A Simple Model of Spike Processing

视网膜功能启发的边缘检测层级模型郑程驰 1范影乐1摘 要 基于视网膜对视觉信息的处理方式, 提出一种视网膜功能启发的边缘检测层级模型. 针对视网膜神经元在周期性光刺激下产生适应的特性, 构建具有自适应阈值的Izhikevich 神经元模型; 模拟光感受器中视锥细胞、视杆细胞对亮度的感知能力, 构建亮度感知编码层; 引入双极细胞对给光−撤光刺激的分离能力, 并结合神经节细胞对运动方向敏感的特性, 构建双通路边缘提取层; 另外根据神经节细胞神经元在多特征调控下延迟激活的现象, 构建具有脉冲延时特性的纹理抑制层; 最后将双通路边缘提取的结果与延时抑制量相融合, 得到最终边缘检测结果. 以150张来自实验室采集和AGAR 数据集中的菌落图像为实验对象对所提方法进行验证, 检测结果的重建图像相似度、边缘置信度、边缘连续性和综合指标分别达到0.9629、0.3111、0.9159和0.7870, 表明所提方法能更有效地进行边缘定位、抑制冗余纹理、保持主体边缘完整性. 本文面向边缘检测任务, 构建了模拟视网膜对视觉信息处理方式的边缘检测模型, 也为后续构建由视觉机制启发的图像计算模型提供了新思路.关键词 边缘检测, 视网膜, Izhikevich 模型, 神经编码, 方向选择性神经节细胞引用格式 郑程驰, 范影乐. 视网膜功能启发的边缘检测层级模型. 自动化学报, 2023, 49(8): 1771−1784DOI 10.16383/j.aas.c220574Multi-layer Edge Detection Model Inspired by Retinal FunctionZHENG Cheng-Chi 1 FAN Ying-Le 1Abstract Based on the processing of visual information by the retina, this paper proposes a multi-layer model of edge detection inspired by retinal functions. Aiming at the adaptive characteristics of retinal neurons under periodic light stimulation, an Izhikevich neuron model with adaptive threshold is established; By simulating the perception ability of cones and rods for luminance and color in photoreceptors, the luminance perception coding layer is con-structed; By introducing the ability of bipolar cells for separating light stimulation, and combining with the charac-teristics of ganglion cells sensitive to the direction of movement, a multi-pathway edge extraction layer is constructed;In addition, according to the phenomenon of delayed activation of ganglion cell neurons under multi-feature regula-tion, a texture inhibition layer with pulse delay characteristics is constructed; Finally, by fusing the result of multi-pathway edge extraction with the delay suppression amount, the final edge detection result is obtained. The 150colony images from laboratory collection and AGAR dataset are used as experimental objects to test the proposed method. The reconstruction image similarity, edge confidence, edge continuity and comprehensive indicators of the detection results are 0.9629, 0.3111, 0.9159 and 0.7870, respectively. The results show that the proposed method can better localize edges, suppress redundant textures, and maintain the integrity of subject edges. This research is oriented to the task of edge detection, constructs an edge detection model that simulates the processing of visual information by the retina, and also provides new ideas for the construction of image computing model inspired by visual mechanism.Key words Edge detection, retina, Izhikevich model, neural coding, direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs)Citation Zheng Cheng-Chi, Fan Ying-Le. Multi-layer edge detection model inspired by retinal function. Acta Automatica Sinica , 2023, 49(8): 1771−1784边缘检测作为目标分析和识别等高级视觉任务的前级环节, 在图像处理和工程应用领域中有重要地位. 以Sobel 和Canny 为代表的传统方法大多根据相邻像素间的灰度跃变进行边缘定位, 再设定阈值调整边缘强度和冗余细节[1]. 虽然易于计算且快速, 但无法兼顾弱边缘感知与纹理抑制之间的有效性, 难以满足复杂环境下的应用需要. 随着对生物视觉系统研究的进展, 人们对视觉认知的过程和视觉组织的功能有了更深刻的了解. 许多国内外学者在这些视觉组织宏观作用的基础上, 进一步考虑神经编码方式与神经元之间的相互作用, 并应用于边缘检测中. 这些检测方法大多首先会选择合适的神经元模型模拟视觉组织细胞的群体放电特性, 再关联例如视觉感受野和方向选择性等视觉机制, 以不收稿日期 2022-07-14 录用日期 2022-11-29Manuscript received July 14, 2022; accepted November 29,2022国家自然科学基金(61501154)资助Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (61501154)本文责任编委 张道强Recommended by Associate Editor ZHANG Dao-Qiang1. 杭州电子科技大学模式识别与图像处理实验室 杭州 3100181. Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Image Processing,Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018第 49 卷 第 8 期自 动 化 学 报Vol. 49, No. 82023 年 8 月ACTA AUTOMATICA SINICAAugust, 2023同的编码方式将输入的图像转化为脉冲信号, 经过多级功能区块处理和传递后提取出图像的边缘. 其中, 频率编码和时间编码是视觉系统编码光刺激的重要方式, 在一些计算模型中被广泛使用. 例如,文献[2]以HH (Hodgkin-Huxley)神经元模型为基础, 使用多方向Gabor滤波器模拟神经元感受野的方向选择性, 实现神经元间连接强度关联边缘方向,将每个神经元的脉冲发放频率作为边缘检测的结果输出, 实验结果表明其比传统方法更有效; 文献[3]在 LIF (Leaky integrate-and-fire) 神经元模型的基础上进行改进, 引入根据神经元响应对外界输入进行调整的权值, 在编码的过程中将空间的脉冲发放转化为时序上的激励强度, 实现强弱边缘分类, 对梯度变化幅度小的弱边缘具有良好的检测能力. 除此之外, 也有关注神经元突触间的相互作用, 通过引入使突触的连接权值产生自适应调节的机制来提取边缘信息的计算方法. 例如, 文献 [4] 构建具有STDP (Spike-timing-dependent plasticity) 性质的神经元模型, 根据突触前后神经元首次脉冲发放时间顺序来增强或减弱突触连接, 对真伪边缘具有较强的辨别能力; 文献 [5] 则在构建神经元模型时考虑了具有时间不对称性的STDP机制, 再融合方向特征和侧抑制机制重建图像的主要边缘信息, 其计算过程对神经元突触间的动态特性描述更加准确.更进一步, 神经编码也被应用于实际的工程需要.例如, 文献 [6]针对现有的红外图像边缘检测算法中存在的缺陷, 构建一种新式的脉冲神经网络, 增强了对红外图像中弱边缘的感知; 文献 [7] 则通过模拟视皮层的处理机制, 使用包含左侧、右侧和前向3条并行处理支路的脉冲神经网络模型提取脑核磁共振图像的边缘, 并将提取的结果用于异常检测,同样具有较好的效果. 上述方法都在一定程度上考虑了视觉组织中神经元的编码特性以及视觉机制,与传统方法相比, 在对复杂环境的适应性更强的同时也有较高的计算效率. 但这些方法都未能考虑到神经元自身也会随着外界刺激产生适应, 从而使活动特性发生改变. 此外, 上述方法大多也只选择了频率编码、时间编码等编码方式中的一种, 并不能完整地体现视觉组织中多种编码方式的共同作用.事实上, 在对神经生理实验和理论的持续探索中发现, 视觉组织(以视网膜为例)在对视觉刺激的加工中就存在着丰富的动态特性和编码机制[8−9]. 视网膜作为视觉系统中的初级组织结构, 由多种不同类型的细胞构成, 共同组成一个纵横相连、具有层级结构的复杂网络, 能够针对不同类型的刺激性选择相应的编码方式进行有效处理. 因此, 本文面向图像的边缘检测任务, 以菌落图像处理为例, 模拟视网膜中各成分对视觉信息的处理方式, 构建基于视网膜动态编码机制的多层边缘检测模型, 以适应具有多种形态结构差异的菌落图像边缘检测任务.1 材料和方法本文提出的算法流程如图1所示. 首先, 根据视网膜神经元在周期性光刺激下脉冲发放频率发生改变的特性, 构建具有自适应阈值特性的Izhikevich 神经元模型, 改善神经元的同步发放能力; 其次, 考虑光感受器对强弱光和颜色信息的不同处理方式编码亮度信息, 实现不同亮度水平目标与背景的区分;然后, 引入固视微动机制, 结合神经节细胞的方向选择性和给光−撤光通路的传递特性, 将首发脉冲时间编码的结果作为双通路的初级边缘响应输出;随后, 模拟神经节细胞的延迟发放特性, 融入对比度和突触前后偏好方向差异, 计算各神经元的延时抑制量, 对双通路的计算结果进行纹理抑制; 最后,整合双通路边缘信息, 将二者融合为最终的边缘检测结果.1.1 亮度感知编码层构建神经元模型时, 本文综合考虑对神经元生理特性模拟的合理性和进行仿真计算的高效性, 以Izhikevich模型[10]为基础构建神经元模型. Izhike-vich模型由Izhikevich在HH模型的基础上简化而来, 在保留原模型对神经元放电模式描述的准确性的同时, 也具有较低的时间复杂度, 适合神经元群体计算时应用, 其表达式如下式所示v thv th 其中, v为神经元的膜电位, 其初始值设置为 −70; u为细胞膜恢复变量, 设置为14; I为接收的图像亮度刺激; 为神经元脉冲发放的阈值, 设置为30; a描述恢复变量u的时间尺度, b描述恢复变量u 对膜电位在阈值下波动的敏感性, c和d分别描述产生脉冲发放后膜电位v的重置值和恢复变量u的增加程度, a, b, c, d这4个模型参数的典型值分别为0.02、0.2、−65和6. 若某时刻膜电位v达到,则进行一次脉冲发放, 同时该神经元对应的v被重置为c, u被重置为u + d.适应是神经系统中广泛存在的现象, 具体表现为神经元会根据外界的刺激不断地调节自身的性质. 其中, 视网膜能够适应昼夜环境中万亿倍范围的光照变化, 这种适应能够帮助其在避免饱和的同时保持对光照的敏感性[11]. 研究表明, 视网膜持续1772自 动 化 学 报49 卷接受外界周期性光刺激时, 光感受器会使神经元细胞的活动特性发生改变, 导致单个神经元的发放阈值上升, 放电频率下降; 没有脉冲发放时, 对应阈值又会以指数形式衰减, 同时放电频率逐渐恢复[12].因此, 本文在Izhikevich 模型的基础上作出改进,加入根据脉冲发放频率对阈值进行自适应调节的机制, 如下式所示τ1τ2τ1τ2v th τ1v th τ2其中, 和 分别为脉冲发放和未发放时阈值变化的时间常数, 其值越小, 阈值变化的幅度越大, 神经元敏感性变化的过程越快; 反之, 则表示阈值变化的幅度越小, 神经元敏感性变化的过程也就越慢.生理学实验表明, 在外界持续光刺激下, 神经元对刺激产生适应导致放电频率降低后, 这种适应衰退的过程比产生适应的过程通常要长数倍[13]. 因此,为了在准确模拟生理特性的同时保证计算模型的性能, 本文将 和 分别设置为20和40. 这样, 当某时刻某个神经元产生脉冲发放时, 则对应阈值 根据 的值升高, 神经元产生适应, 活跃度降低; 反之, 对应阈值 根据 的值下降, 神经元的适应衰退, 活跃度提升. 实现限制活跃神经元的脉冲发放频率, 促进不活跃神经元的脉冲发放, 改善神经元群体的同步发放能力, 减少检测目标内部冗余. 图2边缘检测结果图 1 边缘检测算法原理图Fig. 1 Principle of edge detection algorithm8 期郑程驰等: 视网膜功能启发的边缘检测层级模型1773显示了改进前后的Izhikevich 模型对图像进行处理后目标内部冗余情况.0∼255为了规范检测目标图像的亮度范围, 本文将输入的彩色图像Img 各通路的亮度映射到 区间内, 如下式所示Img (;i )I (;i )其中, 和 表示经亮度映射前和映射后的R 、G 、B 三种颜色分量图像; max(·) 和min(·)分别计算对应分量图像中的最大和最小像素值.光感受器分两类, 分别为视锥细胞和视杆细胞[14], 都能将接收到的视觉刺激转化为电信号, 实现信息的编码和传递. 其中, 视锥细胞能够根据外界光刺激的波长来分解为三个不同的颜色通道[15].考虑到人眼对颜色信息的敏感性能有效区分离散目标与背景, 令图像中的每个像素点对应一个神经元,将R 、G 、B 三种颜色分量图像分别输入上文构建的神经元模型中, 在一定时间范围内进行脉冲发放,如下式所示fires (x,y ;i )其中, 为每个神经元的脉冲发放次数,函数Izhikevich(·)表示式(2)给出的神经元模型.视杆细胞对光线敏感, 主要负责弱光环境下的外界刺激感知. 当光刺激足够强时, 视杆细胞的感知能力达到饱和, 视觉系统转为使用视锥细胞负责亮度信息的处理[16]. 因此, 除了对颜色信息敏感外,视锥细胞对强光也有高度辨别能力. 考虑到作为检测对象的图像中, 目标与背景具有不同的亮度水平,本文构建一种综合视锥细胞和视杆细胞亮度感知能力的编码方法, 以适应目标与背景不同亮度对比的多种情况, 如下式所示I base I base (x,y )fires Res (x,y )其中, var(·) 计算图像亮度方差; ave(·) 计算图像亮度均值. 本文取三种颜色分量图像中方差最大的一幅作为基准图像 , 对于其中的像素值 ,将其中亮度低于平均亮度的部分设置为三种颜色分量脉冲发放结果的最小值, 反之设置为最大值, 最终得到模型的亮度编码结果 , 实现在图像局部亮度相对较低的区域由视杆细胞进行弱光感知, 亮度较高区域由视锥细胞处理, 强化计算模型对不同亮度目标和背景的区分能力, 凸显具有弱边缘的对象. 图3显示了亮度感知编码对存在弱边缘的对象的感知能力.1.2 基于固视微动的多方向双通路边缘提取层Img gray 人眼注视目标时, 接收的图像并非是静止的,而是眼球以每秒2至3次的微动使投射在视网膜上的图像发生持续运动, 不断地改变照射在光感受器上的光刺激[17]. 本文考虑人眼的固视微动机制,在原图像的灰度图像 上构建大小为3×3的微动作用窗口temp , 使窗口接收到的亮度信息朝8个方向进行微动, 如下式所示p i q i θi temp θi d x d y 其中, 和 是用于决定微动方向 的参数, 其值被设置为 −1、0或1, 通过计算反正切函数能够得到以45° 为单位、从0° 到315° 的8个角度的微动方向, 对应8个微动结果窗口 ; 和 分别表示水平和竖直方向的微动尺度; Dir 为计算得到(a) 原图(a) Original image (b) Izhikevich 模型(b) Izhikevich model (c) 改进的 Izhikevich 模型(c) Improved Izhikevich model图 2 改进前后的Izhikevich 模型对图像进行脉冲发放的结果对比图Fig. 2 Comparison of the image processing results of the Izhikevich model before and after improvement1774自 动 化 学 报49 卷Dir (x,y )的微动方向矩阵, 其中每个像素点的值为 ;sum(·) 计算窗口中像素值的和. 本文取每个微动窗口前后差异最大的方向作为该点的偏好方向, 分别用数字1 ~ 8表示.视网膜存在一类负责对运动刺激编码、具有方向选择性的神经节细胞 (Direction-selective gangli-on cells, DSGCs)[18]. 经过光感受器处理, 转化为电信号的视觉信息, 通过双极细胞处理后传递给神经节细胞. 双极细胞可分为由光照增强 (ON) 激发的细胞和由光照减弱 (OFF) 激发的细胞[19], 分别将信号输入给光通路 (ON-pathway)和撤光通路 (OFF-pathways) 两条并行通路[20], 传递给光运动和撤光运动产生的刺激. 而神经节细胞同样包括ON 和OFF 两种, 会对给光和撤光所产生的运动方向做出反应[21]. 因此, 本文构造5×5大小的对特定方向微动敏感的神经节细胞感受野窗口, 将其对偏好方向和反方向微动所产生的响应分别作为给光通路和撤光通路的输入. 以偏好方向为45° 的方向选择性神θi fires Res S xy ∗通过上述定义, 可以形成以45° 为单位、从0°到315° 的8个方向的感受野窗口, 与上文 的8个方向对应. 之后本文在亮度编码结果 上构筑与感受野相同大小的局部窗口 , 根据最优方向矩阵Dir 对应窗口中心点的方向, 取与其相同和相反方向的感受野窗口和亮度编码结果进行卷积运算 (本文用符号 表示卷积运算), 分别作为ON 和OFF 通道的输入, 如下式所示T ON T OFF 考虑到眼球微动能够将静止的空间场景转变为视网膜上的时间信息流, 激活视网膜神经元的发放,同时ON 和OFF 两通路也只在光刺激的呈现和撤去的瞬时产生电位发放, 因此本文采用首发脉冲时间作为编码方式, 将 和 定义为两通路首次脉冲发放时间构成的时间矩阵, 并作为初级边缘响应的结果. 将1个单位的发放时间设置为0.25, 当总发放时间大于30时停止计算, 此时还未进行发放的神经元即被判断为非边缘.1.3 多特征脉冲延时纹理抑制层视网膜神经节细胞在对光刺激编码的过程中,外界刺激特征的变化会显著影响神经元的反应时间. 研究发现, 当刺激对比度增大时, 神经元反应延时会减小, 更快速地进行脉冲发放; 反之, 则反应延时增大, 抑制神经元的活性[22]. 除此之外, 方向差异也会影响神经元活动, 突触前后偏好方向相似的神经元更倾向于优先连接, 在受到外界刺激时能够更快被同步激活[23]. 因此, 本文引入视网膜的神经元延时发放机制, 考虑方向和对比度对神经元敏感性的影响, 构造脉冲延时抑制模型. 首先结合局部窗口权重函数计算图像对比度, 如下式所示ω(x i ,y i )其中, 为窗口权重函数, L 为亮度图像, Con(a) 原图(a) Original image (b) Izhikevich 模型(b) Izhikevich model (c) 改进的 Izhikevich 模型(c) Improved Izhikevich model (d) 亮度感知编码(d) Luminance perception coding图 3 不同方式对存在弱边缘的菌落图像的处理结果Fig. 3 Different ways to process the image of colonies with weak edges8 期郑程驰等: 视网膜功能启发的边缘检测层级模型1775S xy x i y i µ=∑x i ,y i ∈S xy ω(x i ,y i )为对比度图像, 为以(x , y )为中心的局部窗口,( , ) 为方窗中除中心外的周边像素, ws 为局部方窗的窗长, . 之后考虑局部方窗中心神经元和周边神经元方向差异, 同时用高斯函数模拟对比度大小与延时作用强度之间的关系, 构建脉冲延时抑制模型, 如下式所示D Dir (x,y )D Con (x,y )D (x,y )∆Dir (x i ,y i )min {|θ(x i ,y i )−θ(x,y )|,2π−|θ(x i ,y i )−θ(x,y )|}δ其中, 和 分别表示方向延时抑制量和对比度延时抑制量; 为计算得到的综合延时抑制量; 为突触前后神经元微动方向的差异, 被定义为 ; 用于调节对比度延时抑制量.T ON T OFFRes ON Res OFF 将上文计算得到的两个时间矩阵 和 中进行过脉冲发放的神经元与综合延时抑制量相加, 同样设置1个单位的发放时间为0.25, 将经延时作用后总发放时间大于30的神经元设置为不发放, 即判定为非边缘, 反之则判定为边缘. 根据式(19)和式(20) 得到两通道边缘检测结果 和. 最后, 将两通道得到的结果融合, 得到最终边缘响应结果Res ,如下式所示2 算法流程基于视网膜对视觉信息的处理顺序和编码特性, 本文构建图4所示的算法流程, 具体步骤如下:1) 根据视网膜在外界持续周期性光刺激下产生的适应现象, 在式(1)所示的Izhikevich 模型上作出改进, 构建如式(2)所示的具有自适应阈值的Izhikevich 模型.2) 根据式(3)将作为检测目标的图像映射到0 ~ 255区间规范亮度范围, 接着分离3种通道的颜色分量, 根据式(4)输入到改进的Izhikevich 模型中进行脉冲发放.3) 根据式(5)的方差计算提取出基准图像, 再结合基准图像根据式(6)对三通道脉冲发放的结果进行亮度感知编码, 得到亮度编码结果.4) 考虑人眼的固视微动机制, 根据式(7)和式(8)通过原图的灰度图像提取每个神经元的偏好方向, 得到微动方向矩阵, 接着根据式(9)和式(10)构筑8个方向的方向选择性神经节细胞感受野窗口.5) 根据式(11)和式(12), 将感受野窗口与亮度编码图像作卷积运算, 并输入Izhikevich 模型中得到ON 和OFF 通路的首发脉冲时间矩阵, 作为两通道的初级边缘响应.6) 根据式(13) ~ 式 (15), 结合局部窗口权重计算图像对比度.7) 考虑对比度和突触前后偏好方向对脉冲发放的延时作用, 根据式(16) ~ 式 (18)构建延时纹理抑制模型, 并根据式(19)和式(20)将纹理抑制模型和两通道的初级边缘响应相融合.8) 根据式(21)将两通路纹理抑制后的结果在神经节细胞处进行整合, 得到最终边缘响应结果.3 结果为了验证本文方法用于菌落边缘检测的有效性, 本文选择Canny 方法和其他3种同样基于神经元编码的边缘检测方法作为横向对比, 并进行定性、定量分析. 首先, 选择文献[4]提出的基于神经元突触可塑性的边缘检测方法(Synaptic plasticity model, SPM), 用于对比本文方法对弱边缘的增强效果; 其次, 选择文献[24]提出的基于抑制性突触的多层神经元群放电编码的边缘检测方法 (Inhibit-ory synapse model, ISM), 验证本文的延时抑制层在抑制冗余纹理方面的有效性; 然后, 选择文献[25]提出的基于突触连接视通路方向敏感的分级边缘检测方法(Orientation sensitivity model, OSM), 对比本文方法在抑制冗余纹理的同时保持边缘提取完整性上的优势; 最后, 还以本文方法为基础, 选择去除亮度感知编码后的方法(No luminance coding,NLC)作为消融实验, 以验证本文方法模拟光感受器功能的亮度感知编码模块的有效性.本文使用实验室在微生物学实验中采集的菌落图像和AGAR 数据集[26]作为实验对象. 前者具有丰富的颜色和形态结构, 用于检验算法对复杂检测环境的适应性; 后者则存在更多层次强度的边缘信息, 菌落本身与背景的颜色和亮度水平也较为相近,用于检测算法对颜色、亮度特征和弱边缘的敏感性.本文通过局部采样生成150张512×512像素大小的测试图像, 其中38张来自实验室采集, 112张来自AGAR 数据集. 然后分别使用上文的6种边缘1776自 动 化 学 报49 卷检测算法提取图像边缘, 使每种算法得到150张边缘检测结果, 其中部分检测结果如图5所示.定性分析图5可知, Canny 、SPM 和ISM 方法在Colony4和Colony5等存在弱边缘的图像中往往会出现大面积的边缘丢失. OSM 方法对弱边缘的敏感性强于以上3种方法, 但仍然会出现不同程度的边缘断裂, 且在调整阈值时难以均衡边缘连续性和目标菌落内部冗余. NLC 方法同样丢失了Colony4和Colony5中几乎所有的边缘, 对于Colony3也只能检出其中亮度较低的菌落内部, 对于梯度变化不明显的边缘辨别力差. 与其他方法相比, 本文方法检出的边缘更加显著且完整性更高, 对于弱边缘也有很强的检测能力, 在Colony3、Colony4和Colony5等存在多层次水平强弱边缘的菌落图像中能够取得较好的检测结果. 为了对检测结果进行定量分析并客观评价各方法的优劣, 计算边缘图像重建相似度MSSIM [27]对检测结果进行重建, 并计算重建图像与原图像的相似度作为边缘定位的准确性RGfires (R)fires (G)亮度编码结果Luminance codingresult方差计算Variance1 2 3ON-result对比度Contrast脉冲延时抑制量Neuron spiking delay感受野窗口感受野窗口DSGC templateOFF-通路输出OFF-result 5)6)7)图 4 边缘检测算法流程图Fig. 4 The procedure of edge detection algorithm8 期郑程驰等: 视网膜功能启发的边缘检测层级模型1777图 5 Colony1 ~ Colony5的边缘检测结果(第1行为原图; 第2行为Canny 检测的结果; 第3行为SPM 检测的结果; 第4行为ISM 检测的结果; 第5行为OSM 检测的结果; 第6行为NLC 检测的结果; 第7行为本文方法检测的结果)Fig. 5 Edge detection results of Colony1 to Colony5 (The first line is original images; The second line is the results of Canny; The third line is the results of SPM; The fourth line is the results of ISM; The fifth line is the results of OSM;The sixth line is the results of NLC; The seventh line is the results of the proposed method)1778自 动 化 学 报49 卷指标. 首先对检测出的边缘图像做膨胀处理, 之后将原图像上的像素值赋给膨胀后边缘的对应位置,得到的图像记为ET , 则边缘重建如下式所示T k ET d k 其中, 为图像 上3×3窗口中8个方向的周边像素, 为窗口中心像素点与周边像素的距离, 计算得到重建图像R . 重建图像的相似度指标如下式所示µA µB σA σB σAB 其中, 和 为原图像和重建图像的灰度均值, 和 为其各自的标准差, 为原图像与重建图像之间的协方差. 将原图像和重建图像各自分为N 个子图, 并分别计算相似度指标SSIM , 得到平均相似度指标MSSIM . 除此之外, 为了验证边缘检测方法检出边缘的真实性和对菌落内部冗余纹理的抑制能力, 本文计算边缘置信度BIdx [28], 根据边缘两侧灰度值的跃变程度判断边缘的真伪. 边缘置信度指标如下式所示σij E (x i k ,y ik )(x i ,y i )d i其中, 为边缘像素在原图像对应位置的邻域标准差, EdgeNum 为边缘像素数量. 另外, 本文进一步计算边缘连续性 CIdx [29]来验证检出目标的边缘完整性. 首先将得到的边缘图像E 分割为m 个区域, 分别计算每个区域中的边缘像素 到其空间中心 的距离 ,则连续性指标如下式所示c i k C i n i 其中, 为边缘连续性的贡献值, D 为阈值, 为第i 个区域的像素点的连续性贡献值之和,为第i 个区域边缘像素点数量. 最后, 将计算得到的3个指标根据下式融合, 得到综合评价指标EIdx [21]其中, row 和col 分别为原图像的行数和列数. 于是, 检测图像的各项性能指标如表1 ~ 表5所示, 图像重建的结果如图6所示.表 1 不同检测方法下的重建相似度MSSIM Table 1 MSSIM of different methodsSerial number MSSIMCanny SPMISMOSMNLC本文方法Colony10.74520.77250.83570.92650.91750.9371Colony20.79510.79710.84900.95280.94470.9725Colony30.85760.86620.83140.91490.83370.9278Colony40.96900.98270.98380.98870.98930.9972Colony50.96340.97580.97800.97710.98830.9933表 2 不同检测方法下的边缘置信度BIdx Table 2 BIdx of different methodsSerial number BIdxCanny SPMISMOSMNLC本文方法Colony10.49880.46180.43070.58010.50580.6026Colony20.18210.15370.15530.33650.46150.4479Colony30.19830.15100.16100.26340.12630.3257Colony40.16310.14880.19060.14370.15210.2016Colony50.16200.18960.19020.18820.17350.1654表 3 不同检测方法下的边缘连续性CIdxTable 3 CIdx of different methodsSerial numberCIdxCanny SPMISMOSMNLC本文方法Colony10.83770.85300.86010.86760.97490.9652Colony20.80690.86550.85330.82930.91770.9518Colony30.80640.74080.72930.82690.77640.9406Colony40.81430.86110.90440.84300.90150.9776Colony50.90470.84480.86320.85920.87090.95718 期郑程驰等: 视网膜功能启发的边缘检测层级模型1779。

absolute intensityA display or plot mode in which the signal intensity is proportional to theacquisition timeattenuationThe control applied to voltages (including signal from the sample) within the spectrometer. High attenuation gives low-voltage, low-attenuation gives high-voltage.B 0The static magnetic field. The magnetic flux density is expressed in tesla,T, or often, as an equivalent 1H resonance frequency (for example, 300MHz for a 7 T magnet).B 1Magnetic field associated with a radio-frequency (r.f.) pulse. Often expressed as an equivalent value in kHz.bandshapeUsually used when referring to a complex lineshape or a group of overlapping plex bandshapes often arise from quadrupolar nuclei (see figure 2).centrebandThe signal at the isotropic chemical shift. Its position is the same at all spin-rates.channelThe individual frequencies or frequency bands of a spectrometer. For example: H-channel (proton), C-channel (carbon) or broad-band (or X) channel (usually anything except H).chemical shiftNumber used for reporting the position of a line (νi )relative to a reference line (νref ) in a high-resolution spectrum. The chemical shift parameter is denoted δ and quoted in ppm.coherence pathwayDescription of an experiment that allows the excitation of the spins to be followed. Useful for experiments where excitation or selection of signal from one-, two- or multiple-quantum transitions is needed.contact timeTime during which two matched radio-frequency fields are applied simultaneously in a CP experiment.CPCross-polarisation. Any experiment where energy (magnetisation) is transferred from the nuclei of one element (often H) to those of another.dead-time Time between a pulse and the switch on of the receiver. The spectrometercircuitry needs time to settle after transmitting the high voltage associatedwith a pulse before it can detect the very low voltage associated with thesignal from the sample. See figure 1.610×−=ref ref i νννδTerminology Commonly Used in NMR SpectroscopyFigure 2. Bandshape from a single 11B environment.磁共振成像常用技术术语d.c. offset Constant-value offset occurring in the FID (see “Problems”). Results ina central (zero-frequency) “spike” artefact in the spectrum whentransformed.deconvolution Mathematical process used to determine the intensities of overlappinglines.digital resolution This depends on the Fourier number. The bigger the Fourier number thegreater the number of data points per Hz of the spectrum and the higherthe digital resolution. See “Processing”.DP Direct-polarisation. An experiment in which the nuclei to be observedare excited directly.duty cycle A value used to assess whether anexperiment might damage thespectrometer (or the sample). Theduty cycle should never exceed 20 %(see “How to Choose a RecycleDelay”)dwell Spacing between data points in the time-domain. Can depend on theway acquisition is implemented but, commonly, dwell = 1/spectral width. endcap Open rotors have to be closed with endcaps before they can be spun. FID Free Induction Decay (see figure 1).field Magnetic field, with flux density quoted in T (Tesla) for the static magneticfield (B). For the magnetic field associated with an r.f. pulse the fluxdensity is given in mT or, more usually, expressed as a kHz equivalent(see “Matching”).flip-back Experimental procedure for shortening recycle times (see “How to Choosea Recycle”).Fourier number The number of points used in the FT. Always a power of 2.frequency domain Where information is displayed as a function of frequency - the spectrum FT Fourier Transform. Mathematical process to convert time-domain tofrequency-domain. Designed to work with 2n (n = integer) data points. gain Amplification applied to the received signal.Gauss Non-SI unit of magnetic field flux density. The SI equivalent is Tesla (T),1 T = 10,000 Gintensity On its own - the height of a line. Integrated-intensity is the area under theline.linebroadening Spectra can be artificially linebroadened to improve their appearance.This involves multiplying the FID with a decaying function prior to the FT.See “Processing”.lineshape The shape of individual lines in a spectrum. Commonly, Gaussian orLorentzian (figure 3) or a mixture of the two, are encounteredexperimentally.linewidth This is usually the full width at half-height (δν½)r.f. on-timer.f. on-time + r.f. off-timeduty cycle =magic-angle54.7° or 54° 44´magnetisation when described classically (non-quantum mechanically) an ensemble ofspins at equilibrium in an external magnetic field has a net magnetisationprecessing about an axis aligned along that field.magnetogyric ratio Symbol γ . A fundamental physical constant of elements with non-zerospin. For example γH is 2.675x108 rads -1T -1.matchShort for Hartmann-Hahn match (see “Matching”)noisenormalised intensity Signal intensity can be multiplied by an arbitrary factor to give a particularheight to the highest (often) line or the integrated intensity. Opposite ofabsolute intensity.nuclear spin quantum number Symbol I . A fundamental property of a nucleus. Only nuclei with I > 0are said to be NMR “active”.phase (1)The phase of a pulse relates to its position in the xy plane of the rotating frame.phase (2)The phase of a spectral line comes from the way in which the real and imaginary components of a complex FT are combined (see “Processing”).phase cycling The way in which the phase of a pulse (or the receiver) is changed duringsuccessive repetitions of a pulse sequence. Used to suppress artefactsand select specific coherence pathways.ppm Parts per million. Usual way of reporting a chemical shift. A frequencydifference ∆ Hz 610×∆≈n observatio ν ppm precession“Movement of the axis of a spinning body around another axis” (as a gyroscope)probeThe business end of the spectrometer, where the sample goes.pulse angle When described in the rotating frame a pulse rotates the magnetisationthrough an angle θ. A pulse that rotates the magnetisation though 90° iscalled a 90° pulse.pulse duration Time for which a pulse occurs.quadrupole Any nucleus with I > ½.recycle (time)Or pulse delay or relaxation delay. Time between the end of dataacquisition and the start of excitation in successive repetitions of a pulsesequence. (See “How to Choose a Recycle”).referenceThe material giving the signal which defines the zero position in a high-heightresolution spectrum.repetitionsThe number of times a pulse sequence is repeated in an experiment.resolutionThe ability to separate closely spaced lines (see figure 4). As a rule of thumb,a pair of lines will be resolved if their linewidth is less than their separation.resolution enhancementThe opposite of linebroadening. An FID multiplied by an appropriate combination of increasing and decaying functions can yield extra resolution in a spectrum. See “Processing”.rotary echoA feature of an FID that occurs at intervals of 1/spin-rate (see “How to Set the Magic-angle”). They give rise to spinning sidebands in the spectrum.rotating frameA mathematical tool to make the effect of a pulse easy to visualise.Magnetisation precessing at ν Hz in a laboratory-based xyz axis system appears static in an axis system (frame) rotating at ν Hz.rotorThe container that holds the sample. Often referred to in terms of its outside diameter (for example, 5 mm).saturationCondition that arises when there is no population difference between excited and ground states. No signal is observable under such conditions.sidebandsOr spinning sidebands. Under some circumstances sidebands appear in a spectrum. They can occur on both sides of a centreband and separated from it by a frequency equal to the spin-rate. A spectrum may contain a manifold of sidebands and the centreband is not necessarily more intense than all of the sidebands.signalThe FID or one or more of the lines in a spectrum.signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)Ratio of the height of a line or signal (usually the largest) to the noise.Definitions of the measurement of noise vary. Signal increases as n (the number of repetitions) but noise only increases by √n so S/N increases by √n.spectral widthDifference in frequency of the two ends of the full spectrum. Not to be confused with the now largely obsolete term sweep width.spinA property of a nucleus with non-zero nuclear spin-quantum number (I ),as in spin-½. Or, simply, a nucleus with a magnetic moment.spin-lockIf, after a 90°x pulse a second, long-duration (spin-lock) r.f. field is applied along the y-axis the magnetisation is said to be spin-locked.spin-rateThe rate at which the sample is spun.spin-temperature inversionA manipulation carried out within the phase cycling of a CP experiment to remove magnetisation originating directly from the X-channel contact pulse.standard Any sample used to set-up the spectrometer and/or to define the zeroposition in the spectrum.Figure 4. Two lines of constant spacing but different linewidth.T 1Spin-lattice relaxation time-constant. Relates to the time taken for excited spins, in the presence of B 0, to loose energy to their surroundings and return to their equilibrium state.T 1ρSpin-lattice relaxation time-constant in the rotating frame. As for T 1 but this time in the presence of an applied radio-frequency field B 1.T 2Spin-spin relaxation time-constant. Relates to the time for a conserved exchange of energy between spins.T 2*A time-constant sometimes used to describe the decay of the observed time-domain signal (T 2* ≤ T 2). The shorter T 2* the broader the associated signal(s) in the spectrum.time-domainWhere information is recorded or displayed as a function of time (see figure 1).transmitter offsetThis allows fine control of the position of a transmitter (carrier frequency).With an appropriate offset, signals can be put exactly on-resonance or a specific amount off-resonance. Can be applied to any spectrometer channel.truncationIf the acquisition time is shorter than the FID then truncation of the FID is said to have occurred (See “Problems”).zero filling If the number of data points is not a power of two then zeroes are addedto the acquired data so that the total number of points Fourier transformedis 2n . Zero filling adds no signal to the spectrum but it can improveresolution (see “Processing”).。

高中英语第二部分 VOA慢速英语《美国万花筒》第20课（文本）素材英语翻议讲解：1.abolitionist n.废除主义者,废奴主义者2.arsenal n.兵工厂,械库,武器，火库3.capture vt.抓取,获得,迷住例句：A large reward is offered for the capture of the criminals. 巨额悬赏捉拿这些罪犯。

The novel captured the imagination of thousands of readers. 这部小说引起了千万读者的想象。

4.sustainable adj.(对自然资源和能源的利用)不破坏生态平衡的, 合理利用的可持续的例句：Water Resource Protection and Sustainable Utilization 水资源保护与可持续利用。

1.To some people this building is the scene of a crime, where a murderer and a traitor was captured and brought to justice.bring to justice使归案受审例句：The police must do all they can to bring the criminals to justice. 警方必须尽力把罪犯送交法庭审判。

2.She is using her fame as a race car driver to bring environmental issues to the attention of millions of racing fans.bring to the attention of引起某人的注意例句：That way, you can bring a pattern of behavior to management's attention. 这样你就可以提请公司主管注意你老板的不当行为。

Central Processing UnitThe central processing unit (CPU, occasionally central processor unit) is the hardware withina computer system which carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains much the same.On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single silicon chip called a microprocessor. Since the 1970s the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations. Modern CPUs are large scale integrated circuits in packages typically less than four centimeters square, with hundreds of connecting pins.Two typical components of a CPU are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations, and the control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.Not all computational systems rely on a central processing unit. An array processor or vector processor has multiple parallel computing elements, with no one unit considered the "center". Inthe distributed computing model, problems are solved by a distributed interconnected set of processors.1. Where Did CPUs Come From?When the 1970s dawned, computers were still monster machineshidden in air-conditioned rooms and attended to by technicians in whitelab coats. One component of a mainframe computer, as they wereknown, was the CPU, or Central Processing Unit. This was a steel cabinetbigger than a refrigerator full of circuit boards crowded with transistors.Computers had only recently been converted from vacuum tubes totransistors and only the very latest machines used primitive integratedcircuits where a few transistors were gathered in one package. Thatmeans the CPU was a big pile of equipment. The thought that the CPUcould be reduced to a chip of silicon the size of your fingernail was thestuff of science fiction.2. How Does a CPU Work?In the '40s, mathematicians John Von Neumann, J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly came upwith the concept of the stored instruction digital computer. Before then, computers were programmed by rewiring their circuits to perform a certain calculation over and over. Byhaving a memory and storing a set of instructions that can be performed over and over, aswell as logic to vary the path of instruction, execution programmable computers were possible.The component of the computer that fetches the instructions and data from the memory and carries out the instructions in the form of data manipulation and numerical calculations is called the CPU. It’s central because all the memory and the input/output devices must connect to the CPU, so it’s only natural to keep the cables short to put the CPU in the middl e. It does all the instruction execution and number calculations so it’s called the Processing Unit. The CPU has a program counter that points to the next instruction to be executed. It goes through a cycle where it retrieves, from memory, the instructions in the program counter. It then retrieves the required data from memory, performs the calculation indicated by the instruction and stores the result. The program counter is incremented to point to the next instruction and the cycle starts all over.3. The First MicroprocessorIn 1971 when the heavy iron mainframe computers still ruled, a small Silicon Valley company was contracted to design an integrated circuit for a business calculator for Busicom. Instead of hardwired calculations like other calculator chips of the day, this one was designed as a tinyCPU that could be programmed to perform almost any calculation.The expensive and time-consuming work of designing a customwired chip was replaced by the flexible 4004 microprocessor andthe instructions stored in a separate ROM (Read Only Memory)chip. A new calculator with entirely new features can be createdsimply by programming a new ROM chip. The company that startedthis revolution was Intel Corporation. The concept of a general purpose CPU chip grew up to be the microprocessor that is the heart of your powerful PC.4. 4 Bits Isn’t EnoughThe original 4004 microprocessor chip handled data in four bitchunks. Four bits gives you sixteen possible numbers, enough tohandle standard decimal arithmetic for a calculator. If it were onlythe size of the numbers we calculate with, we might still be usingfour bit microprocessors.The problem is that there is another form of calculation a storedinstruction computer needs to do. That is it has to figure outwhere in memory instructions are. In other words, it has tocalculate memory locations to process program branchinstructions or to index into tables of data.Like I said, four bits only gets you sixteen possibilities and even the 4004 needed to address 640 bytes of memory to handle calculator functions. Modern microprocessor chips likethe Intel Pentium 4 can address 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bytes of memory, though the motherboard is limited to less than this total. This led to the push for more bits in our microprocessors. We are now on the fence between 32 bit microprocessors and 64 bit monsters like the AMD Athlon 64.5. The First Step Up, 8 BitsWith a total memory address space of 640 bytes, the Intel 4004chip was not the first microprocessor to be the starting point for apersonal computer. In 1972, Intel delivered the 8008, a scaled up4004. The 8008 was the first of many 8- bit microprocessors to fuelthe home computer revolution. It was limited to only 16 Kilobytes of address space, but in those days no one could afford that much RAM.Two years later, Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessor with 64 Kilobytes ofmemory space and increased the rate of execution by a factor of ten over the8008. About this time, Motorola brought out the 6800 with similarperformance. The 8080 became the core of serious microcomputers that led tothe Intel 8088 used in the IBM PC, while the 6800 family headed in the directionof the Apple II personal computer.6. 16 Bits Enables the IBM PCBy the late '70s, the personal computer was bursting at the seams of the 8 bitmicroprocessor performance. In 1979, Intel delivered the 8088 and IBM engineers used it for the first PC. The combination of the new 16 bit microprocessor and the name IBM shifted the personal computer from a techie toy in the garage to a mainstream business tool.The major advantage of the 8086 was up to 1 Megabyte of memoryaddressing. Now, large spreadsheets or large documents could be read infrom the disk and held in RAM memory for fast access and manipulation.These days, it’s not uncommon to have a thousand times more than that in a single 1 Gigabyte RAM Module, but back in that time it put the IBM PC in the same league with minicomputers the size of a refrigerator.7. Cache RAM, Catching Up With the CPUWe’ll have to continue the marchthrough the lineup of microprocessors inthe next installment to make way for thefirst of the enhancements that youshould understand. With memory spaceexpanding and the speed ofmicroprocessor cores going ever faster,there was a problem of the memorykeeping up.Large low-powered memories cannot goas fast as smaller higher power RAMchips. To keep the fastest CPUs running full speed, microprocessor engineers started inserting a few of the fast and small memories between the main large RAM and the microprocessor. The purpose of this smaller memory is to hold instructions that get repeatedly executed ordata that is accessed often.This smaller memory is called cache RAM and allows themicroprocessor to execute at full speed. Naturally, the larger thecache RAM the higher percentage of cache hits and themicroprocessor can continue running full speed. When the programexecution leads to instructions not in the cache, then theinstructions need to be fetched from the main memory and themicroprocessor has to stop and wait.8. Cache Grows UpThe idea of cache RAM has grown along with the size andcomplexity of microprocessor chips. A high-end Pentium4 has 2 Megabytes of cache RAM built into the chip. That’smore than twice the entire memory address space of theoriginal 8088 chip used in the first PC and clones. Puttingthe cache right on the microprocessor itself removes theslowdown of the wires between chips. You know you aregoing fast when the speed of light for a few inches makes adifference!9. Cache Splits UpAs I mentioned above, smaller memories can be addressedfaster. Even the physical size of a large memory can slow itdown. Microprocessor engineers decided to give the cachememory a cache. Now we have what is known as L1 and L2cache for level one and level two. The larger and slower cache isL2 and is the usual size quoted in specifications for cachecapacity. A few really high-end chips like the Intel Itanium II hadthree levels of cache RAM.Beware that the sheer size of cache RAM or the number of layers are not good indications of cache performance. Different microprocessor architectures between Intel and AMD make it especially hard to compare their cache specifications. Just like Intel’s super high clock rates don’t translate into proportionately more performance, doubling of cache size certainly doesn’t double the performance of a microprocessor. Benchmark tests are not perfect, but are a better indicator of microprocessor speed than clock rate or cache size specifications.Final WordsWe hope you enjoyed this first installment of the history of microprocessors. It’s nice to know the humble beginnings and compare them to how far we have come in the computing capability of a CPU. Understanding the basics of how a microprocessor works gives you a leg-up on grokking the more advanced features of today’s Mega-microprocessors.。

石油英语词汇(M2)margianl-ocean basin 边缘洋盆margin capacity 备用容量margin design 边限设计margin for contingencies 发生意外预留量margin line 界限线margin of drill 钻头切削边缘；钻锋圆边margin of lift 升举限度margin of safety 安全系数margin plate bracket 舭肘板margin plate 缘板margin tolerance 公差范围margin 边缘marginal accretion 边缘增生marginal adjustment 边际调整marginal analysis 边际分析marginal arc 边缘弧marginal assimilation 边缘同化marginal aulacogen 边缘坳拉槽marginal bank 边滩marginal barrier 边缘堤marginal basin 边缘盆地marginal capital coefficient 边际资本系数marginal checking 边缘校验marginal contribution 边际效益marginal cost 边际成本marginal crude oil production 边际原油生产marginal data 图例说明marginal deep sea 陆缘深海marginal deep 边渊marginal definition 边缘清晰度marginal deposit 边缘沉积marginal depression 边缘坳陷marginal development 从油田边缘向中间开发marginal distribution 边缘分布marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率marginal efficiency 边际效率marginal facies association 边缘相组合marginal facies 边缘相marginal fault 边缘断层marginal field 边际油气田marginal flood 边缘注水marginal fold 边缘褶皱；附加褶皱marginal freight rate 边际运费率marginal geosyncline 陆缘地槽marginal income statement 边际收益表marginal income 边际收益marginal indifference curve 边际无差别曲线marginal investment 边际投资marginal lagoon 边缘泻湖marginal layer 边际油气层marginal market 边际市场marginal offset 边缘断错marginal oil field 边际油田marginal operation 边缘操作marginal output curve 边际产量曲线marginal price 边际价格marginal principle 边际原理marginal probability 边际概率marginal producer 边际生产井marginal production rate 边际产量marginal productivity 边际生产力marginal profit 边际利润marginal prospects 边际矿区marginal ray 边光marginal revenue 边际收入marginal ridge 围脊marginal ring depression 边缘环形坳陷marginal rise 边缘隆起marginal sea 陆缘海marginal sharpness 边缘清晰度marginal spray 边界喷涂marginal stability 临界稳定性marginal strike 边际产量发现井marginal subsidence 边缘沉陷marginal swell 边缘隆起marginal thrust 边缘冲断层marginal time 临界时间marginal trench 边缘海沟marginal type wharf 顺岸码头marginal unconformity 边缘不整合marginal upthrust 边缘上冲断层marginal utility 边际效用marginal value 临界值；边际值marginal well 边际井marginal 边缘的marginal-marine 滨海的marginalia 图廓marginality 边际性marginarium 边缘区Margodoporites 边沟孔粉属maria mare的复数marialite 钠柱石marignacite 铈烧绿石marigraph 验潮计marine 3-D survey 海上三维勘探marine accident 海上事故marine accumulation 海洋堆积marine acoustics 水声学marine airgun 海洋空气枪marine algae 海藻marine anchor 海上锚定物marine animal 海洋动物marine bar 海相砂坝marine basin 海盆marine beach 海滩marine bed 海相层；海床marine bench 海蚀台marine biocycle 海洋生物带marine biology 海洋生物学marine bottom community 海底群落marine bottom sediment 海底沉积物marine cable 海上电缆marine chemistry 海洋化学marine clastics 海上碎屑岩marine clay 海相粘土marine climate 海洋性气候marine conductor 海上钻井导管marine corrosion 海水腐蚀marine crossing 水下穿越marine cycle 海蚀旋回marine cylinder oil 船用汽缸油marine delta plain 海洋三角洲平原marine denudation 海水侵蚀marine deposit 海相沉积marine detector cable 海上检波电缆marine detector 海上检波器marine diesel engine oil 船用柴油机油marine disaster 海难marine drift 海流marine drilling platform 海上钻井平台marine drilling 海上钻井marine ecology 海洋生态学marine energy source 海上震源marine engine 船用发动机marine engineering survey 海洋工程测量marine environment 海洋环境marine erosion 海蚀marine erosional unconformity 海蚀不整合marine erratics 海相漂砾marine evaporite 海相蒸发岩marine exposure test 海洋环境腐蚀试验marine facies 海相marine fouling organism 海洋污着生物marine fouling 海洋污着marine fungi 海生菌类marine gathering line 海上集输管线marine geochemical prospecting 海洋地球化学探矿marine geology 海洋地质学marine geophysics 海洋地球物理学marine gravimeter 海洋重力仪marine gravimetric survey 海洋重力测量marine gravity meter 海洋重力仪marine group 海员marine growth 海生物marine hydrology 海洋水文学marine ingression 海进marine insurance contract 海洋运输保险合同marine invasion 海侵marine law 海上法marine life 海洋生物marine limestone 海相灰岩marine loss 海损marine magnetometer 海洋磁力仪marine magnetometry 海洋磁力测量marine map 海图marine marsh 沿海沼泽marine navigation 海上导航marine offlap 海上退覆marine oil spill 海上漏油marine oil 海洋石油marine onlap 海相上超marine operation 海上作业marine organism 海洋生物marine origin 海成marine petroleum exploitation 海洋石油开采marine pipe-laying 海上铺管marine plain 海蚀平原；海积平原marine platform 海蚀台地；海上平台marine pneumatic seismic source 海洋压缩空气震源marine pollution prevention law 海洋防污染法规marine pollution 海洋污染marine positioning 海洋定位marine processing technique 海上处理技术marine progressive overlap 海侵超覆marine prospecting 海上勘探marine protection 海洋保护marine railway cradle 船排承架marine railway 船排marine reconnaissance 海上普查marine reflection survey 海洋反射测量marine refraction survey 海洋折射测量marine regression 海退marine reptiles 海栖爬行类marine reservoir rock 海相储集岩marine resources 海洋资源marine riser 隔水管marine salina 海边盐沼marine sdeimentation 海洋沉积作用marine sediment 海洋沉积marine seepage 海底油苗marine seismic cable 海洋地震电缆marine seismic crew 海上地震队marine seismic generator 海洋地震信号发生器marine seismic operation 海上地震作业marine seismic source 海上震源marine seismic streamer 海洋地震拖缆marine seismics 海洋地震学marine seismograph 海洋地震仪marine slipway 船排marine source 海上震源marine streamer 海洋拖缆marine structure 海工结构marine succession 海洋生态演替marine swamp 沿海木本沼泽marine swivel 船用旋转接头marine talus 海下岩屑堆积marine tankage 油轮载量marine terminal 海洋油库；海运末站marine time 海洋地质时代marine transgression 海侵marine trap 海相圈闭marine unconformity 海成不整合marine vertical seismic profiling 海洋垂直地震剖面marine white gasoline 船用白汽油marine 海上的；船用的；船舶marine-built 海积的marineline 海底管线mariner's compass 船用罗盘marining 海侵mariposite 铬硅云母mariposition 海洋沉积Marisat 海上卫星通信系统maritime affair 海运事务Maritime Arbitration Commission 海事仲裁委员会maritime climate 海洋性气候maritime distress 海难maritime glacier 海洋性冰川maritime insurance 海上保险maritime law 海洋法maritime peril 海上遇险maritime province 沿海区域Maritime resources 海洋资源maritime sequence 海岸层序maritime territory 领海maritime work 海工；海塘工程maritime 海的mariupolite 淡霞钠长岩mark buoy 标识浮标mark card 标记卡片mark of conformity 合格标志mark off 区分mark out 标出mark pulse 标志脉冲mark reader 标记读出器mark scannng 标记扫描mark sensed card 标记读出卡片mark up pricing 提高标价法mark 标志mark-on 加标mark-up 涨价Markalius 马卡里氏颗石marked check 保付支票marked compound 标记化合物marked depth line 标定深度线marked flask 带刻度烧瓶marked point 觇标点marked prescription bottle 有标记的样品瓶markedness 显著marker beacon 无线电指向标marker bed 标准层marker bouy 标志浮筒marker crude price 基准油价marker crude 标志原油marker formation 标准层marker horizon 标准层marker register 时标寄存器marker spacing 标志间距marker velocity 标准层速度marker 反射标准层marker-and-cell method 标记点和格子法market abroad 海外市场market analysis 市场分析market climate 市场气候market collapse 市场不景气market consultation 市场咨询market control 市场控制market demand factor 市场需求系数market demand stages 市场需求层次market economy 市场经济market environment 市场环境market feedback 市场反馈market for capital goods 生产资料市场market forecast 市场预测market growth rate 市场需求增长速度market intelligence 市场情报market letter 商情报告书market mechanism 市场机制market mentality 市场心态market occupancy 市场占有率market outlet 市场销路market outlook 市场前景market ouvert 公开市场market practice 习惯作法market price 市场价格market readjustment 市场调节market report 市场报告market research 市场调查market risk 市场风险market saturation 市场饱和market segmentation 市场区分market sepculation 市场投机market share 市场占有率market structure 市场结构market study 市场调研market survey 市场调查market value of the share 股票市价market value of the stock 股票市价market value 市价market 市场market-grade screen 市场级筛网market-oriented production 面向市场的生产market-sharing arrangement 市场分配协定market-to-cost method 市价-成本法marketability 变现能力marketable natural gas 商品天然气marketable securities 可售证券marketable value 市场价值marketable 有销路的marketing channel 销售渠道marketing decision variable 销售决策变量marketing expenses 销售费用marketing indicia 推销标识marketing information 销售信息marketing myopia 经营短视者marketing operation 销售业务marketing planning 市场规划marketing strategy simulation 市场策略模拟marketing technique 销售技术marketing 市场学marketing-oriented management 市场导向型管理markfieldite 斜长花斑岩marking compound 涂色剂marking current 信号电流marking ink 划线蓝铅油marking pin 测钎marking point 标志点marking 标志Markite 导电性塑料markka 马克Markov chain 马尔科夫链Markov operator 马尔科夫算子Markov process 马尔科夫过程Markov sequence 马尔科夫序列Markovian decision 马尔科夫决策Markovian variable 马尔科夫变量markovnikite 富萘石油Markovnikov's rule 马尔科夫尼科夫法则marl ball 泥灰球marl biscuit 泥灰饼marl lake 泥灰湖marl shale 泥灰页岩marl slate 易劈泥灰岩marl 泥灰岩marlaceous 泥灰质的marlekor 冰泥钙结核marlin 绳索marline spike 穿钢绳的工具marlite 硬泥灰岩marloesite 橄榄钠长斑岩marlstone 硬泥灰岩marly bituminous shale 泥灰沥青质页岩marly clay 泥灰质粘土marly 泥灰岩的marmolite 白叶蛇纹岩Marmor 马莫阶marmoration 用大理石贴面marmorization 大理岩化marmorosis 大理岩化marosion 海洋侵蚀marosite 云辉等色岩marque 商品型号marquench 分级淬火marriage 密切结合marrow 髓；精华；活力marry the rope 接钢绳MARS 多道存取检索系统MARS 多孔磁阻开关MARS 管理分析报告系统Mars 火星marscoite 花岗辉长混染岩marsh basin 沼泽盆地marsh buggy 沼泽车marsh dragline 沼泽地拉铲挖土机Marsh funnel viscosity 马氏漏斗粘度Marsh funnel 马氏漏斗marsh gas 沼气marsh geophone 沼泽检波器marsh ground 沼泽地marsh lake 沼泽湖marsh land coast 沼泽海岸marsh land 沼泽地区marsh peat 沼泽泥炭marsh pipelaying barge 沼泽地铺管船marsh pipeline 沼泽地管线marsh plant 沼泽植物Marsh viscometer 马氏粘度计marsh 沼泽marshal 整顿；安排；引导；集结marshy terrain 沼泽地带marshy 沼泽的marsupials 有袋类Marsupipollenites 袋粉属mart 商业中心；市场martempering 分级淬火martensite 马氏体martensitic stucture 马氏体组织martingale 弓式接线；弓形拉线Martiniaster 马廷尼星石martinite 响白碧玄岩marundite 珠云刚玉岩MARV 机动重返大气层运载工具marver 乳光玻璃板marworking 形变热处理mAs 毫安秒MAS 金属-氧化铝-硅MAS 金属氧化铝半导体MAS 魔角旋转技术masafuerite 多橄玄武岩mascareignite 植物蛋白石mascon 质量密集masculine 阳性maser 微波激射器mash 压碎masher 磨碎机mask operation 屏蔽操作mask register 时标寄存器mask 罩maskant 保护层masked element 掩蔽元素masked group 掩蔽团masked radical 掩蔽基masking agent 掩蔽剂masking compound 掩蔽化合物masking 掩蔽Maslovichara 马斯洛夫轮藻属mason 泥瓦工masonite 绝缘纤维板masonry 砖石工程；砌体masout 黑油mass absorption coefficient 质量吸收系数mass accumulation 质量累积mass action law 质量作用定律mass action 质量作用mass analyzer 质谱分析器mass attenuation coefficient 质量衰减系数mass balance 质量平衡mass chromatogram 质量色谱图mass chromatography 质量色谱mass coefficient 附加质量系数mass collection 大量采集mass concentration 质量浓度mass conservation law 质量守恒定律mass conservation 质量守恒mass coupling coefficient 质量耦合系数mass data 大量数据mass defect 质量亏损mass density 质量密度mass depletion 质量亏空mass detector 质量检测器mass distribution 质量分布mass energy absorption coefficient 质能吸收系数mass erosion 重力侵蚀mass excess 质量剩余mass extinction 大量灭亡mass flow imbalance alarm 质量流量不平衡报警器mass flow rate sensitive detector 质量流量敏感型检测器mass flow rate 质量流量mass flow 质量流；块体流mass flowmeter 质量流量计mass flux 质量通量mass force 惯性力mass law 质量定律mass load 惯性负荷mass memory 大容量存储器mass metering 测质量mass mortality 大量死亡mass number 质量数mass output 质量流量mass overthrust 推覆大断层mass peak 质量峰mass point 质点mass polymerization 本体聚合法；整体聚合法mass production 大量生产mass rate of production 质量产量mass rate 质量流量mass ratio 质量比mass resolution 质量分辨率mass scale 质量标度mass spectrogram 质谱mass spectrograph 质谱仪mass spectrographic analysis 质谱分析mass spectrography 质谱分析mass spectrometer 质谱仪mass spectrometric analysis 质谱分析mass spectrophotometer 质谱分光光度计mass spectrophotometry 质谱分析mass spectroscope 质谱仪mass spectroscopy 质谱法mass storage 大容量存储器mass thickness 质量厚度mass transfer coefficient 传质系数mass transfer 传质mass velocity 质量速度mass weighted mean value 质量加权平均值mass 质量；块mass-energy equivalence 质能等价性mass-flow deposit 块体流沉积mass-flow gas meter 气体质量流量计mass-gravity transport 块体重力搬运mass-spectrometer tube 质谱仪管mass-spectrometry 质谱学mass-spectrum 质谱mass-synchrometer 同步质谱仪mass-to-charge ratio 质荷比mass-wasting 块体坡移massenfilter 滤质器massicot 氧化铅massif 地块massive conglomeratic reservoir 块状砾岩储集层massive exposure 强照射massive foundation 大块式基础massive hydraulic fracturing 大型水力压裂massive oil pool 块状油藏massive sandstone facies 块状砂岩相massive slump 块状滑动massive 重的massiveness 厚实；块状；非晶质；均匀构造massula 花粉块mast antenna 桅杆式天线mast crane 桅杆起重机mast raising sheave 井架起升滑轮mast support 井架支座mast 柱mast-up 吊装架master budget 总预算master bushing 转盘方瓦master cable 大线master calibration 主刻度；总调master chart 主控图master check 校正master clock 母钟；时钟脉冲；主脉冲master clock-pulse generator 母时钟脉冲发生器master clutch 主离合器master computer 主机master console 主控制台master control board 主控制板master control gate 总闸门；主控制栅；主控制门master control panel 主控制盘master control program 主控程序master control routine 主控程序master control 主控制master controller 主控制器master curve 理论曲线量板master data 基本数据master design 总体设计master drawing 通用坐标图master end 主动侧master fault 主断层master file 主文件master frequency 主频master gate 总闸门；主控制栅；主控制门master gauge 标准规master gear 主齿轮；标准齿轮master hydraulic control manifold 总液压控制管汇master international frequency list 国际频率总表master joint 主节理master lever 主操作杆master manuscript 原图master map 原始资料图master menu 主菜单master meter calibration unit 标准流量计标定装置master meter method 标准仪表检验法master meter prover 标准流量计检定装置master meter 主表master mode 主方式master mould 原始模型master nozzle 校对喷嘴Master of Science 理科硕士master oscillator 主控振荡器master pattern 原始模型master plan 总平面图master processor 主处理机master profile 标准剖面图master program 主程序master ram =blank rammaster route sheet 总路线表master routine 主程序master sample 标准样品master scale 标准刻度；标准秤master set 校对调整master slave system 主从系统master station amplifier 主台放大器master station 主站master subswitcher 校准用副转换开关master switch 总开关master switcher 校准用转换开关master sync signal 主同步信号master tap 标准丝锥master tape unit 主磁带机master terminal unit 主终端装置master trip 主停机装置master valve 总阀master well course map 井筒走向图master 总的master-slave configuration 主从配置master-slave flip-flop 主从触发器masterbatch colouring 母料着色masterbatch 母料masterpiece 杰作mastership 控制；硕士学位；精通masterslave 主从的masterwork =masterpiecemastery 控制；掌握；优势；精通masthead 桅顶；报头栏；报头mastic coating 胶粘涂料mastic gum 胶粘剂mastic 胶mastication 咀嚼；撕捏；素炼masticator 捏和机；素炼机；搅拌机masut 重油mat bottom 沉垫底部mat deck plan 沉垫甲板图mat fender 绳结护舷软垫mat foundation 底板基础mat support jack-up rig 沉垫自升式钻井平台mat top 沉垫顶部mat 粗糙的MAT 甲醇-丙酮-甲苯MAT 微合金晶体管mat-supported drilling platform 刚性腿座架支承的钻井平台mat-ups 纤维缠结match exponent 对阶match gate 同门match point 拟合点match value 拟合值match 相配matched curve 拟合曲线matched element 匹配元件matched filter 匹配滤波器matched filtering 匹配滤波matched image 匹配图象matched impedance 匹配阻抗matched line 匹配线matched print 立体象对matched-die molding 合模模塑matcher 制榫机；匹配机matching additive 匹配的添加剂matching construction 配套工程matching error 匹配误差matching parameter 匹配参数matching point 平衡工作点matching requirements 装配要求matching 匹配mate 伙伴；副船长material aging 材料老化material balance equation 物质平衡方程material balance method 物质平衡法material balance 物质平衡material behavior 材料特性material cost method 原材料成本法material cycle 物质循环material handling equipment 材料装卸设备material in transit 在途材料material incentive 物质刺激material industry 原材料工业material list 材料明细表material management 物资管理material misrepresentation 实质性表述不当material of spoiled work 损坏工作汇总表material point 质点material purchases 材料采购material requirements planning 库存管理；材料需要量计划material shed 材料棚material shortage 材料紧缺material test 材料试验material 物料material-mud 泥浆料materialism 唯物主义materiality 物质；有形性；重要性；实质性materialization 物质化；具体化；实现materialman 材料员materials engineering menual 材料工程手册materials outside of the state plan 计划外物资materials specification manual 材料规格手册math 数学math 数学的mathematic 数学的mathematical algorithm 数学算法mathematical analysis 数学分析mathematical blocking routine 数学分层程序mathematical expectation 数学期望mathematical forecast 数值预报mathematical geology 数学地质学mathematical homology 数学相当mathematical induction 数学归纳法mathematical justification 数学证明mathematical logic 数理逻辑mathematical model 数学模型mathematical modeling 数学模拟mathematical optimization 数学最优化法mathematical parameterization 数学参数化法mathematical pendulum 数学摆mathematical physics 数学物理学mathematical programming 数学规划mathematical regression 数学回归mathematical relation 数学关系mathematical routine 数学程序mathematical search procedure 数学寻优过程mathematical sedimentology 数学沉积学mathematical simulation 数学模拟mathematical stability 数学稳定性mathematical statistics 数理统计mathematical treatment 数学处理mathematician 数学家mathematics manipulation 数学处理mathematics 数学Matheson and Dresser joint 防漏接头Matheson joint 钟形接头Matin heat resistance test 马丁耐热试验mating endcap 配套堵头mating gear 配对齿轮mating member 配对件mating profile 配对齿廓mating surface 配合面mating 配合Matoniaceae 马通蕨科matric algebra 矩阵代数matrice 矩阵；真值表；母式matrices matrix的复数matrix acidizing 基岩酸化matrix acoustic velocity 基岩中声速matrix algebra 矩阵代数matrix algorithms 矩阵算法matrix arithmetic processor 矩阵运算处理器matrix array algorithm 矩阵数列算法matrix compiler 矩阵编译程序matrix cracking 基质裂化matrix crown 胎体冠部matrix density 岩石骨架密度matrix differential equation 矩阵微分方程matrix display panel 矩阵显示板matrix eigenvalues 矩阵特征值matrix element 矩阵元素matrix encoder 矩阵编码器matrix equation 矩阵方程matrix fibre 基质型纤维matrix gate 矩阵门matrix identification 骨架识别matrix inversion 矩阵求逆matrix iteration 矩阵迭代法matrix keyboard 矩阵键盘matrix limestone 微晶灰岩matrix management 矩阵管理制matrix matching 阵列匹配matrix material 基质matrix memory 矩阵存储器matrix method 矩阵方法matrix mineral 骨架矿物matrix multiplication 矩阵乘法matrix norm 矩阵范数matrix notation 矩阵符号表示matrix of coefficients 系数矩阵matrix operation 矩阵运算matrix organization 矩阵式组织matrix pair 骨架对matrix permeability 原生渗透率matrix polymer 母体聚合物matrix porosity 基岩孔隙度matrix printer 触针式打印机matrix propagator method 矩阵传播函数法matrix representation 矩阵表示matrix skeleton 胎体骨架matrix solid material 造岩物质matrix storage 矩阵存储器matrix store 矩阵存储器matrix stress 基岩应力；基体应力matrix structure 矩阵结构matrix switch 矩阵开关matrix topology 骨架拓扑结构matrix trace 矩阵的迹matrix type structure 矩阵式结构matrix velocity 骨架速度matrix 填质matrix-banding scheme 矩阵列图matrix-fibre interface 基质-纤维界面matrix-fibril bicomponent fibre 基质-原纤型双组分纤维matrixer 矩阵变换电路matrixing 换算matrosite 孢芽油页岩matte print 无光相片matte surface 无光面matte 无光泽的matted staple 并结短纤维matter wave 物质波matter 物质matting agent 消光剂matting 席子；编席；褪光；无光表面；清洗工序mattock 鹤嘴锄mattress 褥垫；钢筋网maturation factor 成熟因子maturation gradient 熟化梯度maturation index 成熟指数maturation period 熟化期maturation products 成熟产物maturation 成熟maturative 促进成熟的mature gas 成熟气mature index 成熟指数mature mud 充分水化的泥浆mature river 壮年河mature sandstone 成熟砂岩mature stage 壮年期mature topography 壮年地形mature turbidite 成熟浊积岩mature waterflood 成熟注水mature 成熟matured note 到期票据maturing colonies 成熟的菌落maturing field 老油田maturity book 到期日记簿maturity index 成熟度指数maturity stage 成熟期maturity 成熟度；壮年；到期maul 大槌；殴打；刺破；弄乱mauve 苯胺紫；紫红色mavel 奇迹；奇观；惊异max cap. 最大容量max-flow-min-cut theorem 极大流转极小割截定理max-value function 极大值函数Max. hp. 最大马力max. 最大Maxalog 射流逻辑元件MAXI brake 弹簧安全刹车maxim 原理；谚语；最大值maxima maximum的复数maximal draw ratio 最大拉伸比maximal invariant 极大不变量maximal value 最大值maximal 极大maximal-flow algorithm 最大流量算法maximax criterion 极大极大准则maximin 极大化极小maximised locking force 最大闭锁力maximization 极大化maximize 使达到最大值maximizing 达到最大值maximum adiabatic flame temperature 最高绝热火焰温度maximum allowable weight on bit 大允许钻压maximum allowed dose 最大容许剂量maximum allowed presure drop 最大允许压力降maximum available gain 最大可用增益maximum bubble pressure method 最大泡点压力法maximum coherency filtering 最大相干滤波maximum convexity migration 最大凸点偏移maximum convexity 最大凸率maximum crest 最大峰值maximum design condition 最大设计条件maximum design pressure 最高设计压力maximum disk capacity 最大磁盘容量maximum displacement 最大顶替量maximum drilling string load 最大钻柱载荷maximum elevation 最大高程maximum entropy method 最大熵法maximum entropy spectrum 最大熵谱maximum error 最大误差maximum extension 最大扩张maximum flow 最大流量maximum frequency 最大频率maximum glaciation 最大冰期maximum hydraulic horsepower 最大水马力maximum inventory 最大库存量maximum lift 最大举升力maximum likelihood classifier 最大似然分级器maximum likelihood estimator 极大似然估计量maximum likelihood 最大似然率maximum no effect level 最大无影响剂量maximum norm 最大模maximum offset 最大偏移距maximum operation frequency 最高工作频率maximum output 最大输出maximum parallelism degree 最大并行度maximum penetration rate 最高钻速maximum penetration 最大穿透深度maximum permeability 最大磁导率maximum permisible service temperature 最高允许使用温度maximum permissible concentration 最大允许浓度maximum permissible dogleg 最大允许狗腿maximum permissible rate 最大允许产量maximum phase 最大相位maximum polished rod load 悬点最大载荷maximum possible rate 最大可能产量maximum pressure rating 最大压力额定值maximum pulling capacity 最大提升能力maximum queue length 最大排队长度maximum rainfall 最大降雨量maximum recording thermometer 最高读数温度计maximum recovery rate 最大开采速度maximum relay 过载继电器maximum safe limit 安全极限maximum safe working pressure 最高安全工作压力maximum sand free production 最高无砂产量maximum saturation condition 最大饱和条件maximum shear 最大剪应力maximum slope 最大斜率maximum span 最大跨度maximum stacking velocity 最大叠加速度maximum stiffness 最大刚度maximum stress 最大应力maximum surge pressure 最大水击压力maximum term 极大项maximum test pressure 最大试验压力maximum thermometer 最高温度计maximum tolerated dose 最大耐受剂量maximum transfer rate 最大传送率maximum turnover 最高周转率maximum twist number 断裂捻数maximum uncertainty 最大不确定性maximum vacuum 最大真空度maximum value 极大值maximum variance norm deconvolution 最大方差模反褶积maximum water 油井固井中最高水灰比maximum 最大maximum-delay 最大延迟maximum-likelihood criterion 最大似然准则maximum-likelihood deconvolution 最大似然反褶积maximum-reading thermometer 最高读数温度计maxipulse 最大脉冲法MAXIS 多功能数据采集和成象系统maxmin criterion 最大最小准则maxmin strategy 极大化极小策略Maxwell equation 麦克斯韦方程式maxwellmeter 磁通计mayberyite 富硫石油mayday 无线电话中求救信号mayonnaise sludge 发动机低温淤渣Maysvillian 迈斯维尔阶mazarine 深蓝色maze 迷宫mazut =masutmazy 迷宫式的MB 磁方位角MB 存储缓冲器MB 电磁制动器MB 多频带mb 毫巴mb 毫靶MB 信箱Mb 兆位MB 兆字节MB 主电池MBB 磁吹灭弧断路器MBB 先接后断MBPD 千桶日MBS 叠前偏移MBSIM 多波束扫描成图法MBT 亚甲基蓝测定法MBT 主边界逆掩断层MBT 主压载水舱Mbytes 兆字节MC 边缘校验MC 磁心MC 电磁离合器MC 复式接点mc 毫居里MC 机器MC 机器合格证MC 米-烛光MC 米制克拉mc 泥饼MC 人工控制MC 瞬时接触MC 微居里MC 维修中心MC 小型电容器Mc 兆居里MC 兆周MC 主控制MCA 除泥浆堵塞化学剂MCA 多道分析器MCA 泥酸MCC 短周期计数器MCC 多片电路MCC 马达控制中心MCC 主控制台MCD 磁力裂缝探测MCD 多臂井径仪MCD 最低成本钻井MCF 多道滤波器MCF 多道相干滤波器MCF 千立方英尺MCFCD 千英尺 3 日历日MCFPD 千英尺 3 日MCGS 微波指令制导系统mCi 毫居mckittinite 地沥青MCLT 套管磁测井仪MCM 多次接触混相MCOGA 中陆地区油气协会MCOR 泥浆校正MCP 多道信息处理机MCP 制造更改要点MCP 主控程序mcps 兆赫MCS 多道定标MCS 计算机科学硕士MCS 主控装置MCSB 多路传输通道选择位MCSI 多路传输通道选择禁止MCST 泥饼样品温度MCT 机械切割式井壁取心器MCT 主要中央逆掩断层MCtr 主控制器MCtt 电磁接触器MD 测量深度MD 磁鼓md 毫达西md 量测井深MD 平均偏差MD 图上距离MD 质量检测器Md 钔MD-Macr 磁鼓宏指令MDA 最小检出放射性强度mdarcy 毫达西MDAS 多光谱数据分析系统MDC 磁鼓控制器mdd 毫克分米 2 ·日MDDPM 磁鼓数据处理机MDEC 磁偏角MDEN 骨架密度MDET 矿物鉴别MDF 市场需求因素MDF 总配线架MDH analysis 米勒-戴斯-赫钦森试井分析法MDH graphs 米勒型处理压力恢复资料的图解法MDH-type curve MDH型曲线MDIA 平均井径mdl 中央；中间的；中等的MDP 最大排出压力MDR 被乘数-除数寄存器MDR 多道数据记录器MDR 甲基二苯噻吩二苯噻吩比值MDR 任务数据简化MDS 故障探测系统MDS 最小可辨信号mdse. 商品；货物MDT 平均停工期MDTL 改进的二极管晶体管逻辑MDU 移动式潜水装置ME 测量元件ME 存储误差ME 分子电子学ME 管理技术ME 机械效率Me 甲基ME 设备维修ME 制造工艺ME 中东ME 主机ME 最小仰角；最低高度MEA 单乙醇胺meacon 错误信号发生设备；虚造干扰meadow bog 草甸沼泽meadow peat 草甸泥炭meadow 牧场；草地meager profit 微利meagre coal 贫煤mean absolute deviation 平均绝对偏差mean absolute error 平均绝对误差mean activity 平均活度mean anomaly 平均导常mean approximation 平均近似mean arrival rate 平均到达率mean asperity height of fracture face 裂缝面平均粗糙度mean average boiling point 中平均沸点mean carrier velocity 平均载气线速mean curvature 平均曲率mean deriation 均差mean deviation 平均偏差mean diameter 平均直径mean difference 均差mean displacement rate 平均驱替速度mean distance 平均距离mean dose 平均剂量mean effective pressure 平均有效压力mean effective value 平均有效值；均方根值mean error 平均误差mean fibre length 纤维平均长度mean fibre width 纤维平均宽度mean forward current 平均正向电流mean free error time 平均无故障时间mean free path 平均自由程mean geometrical distance 几何平均距离mean grain size 平均粒径mean heat capacity 平均热容量mean high tide 平均高潮面mean high-water level 平均高水位mean hydraulic radius 平均水力半径mean indication pressure 平均指示压力mean life 平均寿命mean lifetime 平均寿命mean line 等分线mean linear range 平均直线射程mean low level 平均低潮面mean low water 平均低潮面mean low-water level 平均低水位mean matrix 平均矩阵mean molal heat capacity 平均克分子热容mean molar quantity 平均摩尔数量mean molecular weight 平均分子量mean multiplier gain 倍增管平均增益mean neutron lifetime 中子平均寿命mean normal intension 平均法向强度mean pair product 平均偶积mean parameter 平均参数mean particle size 平均颗粒大小mean permeability 平均渗透率mean pressure 平均压力mean proportional 比例中项mean radius 平均半径mean range 平均距离；平均射程；平均自由程；平均极差；平均潮差mean rate 平均速率mean relative deviation 平均相对偏差mean replacement static 平均置换静校正mean reservoir pressure 平均地层压力mean scale 平均比例尺mean sea depth 平均海水深度mean sea level 平均海平面mean service rate 平均服务率mean specific heat 平均比热mean square deviation 均方差mean square dip 均方地层倾角mean square error 均方误差mean square modulus 均方模mean square regression 均方回归mean square root 均方根mean square slowing-down length 均方慢化长度mean square value 均方值mean square 均方mean stress 平均应力mean temperature difference 平均温差mean time between failures 平均故障间隔时间mean time to failure 平均初次出故障时间mean value 平均值mean vector 均值向量mean velocity 平均速度mean water level 平均水平面mean wave 平均波mean 中间的；平均的；中项；平均值mean-square channel diameter 均方孔道直径mean-trace 平均道meander amplitude 曲流幅度meander bar 曲流沙坝meander belt 曲流河段meander bend 河曲meander breadth 河曲宽度meander curve 曲流meander cut-off 曲流裁弯取直meander line 折测线meander loop 河曲的环状河道meander migration 河曲迁移meander reach 曲流段meander scroll 曲流内侧坝meander trough 曲流槽meander 河曲meandering course 曲流meandering river 曲流河meandering tidal channel 弯曲潮道meandering valley 曲流河谷meandering 曲折的meaningless 无意义的；失效means of livelihood 生活资料means of recourse 追索办法means of transportation 运输手段；运输工具means 方法means-end analysis 手段和目的分析meantime 时隔时间；其间meanwhile =meantimemeas 量measurability 可测性measurable anomaly 可测异常measurable property 可测特性measurable 可测的measurand 被测物理量measuration =measurement measure analysis 体积分析measure expansion 体膨胀measure in 下钻测算井深measure kelly overstand 量方余measure of skewness 偏斜度measure of value 定值；价值尺度measure out 起钻测算井深measure point 测量点measure up to 够得上measure 量测；量度measured depth 量测深度；量测井深measured deviation 测量误差measured direction 实测方位measured distance 实测距离measured drilling depth 量测的井深measured inclination 测量的井斜角measured profile 实测纵断面measured reserves 测定储量measured section 实测剖面measured signal 被测信号measured value 实测值measured 实测的measurement accuracy 量测精度measurement capacity 载货容量measurement crew 划线小组measurement error 测量误差measurement goods 按体积计运费货物measurement inaccuracy 测量误差measurement instrument 测量仪表measurement matrix 测量矩阵measurement noise 测量噪音measurement of angle 角度测量measurement of azimuth 方位角测量measurement of bearing 方位测量。

【高考模拟】2018上海高考压轴卷英语Word版含解析绝密?启封前KS5U2018上海市高考压轴卷英语考生注意:1. 考试时间120分钟, 试卷满分150分。

2. 本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。

试卷分为第I卷(第1,12页)和第II卷(第13页)，全卷共13页。

所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。

第I卷(共103分)Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end ofeach conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and thequestions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, readthe four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the questionyou have heard.1. A. 2 liters. B. 13 liters. C. 26 liters. D. 52 liters.2. A. In an English class. B. In a swimming pool.C. On a bus.D. In a sporting goods store.3. A. By bus. B. By underground. C. By taxi. D. By car.4. A. Doctor and patient. B. Teacher and student. C. Employer and Employee. D. Salesman and customer.5. A. Have a lesson. B. Take a test.C. See a film.D. Go to bed.6. A. Difficult. B. Memorable.C. Uninteresting.D. Worthwhile.7. A. She wants a bottle of juice. B. She’d like some alcohol.C. The red wine in this bar is perfect.D. The location of the bar is unknow n. 8. A. An excellent résumé. B. An entry form.C. A job offer.D. The position of system engineer.9. A. It’s famous. B. It’s professional.C. It’s expensive.D. It’s cheating.10. A. The 26-month-old baby is always busy watching videos.B. TV and vi deos may hurt a child’s language development.C. Nothing can replace parents in kids’ language development.D. Children usually watch TV too passively to learn something.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear one longer conversation and two short passages, and you will be asked several questions on each of the conversation and the passages. The conversation and the passageswill be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following dialogue.11. A. Encouraging. B. Dishonest. C. Interesting. D. Nervous. 12. A. How to start his own business. B. How to develop a real interest.C. How to speak to a woman bravely.D. How to balance his study and work. 13. A. He has too loose a schedule. B. He loves the feeling with students.C. He is dissatisfied with his current job.D. He wants to determine his future development.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Kids threw litter everywhere.B. The camp director gave rude orders.C. Some mysterious plastic litter was found.D. Kids’ joint efforts led to a clean camp.15. A. By taking pictures of litter he picked up.B. By sharing photos of the terribly dirty planet.C. By keeping a record of crowdsourced cleaning-up.D. By inspiring kids to pick up five pieces of litter every day. 16.A. There is strength in numbers.B. Birds can help to pick up litter.C. Litter is artistic and approachable.D. More straws should be used in the café.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following passage. 17. A. To enable students to reject violence.B. To help students face struggles more properly.C. To improve students’ health.D. To eliminate poverty more effectively.18. A. How to calm down by talking to experts.B. How to clear their mind throughout the day.C. How to make their teachers happy.D. How to respond to situations better.19. A. More students dropped out last year.B. There is less bad behavior on campus.C. Students are less responsible for their study.D. More students are willing to be sent to the office. 20. A. Its effect remains to be seen.B. Everyone can benefit from it.C. It helps to get rid of poverty to some extent.D. There is enough evidence to show its significance.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form. of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.On the morning of September 11, 2001, computer sales manager Michael Hingson , who is blind , thwent early to his office on the 78 floor of the North Tower of the World Trade Center to prepare for a meeting . As Michael worked , his guide dog , a Labrador retriever ___21____(name) Roselle, dozed by his feet.At 8:46 a.m, a tremendous boom rocked the building , eliciting screams throughout the floor . Michael grabbed Roselle , trusting that the dog ___22____(lead) out of the danger, and they navigated their way to a stairwell.―Forward,‖ Machael instructed , and they descended the first of1,463 steps to thelobby.___23____ about ten floors , the stairwell grew crowded andhot ,and the fumes from jet fuel had made it hard to breathe. When a woman became crazy , yelling that they wouldn‘t make it. Roselle accompanied the woman ___24_____she finally petted the dog , calmed herself , and kept walking down the stairs.th Around the 30 floor, firefighters started passing Michael ontheir way up . Each one stopped to offer him assistance. He declined but let Roselle be petted, __25___ (provide) many of the firefighters with ____26___ would be their last experience of unconditional love.After about 45 minutes ,Michael and Roselle reached __27___booby ,and 15 minutes ater ,they emerged outside to a scene of chaos . Suddenly the police yelled for everyone to run as lthe South Tower began to collapse.Michael kept a tight grip on Roselle‘s harness , using voice and hand commands, as they ran to a street opposite the crumbling tower . The street bounced like a trampoline , and ―a deafening roar‖ like a hellish freight train filled the air. Hours later , Michael andRoselle made it home safely . At that moment , they thought they were___28____(lucky ) in the world.In 2004, Roselle developed a blood disorder , ___29___ prevented her from guiding and touring . She died in 2011.― I ___30___ (have) many other dogs ,‖ Mechael wrote , ―but there is only one Roselle.‖Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. catalogB. barelyC. freeD. self-consciousnessE. prospectsF. compulsoryG. droppedH. assignedI. certifiedJ. totallyK. transferFor thousands of commuting students, Chabot was our Columbia, Annapolis, even our Sorbonne, offering courses in physics, stenography, auto mechanics, ___31___ public accounting, foreign languages,journalism—name the art or science, the subject or trade, and it was probably in the ___32___. The college had a nursing program that churned out graduates, sports teams that funneled athletes to big-time programs, and parking for a few thousand cars—all ___33___, but for the effort and the cost of used textbooks.Classmates included veterans back from Vietnam, women of everymarital and maternal status returning to school, middle-aged men wanting to improve their employment ___34___ and paybacks. We could get our general education requirement out of the way at Chabot—credits we could ___35___ to a university—which made those two years an invaluable head start. I was able to go on to the California State University in Sacramento (at $95 a semester, just ___36___ affordable) and study no other subject but my major, theater arts. (After a year there I moved on, enrolling in a little thing called the School of Hard Knocks, a.k.a. Life.)―By some fluke of the punch-card computer era, I made Chabot‘sdean‘s list taking classes Iloved (oral interpretation), classes I hesitated (health, a requirement), classes I aced, and classes I ___37___ after the firsthour (astronomy, because it was all math). I nearly failed zoology,killing my fruit flies by neglect, but got lucky in an English course,―The College Reading Experience.‖ The books of Carlos Castaneda were incomprehensible to me (and still are), but my___38___ presentation on the analytic process called structural dynamics was hailed as clear andconcise, though I did nothing more than embellish the definition I had looked up in the dictionary.A public-speaking class was unforgettable for a couple of reasons. First, the assignments forced us to get over our ___39___. Second, another student was a stewardess, as flight attendants called themselves in the 70‘s. She was studying communications and was gorgeous. Shelived not far from me, and when my VW threw a rod and was in the shopfor a week, she offered me a lift to class. I rode shotgun that Monday-Wednesday-Friday, ___40___ tongue-tied. Communicating with her one-on-one was the antithesis of public speaking.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.It‘s a high-risky, multibillion-dollar industry with tight deadlines, demanding customers and lives in danger.The business is 41 . And it‘s booming.The number of jobs for translators and interpreters doubled in the past 10 years while their wagessteadily 42 before, during and after the recession. During a period of stagnating (停滞的)wages across the labor market, the language-service industry withits 50,000 jobs is a 43 spotin the jobs outlook.Lillian Clementi is a French translator working in corporate communications from her home in Arlington, Massachusetts and isroutinely on tight deadlines to hand in translated material. ―The risks can be huge,‖ said Clementi, ―There‘s tons of 44 pressure.‖In some cases, a(n) 45 translation or interpretation is also vital. If a user‘s guide for medical eq uipment is not translated well, it could lead to 46 during an emergency. Soldiers in conflict areas require excellent interpreters to speak with community members. Any change of tone or context could put lives 47 .Translators‘ and interpreters‘ immunity (免疫力) to the nation‘s economic downturn also 48the growing demand for people who can speak several languages in an increasingly globalized economy, experts said.―Good translators who 49 a particular subject and become really good at it can really make six-digit figures annually,‖ said Jiri Stejskal, spokesman for the American Translators Association. Multinational corporations, U.S. demographic (人口的) changes and the Internet economy raisethe need for translated and localized information. Companies increasingly want their content 50to the tongue of the town, even between dialects of the same language. ―As more people 51 the worldwide economy, that‘s going todrive more commerce, and that‘s going to drive more language services,‖ said Bill Rivers, exec utive director of the National Council for Language and International Studies in the Washington region.52 , qualifications for translators and interpreters are not assimple as they may seem. Speaking two languages does not mean a person can work in the language-service industry, experts said. Learning how to translate or interpret is a 53 skill beyond knowing the language.Furthermore, the most successful translators and interpretersmaintain a 54 , such as legaldocuments, quarterly earnings reports or a special knowledge of industry. Technological advances may cut jobs in some industries, but online translation services like Google Translate 55 raise demand for human translators and interpreters, experts said. Online sales companies also drive demand for translation.41(A. tourism B. language C. technology D. economy42(A. shrank B. changed C. grew D. remained43(A. bright B. scenic C. historic D. tough44(A. money B. peer C. blood D. time45(A. proper B. quick C. direct D. innovative46(A. disease B. depression C. violence D. confusion47(A. in order B. at risk C. under control D. out of state48(A. highlights B. understands C. increases D. resists49(A. set up B. depend on C. specialize in D. object to50(A. limited B. accustomed C. related D. tailored51(A. agree with B. have access to C. are confident of D. insist on 52(A. Instead B. Therefore C. However D. Otherwise53(A. separate B. genetic C. learnable D. worthwhile54(A. certificate B. diploma C. strategy D. specialty55(A. automatically B. respectively C. actually D. immediatelySection BDirection:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished sattments. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be? Your neighbour or a super star? A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality(虚拟现实)device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of theparticipants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best." The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video fromeach camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind ofslow synchronised(同步的)movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviourafterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias(偏见)that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself inanother's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person. The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really niceway to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."56(The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.A. buildingB. exchangingC. controllingD. transplanting57(We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.A. our feelings are related to our bodily experienceB. we can learn to take control of other people's bodiesC. participants will live more passionately after the experimentD. The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes58(In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character,______.A. they fought strongly against racismB. they scored lower on the test for racismC. they changed their behaviour dramaticallyD. they were more biased against those unlike them59(It can be concluded from the passage that______.A. technology helps people realize their dreamsB. our biases could be eliminated through experimentsC. virtual reality helps promote understanding among peopleD. our points of view about others need changing constantly(B)Welcome to the British Museum, the grandest and the most spectacular of human history. The admission is free and we open every day from 10:00 to 15:30. You can explore 10 departments including:The Department of Africa, Oceania and the AmericasThe collection of the Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas includes around 350,000 objects. The scope of the collection is contemporary, and historical. It includes most of Africa, the Pacific and Australia, as well as the Americas. All of the collections were got during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and date from this time.The Department of AsiaThe Department of Asia covers the material and visual cultures of Asia – a vast geographical areaof Japan, Korea, China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, South Asia and South-East Asia. The collection dates from about 4000 BC, to the present day. It represents the cultures and ways of life of local people and other minority groups.The Department of Greek and Roman EmpiresThe Department of Greek and Roman Empires features antiquities (古董). It has one of the mostcomprehensive collections of antiquities from the Classical world, with over 100,000 objects. These mostly range in date from the beginning of the Greek Bronze Age (about 3200BC) to the time of the Roman emperor Constantine in the fourth century AD.60. The scope of the Department of Africa, Oceania and Americas doesn‘t include______.A. AfricaB. AustraliaC. the South AmericaD. Britain61. The earliest collection is from ______.A. The Department of Africa, Oceania and the AmericasB. The Department of AsiaC. The Department of Greek and Roman EmpiresD. All of the above62. The Department of Asia represents ______.A. the geographic features of AsiaB. the relationships between Asian countriesC. the life styles and cultural traditions of some peoplesD. the cultural fights between some native groups(C)―Does my smile look big in this?‖ Future fitting-room mirrors in clothing stores could subtlyadjust your reflection to make you look ? and hence feel ? happier, encouraging you to likewhat you see.That‘s the idea behind the Emotion Evoking System developed by Shigeo Yoshida and colleaguesat the University of Tokyo in Japan. The system can manipulate, or in other word, control your emotions and personal preferences by presenting you with an image of your own smiling or frowning face.The principle that physiological changes can drive emotional ones ? that laughter comes beforehappiness, rather than the other way around ? is a well-established idea.The researchers wanted to see if this idea could be used to build a computer system that manipulates how you feel. The system works by presenting the user with a web-camera image of his or her face ? as if they were looking in a mirror. The image is then subtly altered with software, turning the corners of the mouth up or down and changing the area around the eyes, so that the person appears to smile or frown (皱眉).Without telling them the aim of the study, the team recruited (招募) 21 volunteers and asked themto sit in front of the screen while performing an unrelated task. When the task was complete the participants rated how they felt. When the faces on screen appeared to smile, people reported that they felt happier. On the other hand, when the image was given a sad expression, they reported feeling less happy.Yoshida and his colleagues tested whether manipulating the volunteers‘ emotional state wouldinfluence their preferences. Each person was given a scarf to wear and again presented with the altered webcam image. The volunteers that saw themselves smiling while wearing the scarf were more likely to report that they liked it, and those that saw themselves not smilingwere less likely. The system could be used to manipulateconsumers‘ impressions of products, say the researchers. For example, mirrors in clothing-store fitting rooms could be replaced with screens showing altered reflections. They also suggest people may be more likely to find clothes attractive if they see themselves looking happy while trying them on.―It‘s certainly an interesting area,‖ says Chris Creed at the University of Birmingham, UK. But he notes that using such technology in a shop would be harder than in the lab, because people will use a wide range of expressions. ―Attempting to make slight differences to these and ensuring that the reflected image looks believable would be much more challenging,‖ he says.Of course, there are also important moral questions surrounding such subtly manipulative technology. ―You could argue that if it makes people happy what harm is it doing?‖ says Creed. ―But I can imagine that many people may feel manipulated, uncomfortable and cheated if they found out.‖63(What‘s the main purpose of the Emotion Evoking System?A. To see whether one‘s feeling can be unconsciously affected.B. To see whether one‘s facial expressions can be altered.C. To see whether laughter comes before happiness.D. To replace the mirrors in future clothing-store fitting rooms.64(What can we learn about the web-camera image in the study?A. It recorded the volunteers‘ performance in the task.B. It gave the volunteers a false image.C. It attempted to make the volunteers feel happier.D. It beauti fied the volunteers‘ appearance in the mirror.65(What does Creed mention as a limitation of the technology?A. It only changes the areas around the mouth and the eyes.B. It only works in clothing stores.C. It only makes subtle changes to people‘s ex pressions.D. It only deals with a limited number of facial expressions.66(What does Creed‘s comment on the moral issues with this technology imply?A. Nothing is more important than happiness.B. Technology is unable to manipulate people.C. People should make their decisions independently.D. People should neglect the harm of the technology.Section CDirections : Complete the following passage by using the sentences listed below. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.Suppose you become a leader in an organization . It‘s very likely that you‘ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization‘s activities . To do so , it should help understand why people undertake volunteer word and what keeps their interest in the work.Let‘s begin with the question of why people volunteer .___________67_______________Forexample , people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness , to expand their range of experiences , and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate . To select volunteers , you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so . Toincrease levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately , these programs can shift people‘s wish of participating from an internal factor(e.g.,‘I volunteer because it‘simportant to me‖) to an external factor(e.g., ? I volunteer because I‘m required to do so .‖) . When that happens people become lesslikely to volunteer in the future._________68______________ Once people begin to volunteer ,what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question , researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance , one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year . One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.____69______ the researchers note that attention should be given to ―training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide themwith strategies for coping with the problem they do experience.‖Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view ―volunteer‖ as an important social role.______70________ .Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as ―Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am .‖ ― Consistent with the researchers ― expectations, they found a positive correlation betw een the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results , once again , lead to concrete advice:‖ Once an individual begins volunteering ,continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity -------- Item like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contribution can help strengthen role identity.‖A. People volunteer mainly out of academic requirements and internal needs.B. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a mustC. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be likely to continue volunteer work.D. Individual differences in role identity is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work.E. Although this result may not surprise you ,it leads to important practical advice.F. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved.Section DDirections : Read the following passage , Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words . Use your own words as far as possible.In the United States alone , over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phone are part of a a growing mountain ofelectronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster thantraditional garbage as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver .A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste , the concentration (含氟) of gold and other precious metals was higher inSo-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals . Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed , the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries , in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more materials, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finishedproducts . Consider again the cell-phone , and imagine the mines that produced those metals , the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) itcame in . Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that ― th eproduction , distribution , and use of products ------as well as management of the resulting waste-----all result in greenhouse gas release.‖ Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start ---- for instance , buying reusable products and recyclingIn many countries the concept of the extended producerresponsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(动机)for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products , would they reduce the packaging in the first place?Governments‘ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money . Why , they ask , should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫)that encased your television?From the governments‘ point of view , a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs。

高中英语第二部分 VOA慢速英语《美国万花筒》第20课（文本）素材英语翻议讲解：1.abolitionist n.废除主义者,废奴主义者2.arsenal n.兵工厂,军械库,武器，军火库3.capture vt.抓取,获得,迷住例句：A large reward is offered for the capture of the criminals. 巨额悬赏捉拿这些罪犯。

The novel captured the imagination of thousands of readers. 这部小说引起了千万读者的想象。

4.sustainable adj.(对自然资源和能源的利用)不破坏生态平衡的, 合理利用的可持续的例句：Water Resource Protection and Sustainable Utilization 水资源保护与可持续利用。

1.To some people this building is the scene of a crime, where a murderer and a traitor was captured and brought to justice.bring to justice使归案受审例句：The police must do all they can to bring the criminals to justice. 警方必须尽力把罪犯送交法庭审判。

2.She is using her fame as a race car driver to bring environmental issues to the attention of millions of racing fans.bring to the attention of引起某人的注意例句：That way, you can bring a pattern of behavior to management's attention. 这样你就可以提请公司主管注意你老板的不当行为。

、.~①我们‖打〈败〉了敌人。

②我们‖〔把敌人〕打〈败〉了。

ＡActive-matrix主动距陈Adapter cards适配卡Advanced application高级应用Analytical graph分析图表Analyze分析Animations动画Application software应用软件Arithmetic operations算术运算Audio-output device音频输出设备Access time存取时间access存取accuracy准确性ad network cookies广告网络信息记录软件Add-ons附软件Address地址Agents代理Analog signals模拟信号Applets程序Asynchronous communications port异步通信端口Attachment附件BBar code条形码Bar code reader条形码读卡器Basic application基础程序Binary coding schemes二进制译码方案Binary system二进制系统Bit比特Browser浏览器Bus line总线Backup tape cartridge units备份磁带盒单元Bandwidth带宽Bluetooth蓝牙Broadband宽带Browser浏览器Business-to-business企业对企业电子商务Business-to-consumer企业对消费者Bus总线ＣCables连线Cell单元箱Chain printer链式打印机Character and recognition device字符标识识别设备Chart图表Chassis支架Chip芯片Clarity清晰度Closed architecture封闭式体系结构Column列Combination key结合键computer competency计算机能力connectivity连接，结点Continuous-speech recognition system连续语言识别系统Control unit操纵单元Cordless or wireless mouse无线鼠标Cable modems有线调制解调器carpal tunnel syndrome腕骨神经综合症CD-ROM可记录光盘CD-RW可重写光盘CD-R可记录压缩光盘Channel信道Chat group谈话群组chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) ]氯氟甲烷Client客户端Coaxial cable同轴电缆cold site冷战Commerce servers商业服务器Communication channel信道Communication systems信息系统Compact disc rewritableCompact disc光盘computer abuse amendments act of 19941994计算机滥用法案computer crime计算机犯罪computer ethics计算机道德computer fraud and abuse act of 1986计算机欺诈和滥用法案computer matching and privacy protection act of 1988计算机查找和隐私保护法案Computer network计算机网络computer support specialist计算机支持专家computer technician计算机技术人员computer trainer计算机教师Connection device连接设备Connectivity连接Consumer-to-consumer个人对个人cookies-cutter programs信息记录截取程序cookies信息记录程序cracker解密高手cumulative trauma disorder积累性损伤错乱Cybercash电子现金Cyberspace计算机空间cynic愤世嫉俗者ＤDatabase数据库database files数据库文件Database manager数据库管理Data bus数据总线Data projector数码放映机Desktop system unit台式电脑系统单元Destination file目标文件Digital cameras数码照相机Digital notebooks数字笔记本Digital bideo camera数码摄影机Discrete-speech recognition system不连续语言识别系统Document文档document files文档文件Dot-matrix printer点矩阵式打印机Dual-scan monitor双向扫描显示器Dumb terminal非智能终端data security数据安全Data transmission specifications数据传输说明database administrator数据库管理员Dataplay数字播放器Demodulation解调denial of service attack拒绝服务攻击Dial-up service拨号服务Digital cash数字现金Digital signals数字信号Digital subscriber line数字用户线路Digital versatile disc数字化通用磁盘Digital video disc数字化视频光盘Direct access直接存取Directory search目录搜索disaster recovery plan灾难恢复计划Disk caching磁盘驱动器高速缓存Diskette磁盘Disk磁碟Distributed data processing system分部数据处理系统Distributed processing分布处理Domain code域代码Downloading下载DVD 数字化通用磁盘DVD-R 可写DVDDVD-RAM DVD随机存取器DVD-ROM 只读DVDEe-book电子阅读器Expansion cards扩展卡end user终端用户e-cash电子现金e-commerce电子商务electronic cash电子现金electronic commerce电子商务electronic communications privacy act of1986电子通信隐私法案encrypting加密术energy star能源之星Enterprise computing企业计算化environment环境Erasable optical disks可擦除式光盘ergonomics人类工程学ethics道德规范External modem外置调制解调器extranet企业外部网FFax machine传真机Field域Find搜索FireWire port port火线端口Firmware固件Flash RAM闪存Flatbed scanner台式扫描器Flat-panel monitor纯平显示器floppy disk软盘Formatting toolbar格式化工具条Formula公式Function函数fair credit reporting act of 1970公平信用报告法案Fiber-optic cable光纤电缆File compression文件压缩File decompression文件解压缩filter过滤firewall防火墙firewall防火墙Fixed disk固定硬盘Flash memory闪存Flexible disk可折叠磁盘Floppies磁盘Floppy disk软盘Floppy-disk cartridge磁盘盒Formatting格式化freedom of information act of 1970信息自由法案frustrated受挫折Full-duplex communication全双通通信GGeneral-purpose application通用运用程序Gigahertz千兆赫Graphic tablet绘图板green pc绿色个人计算机Hhandheld computer手提电脑Hard copy硬拷贝hard disk硬盘hardware硬件Help帮助Host computer主机Home page主页Hyperlink超链接hacker黑客Half-duplex communication半双通通信Hard disk硬盘Hard-disk cartridge硬盘盒Hard-disk pack硬盘组Head crash磁头碰撞header标题help desk specialist帮助办公专家helper applications帮助软件Hierarchical network层次型网络history file历史文件hits匹配记录horizontal portal横向用户hot site热战Hybrid network混合网络hyperlinks超连接IImage capturing device图像获取设备information technology信息技术Ink-jet printer墨水喷射印刷机Integrated package综合性组件Intelligent terminal智能终端设备Intergrated circuit集成电路Interface cards接口卡Internal modem内部调制解调器internet telephony网络电话internet terminal互联网终端Identification识别i-drive网络硬盘驱动器illusion of anonymity匿名幻想index search索引搜索information pushers信息推送器initializing 初始化instant messaging计时信息internal hard disk内置硬盘Internal modem内部调制解调器Internet hard drive 网络硬盘驱动器intranet企业内部网Ｊjoystick操纵杆Kkeyword search关键字搜索Llaser printer激光打印机Layout files版式文件Light pen光笔Locate定位Logical operations逻辑运算Lands凸面Line of sight communication视影通信Low bandwidth低带宽lurking潜伏MMain board主板Mark sensing标志检测Mechanical mouse机械鼠标Memory内存Menu菜单Menu bar菜单条Microprocessor微处理器Microseconds微秒Modem card调制解调器Monitor显示器Motherboard主板Mouse 鼠标Multifunctional device多功能设备Magnetic tape reels磁带卷Magnetic tape streamers磁带条mailing list邮件列表Medium band媒质带宽metasearch engine整合搜索引擎Microwave微波Modem解调器Modulation解调NNet PC网络计算机Network adapter card网卡Network personal computer网络个人电脑Network terminal 网络终端Notebook computer笔记本电脑Notebook system unit笔记本系统单元Numeric entry数字输入na?ve天真的人national information infrastructure protection act of1996国际信息保护法案national service provider全国性服务供应商Network architecture网络体系结构Network bridge网桥Network gateway网关network manager网络管理员newsgroup新闻组no electronic theft act of1997无电子盗窃法Node节点Nonvolatile storage非易失性存储OObject embedding对象嵌入Object linking目标链接Open architecture开放式体系结构Optical disk光盘Optical mouse光电鼠标Optical scanner光电扫描仪Outline大纲off-line browsers离线浏览器Online storage联机存储Ppalmtop computer掌上电脑Parallel ports并行端口Passive-matrix被动矩阵PC card个人计算机卡Personal laser printer个人激光打印机Personal video recorder card个人视频记录卡Photo printer照片打印机Pixel像素Platform scanner平版式扫描仪Plotter绘图仪Plug and play即插即用Plug-in boards插件卡Pointer指示器Pointing stick指示棍Port端口Portable scanner便携式扫描仪Presentation files演示文稿Presentation graphics电子文稿程序Primary storage主存Procedures规程Processor处理机Programming control lanugage程序控制语言Packets数据包Parallel data transmission平行数据传输Peer-to-peer network system得等网络系统person-person auction site个人对个人拍卖站点physical security物理安全Pits凹面plug-in插件程序Polling轮询privacy隐私权proactive主动地programmer程序员Protocols协议provider供应商proxy server代理服务pull products推取程序push products推送程序RRAM cache随机高速缓冲器Range范围Record记录Relational database关系数据库Replace替换Resolution分辨率Row行Read-only只读Reformatting重组regional service provider区域性服务供应商repetitive motion injury反复性动作损伤reverse directory反向目录right to financial privacy act of 1979财产隐私法案Ring network环形网络ＳScanner扫描器Search查找Secondary storage device助存储设备Semiconductor半导体Serial ports串行端口Server服务器Shared laser printer共享激光打印机Sheet表格Silicon chip硅片Slots插槽Smart card智能卡Soft copy软拷贝Software suite软件协议Sorting排序分类Source file源文件Special-purpose application专用文件Spreadsheet电子数据表Standard toolbar标准工具栏Supercomputer巨型机System cabine 系统箱System clock时钟System software系统软件Satellite/air connection services卫星无线连接服务search engines搜索引擎search providers搜索供应者search services 搜索服务器Sectors扇区security安全Sending and receiving devices发送接收设备Sequential access顺序存取Serial data transmission单向通信signature line签名档snoopware监控软件software copyright act of1980软件版权法案software piracy软件盗版Solid-state storage固态存储器specialized search engine专用搜索引擎spiders网页爬虫spike尖峰电压Star network星型网Strategy方案subject主题subscription address预定地址Superdisk超级磁盘surfing网上冲浪surge protector浪涌保护器systems analyst系统分析师TTable二维表Telephony电话学Television boards电视扩展卡Terminal 终端Template模板Text entry文本输入Thermal printer 热印刷Thin client瘦客Toggle key触发键Toolbar工具栏Touch screen触摸屏Trackball追踪球TV tuner card电视调谐卡Two-state system双状态系统technical writer技术协作者technostress重压技术telnet远程登录Time-sharing system分时系统Topology拓扑结构Tracks磁道traditional cookies传统的信息记录程序Twisted pair双绞线ＵUnicode统一字符标准uploading上传usenet世界性新闻组网络VVirtual memory虚拟内存Video display screen视频显示屏V oice recognition system声音识别系统vertical portal纵向门户video privacy protection act of 1988视频隐私权保护法案virus checker病毒检测程序virus病毒V oiceband音频带宽V olatile storage易失性存储voltage surge冲击性电压WWand reader 条形码读入Web 网络Web appliance 环球网设备Web page网页Web site address网络地址Web terminal环球网终端Webcam摄像头What-if analysis假定分析Wireless revolution无线革命Word字长Word processing文字处理Word wrap自动换行Worksheet file 工作表文件web auctions网上拍卖web broadcasters网络广播web portals门户网站web sites网站web storefront creation packages网上商店创建包web storefronts网上商店web utilities网上应用程序web-downloading utilities网页下载应用程序webmaster web站点管理员web万维网Wireless modems无线调制解调器wireless service provider无线服务供应商world wide web万维网worm蠕虫病毒Write-protect notch写保护口其他缩写DVD digital bersatile 数字化通用光盘IT ingormation technology信息技术CD compact disc 压缩盘PDA personal digital assistant个人数字助理RAM random access memory随机存储器WWW World Wide Web 万维网DBMS database management system数据库管理系统HTML Hypertext Markup Language超文本标示语言OLE object linking and embedding对象链接潜入SQL structured query language结构化查询语言URL uniform resouice locator统一资源定位器AGP accelerated graphics port加速图形接口ALU arithmetic-logic unit算术逻辑单元CPU central processing unit中央处理器CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor互补金属氧化物半导体CISC complex instruction set computer复杂指令集计算机HPSB high performance serial bus高性能串行总线ISA industry standard architecture工业标准结构体系PCI peripheral component interconnect外部设备互连总线PCMCIA Personal Memory Card International Association个人计算机存储卡国际协会RAM random-access memory随机存储器ROM read-only memory只读存储器USB universal serial bus通用串行总线CRT cathode-ray tube阴极射线管HDTV high-definition television高清晰度电视LCD liquid crystal display monitor液晶显示器MICRmagnetic-ink character recognition磁墨水字符识别器OCR optical-character recognition光电字符识别器OMR optical-mark recognition光标阅读器TFT thin film transistor monitor薄膜晶体管显示器其他Zip disk压缩磁盘Domain name system（DNS）域名服务器file transfer protocol(FTP)文件传送协议hypertext markup language(HTML)超文本链接标识语言Local area network（LAN）局域网internet relay chat(IRC)互联网多线交谈Metropolitan area network(MAN)城域网Network operation system(NOS)网络操作系统uniform resource locator(URL)统一资源定位器Wide area network(W AN)广域网。