2009LED模块用直流或交流电子控制装置性能要求GB/T24823-2017普通照明用LED模块性能要求GB/T26125-2011电子电气产品六种限用物质（铅、汞、镉、六价铬、多溴联苯和多溴二苯醚）的测定GB/T26572-2011电子电气产品中限用物质的限量要求GB/T31831-2015LED室内照明应用技术要求GB/T31897.201-2016灯具性能第2-1部分：LED灯具特殊要求GB/T39943-2021LED灯串性能要求IEC60598-2-21灯具第2-21部分：特殊要求柔性灯3术语和定义GB/T2900.65界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1柔性灯带flexible rope light装进柔性半透明绝缘管内、末端密封、有或没有接缝、并且光源不可替换的灯串.注：灯带可能带有控制装置。
3.2显色指数color rendering indexCRI光源显色性的度量。
CQS色质指数1.CRI存在问题CIE显色指数广泛用于评价荧光灯和HID灯。
但是，显色指数已有40多年的历史，而白光LED却是照明业的新型光源，利用显色指数来评价LED的显色性是否合适尚不明确，并且传统显色指数的计算方法是否适用于白光LED也有待研究。
CIE规定，Ra的数值范围是0~100，Ra值越高，光源的显色性就越好。
一般认为Ra≥80，光源的显色性优良；50≤Ra≤79，光源的显色性一般；Ra＜50，光源的显色性较差。
按照CIE显色指数计算法，光源的显色指数值与光谱分布密切相关，越接近自然光谱（或者说是标准光谱），显色指数越高。
但是利用显色指数评价LED显色性时，却存在一定的问题。
以蓝光芯片加黄色荧光粉生成的白光LED为例，如果荧光粉轻微的变化一点点，释放波长虽然只是移动一点点，但显色指数值就会明显的下降，而人眼却几乎观察不到显色性的变化。
更需要引起我们注意的是，实际测试中发现，有时候显色指数低的LED甚至会比显色指数高的LED具有更完美的显色性[8]。
我们在测试LED灯具时就曾发现，显色指数低的LED灯具照射的物体，有时看起来反而更亮、更生动。
究其原因，是因为CRI值是基于光源对八块标准色样的显色性而得到的，8个颜色相对而言均为非饱和色，他们用于衡量连续且频带较宽的光源的显色性是相当不错的，而对于波形陡峭，频带狭窄的光谱而言可能会产生问题。
如果一个RGB组合光源对非饱和色的显色性很差，仍然能获得很高的CRI值。
CRI只是简单的对八块色板的特殊显色指数Ri去求算术平均值。
那么，即使光源对其中的一块或两块色样的显色性很差，它还是有可能获得一个高的CRI值。
显色指数CRI只能用来评价黑体辐射类连续发射谱光源，不能用于评价LED光源，要突破CRI的局限，推动LED照明评价标准，开辟更大的创新空间。
美国NIST(美国国家标准技术研究院)已证实以下结论：即使光源对非饱和色的显色性好，它对饱和色的县色性可能会差，但反过来，不存在这样的光源，它对饱和色的显色性好，对非饱和色的显色性不好。
LED显示屏亮度计算方法以全彩屏为例，通常红、绿、蓝白平衡配比为3：4：1 红色LED 灯亮度：亮度（CD）/M2÷点数/M2×0.3(白平衡配比占30%)÷2绿色LED 灯亮度：亮度（CD）/M2÷点数/M2×0.6(白平衡配比占60%)蓝色LED 灯亮度：亮度（CD）/M2÷点数/M2×0.1(白平衡配比占10%)(1) 已知整屏亮度求单管亮度。
例如：每平米2500 点密度，2R1G1B，每平米亮度要求为5000 cd/m2，则：红色LED 灯亮度为：5000÷2500×0.3÷2=0.3cd=300mcd绿色LED 灯亮度为：5000÷2500×0.6=1.2cd=1200mcd蓝色LED 灯亮度为：5000÷2500×0.1=0.2cd=200mcd每像素点的亮度为：0.3×2+1.2+0.2=2.0 cd=2000mcd(2) 已知单管亮度求整屏亮度。
例如：以P31.25，日亚管为例。
因为白平衡配亮度配比红：绿：蓝=3：6：1 ；又白平衡的配比以绿管亮度去配其它管。
所以如下：由红：绿=3：6 可知，绿管亮度是红管的2倍，即红管亮度为：2400(蓝)÷2=1200mcd又因为红、绿、蓝四个管中，红管有2个，所以，单个红管的亮度为：1200÷2=600mcd。
由绿：蓝=6：1可知，绿管亮度是蓝管的6倍，即蓝管亮度为：2400(蓝)÷6=400mcd因，1个发光像素=2红管+1绿管+1蓝管；即一个像素的亮度=600(红)×2+2400(绿)+400(蓝)=3400mcd=3.4cd每平方米亮度=1个发光像素的亮度×每平方米的像素密度(个数)=3.4cd×1024(像素个数)=3482cd。
COLOUR RENDERING INDEX OF LED LIGHT SOURCESSchanda J and Madár GUniversity of PannoniaABSTRACTLEDs are widely used in signalling applica-tions and in large surface displays. In recent times white light emitting LEDs start to be-come used in general lighting as well.The spectral power distribution of white LEDs differs considerably from the power distribution of traditional light sources, thus it is not to wonder that the colour rendering index developed for classical fluorescent lamps does not works properly for LEDs. In our Laboratory we have investigated the colour rendering of traditional light sources and of LEDs of different construction (blue chip plus yellow phosphor and Red-, Green-, Blue-LED combination), both determining the colorimetric characteristics and evaluat-ing their visual colour rendering properties. We could determine the differences between the mathematical method and the visual one.We have developed a number of new meth-ods to investigate the colour rendering char-acteristics of LEDs, among others based on colour harmony and a preference type of study, also using simulation techniques. This paper will show the methods we used, to-gether with some examples how light sources with different spectral power distri-bution influence the visual appearance of an environment, and how this could be de-scribed.Keywords: colour, colour rendering, LEDs. 1. INTRODUCTIONThe light source industry is currently in a major revolution, changing the light source construction from a glass (or ceramic) bulb and some gas filling construction to solid state. Several nations (Japan, USA) have started centrally funded projects to develop efficient solid state light sources: Light emit-ting diodes (LEDs) and organic light emitters (OLEDs). These sources have very different spectral power distributions (SPD) com-pared with traditional light sources, and to optimise these SPDs one needs the under-standing not only of the technological ques-tions of producing these sources, but also the lighting and visual perception issues coupled to these special SPDs. In the pre-sent paper we will deal only with inorganic LEDs, as these are already in the phase of development where they provide important competition to traditional light sources, but their application might end up in frustration if their special spectral characteristics are not well taken into consideration.The three most important photometric and colorimetric characteristics of a general purpose lamp are: efficacy (output lumen per input watts), lamp-light colour (correlated colour temperature) and colour rendering (colour rendering index). While the first two of these descriptors provide the possibility to compare LEDs with traditional light sources without any difficulty, colour rendering is a different issue, due to the very different SPDs of the LEDs.2. COLOUR RENDERING AND ITS TRADITIONAL DESCRIPTORThe CIE defined colour rendering in the In-ternational Lighting Vocabulary1 as:“Effect of an illuminant on the colour ap-pearance of objects by conscious or sub-conscious comparison with their colour ap-pearance under a reference illuminant.”The first and most difficult problem of this definition is that it requires “a reference illu-minant”, but leaves open the selection of the reference illuminant. The CIE Technical Committee that was responsible to develop the test method had long discussions on this question, because the selection of the refer-ence illuminant has profound influence on the calculation result2. Finally it was decided to use black-body radiation of the same CCT as the test source CCT below 5000 K and phases of daylight above this CCT. This meant on one side that there are an infinite number of reference illuminants, and that e.g. an incandescent lamp with a CCT of 2900 K will have the same good colour ren-dering as natural daylight. Ever since mak-ing this decision, the question has been de-bated, but no acceptable solution was found.A second problem was that the definition calls for colour appearance comparison, but no colour appearance difference metric has been accepted internationally up to now.For practical reasons the CIE finally de-cided to describe colour rendering in the form of average colour differences – in those days in the U*, V*, W* colour space3, defin-ing eight test samples with low chroma and six further ones (high chroma and often en-countered colours). A short description of the history of the colour-rendering index (CRI) can be found in 4.First major problems of the current colour rendering index method were encountered at the time when the three-band fluorescent lamps were introduced: the narrow band emission spectra of these lamps, developed specially to achieve a high colour rendering index and efficacy, did not give good visual colour rendering5,6,7,8,9,10. As LED sources have also narrow band emission it was not surprising that the current colour rendering index determination method does not work well with LEDs.3. TYPES OF WHITE LEDsLEDs are characteristically narrow band emitters, with spectral bandwidth of 30 nm to 50 nm. White light can be produced with such sources in two forms: using a short wavelength emitting LED (near UV or deep blue emitting one) and a phosphor that con-verts part of this light into longer wavelength radiation (p-LED), so that the mixture of the radiation of the LED itself and that of the phosphor layer produce white light. The other possibility is to mix the light of three well selected LEDs, a red-, a green- and a blue-emitting one (RGB-LED), eventually taking also a fourth, orange-yellow LED (RYGB-LED) to fill up a gap in the emission spectrum between the green and the red emission. Spectra of such representative LEDs of high CCT is seen in Figure 1. The p-LED and the RGB-LED have low CRI, the RYGB-LED has a much higher CRI.an RGB-, as well as RYGB-LED, together with the reference daylight spectrum.At this place we can not deal with the problems of colour stability of 3 and 4 LED combinations, we just would like to mention that this needs active feed-back circuits, but from the colour rendering and efficacy point of view the RYGB-LEDs are very promising.4. COLOUR RENDERING INDEX OF THE LEDsFigure 2 shows approximate colour repro-ductions of the eight basic CIE test samples if illuminated by the reference and the three LEDs. Figure 3 shows similar colours for the six supplementary colours: strong red, yel-low, green and blue, as well as complexion and leave green. In every sample the ΔE ab* colour differences between the test sample illuminated by the reference illuminant and the particular test source can be seen. (The author is indebted Dr. Yoshi Ohno for lend-ing the program that enabled the reproduc-tion of these colours.)Figure 2: Approximate colour reproduction of the eight basic CIE test samples by the threeselected LEDs, who’s SPDs are shown inFigure 1.Figure 3: Approximate colour reproduction of the six supplementary CIE test samples by the three selected LEDs, who’ SPD is shown inFigure 1.As it can be seen the RGB-LED is par-ticularly poor in case of the reddish and blue hues. Visual inspection not always supports this statement, especially if the reflectance spectrum of the test sample differs from that of the CIE test sample’s reflectance spec-trum, as is often the case if real life samples are considered. To test this we have pre-pared metameric samples by printing on two different ink-jet printers and a laser printer.An example is seen on Figure 4.Figure 4: Metameric samples used in colourrendering calculations.Using such metameric samples colour rendering indices were calculated for a num-ber of light sources 11. As can be seen in Figure 5 just in case of the critical R a =75 to 80 range the sample spectrum has a pro-found influence on the CRI.Figure 5: Metameric CRI versus classical CRIfor a number of sources.5. UPDATING THE CIE TEST METHOD During the past decades several attempts were made to update the test method for colour rendering determination.Investigations were carried out to test the usefulness of the CIE Test Samples 12,13,,14,15 and the chromatic adaptation formulas 16,17, testing the method for practical sources as well 18. CIE tackled the question several times, technical committees were estab-lished, and after five to ten years closed down, as they could not find a solution that every party would have agreed upon. The last such committee, CIE TC 1-33, was es-tablished in 1991 and closed down in 1999. It was unable to recommend a new colour rendering index formula, but published its closing remarks 19, and in this publication formulated some ideas that could provide guidance for future research.Visual experiments were performed al-ready before the new proposal (see e.g. 20) and further experiments were started 21,22 partly to get an alternative description of colour rendering 23. These experiments have shown that there are certainly better ways to describe the colour rendering properties of light sources, especially of white LED sources, where the white colour is produced by mixing the light of some red-, green- and blue LEDs. The CIE Division 1, responsible for light, colour and vision decided not to change the current colour rendering index calculation method, but to develop a new descriptor, such as “colour appearance ren-dering” or “colour quality index”. A Technical Committee was established in 2006 to in-vestigate this question.6. SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS TO DESCRIBE COLOUR QUALITY OF LIGHT SOURCESThe wish to supplement colour rendering with further quality descriptors is not new. Judd coined the term flattery index already in 196724. The flattery index was intended to describe whether a light source renders col-ours in a more pleasant (flattery) way then an other source. Jerome discussed the dif-ferences between flattery and rendition in detail25. Later the word preference was used instead of flattery26. Thornton’s calculation showed that colour rendering and colour preference indices do not have their opti-mum value at the same spectral distribu-tion28. Some experiments tried to combine the colour preference and colour rendition aspect in such a way that the maximum of colour rendition remained if the test source had the same SPD as the reference illumi-nant, but the worsening of the index was slower if the colour difference between the sample illuminated by the test source com-pared to the illumination by the reference illuminant deviated in the direction of higher chroma, or e.g. in case of complexion to-wards redder hues27. Other ideas went into the direction to develop a colour discrimina-tion index, as there are a number of tasks where the discrimination between small col-our differences is important28,29. All these can be supported by simulation experi-ments30. Also Davis and Ohno published on improved colour quality metrics31.The comfort experience in an interior set-ting is also influenced by the colour quality of the lighting. Bellchambers investigated visual clarity32 and found correlation be-tween visual clarity, illumination and colour rendering. Other investigations tried to correlate the different aspects of lighting quality as well (see e.g.33).An interesting new approach is based on the hue shift of many colours that shows which hues are highly distorted compared to a reference and which are rendered cor-rectly34,35.7. COLOUR QUALITY SIMULATIONOur recent studies go in a similar direction by starting from the supposition that if a de-signer has carefully chosen the colours of an environment to be pleasant under one light source, i.e. the observer gets a harmonious impression of the environment, then an other light source will be accepted if after chromatic adaptation the colours of the envi-ronment stay harmonious36. We based our experiments on McCann’s observation that when the shift of each colour in a set goes in a systematic order (e.g. all hues shift in the same direction, or all colours get lighter or darker, or all chroma increases or de-creases) the result is more acceptable com-pared to a colour distortion when the colours move in different directions in colour space. Figure 6 shows this on an example of McCann37: Compared to the original the copy on the right side was made lighter and more yellow; in the copy on the left the av-erage colour difference to the original is of the same value, but hue, lightness and chroma of the single patches was moved inarbitrary directions.Figure 6: McCanns experiment demonstrat-ing that a systematic change in colours (Copy A) looks better then a random one (Copy B).Similar effects are produced by changing a reference source to a test source in illumi-nating a multi coloured test sample. Figure 7 shows the shift in hue and chroma for a harmonious set of colours (Munsell “di-minshing series”), due to changing the illu-mination from the reference illuminant to an LED test illuminant38.Figure 7: Color coordinates of a Munsell har-monious set called “Diminishing series” under a reference illuminant (blue squares), and under a white RGB LED light source (pink circles).While the rather large change in colour for the yellow and reddish hues would not be perceived as unpleasant if only the patches Number 1 to 3 would be seen, but the colour shift of patch Number 4, 5 and 6 distorts the harmony of the arrangement.The development of a reasonable colour appearance model39 enables the display of scenes transformed to that under a refer-ence illuminant on a visual display unit. We have performed such simulated scene com-parisons, requesting observers to compare a scene as would look under a reference illu-minant (CIE D65) and under a test illumi-nant. Table 1 shows the selected sources and their correlated colour temperature Table 1: Light source characteristics used inthe present experimentDescription of light source Correlatedcolour tem-perature, KRaCIE A 2856 100CIE D65 6505 100FL 3.5 4086 96FL 3.12 2984 93FlLamp 722687 CIE FL 76497 86CIE FL 11 3999 83p-LED (cool) 9310 80p-LED(warm)2976 77 CIE FL 2 4225 64CIE FL 4 2938 51RGB-LED1 2788 44RGB-LED2 2788 27RGB-LED3 2788 -17In this new experimental paradigm the image of a scene was selected, where the spectral reflectance was known for every pixel. In the present experiment we used an image kindly supplied by Nascimento and co-workers40. Figure 8 shows the image rendered as it would look under D65 illumi-nation. The test images were calculated from this hyperspectral image, using the SPDs of the sources enumerated in Table 1.Figure 8: Image used in the present experi-ment.The white point of the generated test im-age is the white point of the test illuminant it was calculated under. The main concept of the simulation is that all images are shown in the same chromatic adaptation environ-ment (CRT display) to eliminate factors such as colour memory effects that can affect the result of the experiments negatively. The CIECAM02 colour appearance model was used to transform both images (illuminated by the test and the reference illuminant) to D65, the white point of the monitor. This way the differences between the colour appear-ances produced by the test illuminants, in-dependently of the CCT of the source could be observed and judged.7.1 ExperimentIn the experiment to be discussed here three images were shown simultaneously on the screen at one time in two rows. There were two images in the upper row and there was one in the middle of the lower row. The lower image was fixed and showed the ref-erence image. The observers’ task was to answer the question that from the two test images shown in the upper row which one was more similar to the reference image than the other one.For each test person all images were shown in random order paired with all other images. This enabled to rank order the light sources, using Thurstone’s method of paired comparisons41, to evaluate lamp-light quality compared to an ideal illuminant (Illuminant D65, as it is generally accepted that bestcolour fidelity is achieved under daylight il-lumination)∗.Table 2: Result of the experiment Visual Rank OrderDescription of light sourceCorrelated colour tem-perature, K Colour render-ing, RaRef. CIE D65 6505100 1 FlLamp 7226 87 2 CIE FL 7 6497 86 3CIE FL 113999833 FL 3.5 4086 965p-LED(cool)9310 806 CIE A 2856 1007p-LED(warm)2976 778 FL 3.12 2984 939 CIE FL 2 4225 64 10CIE FL 4293851 11 RGB-LED1 2788 4412 RGB-LED2 2788 27 13 RGB-LED3 2788-17Statistical significance of above data will be discussed in a more detailed report. 8. DISCUSSIONAnalysing the results shown in Table 2 one can draw the following conclusions:Sources with high CCT got high ranking, although CCT is not the only factor influenc-ing the quality index: warm white sources, as p-LED (warm) and FL 3.12 got higher ranking than CIE FL 2, a source of higher CCT, but with relatively low CRI.But colour rendering index is also not the ordering parameter: CIE FL 11 and FL 3.5 have almost the same CCT, but the source with lower CRI was ranked higher than the other. The same can be seen in case of the p-LED and FL 3.12.The relatively good ranking of the two p-LEDs shows clearly that CRI is not a good∗A second experiment, dealing with colour preference, will be discussed in an other pa-per.descriptor of lamp-light quality, a statement often heard as anecdotic remark.The three RGB-LEDs rank at the bottom of the scale, having also low CRI values. 9. CONCLUSIONS AND WORK IN PROGESSOur simulation experiment showed clearlythat the method of showing the images of one scene as it would look under different illuminants – but after chromatic adaptation – is a valid method to investigate lamp-light colour quality.Experiments are under way in three di-rections: 1. Using other scenes, especially onewhere humans are also in the picture, as complexion colour is one of the most sig-nificant colours for both colour rendering and colour preference. 2. Selection of sources will be slightly modi-fied: four colour (RYGB) LEDs will be in-cluded, and both at low and high CCT three and four colour LEDs will be simu-lated.3. With the most critical sources the simula-tion experiment will be supplementedwith real-life situations, using our double booth experimental set-up, that we used to show that the present CRI test method fails for quite a number of sources, and that the colour difference evaluation in the CIECAM02 space gives better corre-lation with visual observation 42. We hope that based on such experi-ments, and using our colour harmony ex-periment results as well, it will be possible to come up with a lamp-light quality index that correlates better with visual evaluation than the present CIE CRI Test Method. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAuthors would like to thank the Miescher Foundation for its continuous support. References1 CIE International Lighting Vocabulary.Publication . CIE 17.4-1987. 2 Ouweltjes JL. 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