中央音乐学院考博英语阅读真题解析

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionWe have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them. But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down, and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us, that is, scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions. Our nature is not considered as immutable, either socially or biologically. As we approach the beginning of the 21st century, the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles, responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex, and yet, scarcely twenty years ago, these were thought to be “ beyond dispute”. We can safely say, with a few minor exceptions, that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the 19th century to the 1960s. The role distinction, raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model, lasted throughout this period, appealing for its justification to nature, religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time. The woman bore children and took care of the home. The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family, by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary. The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes. Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things. It was felt to be against nature, a deviation from the norm. Sex roles were determined according to the “place” appropriate to each. Women’s place was, first and foremost, in the home. The outside world, i.e. workshops, factories and business firms, belonged to men. This sex-based division of the world(private and public)gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes, which conferred on each is special identity. The woman, sequestered at home, “cared, nurtured and conserved. “ To do this, she had no need to be daring, ambitious, tough or competitive. The man, on the other hand, competing with his fellow men, was caught up every day in the struggle for survival, and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man. Today, many women go out to work, and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably. Besides the traditional financial incentives, we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances, and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all, for all women, work is invariably connected with the desire for independence.1．It is only in recent years that we have recognized that______.A．there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexesB．the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuousC．the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of cultureD．the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes正确答案：D解析：细节题。

考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷5(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionOne motivational analyst who became curious to know there had been such a great rise in impulse buying at supermarkets was James Vicary. He suspected that some special psychology must be going on inside the women as they shopped in supermarkets. His suspicion was that perhaps they underwent such an increase in tension when confronted with so many possibilities that they were forced into making quick purchases. He set out to find out if this were true. The best way to detect what was going on inside the shopper was through the use of a galvanometer or lie detector. That obviously was impractical. The next best thing was to use a hidden motion-picture camera and record the eye-blink rate of the women as they shopped. How fast a person blinks his eyes is a pretty good index of his state of inner tension. The average person, according to Mr. Vicary, normally blinks his eyes about 32 times a minute. If he is tense, he blinks them more frequently; and. under extreme tension, he may blink up to 50 or 60 times a minute. II he is notably relaxed, on the other hand, his eye-blink rate may drop to a subnormal twenty or less.Mr. Vicary set up his cameras and started following the ladies as they entered the store. The results were startling, even to him. Their eyeblink rate, instead of going up to indicate mounting tension, went down and down, to a very subnormal fourteen blinks a minute. The ladies fell into what Mr. Vicary calls a hypnoidal trance, a light kind of trance that, he explains, is the first stage of hypnosis. Mr. Vicary has decided that the main cause of the trance is that the supermarket is packed with products which in former years would have been items only kings and queens could have afforded and here in this fairyland they were available to all. Mr. Vicary theorizes: “Just within this generation, anyone can be a king or queen and go through these stores where the products say ‘buy me, buy me. “‘(344 words)1．Vicary’s curiosity was aroused by the fact that______.A．there was a decrease in sales in supermarketsB．women were showing strong resistance to products in supermarketsC．there seemed to be no logic in women’s buying habitsD．women were shopping very carefully正确答案：C解析：文章第一段就讲述了Vicary怀疑妇女在购物时有一种特殊的心理在起作用．与C“女性购物是没有逻辑理由”相近。

考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷24(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionRoger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason other than the racial identity of the author? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eight years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open, Rosenblatt s thematic analyses permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the late against which black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and is forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism. (444 words)1．The author of the passage objects to the Black fiction made by Addison Gayle because itA．emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fictionB．misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionC．overlooks the notions of Black identity contained in such fictionD．substitutes sociopolitical criteria for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction正确答案：D解析：文章第一段已清楚地表明，Addison Gayle最近出的书用的是社会政治标准来评价黑人小说，是不对的。

考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionGorillas and chimpanzees possess a rudimentary speech center within their brains that until now was thought to be unique to humans, scientists have found. Brain scans of the apes—man’s closest living relatives—have revealed a small, lopsided(不平衡的) structure buried in the front part of the head which in human is critical for language. The structure, Brodmann’s area 44, is part of the language center known as Broca’s area, and the scans reveal that it is larger and more developed in the left, half of the ape’s brain than in the right hemisphere—just as it is in humans. Claudio Canialupo and William Hopkins, who conducted the study at the Yerkes Primate Research Center at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, were surprised thai such a critical feature within the ape’s brain had gone unnoticed. Unlike humans, apes do not have language, and communicate by grunts and hand movements. The scientists believe their brains show that the evolution of language is rooted in a common ape-—human ancestor who lived more than five million years ago. Mr. Cantalupo and Mr. Hopkins say in the journal Nature-. “The part-possession by great apes of a homologue(同族体)of Broca’s area is puzzling, particularly considering the discrepancy between sophisticated human speech and the primitive vocalizations of great apes. Chimpanzees and gorillas nevertheless share one thing in common with human communication—they tend to use their right hands when grunting, which are controlled by the left-side of the brain. “Our findings suggest that the neuro-anatomical substrates(培养基) for left-hemisphere dominance in speech production were evident at least five million years ago and are not unique to hominid (原始人类) evolution,” the scientists say. “Whatever the function of area 44 in great apes, our finding that these species show a human-like asymmetry. . . indicates that the origin of asymmetry in language-related areas of the human brain should be interpreted in evolutionary terms rather than being confined to the human species. “(317 words)1．What does “rudimentary” mean in the first sentence?A．Undeveloped.B．Primitive.C．Radical.D．Aggressive.正确答案：A解析：rudimentary是“未发展的”之意。

考博英语-86(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part I Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Passage 1Although vocal cords are lacking in cetaceans, phonation is undoubtedly centered in the larynx.The toothed whales or odontocetes (sperm whales and porpoises) are much more vociferous than the whalebone whales, or mysticetes. In this country observers have recorded only occasional sounds from two species of mystieetes (the humpback and right whale). A Russian cetologist reports hearing sounds from at least five species of whalebone whales but gives no details of the circumstances or descriptions of the sounds themselves. **parison of the sound-producing apparatus in the two whale groups cannot yet be made, it is interesting to note that the auditory centers of the brain are much more highly developed in the odontocetes than in the mystieetes, in fact, to a degree unsurpassed by any other mammalian group.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.Which of the following animals has the most highly developed auditory center in the brain?A Elephants.B Humpback whales.C Racoons.D Sperm whales.该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D巨头鲸的大脑具有非常发达的听觉中枢。

中央音乐学院考博英语模拟真题及其解析Music comes in many forms;most countries have a style of theirown.__1__the turn of the century when jazz(爵士乐)was born,Americahad no prominent__2__of its own.No one knows exactly when jazz was__3__,or by whom.But it began to be__4__in the early1900s.Jazz isAmerica's contribution to__5__music.In contrast to classical music,which__6__formal European traditions.jazz is spontaneous and Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi free-form.Itbubbles with energy,__7__moods,interests and emotions of the people.In the1920s jazz__8__like America.And__9__it does today.The__10__of this music arc as interesting as the music__11__,American Negroes,or blacks,as they are called today were theJazz__12__.They were brought to the Southern states__13__slaves.They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long__14__.When a Negro died his friends and relatives__15__a procession to carrythe body to the cemetery.In New Orleans,a band often accompaniedthe__16__.On the way to the cemetery the band played slow,solemnmusic suited to the occasion.__17__on the way home the mood changed.Spirits lifted.Death had removed one of their__18__,but the livingwere glad to be alive.The band played__19__music,improvising(即兴表演)on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes__20__at thefuneral.This music made everyone wan to dance.It was an early formof Jazz.1.A)By B)At C)In D)On2.A)music B)song C)melody D)style3.A)discovered B)acted C)invented D)designed4.A)noticed B)found C)listened D)heard5.A)classical B)sacred C)Popular D)light6.A)forms B)follows C)approaches D)introduces7.A)expressing B)explaining C)exposing D)illustrating8.A)appeared B)felt C)seemed D)sounded9.A)as B)so C)either D)neither10.A)origins B)originals C)discoveries D)resources11.A)concerned B)itself C)available D)oneself12.A)Players B)fo llowers C)fans D)pioneers13.A)for B)as C)with D)by14.A)months B)weeks C)hours D)times15.A)demonstrated B)composed C)hosted D)formed16.A)demonstration B)procession C)body D)march17.A)Even B)Therefore C)Furthermore D)But18.A)number B)members C)body D)relations19.A)sad B)solemn C)happy D)funeral20.A)whistled B)sung C)presented D)showed参考答案：1.B2.A3.C4.A5.C6.B7.A8.D9.B10.A11.B12.D13.B14.C15.D16.B17.D18.B19.C20.C本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷7(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionWould you like to know if your body is older or younger than it should be? Dr David Wikenheiser has been studying ageing in Vancouver, Canada, for the past 10 years and has found the average person is 15 or more years older biologically than chronologically. He says: “We all know people who are 30 but look over 40, and others who are 70 yet look 50. The difference comes down to lifestyle. Some people’s bodies get rusty faster than others, and this makes them age more quickly. “Virtually every ageing process is related to the oxidative compounds or free radicals produced by our body as a reaction to pollution, ultraviolet light, stress, smoking, alcohol and pesticides. But these can be neutralised by antioxidants. After conducting more than 3 000 tests, Dr. Wikenheiser believes that, on average, you can lower your biological age by 10 years in three months with the right lifestyle changes. “You can’t alter your genetics but you can make other changes, such as eating the right food, drinking enough water to flush out toxins, exercising and managing stress,”he says. But exercising too much is just as bad as not doing enough. Walking out for more than two hours at a time every day puts too great a strain on your heart. “Multivitamin and antioxidant supplements are important even if you’re eating the right amount of fruit and vegetables. Today’s soil tends to lack essential minerals so these are no longer found in the food we eat, in large enough quantities. We should also swap (交换)bleached white table salt for natural sea salt which is much better for us. “It’s also important to eat three meals a day. Missed meals put a strain on your brain as your blood sugar level drops. Many of us are also eating the wrong fats or avoiding fat altogether, so we miss out on important nutritional oils. “You should also ask your dentist what kind of fillings you have. Amalgam fillings in your teeth are not stable and will contribute to toxic metal levels in your body.” says Dr. Wikenheiser. (351 words)1．From the first paragraph, we can see______.A．Wikenheiser is an American scientistB．Wikenheiser is a doctorC．a lot of us look older than our actual ageD．we don’t know we are 15 years older than others正确答案：C解析：第一段里有…has found the average person is 15 or more years older biologically than chronologically。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国艺术研究院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The century-old hostilities between the two tribes eventually terminated through the persistent efforts of the local government.问题1选项A.diminishedB.shrunkC.vanishedD.worsened【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。

句意：经过当地政府的不懈努力，两个部落之间长达一个世纪的敌对关系终于结束了。

A选项diminish“减少，缩小”；B选项shrink“收缩，回避”；C选项vanish“消失”；D选项worsen“恶化”。

根据句意可知，这里指敌意消失了，terminate意为“终止，结束”，所以选项C与之意思相近，代入符合语境。

2.单选题Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite（）in the repetitive and mechanical form of the waltz.问题1选项ckingckedck ofD.for lack of【答案】A【解析】考查语法知识。

空格处词语用来修饰前面的dance，所以是形容词性。

lack 与dance之间是主动关系，因此应使用lack的现在分词形式来修饰。

所以选项A正确。

3.单选题They arrived at some political agreements that facilitated troop withdrawals.问题1选项A.establishedB.maximizedC.guaranteedD.promoted【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。

根据句意：他们达成了一些政治上的协议，这……撤军。

facilitate意为“促进，帮助，使容易”。

Passage3音乐艺术I do not think that there is such a thing as absolute religious or sacred music. What is true of other things in life is true of music.It is relative.What is true in art today may be deemed quite untrue by the next generation.Take the musical consonance and discord once recognized as essential elements in music,for example.Modern composers and musicians do not recognize the old order of things.The Gregorian chant has been associated in Christian nations with religion for hundreds of years,so it invokes within us religious feeling.In a non-Christian land the same chant might rouse martial sentiment,if it had been used there for that purpose traditionally.Play the Gregorian chant to an Australian bushman and it may not affect him devotionally at all—but a certain crude melody of his own will; at the same time,his wild music may inspire feelings of a quite different nature in others in a different environment.The same is true of the music of different musical instruments.The horn has been associated with the chase.When we think of the chase we instinctively think of the horn.The guitar is associated with romance—a gondola under the Rialto in Venice,or a young man under a window in Seville.Nowadays,we associate war with trumpet and drum—the instruments of fire and fury.But in ancient Greece the bards were wont to lash the country into feverish martial activities by singing and playing on the lyre.The Gaelic bards did the same.Now,the lyre is to us an instrument of tender tones and romantic feeling.During the exciting days of the French Revolution the singing of the Marseillaise was thought more dangerous by those in power than incendiary speeches or weapons of war.It inspired people to make sacrifice,it roused them to fight and to die in fighting.I am certain that,in a country that knows nothing about the French Revolution or of this great song of France,the Marseillaise could be effectively used for religious revival.Art,then,is influenced by environment,education,and association of ideas.Art, like love,is a state of mind and heart,and the art of music more so than other arts. The arts of poetry,painting,and sculpture have tangible forms.But music is formless—it is all feeling.For that reason it is the more dynamic,and produces a deeper emotional effect.1.What is the main idea of passage?A.Music is formless.B.Music is relative.C.Music is influenced by environment.D.Music is more dynamic than other art forms.2.The author mentions“the musical consonance and discord”(in paragraph one) in order to______.A.illustrate how people’s idea change about musicB.explain more clearly what modern music isC.show the old order of music compositionsD.demonstrate what were the essential elements in music3.What kind of music is the Gregorian chant?A.Wild.B.Traditional.C.Warlike.D.Religious.4.Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Marseillaise?A.Some people feared it more than weapons.B.It was popular during the French Revolution.C.In some countries it was used for religious purposes.D.It inspired the French revolutionaries to fight bravely.pared with other art forms,music______.A.changes more slowlyB.is less idealC.is not regarded as so sacredD.has greater association with one’s heart【答案与解析】1.B文章一开始就点出了主题，是这样写的：“I do not think that there is such a thingas absolute religious or sacred music.What is true of other things in life is true of music.It is relative.”这就是说，没有什么东西像音乐一样是相对的，下文也一直在谈音乐的相对性，即在不同的环境中会产生不同的效果。

中央音乐学院考博英语翻译真题及其解析Proponents of different jazz styles have always argued that theirpredecessor''s musical style did not include essentialcharacteristics that define jazz as jazz.Thus,1940''s swing wasbelittled by beboppers of the1950''s who were themselves attackedby free jazzes of the1960''s.The neoboppers of the1980''s and1990''s attacked almost everybody else.The titanic figure of Blacksaxophonist John Coltrane has complicated the arguments made byproponents of styles from bebop through neobop because in his ownmusical journey he drew from all those styles.His influence on alltypes of jazz was immeasurable.At the height of his popularity,Coltrane largely abandoned playing bebop,the style that had broughthim fame,to explore the outer reaches of jazz.Geng duo yuan xiao wanzheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Coltrane himself probably believed that the only essentialcharacteristic of jazz was improvisation,the one constant in hisjourney from bebop to open-ended improvisations on modal,Indian,andAfrican melodies.On the other hand,this dogged student andprodigious technician—who insisted on spending hours each daypracticing scales from theory books—was never able to jettisoncompletely the influence of bebop,with its fast and elaborate chainsof notes and ornaments on melody.Two stylistic characteristics shaped the way Coltrane played thetenor saxophone:he favored playing fast runs of notes built on a melody and depended on heavy,regularly accented beats.The first led Coltrane to sheets of sound”where he raced faster and faster, pile-driving notes into each other to suggest stacked harmonies.The second meant that his sense of rhythm was almost as close to rock as to bebop.Three recordings illustrate Coltrane''s energizing explorations. Recording Kind of Blue with Miles Davis,Coltrane found himself outside bop,exploring modal melodies.Here he played surging, lengthy solos built largely around repeated motifs—an organizing principle unlike that of free jazz saxophone player Ornette Coleman, who modulated or altered melodies in his solos.On Giant Steps, Coltrane debuted as leader,introducing his own compositions.Here the sheets of sound,downbeat accents,repetitions,and great speed are part of each solo,and the variety of the shapes of his phrases is unique.Coltrane''s searching explorations produced solid achievement.My Favorite Things was another kind of watershed.Here Coltrane played the soprano saxophone,an instrument seldom used by jazz musicians.Musically,the results were astounding.With the soprano''s piping sound,ideas that had sounded dark and brooding acquired a feeling of giddy fantasy.When Coltrane began recording for the Impulse！Label,he was still searching.His music became raucous,physical.His influence on rockers was enormous,including Jimi Hendrix,the rock guitarist,who,following Coltrane,raised the extended guitar solo using repeated motifs to a kind of rock art form.The primary purpose of the text is to[A]discuss the place of Coltrane in the world of jazz and describe his musical explorations.[B]examine the nature of bebop and contrast it with improvisational jazz.[C]analyze the musical sources of Coltrane''s style and their influence on his work.[D]acknowledge the influence of Coltrane''s music on rock music and rock musicians.Which of the following best describes the organization of the fourth paragraph？[A]A thesis referred to earlier in the text is mentioned and illustrated with three specific examples.[B]A thesis is stated and three examples are given each suggesting that a correction needs to be made to a thesis referred to earlier in the text.[C]A thesis referred to earlier in the text is mentioned,and three examples are presented and ranked in order of their support of the thesis.[D]A thesis is stated,three seemingly opposing examples are presented,and their underlying correspondence is explained.According to the text,John Coltrane did all of the followingduring his career EXCEPT[A]improvise on melodies from a number of different cultures.[B]perform as leader as well as soloist.[C]spend time improving his technical skills.[D]eliminate the influence of bebop on his own music.According to the text a major difference between Coltrane and other jazz musicians was the[A]degree to which Coltrane''s music encompassed all of jazz.[B]repetition of motifs that Coltrane used in his solos.[C]number of his own compositions that Coltrane recorded.[D]indifference Coltrane maintained to musical technique.In terms of its tone and form,the text can best be characterized as[A]dogmatic explanation.[B]indignant denial.[C]enthusiastic praise.[D]speculative study.[答案与考点解析]「答案」A「考点解析」本题是一道中心主旨题。

考博英语的真题答案解析一、考博英语的重要性考博英语作为博士研究生入学考试的一部分，对于考生来说有着极其重要的意义。

具备良好的英语能力，不仅可以顺利通过考试，更有助于进一步拓宽学术研究的国际视野。

因此，考生需要认真准备考博英语，理解并熟练应用常见的解题技巧。

二、阅读理解部分解析阅读理解是考博英语的重点，也是考生最需要提高的部分之一。

解答阅读理解题时，首先需要认真阅读文章，理解文章的主旨和作者的观点。

同时，要注意文章中可能出现的难词和长句，对其进行分析翻译，以确保对文章的整体把握。

在解答问题时，可以将每个问题和相应的答案进行逐一对应，利用排除法综合考虑，找出最符合题目要求的选项。

同时，要注意选项之间的干扰关系，避免被一些迷惑人的细节所干扰。

三、完形填空部分解析完形填空是考博英语中需要考生掌握的另一个重要技巧。

首先，要通过阅读整篇短文来了解文章的大意和逻辑结构。

然后，根据短文的语境和语法要求，在给出的选项中选择最适合的答案。

在进行选择时，可以根据前后文的逻辑关系和上下文的提示，找出与文章整体一致的选项。

同时，要注意选项之间的语法搭配和词义辨析，以确保填入的答案符合语言表达的规范和意思连贯的要求。

四、翻译部分解析翻译是考博英语中需要考生具备的一项重要能力，也是综合运用语言知识和运用能力的一种形式。

在翻译部分，考生需要将给定的句子或段落从中文翻译成英文，或将英文翻译成中文。

在进行翻译时，需要对句子的语法结构和词义进行准确理解，并运用英语表达的规范和习惯进行翻译。

同时，还需要考虑语境的要求和翻译的准确性，确保所翻译的句子或段落符合原文的意思和表达要求。

五、写作部分解析写作是考生展示思想和语言运用能力的重要部分，也是考博英语中相对较难的一部分。

在写作时，需要结合给定的话题或指令，明确文章的结构和主题，并通过逻辑思维和语言表达进行准确、连贯的论述。

在提出观点和论证时，可以引用相关的事实、数据或引用他人的观点来支持自己的观点。

中央音乐学院考博英语阅读真题解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numberedblank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodilyexercise precious to health.”But1some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughterdoes2short-term changes in the function of the heart and its bloodvessels,3heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughteris difficult to4,a good laugh is unlikely to have5benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) 6,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the7,studies dating back to the1930’s indicate that laughter8muscles,decreasing muscle tone forup to45minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help9the effects ofpsychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably doesproduce other types of10feedback,that improve an individual’semotional state.11one classical theory of emotion,our feelings arepartially rooted12physical reactions.It was argued at the end ofthe19th century that humans do not cry13they are sad but they becomesad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also14tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow15muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to16a pen either with theirteeth-thereby creating an artificial smile–or with their lips, which would produce a(n)17expression.Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown,19that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around20,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.篇章分析：题目的文章来自于2009年4月刊Scientific American的How Humor Makes You Friendlier,by Sexier Steve Ayan,：幽默如何使你更加有人缘且性感1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like C2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce D3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining B4.[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe B5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable A6.[A]In turn[B]In fact[C]In addition[D]In brief B7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected A8.[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes D9.[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance C10.[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal A11.[A]Except for[B]According to[C]Due to[D]As for B12.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at C13.[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because D14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses C15.[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond B16.[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold D17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent A18.[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted D19.[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing A20.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely CSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2009. For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请Alan Gilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议。

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编5(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar constant energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun’s output without being impeded by the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA), has been measuring the Sun’s output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite’s control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space-shuttle in 1984. Max’s observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite’s instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun’s energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun’s mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun’s disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun’s surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max’s instruments registered 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth’s surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max’s data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun’s output, some scientists have thought that the satellite’s aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing Solar Max’s observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA’s Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.1．Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?A．the Earth is too far from the Sun.B．Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C．There is not enough sunlight during the day.D．the Earth’s atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.正确答案：D解析：细节题。

《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》（艺术新闻类欧洲摇滚乐）【圣才出品】Passage5欧洲摇滚乐As rock and roll music has shifted from subculture status into the main stream of popular culture,it has distributed messages of social deviance, class-consciousness,and even revolution in wide audience.In the process,exotic subculture values may have been legitimized and social class relations identified and interpreted.The very origins of rock and roll music in the United States and England are class related grounded in the day-to-day experiences of working-class white and black youth.Advanced sound-recording techniques and the emergence of specialized radio formats in the United States have extended the range of rock music’s influence by transporting the sounds to young middle-and upper-classlisteners.However,the proliferation of a new form of sub cultural music,known as new wave,is meeting with resistance from two principal sources—culture industries that inclined to produce only“safe”marketplace commodities and audience members who have yet to accept the unfamiliar sounds.In England,the relationship between working-class youth and music has been a colorful one.Unconventional British youth of the1950s(teddy boys),the1960s (rockers,modes,skinheads),and the1970s and1980s(punks)have used forms of rock and roll,including its nonmusical cultural features,as objects of communal symbolic resistance to a class-based social system that provokes feelings of economic despair.Many of England’s first punk-rock bands such as the Sex Pistols, and the Clash wrote and recorded fierce anthems that denounced perceivedgovernment-enforced practices of socioeconomic injustice.The punk movement in England has been noted for its oppositional“extremism”(loud,short,up-tempo songs created by men and women who wear short,spiky haircuts,tattered clothing, and safety pins piercing the skin).Political and social consciousness continues to be reflected in the lyrics of music made by British bands such as the Gang of Four and Au Pairs,during what has been termed a period of“post-punk pop avant-garde”.1.The rock and roll music are rooted______.A.in EnglandB.in young working people in America and EnglandC.in a world of wide audienceD.and developed in America2.How can the young middle and upper class people know rock music?A.The advanced techniques have widened the music’s influence.B.They like rock music.C.As the music has become a popular culture.D.They prefer to listen to radio.3.Working-class youth have used rock and roll______.A.in economic desperationB.and opposed classical musicC.to express their feeling against unfair social phenomenaD.only to reflect their political demands4.We can infer from this passage that______.A.rock and roll music are very good musicB.rock and roll music are closely related with young people’s ideas to social and political problemsC.the society is heading forward,and so the musicD.music against upper-class will be in vain【答案与解析】1.B句意为：摇滚乐根源于何地与何种⼈群之中。

中央音乐学院考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Vocabulary and Structure(36points)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.Foreach sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choosethe one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she________too long.A.has been readingB.had readC.is readingD.read2.Niagara Falls is a great tourist________,drawing millionsof visitors every year.A.attentionB.attractionC.appointmentD.arrangement3.The hopes,goals,fears and desires________widely betweenmen and women,between the rich and the poor.Geng duo yuan xiao wanzheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.A.alterB.shiftC.transferD.vary4.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it________in Cuba.A.being cultivatedB.been cultivatedC.having cultivatedD.cultivating5.The sale usually takes place outside the house,with the audience________on benches,chairs or boxes.A.having seatedB.seatingC.seatedD.having been seated6.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ________comfortably.A.is wornB.wearsC.wearingD.are worn7.Some diseases are________by certain water animals.A.transplantedB.transformedC.transportedD.transmitted8.Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders________ will happen to her private life.A.thatB.whatC.itD.this9.—“May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at five o’clock tonight?”—“I’m sorry.Mr.Williams________to a conference long before then.”A.will have goneB.had goneC.would have goneD.has gone10.You________him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A.shouldn’t followB.mustn’t followC.couldn’t have been followingD.shouldn’t have been following11.We agreed to accept________they thought was the best tourist guide.A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever12.It is our________policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A.consistentB.continuousC.considerateD.continual13.Between1974and1997,the number of overseas visitors expanded________27%.A.byB.forC.toD.in14.Although many people view conflict as bad,conflict is sometimes useful________it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.A.by whichB.to whichC.in thatD.so that15.He is________about his chances of winning a gold medal inthe Olympics next year.A.optimisticB.optionalC.outstandingD.obvious16.Sometimes I wish I________in a different time and a different place.A.be livingB.were livingC.would livedD.would have lived17.The director was critical________the way we were doing the work.A.atB.inC.ofD.with18.In a sudden________of anger,the man tore up everything within reach.A.attackB.burstC.splitD.blast19.________she realized it was too late to go home.A.No sooner it grew dark thanB.Hardly did it grow dark thatC.Scarcely had it grown dark thanD.It was not until dark that20.In Britain people________four million tons of potatoes every year.A.swallowB.disposeC.consumeD.exhaust21.I’d________his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community,and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A.take into accountB.account forC.make up forD.make out22.It is essential that these application forms________back as early as possible.A.must be sentB.will be sentC.are sentD.be sent23.She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it________enough to eat.dB.slightC.lightD.tender24.A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough________.A.nuisanceB.troubleC.worryD.anxiety25.These books,which you can get at any bookshop,will give you ________you need.A.all the informationB.all the informationsC.all of informationD.all of the information26.Young people are not________to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.A.conservativeB.contentC.confidentD.generous27.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairlycriticized and argue that the power of the medium is________.A.grantedB.impliedC.exaggeratedD.remedied28.I have no objection________your story again.A.to hearB.to hearingC.to having heardD.to have heard29.The clothes a person wears may express his________or social position.A.curiosityB.statusC.determinationD.significance30.You will see this product________wherever you go.A.to be advertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising31.The early pioneers had to________many hardships to settle on the new land.A.go along withB.go back onC.go throughD.go into32.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,________ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.what33.I didn’t know the word.I had to________a dictionary.A.look outB.make outC.refer toD.go over34.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds________ his arguments in favor of the new theory.A.to be based onB.to base onC.which to base onD.on which to base35.There are signs________restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A.thatB.whichC.in whichD.whose36.It is said that the math teacher seems________towards bright students.A.partialB.beneficialC.preferableD.liable(D)Section II Cloze(10points)Directions:There are10blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.You should write the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.If a farmer wishes to succeed,he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.He must store a large quantity of grain__37__consuming all his grain immediately.He can continue to support himself and his family__38__he produces a surplus.He must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing, as an insurance__39__the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to__40__old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to__41__the soil.He may also need money to construct irrigation__42__and improve his farm in other ways.If no surplus is available,a farmer cannot be__43__.He must either sell some of his property or__44__extra funds in the form of loans.Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low__45__ of interest,but loans of this kind are not__46__obtainable.37.[A]other than[B]as well as[C]instead of[D]more than38.[A]only if[B]much as[C]long before[D]ever since39.[A]for[B]against[C]of[D]towards40.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose41.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed[D]raise42.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths[D]channels43.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied[D] self-restrained44.[A]search[B]save[C]offer[D]seek45.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate[D]ratio46.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably[D]frequentlySection III Reading Comprehension(24points)Directions:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked[A],[B],[C]and [D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.Text1Tight-lipped elders used to say,“It’s not what you want in this world,but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know whatyou want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house,and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.If we intend to have friends to dinner,we plan the menu,make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first,and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise,if you want to find a job,take a sheet of paper,and write a brief account of yourself.In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself,for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education,experience and references.Such an account is valuable.It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you,you could-be employer is deciding whether your education,your experience,and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your“wares”and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires,you have something tangible to sell.Then you are ready to hunt for a job.Get all the possible information about your could-be job.Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open,and use your own judgment.Spend acertain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind:Securing a job is your job now.47.What do the elders mean when they say,“It’s not what you want in this world,but what you get.”?[A]You’ll certainly get what you want.[B]It’s no use dreaming.[C]You should be dissatisfied with what you have.[D]It’s essential to set a goal for yourself.48.[A]blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as________.[A]an illustration of how to write an application for a job[B]an indication of how to secure a good job[C]a guideline for job description[D]a principle for job evaluation49.According to the passage,one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because________.[A]that is the first step to please the employer[B]that is the requirement of the employer[C]it enables him to know when to sell his services[D]it forces him to become clearly aware of himself50.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires,you have something________.[A]definite to offer[B]imaginary to provide[C]practical to supply[D]desirable to presentText2Personality is to a large extent inherent—A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.But the environment must also have a profound effect,since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is,by its very nature,a highly competitive institution.Too many schools adopt the‘win at all costs’moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements.The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system,in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences:remember that Pheidippides,the first marathon runner,dropped dead seconds after saying:“Rejoice,we conquer!”By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable,but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously,it is neither practical nor desirable that allA-youngsters change into B’s.The world needs A types,and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment.It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values.Perhaps selection for the caring professions,especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock.B’s are important and should be encouraged.51.According to the passage,A-type individuals are usually ________.[A]impatient[B]considerate[C]aggressive[D]agreeable52.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because________.[A]the pressure is too great on the students[B]some students are bound to fail[C]failure rates are too high[D]the results of exanimations are doubtful53.The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.[A]candidates’sensitivity[B]academic achievements[C]competitive spirit[D]surer values54.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that________.[A]the personality of a child is well established at birth[B]family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics[C]the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors[D]B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyText3It was3:45in the morning when the vote was finally taken.After six months of arguing and final16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.The measure passed by the convincing vote of15to 10.Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up,half a world away,by John Hofsess,executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada.He sent it on via the group’s on-line service,Death NET.Says Hofsess:“We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn’t just something that happened in Australia.It’s world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in.The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.Some have breathed sighs of relief,others,including churches,right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association,bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage.But the tide is unlikely to turn back.In Australia—where an aging population,life extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada,where the right to die movement is gathering strength,observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law,an adult patient can request death—probably by a deadly injection or pill—to put an end to suffering.The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors.After a“cooling off”period of seven days,the patient can sign a certificate of request.After48hours the wish for death can be met.For Lloyd Nickson,a54year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer,the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering:a terrifying death from his breathing condition.“I’m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view,but what I was afraid of was how I’d go,because I’ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks,”he says.55.From the second paragraph we learn that________.[A]the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B]physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C]changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D]it takes time to realize the significance of the law’s passage56.When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling,he means________.[A]observers are taking a wait and see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B]similar bills are likely to be passed in the US,Canada and other countries[C]observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D]the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop57.When Lloyd Nickson dies,he will________.[A]face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B]experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C]have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D]undergo a cooling off period of seven days58.The author’s attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of________.[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval[D]indifferenceSection IV Translation(10Points)Directions:Translate the following sentences into English(10 points)59.所有那些努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。

Passage 1The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used.Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices.Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based1. The main subject of this passage is______.A) transportation and storage B) storage of productsC) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution2. Warehousing is important in that _A) inventories build up before the goods are soldB) the prices will go downC) more goods are produced than can be consumedD) the food has to be put on the market immediately3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?A) 3. B) 4. C) 6. D) 7.4. Where might one find meat and milk?A) Grain elevator. B) Cold-storage warehouse.C) Private warehouse. D) Bonded warehouse.5. What is NOT true of a distribution center?A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse.B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factoryD) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage.Passage 2How much pain do animals feel? This is a question which has caused endless controversy. Opponents of big game shooting, for example, arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of a badly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die. In countries where the fox, the hare and the deer are hunted, animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal suffering not only the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death.The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way, or to the same extent, as we de. Man was created with a delicate nervous system and has never lost his acute sensitiveness to pain; animals, on the other hand, had less sensitive systems to begin with and in the course of millions of years, have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries and disorders which human beings would find intolerable. For example, a dog will continue to play with a ball even after a serious injury to his foot; he may be unable to run without limping, but he will go on trying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain. We are told, moreover, that even when animals appear to us to be suffering acutely, this is not so; what seems to us to be agonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscular contractions over which they have no control.These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them.6. Animal-lovers assume that animals, being hunted, would suffer from ____.A) a great deal of agony both in body and in spiritB) mental distress once they are woundedC) only body pains without feeling sadD) crawling into the comer to die7. Supporters of game shooting may argue that animals ______.A) cannot control their muscular contractionsB) have developed a capacity of feeling no painC) are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuriesD) can endure all kinds of disorders8. The author feels sure that _____.A) animals don't show suffering to usB) dogs are more endurable than human childrenC) we cannot know what animals feelD) comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate9. What is the author's opinion about animal hunting?A) We should feel the same as the hunted animals do.B) We should protect and save all the animals.C) We shouldn't cause suffering to them.D) We should take care of them if we can.10. This passage seems to ____.A) argue for something B) explain somethingC) tell a story D) describe an objectPassage 3In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem areformulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______.A) a good example B) an imaginary modelC) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____.A) mathematicians approach scienceB) building a house is like performing experimentsC) science is more than a collection of factsD) scientific experiments have led to improved technology13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______.A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous resultsC) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7A) Sifting through known facts.B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others.C) Providing direction for scientific research.D) Linking together different theories.15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses.D) A good scientist needs to be creative.文章大意：这篇文章从定义、作用及产生过程几方面阐述了科学理论。

考博英语（阅读理解）历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionIn the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called “classical conditioning”. This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment. It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother’s face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called “ operant conditioning. “ This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.1．The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to______.A．teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionB．give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC．give parents some advice on how to modify their children’s emotions through learningD．discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced正确答案：B解析：写作目的题。

考博英语（阅读理解）练习试卷4(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ComprehensionReading ComprehensionAmid remarkable progress on inflation and fiscal reform, Italy heads into 1998 with bright prospects for economic growth and its first-round entry into a single-currency Europe all but certain. Continued wrangling over welfare reform is a potential stumbling block in the new year, but Italy appears to be on its way to a lasting recovery. The growth speedup began in the second quarter of 1997, but the pace has been exaggerated by government incentives to spur auto sales. Third-quarter real gross domestic product grew 1. 9% from a year ago, and given the jump in October industrial production, fourth-quarter GDP should reach 296. Although growth is expected to ease hack in the first half of 1998, as the auto-led boom wanes, several key factors will fuel continued growth. First, short-term interest rates have fallen 5 percentage points in the past two years, reflecting inflation’s drop from 6 % to 1.6% in November. Further cuts in official rates are expected after passage of the 1998 budget by year end 1997, as Italy aligns its rates with those across Europe prior to monetary union. Official rates are expected to drop from 6. 25% currently to 4. 5% or less during the first half, supplying a big boost to domestic demand. Also, while Italy’s fiscal policy will stay tighter than that of Europe generally, the severe drag of recent years will have lifted. Moreover, trade is a plus, since Italy is one of the European economies least exposed to the Asian crisis, based on an analysis by J. P. Morgan & Co. The lira should remain stable, and the downdraft from its steep appreciation in 1995 and 1996 is fading. Even with growth set to pick up, inflation in 1998 should remain within the Bank of Italy’s 2% target, especially with joblessness expected to remain above 12%, and with wage growth set to slow. Because 1997 inflation came in less than the government’s target, contractual wage adjustments for 1998 will adjust downward, reflecting the undershoot, from about 4% in 1997. Slower wage growth also will help the 1998 budget deficit to dip below 3% of GDP. (354 words)1．What’s the topic of this passage?A．Economic growth of Italy.B．Fiscal reform of Italy.C．Inflation in Italy.D．Fiscal policy of Italy.正确答案：A解析：文章的第一句话就是中心思想“随着意大利在通货膨胀和财政方面进行了改革并取得了进步……，”与A项内容相符。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国艺术研究院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about tea. People in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive. It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity. Some of them were not sure how to use it. They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves. Then they served them mixed with butter and salt. They soon discovered their mistake but many people used to spread the used tea leaves on bread and give them to their children as sandwiches.Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century. During the next few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it.At the same time people on the Continent were becoming more and more fond of tea. Until then tea had been drunk without milk in it, but one day a famous French lady named Madame de Sevigne decided to see what tea tasted like when milk was added. She found it so pleasant that she would never again drink it without milk. Because she was such a great lady her friends thought they must copy everything she did, so they also drank their tea with milk in it. Slowly this habit spread until it reached England and today only very few Britons drink tea without milk.At first, tea was usually drunk after dinner in the evening. No one ever thought of drinking tea in the afternoon until a duchess (公爵夫人) found that a cup of tea and a piece of cake at three or four o’clock stopped her getting “a sinking feeling” as she called it. She invited her friends to have this new meal with her and so, tea-time was born.1.Which of the following is true of the introduction of tea into Britain?2.This passage mainly discusses（）.3.Tea became a popular drink in Britain（）.4.People in Europe began to drink tea with milk because（）.5.We may infer from the passage that the habit of drinking tea in Britain was mostly due to the influence of （）.问题1选项A.The Britons got expensive tea from India.B.Tea reached Britain from Holland.C.The Britons were the first people in Europe who drank tea.D.It was not until the 17th century that the Britons had tea.问题2选项A.the history of tea drinking in BritainB.how tea became a popular drink in BritainC.how the Britons got the habit of drinking teaD.how tea-time was born问题3选项A.in eighteenth centuryB.in sixteenth centuryC.in seventeenth centuryD.in the late seventeenth century问题4选项A.it tasted like milkB.it tasted more pleasantC.it became a popular drinkD.people tried to copy the way Madame de Servinge drank tea 问题5选项A.a famous French ladyB.the ancient ChineseC.the upper social classD.people in Holland【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国艺术研究院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题They are bound to fail if they continue at the risk of all these dangers.问题1选项A.are unnecessaryB.are certainC.are simpleD.are alternative【答案】B【解析】考查词义辨析。

根据句意：如果他们继续冒着所有这些危险，他们……会失败。

这里表示的是肯定的说法，be bound to意为“肯定，必然”。

A选项are unnecessary“不必要的”；B选项are certain“必然的，确信的”；C选项are simple“简单的，单纯的”；D选项are alternative“供选择的”。

选项B符合语境。

2.单选题The singer used to play badminton with you,（）?问题1选项A.didn’t heed heC.did heD.gone off【答案】A【解析】考查反义疑问句。

陈述部分的谓语是used to，疑问部分要用didn't +主语或usedn’t +主语。

所以只有选项A正确。

3.单选题Some research workers completely（）all those facts as though they never existed.问题1选项A.ignoreB.leaveC.refuseD.miss【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。

A选项ignore“忽略”；B选项leave“离开”；C选项refuse“拒绝”；D选项miss“错过”。

句意：有些研究人员完全忽略了所有的这些事实，就好像它们根本不存在一样。

选项A符合语境。

4.单选题The right to pursue happiness is promised to Americans by the US Constitution, but no one seems quite sure which way happiness ran. It may be we are issued a hunting license but offered no game. Jonathan Swift conceived of happiness as “the state of being well-deceived,” or of being “a fool among idiots,” for Swift saw society as a land of false goals.It is, of course, un-American to think in terms of false goals. We do, however, seem to be dedicated to the idea of buying our way to happiness. We shall all have made it to Heaven when we possess enough.And at the same time the forces of American business are hugely dedicated to making usdeliberately unhappy. Advertising is one of our major industries, and advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create them — and to create them faster than anyone's budget can satisfy them. For that matter, our whole economy is based on addicting us to greed. We are even told it is our patriotic duty to support the national economy by buying things.Look at any of the magazines that cater to women. There advertising begins as art and slogansin the front pages and ends as pills and therapy in the back pages. The art at the front illustrates the dream of perfect beauty. This is the baby skin that must be hers. This, the perfumed breath she must breathe out. This, the sixteen-year-old figure she must display at forty, at fifty, at sixty, and forever. This is the harness into which Mother must strap herself in order to display that perfect figure. This is the cream that restores skin, these are the tablets that melt away fat around the thighs, and these are the pills of perpetual youth.Obviously no reasonable person can be completely persuaded either by such art or by such pills and devices. Yet someone is obviously trying to buy this dream and spending billions every year in the attempt. Clearly the happiness-market is not running out of customers, but what is it they are trying to buy?Defining the meaning of “happiness” is a perplexing proposition: the best one can do is to try to set some extremes to the idea and then work towards the middle. To think of happiness as achieving superiority over others, living in a mansion made of marble, having a wardrobe with hundreds of outfits, will do to set the greedy extreme.From the first two paragraphs of the passage we may infer that（）.In “advertising exists not to satisfy desires but to create them” (Line2, Para.3), “them” refers to（）.In the author’s view, buying things is regarded as（）.It is implied by the author that the magazines are（）.The best title for the passage maybe（）.问题1选项A.the US Constitution gives people the right to pursue happinessB.American people are at a loss as how to gain happinessC.Jonathan Swift did not believe in happiness itselfD.American people tend to buy their happiness问题2选项A.people’s desiresB.advertisementsC.various senses of happinessD.the forces of American business问题3选项A.a patriotic dutyB.supporting the national economyC.something addicting us to greedD.being taken in by advertising问题4选项A.sheer art and slogansB.full of lure and deceptionC.very useful for professional womeneless, like cream, tablets and pills问题5选项A.The pursuit of happinessB.The right to pursue happinessC.The false goals of American peopleD.The misguiding force of advertising【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。