澳门科技大学西方文化通论课本目录检索及课后答案

P241、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。

（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化论。

希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观和自然观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。

这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。

它蕴涵着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。

以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。

这种维系神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，神权的替代和神系的更迭揭示了一种深刻的命运观。

这种通过“命运”来实现的神系神系的更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。

P602.希腊神话的“神人同形同性的特点”反映了什么样的文化精神？A、神人同形－－希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。

B、神人同性－－神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错误，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。

由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。

在希腊宗教和希腊文化中，自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本特征。

肉体与精神的原始和谐，使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。

4.希腊自然哲学与形而上学是如何产生和发展的？A、自然哲学－发展从泰勒斯到原子论者－强调质料或具象性的元素当希腊“哲学之父”泰勒斯宣称万物都是从水中产生时，他用一种新的形式——哲学形式表述了神话中的内容。

西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad andthe Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval periodand opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for thedevelopment of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideologicalemancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成word文本--------------------- 方便更改。

西方文明通论考试答案2017年12月我的答案：√4西方古代宗教建筑体现了人与神的关系。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√5浪漫主义是高度崇尚感性，排斥理性的。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√6升华和宣泄是弗洛伊德常用的两个心理学术语。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√7成功的公共艺术是个性的共鸣反应。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√8作品《塞基洛斯的墓志铭》的旋律是单旋律。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√9现代民主的特征体现为是以民族国家为背景。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√10基督教对于宪政革命带来了全新的世俗权力结构。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√11不净观是五停心观之一。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√12政客与政治家不同，前者是个贬义词。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√13巴洛克时期的器乐和声乐并驾齐驱，分庭抗礼。

（）（1.0分）0.0分我的答案：×14美国对内部共同体施行的是契约主义。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√15洛克认为自由三要素分别是守法、法律未禁止则不受干预、法律由最高统治者制定。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：×16古希腊时期西方的主流思想是以亚里士多德为主的理性主义。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：×17同样一个制度面对不同人的时候发挥的效用不同。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√18据统计，最伟大的哲学家往往不会出现在德语地区。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：×19基督教认为国家是对罪的惩罚和补救。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√20公共艺术是追求永恒的艺术。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√21在美国把印第安人成为First nation。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：×22西方文明是促使国家与文明走向现代化发展道路的第一冲击力。

（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√23“德赛”两先生是在新文化运动时期来到中国的。

西方文化概论1。

、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间跨度?（24页）地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。

时间跨度: 古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段:A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化(公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪)B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪)2。

赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？（24页)第一，它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观.从这方面看，希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生城观和自然观,神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。

第二，它蕴含着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想.这方面看，以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的锲机是神话的有一个特征。

3。

希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？(60页）第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视，这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神，希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神。

第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征。

自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜，感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱。

第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉.4. 希腊悲剧“命运"的主题具有什么深刻寓意？（60页）首先，希腊悲剧不是善与恶这两种对立的自由意志，而是自由意志与潜藏在它背后的决定论；不是一个人对另一个人的否定，而是自己对自己的否定.其次,“命运”作为感性的现象世界背后的一种抽象的本质或规律,作为一种普遍性的东西，是建立在形象思维基础之上的希腊神话和悲剧所无法真正把握的，因而对于希腊人来说是一种不可理解也无法改变的宿命。

西方文化概论1。

、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间跨度?（24页）地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。

时间跨度: 古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段:A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化(公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪)B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪)2。

赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？（24页)第一，它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观.从这方面看，希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生城观和自然观,神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。

第二，它蕴含着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想.这方面看，以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的锲机是神话的有一个特征。

3。

希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？(60页）第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视，这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神，希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神。

第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征。

自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜，感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱。

第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉.4. 希腊悲剧“命运"的主题具有什么深刻寓意？（60页）首先，希腊悲剧不是善与恶这两种对立的自由意志，而是自由意志与潜藏在它背后的决定论；不是一个人对另一个人的否定，而是自己对自己的否定.其次,“命运”作为感性的现象世界背后的一种抽象的本质或规律,作为一种普遍性的东西，是建立在形象思维基础之上的希腊神话和悲剧所无法真正把握的，因而对于希腊人来说是一种不可理解也无法改变的宿命。

第一章古希腊罗马文化第一节1、如何认识古希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。

（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义?从文化学角度来看，赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：第一，它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观；第二，它蕴含着一种自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。

从第一方面来看，希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。

这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。

从第二方面来看，以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。

这种维持神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，而在背后决定着诸神的兴衰泰否的就是那个不出场的“命运”。

这种通过“命运”的“看不见之手”来实现神系更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。

第二节1、希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视,这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神,希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神.第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征.自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜,感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱.第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉。

(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。

P2851.文艺复兴产生的原因：（1.）城市的发展和繁荣是文艺复兴产生的条件之一（2.）新航路的开辟（3.）教会对人们精神的控制（4.）根本原因是新兴资本主义的壮大（5.）直接原因，导火线：黑死病的爆发（6.）文艺复兴另一个重要原因是1453年奥斯曼土耳其帝国攻陷君士坦丁堡，东罗马帝国灭亡。

大批受到东方文化影响，还保留古罗马帝国精神的人才逃往意大利，带回许多新鲜思想和艺术，在罗马开办教授希腊语的学校，促使了文艺复兴运动的形成。

文艺复兴产生的特点：感性的解放。

即以感性意义上的人性来反对抽象的神性，以生机盎然的现世生活来反对枯燥冷漠的天国理想，以正常情欲和感官享乐来反对中世纪的禁欲主义和变态虚伪。

2.“因信申义”思想实质凡相信“耶稣是基督”的就得救，没有任何外在条件或者人的行为可以改变这一点。

4.宗教宽容的历史意义宗教的宽容主张从实质上看,是与社会世俗道德精神相一致的, 是普世的道德, 不管有无宗教信仰,都可以接受。

因此, 不论对当今世界的和平稳定发展, 还是对扭转社会风气, 促进人际关系的和谐友爱,都有极大的现实意义和应用价值。

从世界范围看, 面对经济全球化、政治多极化、文化多元化, 南北贫富的悬殊, 生态环境的恶化, 恐怖活动的猖獗, 地区性的角逐, 乃至世界性的冲突等等, 如果人们能借用宗教的宽容精神, 从人类的共同福祉出发, 不带偏见和狭隘, 互相理解和沟通, 互相欣赏和宽容, 紧握仁慈和善良, 就能避免敌视和仇恨, 消除暴力与战争, 那么世界就会太平, 人类才有幸福。

在当前社会主义时期, 宗教的宽容主张在客观上也是与社会主义精神文明相适应的。

在现实生活中, 如果我们能平等对待他人, 多替他人着想, 多拿出一些真诚与友善、怜爱与同情给对方, 也就是在生活中处处表现出宽容、忍让、善待, 那么人与人之间的关系就会融洽多了, 社会风气也会好转起来。

当然, 我们在充分肯定宗教宽容主张的积极作用的同时, 还应该看到它的消极因素, 特别是对社会主义精神文明不利的一面。

1. Please give an account of the setting of the Enlightenment.The fact that the Enlightenment first occurred in France was ascribed to the deterioration in economic, political, social and cultural conditions in the 18th-century France. The French people strongly demanded that the declining situation be arrested and reforms be carried out. Under such circumstances, progressive intellectuals began to think more seriously about the solutions to the crises and tried to resort to intellectual and social means. This movement also asked for more political power to the people as the bourgeoisie joined in with its economic support and thus the cultural movement tinned with political colour as a bourgeois mark. On the other hand, the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the influences of British empiricism also immensely heightened intellectual and political awareness of the people in general. This prepared the political basis of the bourgeois revolution to follow.2. Briefly introduce one or two representative figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas. V oltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people. What’s more, he strongly condemned feudal autocracy and put forward the theory of the enlightened monarchy.Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing the nature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law which has wide-ranging influence on the later generations of modern Western political thinking and practice.For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery. His geographical and environmental theory is of some progressive significance, but it exaggerates the geographical factor in social development.1. Say something about the origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples. Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture, as was demonstrated in Germany where the Storm and Stress Movement occurred under Rousseau’s influence which attracted many followers including Goethe and Schiller.To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.The major concerns of Romanticism comprised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.2. What do you think of the similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact that they both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to thecause or motivation of certain or behaviors; second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behavior by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism but even more violent and barbarous and emotional.1.2. Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development.Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and e pistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great contribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of reality of the “things in themselves” remains forever unaccessible to the human mind and what we can know is only its phenomena. The mind impresses its forms of sensibility via space and time or the original data of the senses and orders them according to the categories of thought.1. Say something you know about Modernism, including its performance and features. Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic, social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.Modernism —despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which, with all its justifications, only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained. The reason is simple — no one could reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from. In that sense people after modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, which they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.2. Describe one or two modernist writers focused on his work.James Joyce is one of most prominent modernist writers in the early 20th century whose reputation mainly rests upon his masterful use of the Stream of Consciousness technique in his writing. He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses (1922) and its controversial successor Finnegans Wake(1939), as well as the short story collection Dubliners(1914) and the semi-autobiographical novellet A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916). Ulysses is one of the most important works of Modernist literature. The action of novel, which takes place in asingle day, 16 June 1904, sets the characters and incidents of the Odyssey of Homer in modern Dublin and bases his three protagonists, Leopold Bloom, Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus, on the triangular relationship in parallel with the construction of Odysseus, Penelope and Telemachus. Ulysses’ stream-of-consciousness technique, symbolic structure, and experimental prose style—full of puns, parodies, and allusions—as well as its rich characterization in close association with serious thematic concerns, such as Irish nationalism, sympathy for the Jew and women, and protest against Catholicism, therefore renders the book a highly recognized status in Modernist literature.1. Tell some ideological Representative Figures of the Modern age and their main ideas..(1) Marx’s Marxism, its main ideas include scientific socialism, political economics, and dialectic materialism.(2) Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, Its main idea as follow:i. Species have developed or evolved by a series of small variations.ii. All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype.iii. Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survival of species are ultimately significant.iv. Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.Comet’s Positivism, including Theory of Three Stages:i. Man wanted to acquire absolute knowledge and explain the observed phenomena of the outside world with the help of supernatural theological influences.ii. Man used instead a kind of personified abstraction, i.e. metaphysical nature and “natural force”. iii. Rational sciences dominated everything.Bergson’s Intuitional Ideas:i. He was opposed to the monism of both materialism and idealism and sought a return to philosophical dualism.ii. The functions of intuition and intellect and their differences.Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis:i. deep-level psychology: the human unconscious was like the submerged part of an iceberg, hiding many instinctive impulses and repressed desires;ii. Three concepts: the id, the ego, the superego (choose two or three)。

被誉为“西方音乐之父”的作曲家是（）。

A、亨德尔B、贝多芬C、巴赫D、维瓦尔第人们眼中罗马人的典型形象是（）。

A、水手B、哲学家、科学家C、艺术家D、农民、士兵中心观”是中国文化的（）。

A、基础B、核心C、特点D、总结信仰犹太教与（）的统称自己为亚伯拉罕的子孙。

A、基督教、东正教B、东正教、佛教C、基督教、伊斯兰教D、伊斯兰教、东正教人类最早的文字是（）。

A、甲骨文字B、埃及纸草C、楔形文字D、欧洲字母表描述文明特征与内容需要考虑的因素中不包括（）。

A、地理环境B、制度设施C、生活方式D、教育水平“关涉大家的事要得到大家的同意”是中世纪代议制民主的（）。

A、含义B、特征C、程序设计D、基本原则宪政制度的（）是将人心、人性定义为恶。

A、最大特点B、最基本前提C、最重要体现D、核心《老子》和《庄子》是（）学说的代表作品。

A、儒家B、佛家C、道家D、法家英国在宗教改革中建立的民族教会，也称为（）。

正确为AA、安立甘教会B、英格兰教会C、民族圣公会D、安立甘圣公会（）建筑的文化内涵表现出了人与神的隔绝、疏远。

A、希腊式B、罗马式C、哥特式D、文艺复兴式下列音乐作品属于新古典主义在德国的表现的是（）。

A、《第三交响乐》B、《乐章三首》C、《无主之锤》D、《画家马蒂斯》当代关于“公法”与“私法”的区分有不同学说，其中不包括（）。

A、利益说B、隶属说C、文化说D、主体说日本《民法典》是界于（）之间的混合产物。

A、英国《民法典》和德国《民法典》B、法国《民法典》和中国《民法典》C、法国《民法典》和德国《民法典》D、美国国《民法典》和德国《民法典》古罗马政治结构的多元化表现在（）。

A、多国并立B、封建制度C、政教二元化D、国家二分关于弗洛伊德，说法不正确的是（）。

A、主要研究癔病B、发明了谈疗法C、澳大利亚心理学家D、精神分析学派的创始人古代等级社会中“不平等的人之间不平等”，这种“不平等”是基于（）。

A、身份B、本性C、性别D、资本文明作为价值尺度的内在要素,并未体现在（）。