当前位置：文档之家 › The State of the Art of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

The State of the Art of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

  • 格式：pdf
  • 大小：740.84 KB
  • 文档页数：29

TheStateoftheArtofElectricandHybridVehicles

C.C.CHAN,FELLOW,IEEE

InvitedPaper

Inaworldwhereenvironmentprotectionandenergyconser-vationaregrowingconcerns,thedevelopmentofelectricvehicles(EV)andhybridelectricvehicles(HEV)hastakenonanacceler-atedpace.ThedreamofhavingcommerciallyviableEVsandHEVsisbecomingareality.EVsandHEVsaregraduallyavailableinthemarket.Thispaperwillprovideanoverviewofthepresentstatusofelectricandhybridvehiclesworldwideandtheirstateoftheart,withemphasisontheengineeringphilosophyandkeytechnologies.Theimportanceoftheintegrationoftechnologiesofautomobile,electricmotordrive,electronics,energystorage,andcontrolsandalsotheimportanceoftheintegrationofsocietystrengthfromgov-ernment,industry,researchinstitutions,electricpowerutilities,andtransportationauthoritiesareaddressed.ThechallengeofEVcom-mercializationisdiscussed.

Keywords—Electricandhybridvehicles,electricdrives,electricpropulsion.

I.INTRODUCTION

Electricvehicle(EV)isaroadvehiclewhichinvolveswith

electricpropulsion.Withthisbroaddefinitioninmind,EVs

mayincludebatteryelectricvehicles(BEVs),hybridelec-

tricvehicles(HEVs),andfuel-cellelectricvehicles(FCEVs).

EVisamultidisciplinarysubjectwhichcoversbroadand

complexaspects.However,ithascoretechnologies,namely,

chassisandbodytechnology,propulsiontechnology,anden-

ergysourcetechnology.Itisatoughtasktowriteasurvey

paperonthismultidisciplinarysubject.Althoughthispaper

iswrittenbasedonBEV,italsoaddressesthemajorissuesof

emergingHEVandFCEV.Thepaperbeginswithreviewing

thestatusofBEVandHEV,thenfocusingontheengineering

philosophyofEVdevelopment.Subsequenttotheillustra-

tionoftheconfigurationsofbothBEVandHEV,itdiscusses

ManuscriptreceivedApril11,2001;revisedAugust10,2001.ThispaperwassupportedbytheHongKongResearchGrantCouncilunderGrantHKU7035/97E.TheauthoriswiththeDepartmentofElectricalandElectronicEngi-neering,theUniversityofHongKong,HongKong.PublisherItemIdentifierS0018-9219(02)01129-5.indetailthemajortechnologies,namely,thepropulsiontech-

nology,energysourcetechnology,andinfrastructuretech-

nology.Finally,thecommercializationaspectsarediscussed.

Theconclusionsummarizesthestateoftheartandthechal-

lengesofBEV,HEV,andFCEV.

Today,BEV,HEV,andFCEVareindifferentstagesof

development,facingdifferentchallengesandrequiringdif-

ferentstrategies.Inordertoassistthereader’sappreciation

ofthefeaturesandissuesofthesevehiclesbeforereading

thewholetext,themajorcharacteristicsofthesethreetypes

ofvehiclesaregiveninTable1.Itcanbeseenthatthecrit-

icalissueofBEVisthebattery.Therefore,BEVismainly

suitableforsmallEVforshort-rangelow-speedcommunity

transportation,whichrequiresonlysmallerbatterysize.HEV

canmeetconsumers’meet,butcostisthemajorissue.FCEV

haslong-termpotentialforfuturemainstreamvehicles.How-

ever,thetechnologyisstillintheearlydevelopmentstagebe-

causeitscostandrefuelingsystemarethemajorconcerns.

II.WHYELECTRICVEHICLES?

Letusbeginwiththeinvestigationofthegrowthofpopu-

lationandvehicles,asshowninFig.1.Inthenext50years,

theglobalpopulationwillincreasefrom6billionto10bil-

lionandthenumberofvehicleswillincreasefrom700mil-

lionto2.5billion.Ifallthesevehiclesarepropelledbyin-

ternalcombustionengines(ICEs),wherewilltheoilcome

from?Whereshouldtheemissionsbedisseminated?Would

theskybepermanentlygrey?Thegloomyanswerstothese

questionscompelpeopletostriveforsustainableroadtrans-

portationforthe21stcentury[1],[2].

Inaworldwhereenvironmentalprotectionandenergy

conservationaregrowingconcerns,thedevelopmentof

EVtechnologyhastakenonanacceleratedpacetofulfill

theseneeds.Concerningtheenvironment,EVscanprovide

emission-freeurbantransportation.Eventakingintoaccount

theemissionsfromthepowerplantsneededtofuelthe

vehicles,theuseofEVscanstillsignificantlyreduceglobal

airpollution.Fromtheenergyaspect,EVscanofferasecure,

0018-9219/02$17.00©2002IEEE

PROCEEDINGSOFTHEIEEE,VOL.90,NO.2,FEBRUARY2002247Table1CharacteristicsofBEV,HEV,andFCEV(a)

(b)

Fig.1.Growthofpopulationandvehicles.

comprehensive,andbalancedenergyoptionthatisefficient

andenvironmentalfriendliness,suchastheutilizationof

variouskindsoftherenewableenergies.Therefore,EVswillhavethepotentialtohaveagreatimpactonenergy,

environmentandtransportationaswellashi-techpromotion,

newindustrycreation,andeconomicdevelopment.

III.PAST,PRESENT,ANDFUTUREOFEVS

A.PastYearsDevelopment

EVwasinventedin1834.Duringthelastdecadeof

the19thcentury,anumberofcompaniesproducedEVs

inAmerica,Britain,andFrance.Fig.2showstheLondon

ElectricCabCompany’staxi.Duetothelimitationsassoci-

atedwiththebatteriesandtherapidadvancementofinternal

combustionenginevehicles(ICEVs),EVshavealmost

vanishedfromthescenesince1930.

Intheearly1970s,somecountries,compelledbytheen-

ergycrisis,startedtherekindlingofinterestsinEVs.In1976,

theUSAlaunchedtheElectricandHybridVehicleResearch,

Development,andDemonstrationAct,PublicLaw94–413.

Atthattime,themainquestiontobeansweredwas“Can

EVsdothejobinourmodernsociety?”althoughEVsdid

workwellinthelate1800sandearly1900s.Thedevelop-

合集下载

新能源汽车介绍英语作文 范文

新能源汽车介绍英语作文 范文

新能源汽车介绍英语作文 范文

Introduction to New Energy Vehicles

In today's world, the automotive industry is witnessing a

significant shift towards sustainability and environmental

consciousness. One of the most prominent developments in

this regard is the emergence of new energy vehicles (NEVs),

which encompass electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles,

and fuel cell vehicles. These vehicles represent a

promising solution to the pressing issues of pollution and

fossil fuel dependency. In this essay, we will delve into

the various types of NEVs and explore their benefits and

challenges.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are perhaps the most well-known

type of NEVs. They are powered by electric motors, which

draw energy from rechargeable batteries. EVs have gained

immense popularity in recent years due to their zero

tailpipe emissions and lower operating costs compared to

英语作文关于新能源汽车的优缺点

英语作文关于新能源汽车的优缺点

英语作文关于新能源汽车的优缺点

英文回答：

New energy vehicles, such as electric cars, have become

increasingly popular in recent years due to their

environmental benefits and cost savings. However, like any

new technology, they also have their own advantages and

disadvantages.

One of the main advantages of new energy vehicles is

their positive impact on the environment. Unlike

traditional gasoline-powered cars, electric cars produce

zero emissions, which helps reduce air pollution and combat

climate change. For example, I recently read a study that

showed how switching to electric cars could significantly

decrease greenhouse gas emissions in urban areas.

Another advantage of new energy vehicles is their cost

savings in the long run. While electric cars may have a

higher upfront cost compared to traditional cars, they are generally cheaper to operate and maintain. For instance,

新能源汽车外文翻译文献

新能源汽车外文翻译文献

新能源汽车外文翻译文献

Electric Cars: XXX?

As the XXX crises。wars。and increasing oil n。the need

for alternative XXX not a renewable resource。and we must find a

replacement before XXX and social progress。the n of electric

cars XXX.

Faced with high XXX costs。growing XXX。XXX and

American automakers。XXX Prius has e the world's best-selling

hybrid car。Tesla Motors。a new American automaker。has

launched its first battery-powered car。the Tesla Roadster。As of

the end of 2010.XXX hybrid car。and XXX a similar plan is

underway.

Currently。XXX vehicles。XXX。key components。and

system n。They have established a research institute with "three

verticals" of hybrid electric vehicles。pure electric vehicles。and

fuel cell vehicles。and "three horizontals" of vehicle control systems。motor drive systems。and power XXX industry。academia。and research。China has made significant progress in

英语作文技术进步优点

英语作文技术进步优点

英语作文技术进步优点

With the rapid development of science and technology,

the world has undergone tremendous changes in recent

decades. The advancement of technology has brought about

numerous benefits to human society. In this essay, I will

discuss several advantages of technological progress.

Firstly, technology has greatly improved our daily life.

With the invention of various electronic devices, such as

smartphones, laptops, and tablets, people can easily

connect with each other and access vast amounts of

information. These devices have made communication faster

and more convenient, allowing people to stay in touch with

friends and family members who live far away. Moreover,

technology has also made it easier for people to complete

daily tasks, such as shopping, banking, and paying bills,

without leaving their homes.