Elements of economics revision.

Lecture 1: MSc International Economics, Banking and Finance,International BankingRevision ListsBank and Market based Financial system, Loanable fund theory, Direct Financing vs Indirect Financing, Size, Maturity and Risk transformation. How Financial Intermediaries requires the existence of Banks, Theories: Bank as a Financial Intermediary, The Role Banks. Why are Banks Special? Theories related to Specialty, Bank typology, Universal Banking, Retail Banking, Shadow Banking, International Banking.Lecture 2:International vs. Multinational banks, Theories of Bank going to Overseas, Practice of Bank gong to Overseas, Phases of Internationalization, Types of Bank entry in foreign markets (How banks locate to overseas), Eurocurrency market, Trends and Future of international Banking. Lecture ITheoretical and Empirical views of Bank based/Market based system and Economic growth, Banking system in the USA, UK, Japan, banking in Emerging Economies.Lecture 4Lecture 5Securitization or Disintermediation, Types of Securitization, Theoretical framework: Why Bank goes f or S ecuritization? K ey p rocess o f S ecuritization, C risis a nd s ecuritization, T he i mplication o f Securitization on International banking, Prospective problems and suggested solutions of Securitization.Merger (M) and Acquisition (A), Differences between M&A, Theoretical motives of M&A, How are mergers affecting new entry in banking markets? How has Financial Innovation and Globalisation affected trends in International banking? Potential of Securitization and M&A for International Banking.Lecture 6Banking risk, Traditional and recent focus of banking risk, Bank risk typology, Measurement of Market risk, Interest rate risk measurement tools, Management of Interest rate risk,Lecture 7Measurement of Market risk using VaR, limitation of VaR, Measurement of market risk using ES, stress testing and scenario analysis, measurement and management of credit risks using Camel Rating, Z score/ Accounting based Risk index, Distance to default, RAROC. Measurement and Management of Liquidity and Operational risk. Bank Risk Measurement and Management during Crisis.Lecture 8Lecture 9What do you mean by Financial crisis? Theoretical arguments of financial crises, The cost of the recent banking and financial crises, The causes and Consequence of the GFC and Asian Financial crisis, The Crisis Management phases, The effective way of Crisis ManagementLecture 10Tutorial 1:Q1: Does Financial Intermediation require the existence of a bank? Why?Q2: Are banks special? What do you think is special about a bank? “We do not have theories of the steel-producing firm or the automobile firm”-why do you think we need a theory of the banking firm?Q3: Why banks go for global? Critically discuss the trends in international banking? Tutorial 2:Q1. What are the theories of bank competition? Discuss in brief the pros and cons of each measurement in brief. Discuss the two opposing theoretical views, the competition-stability view and t he c ompetition –fragility v iews. W hy d oes t he empirical l iterature p rovide c onflicting r esults? How can more competition lead to greater banking system stability? Does state bail out of major banks distort the competitive environment in banking system?Q3. What are the motives of mergers and acquisition? How are mergers affecting new entry in banking markets? How has financial innovation and globalisation (mergers and acquisitions) affected trends in international banking?Tutorial 3:Q1. Explain the major bank risk international banking face traditionally and now a day in the 21st century? Why the bank’s risk culture differs from other firms? What are the process in general we can reduce those risks? What is interest risk? How can we measure this? What risk management tool we can use to reduce interest rate risk?Problem solving:A portfolio consists of £10,000 in each of 2 assets, x1, and x2,. The daily standard deviations are1.3%, and 0.7%. The correlation between the returns of x1 and x2 is 0.562. Calculate the Basle recommended VaR over a 10-day horizon and the recommended capital adequacy? [Hint: VaR(Basle) = V p2.33√10σp]Tutorial 4:Q1. “The r easons w hy b anks f ailure i s n umerous a nd o ften i nterlinked. M anagerial d eficiencies a re often i mportant a nd t here i s a v ery f ine l ine b etween b ad m anagement a nd f raud”- d iscuss c ritically.Q2. Discuss the different approaches to the resolution of a failed bank. Discuss the principle of “least -cost-resolution” and how it applies to the choice of regulatory tool?Q3.Review the international regulations on money laundering activity. What insights, does the economics of crime contribute to the understanding of money laundering activity and how can it be used to combat money laundering?Tutorial 5Tutorial 5:。

Course Descriptionsfor Full-time Bilingual Top-up Bachelor ProgramsMANAGEMENT FINANCE ENGLISHBUSINESS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENTCourse Code: MGT01Course Title: 管理定量分析（Quantitative Analysis for Management）Credits: 3Course Description:管理定量分析课程是研究如何利用数据信息，作出最优决策的一门学科，是管理学科的主干课程之一。

本课程的任务是阐述管理科学中定量分析的基本思想、基本原理和方法，使学生对定量分析方法有较为全面的了解和认识，学会科学地分析已有的数据信息，统筹安排管理工作中的整体步骤，避免决策的随意性和盲目性。

其主要环节包括经验数据的提取、整理和分析、数学模型的建立、发展趋势的预测和推断、决策, 方案优劣的评判以及最优方案的确定等。

There has been an increasing tendency to turn to quantitative methods and models as a potential means for solving many of the problems that arise in management. The aims of this course are to enable students to familiarized themselves with the quantitative approaches to management decision marking, to enhance their reasoning and analytical capabilities and to develop their problem-solving skills. This course will impart an understanding of the application of quantitative methods to the areas of planning and control and to other management branches.Course Code: MGT02Course Title: 经济学（Economics）Credits: 3Course Description:本课程主要介绍有关现代经济学的一些基本原理及其应用。

险分别是：养老保险:单位每个月为你缴纳21%,你自己缴纳8%;医疗保险:单位每个月为你缴纳9%,你自己缴纳2%外加10块钱的大病统筹(大病统筹主要管住院这块);失业保险:单位每个月为你缴纳2%,你自己缴纳1%;工伤保险:单位每个月为你缴纳0.5%,你自己一分钱也不要缴;生育保险:单位每个月为你缴纳0.8%,你自己一分钱也不要缴;住房公积金:单位每个月为你缴纳8%,你自己缴纳8%以上,这么算下来,单位每个月为你缴纳的社保比例应该是21%+9%+2%+0.5%+0.8%+8%=41.3%你自己每个月为你缴纳的社保比例应该是8%+2%+10块+1%+8%=19%+10块statement of agreement 协议声明Participant Information 参加者信息Informed Consent Form 知情同意书Sponsor 申办者Study Site 研究地址approve 批准moderate to severe psoriasis 中度至重度银屑病local operation entity 当地运营实体Research and Development, Inc 研发公司Xian-Janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd 西安杨森制药有限公司the electrical activity of the heartover time心脏随时间推移的电活动be required to fast from food andliquid禁用食物和液体qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析instrumental analysis 仪器分析法flow injection analysis；FIA 流动注射分析法determinate error 可定误差coefficient of variation 变异系数confidence level 置信水平level of significance 显著性水平pooled standard debiation 合并标准偏差（组合标准差）rejection quotient ;Q 舍弃商volumetric analysis 容量分析法titrametric analysis 滴定分析法stoichiometric point 化学计量点equivalent point 等当点charge balance 电荷平衡charge balance equation 电荷平衡式mass balance 质量平衡material balance 物料平衡mass balance equation 质量平衡式acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂acid-base titrations 酸碱滴定法autoprotolysis reaction 质子自递反应constant 常数proton balance equation 质子条件式colour change interval 变色范围protonic solvent 质子溶剂aprotic solvent 无质子溶剂differentiating effect 均化效应differentiating solvent 区分性溶剂amphototeric solvent 两性溶剂dissociation 离解crystal violet 结晶紫α-naphthalphenol benzyl alcohol 萘酚苯甲醇quinadinered 奎哪啶红thymol blue 百里酚蓝azo violet 偶氮紫bromophenol blue 溴酚蓝compleximetry 配位滴定法ischemic preconditioning 缺血预适应simple ischemia-reperfusion injury单纯缺血与再灌注损伤组groupLeukocyte 白血球Floating gel 漂浮凝胶acid concentration of the medium 介质酸浓度Alginic acid 海藻酸Aluminium hydroxide 氢氧化铝antacid activity 抗酸活性Antacid agent 抗酸剂Anti-reflux agent 抗返流剂benzyl alcohol 苯甲醇blinding agent 粘合剂Bulking agent 填充剂Calcium carbonate 碳酸钙carbonate 碳酸盐combinations 复方Comparative active ingredient活性成分组成的比较compositionsDetermination of pH gradient in vitro 体外PH梯度测定Dextrates 葡萄糖结合剂drug product 制剂drug substance 原料药duration 持续时间Excipients 辅料Filling agent 填充剂Flavour 香精/香料Formation of a floating gel in vitro 漂浮凝胶在体外的形成function of the acid concentration of介质酸浓度函数the mediumGaviscon? tablets Gaviscon?片Glucose monohydrate 一水葡萄糖Granulating agent 制粒溶剂Heavy magnesium carbonate 重质碳酸镁In-house monograph 内部专论Lemon cream flavour 柠檬奶油香精/香料Lubricant 润滑剂magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁magnesium carbonate gel 碳酸镁凝胶magnesium chloride 氯化镁Magnesium stearate 硬脂酸镁Magnesium trisilicate 三硅酸镁Mean “raft” pH平均“筏”PhPeak “intra-gastric” pH胃内峰PHpeppermint flavour 薄荷香料/香精pH gradient pH 梯度pharmaceutical development 制药开发Povidone 聚维酮Quantitative composition 定量组成raft 筏Raft booster 筏推动剂Rennie? Dual Action tablets 罗内?双效片Rennie? Duo, chewable tablets 罗内?Duo咀嚼片Rennie? Duo, oral suspension 罗内?Duo口服混悬剂RENNIE? LIQUID 罗内?液体剂Saccharin sodium 糖精钠Sodium alginate海藻酸钠 Sodium bicarbonate碳酸氢钠 sodium chloride氯化钠 Sodium hydrogen carbonate碳酸氢钠 sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate对羟基苯甲酸丙酯钠 stearate硬脂酸盐 Sucrose蔗糖 Sweetener甜味剂 symptomatic treatment症状性治疗 Talc滑石粉 Xanthan gum黄原胶 6-1 ：David Grimes 教授演讲部分 long acting contraception长效避孕法 The role of long acting contraception in family planning长效避孕法在计划生育中发挥的作用 long-acting reversible contraception 长效可逆性避孕法 forgettable contraception遗忘式避孕法 overt act专门措施 Coital frequency性交频率 Progestin injection黄体酮注射 Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate 长效醋酸甲羟孕酮（DMPA ）Intrauterine Contraception 宫内避孕法 Levonorgestrel Releasing System 左炔诺孕酮释放系统 Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS)左炔诺孕酮宫内节育系统（LNG-IUS ） Single-rod progestin implant单棒黄体酮植入物 fibroids, hemoglobinopathy纤维瘤，血红蛋白病 surrogate end points替代终点 risk of ectopic pregnancies异位妊娠风险 tubal infertility输卵管性不孕 Gross Removal Rates总取出率 Levonorgestrel IUS左炔诺孕酮IUS Barrier methods屏障法 Venous thromboembolism静脉血栓形成 hysterectomy子宫切除术 endometriosis子宫内膜异位症 perimenopausal symptoms围绝经期症状 Hemoglobin and ferritin血红蛋白和铁蛋白 parous women经产妇 nulliparous women未产妇 menorrhagia / dysmenorrhea 月经过多/痛经uterine involution 子宫复旧Perforation rate 穿孔率Expulsion frequency 排出率estrogen and progesterone receptors 雌激素和孕酮受体expulsion / salpingitis 排出/输卵管炎curettage 刮除术mifepristone 米非司酮Lactation 哺乳期/泌乳partum 分娩spotting and bleeding 出血和点状出血Full breast-feeding 完全母乳喂养antiphospholipid syndrome 抗磷脂综合征anticoagulation 抗凝药estradiol 雌二醇6-2 ：Dr. Ritva Hurskainen 演讲部分endometrial resection / ablation 子宫内膜切除/消融术Submucous fibroids 黏膜下纤维化Endometrial polyps 子宫内膜息肉Ovarian tumours or cysts 卵巢肿瘤或囊肿uterine malformation 子宫畸形acne 痤疮Levonorgestrel-ReleasingIntrauterine System左炔诺孕酮宫内缓释系统Health-Related Quality of Life 健康相关生存质量Bladder-emptying 膀胱排空Urge incontinence 尿失禁Stress incontinence 压力性失禁Tranexamic acid 氨甲环酸Norethisterone 炔诺酮Myomectomy or uterine artery embolisation 子宫肌瘤剔除术或子宫动脉栓塞术endometrial ablation 子宫内膜消融术6-2 ：Yu Qi 教授演讲部分Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) 月经过多 (HMB) injected progestogens 孕激素注射剂Health Economics 卫生经济学Oophorectomy with hysterectomy 卵巢切除术联合子宫切除术Dilatation and curettage 扩刮术Impedance-controlled bipolar 阻抗控制双极射频消融术radiofrequency ablationFluid-filled thermal balloon endometrial ablation (TBEA) 充液热球囊子宫内膜消融术Microwave endometrial ablation(MEA)微波子宫内膜消融术Free fluid thermal endometrial ablation 自由流体热子宫内膜消融术Care Pathway for HMB (1) HMB的诊治路径Intermenstrual bleeding 月经间期出血Anovulatory DUB 无排卵型DUB Ovulatory DUB 排卵型DUB gynecologic complaints 妇科主诉Anti-fibrinolysis drugs 抗纤溶药Endometrial Atrophy Therapy 子宫内膜萎缩疗法Inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis 前列腺素合成抑制剂Flufenamic Acid 氟芬那酸6-2：Session 4 (Day 2) 部分的词汇menstrual disorders 月经紊乱Cervical glands 宫颈腺体Abortifacient 堕胎者Cervical smears 宫颈涂片Pelvic infection 盆腔感染Valvular heart disease 心脏瓣膜疾病Amenorrhea 闭经Menache 初潮Menstruation 行经Menopause 绝经cyclical norethisterone 环炔诺酮Non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs 非甾体类抗炎药Strong premenstrual symptoms 重度经前症状 (PMS) Contraceptive patch or ring 避孕贴或避孕环Progestin oral pills 孕激素口服片剂drospirenon 屈螺酮Migraine 偏头痛Migraine without aura 无预兆的偏头痛Ovarian cysts 卵巢囊肿flange 凸缘Paracervical blockade 宫颈旁阻滞麻醉Ibuprofen 布洛芬anteverted uterus 前倾子宫retroverted uterus 后倾子宫misoprostol 米索前列醇bleeding pattern 出血模式endometrial hyperplasia 子宫内膜增生tamoxifen 他莫西芬Clin Conf 1 - Contraception &ProfGrimes1 词汇Anovulation 停止排卵Premature ovarian failure 卵巢早衰Hyperprolactinaemia 高泌乳素血症Hypothyroidism 甲减Transvaginal ultrasound 经阴道超声Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) 多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS) Combined oral contraception 联合口服药避孕说明书Packaging Insert药品名称Article Name通用名称Generic Name汉语拼音Name In Bopomofo成分Ingredients作用类别/主治功能Function and indication 规格Strengths注意事项Precautions药物相互作用Drug Interaction有效期Expire date执行标准Executive Standard国家药品标准National drug standard批准文号Approval Document No 国药准字Guo yao zhun zi修订日期Revision Date生产地址Address of Facility如果有问题Please contact the manufacturer in case of any problem止痒Relieving Itching消炎Diminishing Inflammation非处方non-prescription (OTC) 英文中文Fly Sheet 扉页intra-individually controlled 个体自身对照dose-eomparative 剂量比较open-label 公开标签Clinical trial phase 临床试验阶段diagnostic confidence 诊断置信度qualitative evaluation 定性评价quantitative evaluation 定量评价global evaluation 总体评价physical examination 体格检查Synopsis 纲要confidence intervals. 置信区间Duration of treatment 治疗期/治疗持续时间mode of admin. 给药方式Reference therapy 参照疗法Criteria for evaluation 评价标准Efficacy 有效性signal intensity ratio 信号强度比overall visualization 总体显影c1inieal differenee 临床差异Trial Manager 试验主管Trial Director 试验总监Co-investigator 助理研究者Formulation 制剂Type of formulation 剂型Specific radioactivity 比放射性drug substance 原料药Vehicle composition 赋形剂成分Generic name 通用名Study design and plan 研究设计和计划description of rationale 原理说明Overview and justification 概述和论证Study configuration: 研究结构Level of blinding: 设盲水平Investigational product 试验性药物Interim analyses 中期分析steering committees 指导委员会Protocol amendments 方案修正Sampie size 样本量Molecular weight 分子量Structural formula 结构式Molecular formula: 分子式osmolality 克分子渗透压浓度viscosity 粘度Qualitative evaluation 定量评价localisation of lesion ? 病灶定位visualization of lesion ? 病灶显影characterization of lesion ? 病灶特征记述Equivocal 模糊No contrast 无差异Referral diagnosis 转诊诊断Pre-conifastt MRI diagnosis 增强前MRI诊断Drug relationship 药物相关性Intensity 严重程度Flow chart of trial activities 试验流程图imaging 影像学检查Baseline period 基线期Drop-outs 脱落Deviations from the trial protocol 与试验方案的背离Target variabies 靶变量Disposition of sUbjects 受试者安排Ethnic group 种族Medication history 治疗史Medical and surgical history 病史和手术史abnormal findings 异常发现pulse rate 脉率systolic blood pressure 收缩压diastolic blood pressure 舒张压general appearanee 一般状态primary tumor 原发肿瘤metastases 转移灶multiple sclerosis 多发性硬化症angiography 血管造影myelography 脊髓造影Data sets analyzed 数据组分析Diagnostic confidence: 诊断置信度Optimal injection 最佳注射Overall visualization 总体显影度signal intensity ratio 信号强度比contrast to noise ratio 对比噪声比Total drug exposure 总的药物暴露test article 供试品Text tables 正文表格Box plot 箱线图Scatter diagrams 散点图contrast agents造影剂 efficacy evaluation有效性评价 plain scans平扫 worsened变差 extent of exposure暴露程度 Total drug exposure总的药物暴露 Display and analysis of adverse events 不良事件的陈述和分析 weakness of extension伸展无力 involuntary tremor不自主震颤 tolerance indicators容许指示剂 Title Page标题页 Good Clinical Practice (GCP).药物临床试验质量管理规范（GCP ） Analysis set分析集 Intent - to - treat population意向治疗人群 Preferred population首选人群 Reader 1读片者1 blinded reading盲态读片 False positive lesions假阳性病变 Sensitivity and specificity in liver segment involvement肝段受累的敏感性和特异性 liver lobes肝叶 pooled segments混合段 pre-contrast MRI造影前MRI combined pre-and post MRI联合造影前/后MRI Lesion classification病变分类 lesion type病变类型 Assessment of enhancement增强的评估 (dynamic imaging and hepatocytephase)动态影像和肝细胞相 Signal-to-noise ratio信噪比 Contrast-to-noise ratio对比噪声比 Independent Ethics Committee (IEC) 独立伦理委员会（IEC ）Institutional Review Board (IRB)机构审查委员会（IRB ） Ethical conduct伦理学实施 study administrative structure研究行政结构 Comparators对比方法 Prior and concomitant therapy既往和目前的合用药物 Diffuse liver disease弥漫性肝病 Focal liver lesions 肝脏局灶性病变 Trackable/untrackable focal liver 可追踪性/不可追踪性肝lesions脏局灶性病变 Liver maps肝脏图谱 Lesion detection病变检出 Lesion characterization病变鉴定 Morphology形态学 Biliary system imaging增强的评估 Artifacts伪像 pre-contrast T2-weighted sequences 造影前T2加权序列 Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS)术中超声（IOUS ） Required pulse sequences规定的脉冲序列 Adjustments of image size and contrast 图像大小和对比度的调整 Biliary system imaging胆道系统成像 presence of thrombus有血栓 Adjustments for covariates对协变量的调整 Examination of subgroups亚组检查 Drug-drug and drug-diseaseinteractions药物-药物相互作用和药物-疾病相互作用 specified diffuse liver disease特定弥漫性肝病 matched lesions匹配病变 Number of correctly and incorrectly classified lesions正确和错误分类病变的数量 Mass Effect占位效应 Enhancement patterns 增强模式 New Atrial Extrasystoles Postbaseline 基线后新出现房性期外收缩New Ventricular ExtrasystolesPostbaseline基线后新出现室性期外收缩 PRODUCT MONOGRAPH药品专论 Intravenous contrast enhancement agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)静脉注射的磁共振成像（MRI ）造影剂 Submission Control No:提交文件控制号 Elimination清除 Hepatic Insufficiency肝功能不全 DOSAGE FORMS, COMPOSITION ANDPACKAGING剂型、成分和包装 Proper name专有名称 Physical form外观 Solubility溶解性 pH in water水溶液的pH Osmolality 渗透压Density密度 Bi-phasic enhanced spiral CT双相增强螺旋CT Animal Pharmacology动物药理学 Human Pharmacology人体药理学 Insufficiency功能不全 Repeated-Dose Toxicity多次给药毒性 Genotoxic Potential遗传毒性可能性 Tumorigenicity and Carcinogenicity 致肿瘤性和致癌性 Reproductive Toxicology生殖毒理学 Local Tolerance and SensitizingPotential局部耐受性和致敏可能性 Formulation number制剂编号 Substance code number原料药代码编号 specifications规格 release date发布日期 This edition supersedes替代版本 Property of Bayer Schering Pharma 所有权归Bayer ScheringPharma 所有Physical, chemical and pharmaceutical properties and formulation 物理、化学以及药理学特性和剂型Description of Drug Substance 药品说明Product interaction 产品相互作用Special Populations 特殊人群Mean (SD) serum concentrations 平均（SD ）血清浓度fecal excretion 粪便排泄量compartment model dependent （CMD ） 间室模型依赖 renal clearance 肾清除率total clearance 总清除率beats per minute(bpm) 每分钟心跳次数end stage renal failure （ESRF ） 终末阶段肾衰focal nodular hyperplasia(FNH) 局灶结节性增生field of view(FOV) 视野gradient echo(GRE) 梯度回波Hoechst Adverse Events Reaction Thesaurus System(HARTS) Hoechst 不良事件反应词典系统Gd-EOB-DTPA 钆-EOB-DTPA ，钆塞酸high pressure liquidchromatography(HPLC)高压液相色谱 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy(ICPAES )电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法 Specific Rotation 比旋光度Partition Coefficient 分配系数Time Profile 时间特征Elimination Profile 消除曲线Biotransformation 生物转化volume of distribution at steady state 稳态下分布体积repetition time 保留时间time of echo 回声时间terminal half-life 终末半衰期initial half-life 初始半衰期no observable effect level 不可观察的反应水平microsoft disk operating system 微软磁盘操作系统mean residence time 平均停留时间magnetic resonance imaging 磁共振成像magnetic resonance 核磁共振minimum lethal dose 最低致死剂量Medical Dictionary for Regulatory国际医学用语词典Activitiesmean corpuscular volume 平均血细胞体积mean corpuscular hemoglobin 红细胞平均血红蛋白含量Intraoperative ultrasound 术中超声医学英语中的缩写词aa——各et——及、和Rp.——取、请取sig./S.——用法、指示St./Stat.——立即、急速Cit.——急速s.o.s.——需要时p.r.n——必要时a.c.——饭前p.c.——饭后a.m.——上午p.m.——下午q.n.——每晚h.s.——睡前q.h.——每小时q.d.——每日1次B.i.d.——每日2次T.i.d.——每日3次Q.i.d.——每日4次q.4h.——每4小时1次p.o.——口服ad us.int.——内服ad us.ext.——外用H.——皮下注射im./M.——肌肉注射iv./V.——静脉注射iv gtt.——静脉滴注Inhal.——吸入O.D.——右眼O.L.——左眼O.S.——单眼O.U.——双眼No./N.——数目、个s.s——一半ug.——微克mg.——毫克g.——克kg.——千克（公斤）ml.——毫升L.——升q.s——适量Ad.——加至Aq.——水Aq.dest.——蒸馏水Ft.——配成Dil——稀释M.D.S.——混合后给予Co./Comp.——复方的Mist——合剂Pulv.——散剂Amp.——安瓿剂Emul.——乳剂Syr.——糖浆剂Tr.——酊剂Neb.——喷雾剂Garg.——含漱剂rtt./gutt.——滴、滴眼剂collyr.——洗眼剂Ocul.——眼膏Liq.——溶液剂Sol.——溶液Lot.——洗剂Linim.——擦剂Crem.——乳膏剂（冷霜）Ung.——软膏剂Past.——糊剂Ol.——油剂Enem.——灌肠剂Supp.——栓剂Tab.——片剂Pil.——丸剂Caps.——胶囊剂Inj.——注射剂。

anintroductionofbehavioraleconomicAn Introduction to Behavioral EconomicsNick Wilkinson>Richmond, The American International University in London :w t ' ? <,macmrtlanList of Tables and Figures xv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xxPart I Introduction1 Nature of Behavioral Economics 3I. I Behavioral economics and the standard economicmodel 4What is behavioral economics? 4The standard economic model 5Shortcomings of the standard economic model 7Evaluating theories 81.2 History and evolution of behavioral economics 10The classical and neoclassical approaches 10Post-war economic approaches 11The resurgence of psychology 11Behavioral economics, experimental economics, andneuroeconomics ' 121.3 Methods 14Economists" methods 14Psychologists' methods J 15Methodological issues 16Consilience 21Reductionism 231.4 Objectives, scope, and structure 25Objectives 25Evolutionary psychology 25Normative /aspects 27Structure, 281.5 Summary 291.6 Applications 29Case 1.1 Loss-aversion in monkeys 30 Case 1.2 Money illusion 32 Case ^.3 Altruism 35 Part II Foundations2 Values, Attitudes, Preferences, and Choices 392.1 The standard economic model 41Consumer behavior 41Preferences 41Indifference curves 42Equilibrium 422.2 Axioms, assumptions, and definitions 44Axioms 44Assumptions 45Definitions s 472.3 Weaknesses of the standard economic model 49Happiness is a three-act tragedy 49Discrepancies between objective causes and subjective*' effects 50 Expectations effects 51Addiction and abstention 51Endowment effects 52Framing effects 532.4 NatureM utility 54Historical evolution 54Cardinal and ordinal utility 55Decision utility 55Experienced utility * 58Endowment and contrast effects 58Anticipatory utility 61Residual utility , 61Diagnostic utility ' 622.5 Measurement of utility 62Total utility and objective happiness 62Dimensions of utility 63Criteria for measurement 642.6 An expected psychological utility model 68Foundations in evolutionary neurobiology 68Nature of the model 69UUNItNIS VII 2.7 Policy implications 70Jury awards of punitive damages 70 The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and public goods 72 Crime and Punishment 73 2.8 Summary 75 2.9 Applications 76 Case 2.1 When abstention is better than moderate consumption 76 Case 2.2 Environmental protection 80 Case 2.3 Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs), punishmentand happiness 81Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty 3.1 Background Expected utility theoryAnomalies in expected utility theory3.2 Conventional approaches to modifying expectedutility theory >Weighted utility theoryDisappointment theoryBetweenness modelsNonbetweenness modelsDecision-weighting theoriesRank-dependent expected utility theoryConclusions3.3 Prospect4heory,EditingEvaluation3.4 Reference pointsNaturePsychological foundation 'Empirical evidence3.5 Loss-aversionNature j ' Psychological foundationEmpirical evidence3.6 Shape of the utility functionNaturePsychological foundationEmpirical evidence3.7 Decision weightingNature84 86 86 9093 93 93 94 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 102 102 103 104 105 105 106 106 108 108 111 112 114 114VIM CONTENTSPsychological foundationEmpirical evidence3.8 Criticisms of prospect theoryLack of normative status\ The nature of the utility functionThe determination of reference pointsEndowment effects and experience in the marketThe discovered preference hypothesis and misconceptionsThe nature of framing effects3.9 ConclusionsViolations of monotonicityViolations of transitivityEvent-splitting effectsOther factors3.10 Summary3.11 ApplicationsCase 3.1 The endowment effectCase 3.2 Insensitivity to bad income newsCase 3.3 Fears of terrorist attacksf4 Mental Accounting4.1 Nature and components of mental accounting 4.2 Framing and editingImplications of prospect theoryHedonic editingEvaluation of outcomes and decision-making4.3 Budgeting and fungibilityConsumption budgetingIncome budgetingWealth budgetingTime budgetingPolicy implications i4.4 Choice bracketing and dynamics 'Opening and closing accountsPrior outcome effectsMyopic Loss-Aversion (MIA)The diversification heuristic4.5 Summary4.6 ApplicationsCase 4.1' The eauitv premium puzzle 120123127127128129130131134137 j 137138139 : 139 ' 141 | 143 | 143 I 145 ; 146149150150150151155 ; 157158160161 ! 164164167168 ! 172173 ! 175 ! 176177 ?178Case 4.2 Why you can't find a cab on a rainy day? 181 Case4.3 Consumer spending and housing wealth 184 Part III Intertemporal Choice5 The Discounted Utility Model 1895.1 Introduction 1905.2 Origins of the discounted utility model 190John Rae and the desire for accumulation 191Two different approaches 191Bohm-Bawerk and trade-offs 192Irving Fisher and indifference curve analysis 192Samuelson and the discounted utility model 1935.3 Features of the discounted utility model 194Integration of new alternatives with existing plans 195Utility independence 195Consumption independence 195Stationary instantaneous utility 196Stationary discounting 196Constant discounting 197Independence of discounting from consumption 197Diminishing marginal utility and positive time preference 1985.4 Methodology 198Types of empirical study 199Methodological issues 203Calculation of the discount rate 2055.5 Anomalies in the Discounted Utility Model 206The "sign effect" 206The "magnitude effect" 207The "delay-speedup" asymmetry 208Preference for improving sequences ° 208The "date/delay effect" 209Violations of independence and preference for spread 210Implications of anomalies J ^ 115.6 Summary ^ 2125.7 Applications 213Case 5.1 Empirical estimates of discount rates 213 6 Alternative Intertemporal Choice Models 2186.1 Time preference 220Consumption reallocation 220Intertemporal arbitrage Tl§IX CONTENTSConcave utility 221Uncertainty 221Inflation 223Expectations of changes in utility 223I Anticipatory utility 223Visceral influences 224What is time preference ? 2246.2 Hyperbolic discounting 226Time-inconsistent preferences 226Nature of hyperbolic discounting 227Implications of hyperbolic discounting 230Criticisms of the hyperbolic discounting approach 2356.3 Modifying the instantaneous utility function 236Habit-formation models 237Prospect Theory models 237Anticipatory utility models 238Visceral influence models . 2396.4 More radical models 240 jProjection bias 240Mental accounting models 241 jMultiple-self models 242 \Dual-self models 244 jThe procedural approach 246 |Conclusion 248 J6.5 Policy implications 249 !Individuals 249 jFirms 250Government 252 [6.6 Summary 255 !6.7 Applications . 257Case 6.1 Price plans for gym memberships 257Case 6.2 The savings problem 258 j Case 6.3 The desire for rising consumption profiles 263 i Part IV Strategic Interaction j 7 Behavioral Game Theory 2677.1 Nature of behavioral game theory 269 >Elements of a game 269, !Type￡ of game 272 !Beh'avioral game theory and standard game theory 21A j7.2 EquilibriumDiscrete strategiesContinuous strategies7.3 Mixed strategiesPure and mixed strategies' UnpredictabilityRandomizationEmpirical studies of mixed-strategy equilibriumBehavioral conclusions1.4 BargainingUnstructured bargainingStructured bargainingBargaining with incomplete information 7.5 Iterated gamesIteration and dominanceBeauty contest gamesIterations leading to decreased payoffs Iterations leading to increased payoffs Behavioral conclusions7.6 SignalingNature and functions of signaling Signaling and competitionSignaling and cooperationEmpirical findings from signaling games 1.1 LearningLearning and game theoryLearning theories and models Reinforcement learningBelief learningExperience-weighted attraction learning Rule learningConclusions regarding learning theory 7.8 Summary7.9 Applications /Case 7.1 Bargaining and self-serving bias Case 7.2 Market entry in monopoly8 Fairness and Social Preferences8.1 The standard economic model NatureAnomalies CONTENTS XI275275285 285 286 287 290 292 293 294 296 298 300 300 302 303 304 305 307 307 307 309 311 312 312 313 315 316 317 318 318321321322325327327328XII CONTENTS8.2 FairnessThe nature of fairnessFairness gamesNeuroeconomics and preferences for fairness 8.3 5 Factors affecting social preferences Methodological and structural variables Descriptive variablesDemographic variablesModeling social preferences8.4 Inequality-aversion modelsThe Fehr—Schmidt modelThe Bolton—Ockenfels model8.5 Reciprocity modelsThe Rabin modelThe Falk—Fischbacher model8.6 The role of evolutionary psychology Competing versus underlying theories Questionable status as a scientific theory Individual development variationsCross-cultural variations'*' One-shot and repeated games8.7 Policy implicationsMarket clearingPublic/goodsCrowding out of intrinsic incentives8.8 Summary8.9 ApplicationsCase 8.1 The Wason TestCase 8.2 Public goods and free ridingCase 8.3 Sales force compensation *330 330 332 339 341 341 349 350 353 354 355 357 359 359 362 363 364 364 364 365 365 366 366 367 368 370 371 372 376 378Part V Conclusion9 Rationality 3839.1 Nature of rationality 385Defining rationality 385Action and attitude 390Criteria for rationality 3919.2 Types of violation of rationality 392Reasoning 393Choice 394/9.319.49.59.69.79.8CaseCaseCase 10 The!10.110.210.3Nature of utilityThe role of visceral factorsSelf-deceptionObjections to violations of rationality TrivializationsMisinterpretationsInappropriate testsCauses of irrationalityEmotional distressMemory — homeostasis and allostasis Cognitive dissonance Threat to self-esteemFailure of self-regulationDecision fatigueInterpersonal rejectionFoundations in evolutionary neurobiology Consequences of irrationalityDeliberate self-harmTrade-offsCounterproductive strategiesCritique of expected utility theory as a normative theoryLimits to hedonic introspectionThe adverse effects of hedonic introspection on well-being The self-defeating nature of happiness-seeking SummaryApplications9.1 Drug addiction9.2 Don't go to the supermarket when^you are hungry 9.3 Pursuing happinessFuture of Behavioral Economics ?The agenda of behavioral economicsGood theoriesExamples of behavioral revisions to the SEM Criticisms of behavioral economicsA profusion of modelsLack of normative statusMethodologyAssumptions and conclusions1tA M I 396 396 399 400 400 403 405 408 408 410 415 416 417 417 418 418 422 422 423 424424 425426 427 430 431 431 432 435 438 439 439 440 442 442 443 444 444Xiv CONTENTSThe role of evolutionary psychology 445Parsimony and universality 44710.4 Future directions for behavioral economics 449Decision-making heuristics 4491 The formation of social preferences 450Learning processes 450The theory of mental representations 451The role of the emotions in decision-making 451The role of neurobiology 45210.5 Policy implications 453Individuals 453Firms 455Governments 45710.6 Applications 460Case 10.1 The effects of brain damage on decision-making 460 Case 10.2 Born gay? 462 Case 10.3 The bioeconomic causes of war 464 References 468 Index 503。

Revision Sheet (Introduction, Demand and Supply)Economics – the study of society’s optimal use of scarce resources∙What to produce (optimal allocation and use of resources that’ll improve societal well-being)∙How to produce (production methods and technology)∙For whom to produce (distribution of produced goods and services)Scarcity – a universal problem which says that our unlimited wants cannot be satisfied by limited resources. This applies to all human kinds; it is nonsense to say that rich countries don’t have the problem of scarcity; this is a problem which all of us must deal with.Economics is a social science focuses mainly on the analysis of the social systems of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.Ceteris Paribus – the essential assumption which allows economic models to predict outcomes and relationships with a degree of certainty and conviction simply by assuming that variables not addressed in the model are kept constant Resources/Factors of Production – the three factors most commonly referred to are land, labor and capital∙Land: a broad concept include not only the land we normally refer to as farming land and factories spaces, but also a wide variety of natural resources such as oil, water, timber and ore (矿石), the term raw material normally covers these natural resources∙Labor: the term literally explained itself, and its importance is the value-adding process to all basic natural resources – turn raw material to higher value intermediate and final goods∙Capital: be careful with its definition in Economics – it is any man-made factor of production, such as factory or machine. It is specific in that the item must be used in the production of goods and not in simple consumption. For example the whiteboard pen that is used by teachers during classes to produce education. (Therefore, money is not capital hence not a factor of production! You cannot use a stack of US$ to make a boat on a deserted island) ∙Entrepreneurship/enterprise: the form of human resource which organizes all the other factors of production, for the purpose of producing goods and services∙Money is not a factor of production! It is only an indicator of the value of other goods, nothing else!Utility – the benefit/satisfaction/usefulness one gets from the consumption of a good. The concept is quite obviously highly normative as peoples’ preferences vary greatly. Utility is thus a value-laden concept and basically impossible to measureMarginal Utility – the addition to total utility results from the consumption of one more unit of a good. Ultimately, all choices are based on the perceived marginal utility of one more unit of a goodOpportunity cost – it is the option foregone in making a choice of ‘Alternative A’ over ‘Alternative B’. Assuming that all possible choices have been ranked in order of preference, the opportunity cost is the relinquishing (i.e., giving up) of the next best possible alternativeDiminishing returns – also known as the ‘law of increasing relative costs’; it means that increasing the use of resources (input) will yield more output but at a diminishing rate, i.e., with each additional unit of input used, the additional unit of output produced will be less than the previous unit of input usedProduction Possibility Frontier (PPF) - a curve showing the maximum potential output of an economy given that:●the economy makes only 2 goods●resources can be used to produce both goods●all available resources and the best technology is usedExpansion of actual output from A toB entails that more resources areutilized (longer working hours, moremachines employed, increased use ofland, etc)BUT there are no changes intechnology, productivity or populationi.e. Ceteris ParibusNo changes in actual output BUTthere is an increase in potential output.This means that the economy iscapable of producing more goods andservices but not necessarily we will.This increase in potential output is dueto increased quality and/or quantity offactors of productionGovernment spending on education ispart of GDP therefore actual outputincreased from A to BIncreased fund on basic educationleads to better educated workforce,therefore more efficient workers andprobably innovative productiontechniques, leads to higherproductivity hence potential outputDemand – the quantity consumers are able and willing to buy at a given priceLaw of Demand – assuming ceteris paribus, a fall in the price for good X will result in an increase in the quantity demanded for good X, an increase in the price of X will result in a decrease of quantity demanded i.e., quantity demanded is negatively related to the change in the price of the goodA change in the price of the good in question will cause a movement along the demand curve i.e., a change in the price of the good will change the quantity demanded for the goodNon-price determinants of demand – any variable that changes the pattern of demand other than price is a non-price determinant of demand, which will cause the demand curve to shift i.e., quantity demanded has changed at all price levels1.Income of consumers-Positive relationship, an increase in the income will cause demand to increase2.Price of other goods-Substitute goods: the price of one good rises, the demand for the alternative good will increase – a positive relationship-Complement goods: if the price of one good falls, the demand for the other one will increase – a negative relationship3.Tastes and preferences4.Expectations5.PopulationDerived demand – when demand for X changes due to a change in demand for Y, the demand for X is derived from the demand for YSupply – the willingness, ability and propensity of suppliers to put goods on the market at a given priceLaw of Supply – assume ceteris paribus, a rise in the price for good X will result in an increase in the quantity supplied for good X; a fall in the price of X will result in a decrease of quantity suppliedAgain, a change in the price of the good in question will cause a movement along the supply curve i.e., a change in the price of the good will change the quantity supplied for the goodNon-price determinants of supply will cause a change in the supply i.e., a shift of the supply curve – quantity supplied has changed at all price levels1. A change in the relevant market factors-Increased costs of production factors will cause supply to decrease – a negative relationship-Price of related goods-When market price of X increases, the supply of supplier substitute Y decreases-When market price of X increases, the supply of supplier complement Y increases too -Expectations of firms-Market entry – new entrants will increase the supply of the goods2. A change in the availability/scarcity of production factors-More available/abundant production factors will increase the supply of goods because costs of factors will be lowered-Unexpected events, like natural disasters or social disorders such as labour strike and demonstration will negatively impact the supply of goods3. A change in the quality/efficiency of production factors-Better production methods, well trained and better educated labours i.e., increased quality/efficiency of production factors, will all increase the supply of goods4.Effects of taxes and subsidies on supply – market intervention forces imposed by the government to influencesupply-Legislations on the supply of certain goods such as drugs and weapons; alcohol, tobacco, etc-Taxes are imposed by the government so that if bearable by the producers they tend to decrease the supply of goods-Subsidies act as incentives for producers to supply more of the good especially agricultural goods Interaction of Demand and Supply。

management science的under review Management science is a multidisciplinary field that aims to apply scientific methods, models, and techniques to managerial problems and decision-making. It draws on various disciplines such as mathematics, statistics, economics, and computer science to develop solutions and approaches for optimal decision-making and problem-solving in organizations.Currently, there is a paper in the field of management science that is under review. This means that the paper has been submitted to a scholarly journal and is currently being evaluated by experts in the field for its scientific rigor, relevance, and contribution to the existing body of knowledge. In this article, we will explore the steps involved in the review process and the significance of having a paper under review.Step 1: SubmissionThe first step in the review process is the submission of the paper to a suitable journal. The authors carefully select a journal that aligns with the scope and focus of their study. They ensure that their work fits within the journal's guidelines and meets the standards set by the journal's editorial board.Step 2: Desk ReviewOnce the paper is submitted, the editorial team of the journal conducts an initial desk review. This involves assessing the paper's fit with the journal's scope, checking for adherence to formatting and citation guidelines, and screening for plagiarism or ethical issues. If the paper passes this initial review, it proceeds to the next step.Step 3: Peer ReviewIn this step, the paper is sent out for peer review. The editor of the journal selects independent experts in the field who have expertise in the topic of the paper. These experts, also known as reviewers, evaluate the paper based on several criteria, including originality, methodology, data analysis, results, and contribution to the field.Step 4: Reviewer CommentsThe reviewers provide their comments, recommendations, and criticisms in a structured feedback form. They assess the strengths and weaknesses of the paper and provide suggestions for improvement. The comments are typically sent anonymously to the authors to maintain objectivity and fairness in the review process.Step 5: RevisionBased on the reviewer comments, the authors revise their paper. They carefully address each comment, making necessary modifications to enhance the clarity, rigor, and validity of their work. This may involve conducting additional experiments, clarifying explanations, or analyzing data from a different perspective. Revision often requires substantial effort and can be atime-consuming process.Step 6: ResubmissionOnce the authors have revised their paper, they submit the revised version back to the journal. The revised paper is then re-evaluated by the editor, who may send it back to the same reviewers for a second round of review or assign new reviewers to ensure that the required changes have been adequately addressed.Step 7: Final DecisionBased on the feedback from the reviewers and the revised paper, the editor makes a final decision. The possible outcomes include acceptance, acceptance with minor revisions, major revisions, or rejection. If accepted, the paper moves forward to the publicationstage. If revisions are required, the authors undergo another round of revisions before resubmitting their work.Having a paper under review holds significant importance in the field of management science. It signifies that the paper has undergone a rigorous evaluation process by experts in the field and is being considered for publication in a reputable journal. The review process ensures the quality and validity of research, allowing for the dissemination of new knowledge and insights in the field.In conclusion, the review process for a paper under review in management science involves several steps, including submission, desk review, peer review, reviewer comments, revision, resubmission, and a final decision. This process is crucial for maintaining the standards and integrity of research in the field. Having a paper under review signifies the progress made by the authors in contributing to the field of management science.。

《政治经济学批判大纲》导言中英对照全文导言：Inroduction：现代世界的政治经济学所探讨的是资本主义社会，这是一种特定的社会经济形态。

资本主义社会的本质特征是在生产资料私有制的基础上，通过市场交换和价值增殖的方式，实现资本积累。

资本主义经济的运行规律，其发展远比表面经济现象的产生和消退要深刻。

Modern political economy explores capitalist society, which is a specific social and economic form. The essence of capitalist society is that it realizes capital accumulation through market exchange and value increase on the basis of private ownership of the means of production. The operating laws of capitalist economy are far more profound than the production and recession of surface economic phenomena.本书旨在对资本主义的经济规律进行深入批判，以揭示其中的内在矛盾和剥削机制。

资本主义存在着生产力和生产关系的矛盾，被资本主义包围的劳动者既是资本的创造者，又是被剥削压迫的阶级。

资本主义的矛盾与危机必然导致着阶级斗争的激化。

The purpose of this book is to critically analyze the economic laws of capitalism in order to reveal its inherent contradictions and exploitation mechanisms. Capitalism has contradictions between productive forces and production relations. The workers surrounded by capitalism are both the creators of capital and the exploited and oppressed class. The contradictions and crises of capitalism inevitably lead to intensified class struggle.马克思主义政治经济学的核心方法是历史唯物主义，即将政治经济学放在社会历史发展的广阔背景下加以研究。