chapter1 introduction to IE

Study of language changes through time
“English Language History”
Speech vs. writing “口语”和 “书面语” Finding differences
Whenever I’d visited there before I’d end up feeling that other people might get hurt if I tried to do anything more.
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Time allocation of teaching periods
In this semester, 12 chapters of textbook will be learnt in total 32 teaching periods:
One chapter a week. For difficult chapters, 2 or more weeks will be required (e.g. chapter 1 Introduction).
Prescriptive vs. descriptive “规定式” 和“描写式”
Prescriptive
Descriptive
Prescribe how things should Describe how things are be
Lay down rules e.g. Do/Don’t say …
Synchronic vs. diachronic “共时”和 “历时”
Synchronic
Diachronic
Study of language at some point of time in history

I II III
Ⅴ
Established in continental Europe, is based on a comprehensive code.
Came from the Roman tradition and was codified in the sixth century in Justnian Code In the 18th century, France codified the law into a civil, commercial, penal, civil procedure and criminal procedure code. Other European countries such as Germany and Switzerland followed with a codification of their law. The colonization of Africa, Asia, and Latin America spread the civil law system.
International Treaties and Conventions (国际条约和国际公约)
条约是指两个 或两个以上国 家之间在国际 商事问题上达 成的具有约束 力的协议。 公约是指国与 国之间在国际 组织主持下达 成的具有约束 力的协议。
Characteristics of Treaties and Conventions
a big foreign buyer contacts you by e-
mail, and wants to place a large order to
you. Then please think, if you want to do the business transaction with him, what

Mark Twain
And he grew up and married, and raised a large family, and brained them all with an axe one night, and got wealthy by all manner of cheating and rascality; and now he is the infernalist wickedest scoundrel in his native village, and is universally respected, and belongs to the Legislature. So you see there never was a bad James in the Sunday-school books that had such a streak of luck as this sinful Jim with the charmed life. (The Story Of The Bad Little Boy)
Charles Dickens
那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代； 那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那是信 仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是光明的季 节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希望的春天，那 是失望的冬天；我们全都在直奔天堂，我们 全都在直奔相反的方向。
Mark Twain
Thus perished the good little boy who did the best he could, but didn't come out according to the books. Every boy who ever did as he did prospered except him. His case is truly remarkable. It will probably never be accounted for. (The Story Of The Good Little Boy)

[点评] ：
(1)译文1中，well-paved确是“铺设得很好的”，可是，一见到well或good
[译就译文成1“]：好铺”，设显得得很语言好贫的乏公。事路实经上过，英一语排里排的这整两洁个的词在，汉现译代时有的很房多屋译法，。 如：a这w些ell房-be屋ha坐ved落gi在rl“树举中止得。体的姑娘”
[译文]: 我们都会想念他的，但我们祝愿他退休后快乐，长寿。 4. He has enough money to burn.
[译文]: 他有花不完的钱。 5. Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep?
[译文]: 你为什么要引狼入室？
General Introduction to Translation
expression）。
General Introduction to Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
• 这类翻译标准或原则的共同特点是：翻译既要“忠实”又要 “通顺”，即译文必须既要考虑到原作者又要考虑到译文的 读者。
• 所谓忠实，首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内 容完整而准确地表达出来，不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏阉 割或任意增删的现象。其次还应保持原作的风格——即原作 的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。 译者对原作的风格不能任意破坏和改变，不能以译者的风格 代替原作的风格。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation）一书中提出了著名的翻译三 原则：