美国商务部

中兴与美国和解罚款10亿美元未来10年将被美国随时监控加拿大中文报每天优质国际新闻全球华人都在关注当地时间6月7日，美国商务部长罗斯7日宣布，与中国中兴通讯公司达成新和解协议。

罗斯承认，这是美国商务部史上首次对一个公司祭出如此严厉的合规惩罚。

这一场持续了近两个月的风波，终于迎来了平息的日子。

10亿美元罚款美国商务部当天发表声明说，中兴通讯及其关联公司已同意支付罚款和采取合规措施来替代美国商务部此前针对该公司向美国供应商采购零部件执行的禁令。

声明称，根据新的和解协议，中兴公司支付10亿美元罚款，另外准备4亿美元交由第三方保管，用以防范任何未来可能出现的违规行为。

此外，美国将派遣一支执行小组进入中兴公司。

中兴方面则会在30天内更换其董事会以及高管团队。

然后美国商务部才会将中兴公司从禁令名单中撤除。

罗斯是在接受美国CNBC采访时宣布这一消息的。

他说，围绕中兴达成的协议并非美中贸易争端的一部分。

目前，美国商务部、白宫以及中兴通讯都没有立即对此消息置评。

付出的代价极大值得注意的是，在新罚单下，中兴需在此前已缴纳完毕的8.92亿美元罚款基础上，再缴纳10亿美金罚款、同时交给第三方托管方4亿美元“押金”，并且限期一个月改组整个董事会和高管层。

这些条件都满足后，美国商务部会将中兴从禁令名单中暂时撤除，只是暂时——采购禁令是延后10年，在这期间一旦有新的违规行为将立刻重启禁令。

而更为关键的是，在未来10年，中兴内部将常驻一只美国官方派出的检查组。

这只检查组由BIS组建并对BIS负责，组员将是“会说中文的美国人”，他们的任务是实时监控中兴在出口上的合规行为，工资等费用由中兴承担。

可以说，中兴通讯（ZTE）付出了巨额代价。

美国商务部官网6月7日发布对中兴的最新处罚措施，代替此前“一刀切”的禁令这样的处罚方案是为中兴独家定制。

罚单金额创下记录同时，还首次设计出“进驻调查组”的监管方式，这将给今后美国监管类似公司（比如华为等）时建立可供参考的先例。

别被谣传击中！美国制裁44家中国企业真相智东西8月1日消息，今天，美国商务部工业和安全局（BIS）今天在“联邦纪事”政府官方网站上公布了一份即将在美国时间8月1日（中国时间明天）正式发布的文件，宣布在美国政府“出口管理条例”（Export Administration Regulations，EAR）清单中增加44个中国机构/部门，因为他们“违反了美国的国家安全或外交政策利益”。

简单来说，就是这44个中国机构/部门将被列入美国出口管制清单中，美国公司如果想要向他们出口产品，则需要通过两道关卡，一道是“许可证”，另一道“许可证再审核”，如果不能向BIS证明出口的物项对中国的军事能力没有实质性贡献，那么则将会被拒绝出口。

这44个中国机构/部门包括了8个机构和旗下的36个附属机构（subordinate institution），他们集中以军工研究机构居多，分别是：1）中国航天科工股份有限公司第2研究院，以及旗下13个附属机构；2）中国电子科技集团公司第13研究所，以及旗下12个附属机构； 3）中国电子科技集团公司第14研究所，以及旗下2个附属机构； 4）中国电子科技集团公司第38研究所，以及旗下7个附属机构； 5）中国电子科技集团公司第55研究所，以及旗下2个附属机构； 6）中国技术进出口集团有限公司；7）中国华腾工业有限公司；8）河北远东通信系统工程有限公司；消息一出，有人惊呼“贸易战升级！美国要对中国进行技术封锁了！”，也有人冷静表示“这事儿很正常，美国三十年前就在做了”。

智东西对此事抽丝剥茧进行梳理，力求还原一个事实真相。

始于一战，美国进出口管制早有百年历史早在1917年的一百年前，美国在第一次世界大战期间就颁布了“对敌贸易法”（Trading with the Enemy Act），禁止美国与敌对国家进行贸易往来，随后全球便经历了两次世界大战的兴盛与结束。

到了1949年，在二战结束后，美国又颁布了“出口控制法”（Export Control Act），将贸易管制的法令从战争期间扩展到和平时期，试图遏制苏联及盟国在二战后的工业重建。

美国商务部宣布，对福建晋华集成电路有限公司实施
禁售令
 10月29日，美国商务部宣布，对福建晋华集成电路有限公司实施禁售令，禁止美国企业向后者出售技术和产品，将其加入到了禁售清单。

美国商务部还表示，福建晋华涉及违反美国国家安全利益的行为，给美国带来了严重风险。

 据悉，福建晋华是福建省电子信息集团、泉州和晋江市政府在2016年共同出资设立的存储芯片制造商，与中国台湾的联华电子达成技术合作，主要生产DRAM芯片（随机存取存储芯片），是我国“十三五”集成电路重大产能布局规划中的企业，同样属于“中国制造2025计划”。

 然而，继中兴解禁之后，美国政府再次对中国科技企业实施禁售令。

这不仅会导致福建晋华遭受的沉重打击，也使中国存储芯片制造本地化压力愈发沉重。

 美商务部长罗斯表示：“当外国公司从事违反国家安全利益的活动时，我们将采取有力措施保护我们的国家安全。

将晋华列入实体名单将限制其威胁我们军事系统中必要组件的供应链的能力。

”。

美国商务部向福建晋华集成实施禁售令
 刚刚消息，一记重拳向福建晋华集成砸下。

直指向中国半导体。

美国商务部周一（29号）宣布，制裁福建晋华！对福建晋华集成电路有限公司实施禁售令。

 禁止美国企业向后者出售技术和产品。

称福建晋华涉及违反美国国家安全利益的行为，给美国带来了严重风险(Significant risk)。

 在拿不出任何证据的情况下，以莫须有，威胁国家安全利益为由。

这，简直是对晋华集成的羞辱。

赤裸裸的向中国半导体宣战。

 马尔科·卢比奥，特朗普竞选总统时的对手。

发推文称中国国有指挥下的福建晋华，撒谎、欺骗、窃取知识产权。

福建晋华必须为非法行为负责。

今天，这是正确的一步，保护我们美国的科技知识。

 言辞激烈，直至福建晋华集成窃取美国知识产权行为。

 去年12月，美光科技在美国加州联邦法庭起诉联华电子与福建晋华，称。

The Commerce Control ListPart 774—page 1Export Administration RegulationsBureau of Industry and Security April 13, 2012Table of Contents§ 774.1 INTRODUCTION ......................... 1 §774.2 [RESERVED] ................................. 1 SUPPLEMENT NO. 1 TO PART 774 – THE COMMERCE CONTROL LIST........ 1 SUPPLEMENT NO. 2 TO PART 774 - GENERAL TECHNOLOGY ANDSOFTWARE NOTES ................................. 1 SUPPLEMENT NO. 3 TO PART 774 – STATEMENTS OF UNDERSTANDING . 1 SUPPLEMENT NO. 4 TO PART 774[RESERVED] ............................................. 1 SUPPLEMENT NO. 5 TO PART 774 - ITEMS CLASSIFIED UNDER ECCNS 0A521, 0B521, 0C521, 0D521 AND 0E521 (1)§ 774.1 INTRODUCTION(a) In this part, references to the EAR are references to 15 CFR chapter VII, subchapter C. The Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) maintains the Commerce Control List (CCL) that describes items (i.e., commodities, software, and technology) subject to the jurisdiction of the EAR. The CCL does not include those items exclusively controlled for export by another department or agency of the U.S. Government. In instances where other agencies administercontrols over related items, entries in the CCL will contain a reference to these controls. Those items subject to the EAR but not specified on the CCL are identified by the designator “EAR99.” See §734.2(a) of the EAR for items that are “subject to the EAR.” You should consult part 738 of the EAR for an explanation of the organization of the CCL and its relationship to the Country Chart.(b) Items that warrant control on the CCL, but for which a classification has yet to be determined, are temporarily classified under one of the 0Y521 ECCNs (i.e., 0A521, 0B521, 0C521, 0D521 or 0E521), according to their respective product group, pursuant to § 742.6(a)(7) of the EAR, while a determination is made as to whether classification under a revised or new ECCN, or an EAR99 designation, is appropriate. The technical description and list of such items appear in Supplement No. 5 to part 774 – Items Classified Under ECCNs 0A521, 0B521, 0C521, 0D521 and 0E521. Items that the U.S. Government determines are more appropriately captured under the United States Munitions List (USML) Category XXI (Miscellaneous Articles) or other USML control, as part of the 0Y521 review process will be controlled as such.(c) The CCL is contained in Supplement No. 1 to this part, and Supplement No. 2 to this part contains the General Technology and Software Notes relevant to entries contained in the CCL.§774.2 [RESERVED]SUPPLEMENT NO. 1 TO PART 774 – THE COMMERCE CONTROL LISTThe Commerce Control List is in a separate file.Export Administration Regulations Bureau of Industry and Security April 13, 2012SUPPLEMENT NO. 2 TO PART 774 - GENERAL TECHNOLOGY AND SOFTWARENOTES1. General Technology Note. The export of "technology" that is "required" for the "devel-opment", "production", or "use" of items on the Commerce Control List is controlled according to the provisions in each Category."Technology" "required" for the "development", "production", or "use" of a controlled product remains controlled even when applicable to a product controlled at a lower level.License Exception TSU is available for "tech-nology" that is the minimum necessary for the installation, operation, maintenance (checking), and repair of those products that are eligible for License Exceptions or that are exported under a license.N.B.: This does not allow release under a License Exception of the repair "technology" controlled by 1E002.e, 1E002.f, 8E002.a, or 8E002.b.N.B.: The 'minimum necessary' excludes "development" or "production" technology and permits "use" technology only to the extent "required" to ensure safe and efficient use of the product. Individual ECCNs may further restrict export of "minimum necessary" information. 2.General Software Note. License Exception TSU (“mass market” software) is available to all destinations, except countries in Country Group E:1 of Supplement No. 1 to part 740 of the EAR, for release of software that is generally available to the public by being:a. Sold from stock at retail selling points, without restriction, by means of:1. Over the counter transactions;2. Mail order transactions;3. Electronic transactions; or4. Telephone call transactions; andb. Designed for installation by the user without further substantial support by the supplier.Note:The General Software Note does not apply to "software" controlled by Category 5 - part 2 ("Information Security"). For "software" controlled by Category 5, part 2, see Supplement No. 1 to part 774, Category 5, part 2, Note 3 –Cryptography Note.Export Administration Regulations Bureau of Industry and Security April 13, 2012SUPPLEMENT NO. 3 TO PART 774 – STATEMENTS OF UNDERSTANDING(a) Statement of Understanding - medicalequipment.Commodities that are ‘specially designed for medical end-use’ that ‘incorporate’ commodities or software on the Commerce Control List (Sup-plement No. 1 to part 774 of the EAR) that do not have a reason for control of Nuclear Nonproliferation (NP), Missile Technology (MT), or Chemical & Biological Weapons (CB) are designated by the number EAR99 (i.e., are not elsewhere specified on the Commerce Control List).Notes to paragraph a:(1) ‘Specially designed for medical end-use’ means designed for medical treatment or the practice of medicine (does not include medical research).(2) Commodities or software are considered ‘incorporated’ if the commodity or soft ware is: Essential to the functioning of the medical equipment; customarily included in the sale of the medical equipment; and exported or reexported with the medical equipment.(3) Except for such software that is made publicly available consistent with § 734.3(b)(3) of the EAR, commodities and software ‘specially designed for medical end-use’ remain subject to the EAR.(4) See also § 770.2(b) interpretation 2, for other types of equipment that incorporate items on the Commerce Control List that are subject to the EAR. (5) For computers used with medical equipment, see also ECCN 4A003 note 2 regarding the "principal element" rule.(6) For commodities and software specially de-signed for medical end-use that incorporate an encryption or other "information security" item subject to the EAR, see also Note 1 to Category 5, Part II of the Commerce Control List.(b) Statement of Understanding - Source Code.For the purpose of national security controlled items, “source code” items are controlled either by “software” or by “software” and “technology” controls, except when such “source code” items are explicitly decontrolled.(c) Category 5 - Part 2 - Note 4 Statement ofUnderstanding.All items previously described by Notes (b), (c) and (h) to 5A002 are now described by Note 4 to Category 5 - Part 2. Note (h) to 5A002 prior to June 25, 2010 stated that the following was not controlled by 5A002:Equipment specially designed for the servicing of portable or mobile radiotelephones and similar client wireless devices that meet all the provisions of the Cryptography Note (Note 3 in Category 5, Part 2), where the servicing equipment meets all of the following:(1) The cryptographic functionality of the ser-vicing equipment cannot easily be changed by the user of the equipment;(2) The servicing equipment is designed for installation without further substantial support by the supplier; andExport Administration Regulations Bureau of Industry and Security April 13, 2012(3) The servicing equipment cannot changethe cryptographic functionality of the devicebeing serviced.(d) Statement of Understanding—Used Goods.The specifications in the Commerce Control Listapply equally to new or used goods. In the caseof used goods, an evaluation by the Bureau ofIndustry and Security may be carried out inorder to assess whether the goods are capable ofmeeting the relevant specifications.Export Administration Regulations Bureau of Industry and Security April 13, 2012SUPPLEMENT NO. 4 TO PART 774 [RESERVED]Export Administration Regulations Bureau of Industry and Security April 13, 2012SUPPLEMENT NO. 5 TO PART 774 - ITEMS CLASSIFIED UNDER ECCNS 0A521,0B521, 0C521, 0D521 AND 0E521The following table lists items subject to the EAR that are not listed elsewhere in the CCL, but which the Department of Commerce, with the concurrence of the Departments of Defense and State, has identified warrant control for export or reexport because the items provide at least a significant military or intelligence advantage to the United States or for foreign policy reasons.Export Administration Regulations Bureau of Industry and Security April 13, 2012。