概要写作二

（4）A Question of JudgementHuman beings are, in principle, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance, this might seem like a strength that grants people the ability to make judgments which are independent of external factors. But in a world of limited resources--in other words, the world in which most professional people operate — Dr. Simonsohn reported in Psychological Science that it was actually a weakness since an inability to consider the big picture was leading decision-makers to be biased (有偏见)by the daily samples they were working with.To test this idea, Dr. Simonsohn and his assistants turned their attention to the university-admissions process. Admissions officers interview hundreds of applicants every year, at a rate of 4% a day, and can offer entry to about 40% of them. In theory, the success of an applicant should not depend on the few others chosen randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was otherwise.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews conducted by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had rated applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale took numerous factors, including communication skills, personal drive, team-working ability and personal accomplishments, into consideration. The scores from this rating were then used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is marked out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr.Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one before that, then the score for the next applicant would drop by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to reverse the effects of such a decrease, a candidate would need 30 more GMA T points than would otherwisehave been necessary.As for why people behave this way, Dr.Simonsohn proposes that after accepting a number of strong candidates, interviewers might form the illogical expectation that a weaker candidate "is due".参考答案：4.Making decisions without considering the big picture will cause biased opinions, which can be proved by MBA interviews. The success depends on the candidate's competitors because his score will fall if the previous candidates keep being graded with higher points. The reason is that the interviewer expects the arrival of a 'weaker' candidate after meeting with several strong ones. (59 words)（5）Small TalkSecurity guard, truck driver, salesperson — year after year, these jobs appear on lists of the unhappiest careers. Although many factors can make a job depressing 一unusual hours, low pay, no chance for advancement — these three jobs stand out for another reason: a lack of small talk.Psychologists have long said that connecting with others is central to our well-being, but just how much conversation we require is under investigation. In one study, researchers overheard undergraduates for four days and then catalogued each conversation as either "small talk" （"What do you have there? Pop corn? Yummy!"）or “serious" （"Did they break up soon after?"）. They found that the second type is connected with happiness the happiest students had roughly twice asmany "serious" talks as the unhappiest ones. Small talk, meanwhile, made up only ten percent of their conversation, versus almost 30 percent of conversation among the unhappiest students.However, don't just consider small talk worthless yet. Scientists believe that small talk could promote bonding. Chatting with strangers could brighten our morning. In a series of experiments, psychologists found that those who chatted with other train passengers reported a more pleasant journey than those who didn't.Small talk can also help us feel connected to our surroundings. People who smiled at, made eye contact with and briefly spoke with their Starbucks baristas（咖啡帀）reported a greater sense of belonging than those who rushed through the transaction（交易）.Similarly, when volunteers broke the silence of the art gallery to chat with gallery-goers, the visitors felt happier and more connected to the exhibit than those who were not approached.Of course, some of us are better than others at turning small talk into something bigger. In one study, people who were rated "less curious" by researchers had trouble getting a conversation rolling on their own. People who were considered "curious", meanwhile, needed no help transforming conversations about ordinary things like favorite holidays into friendly exchanges. A “curious mindset “, the researchers concluded, can lead to 44positive social interaction.参考答案：5.Jobs lacking a small talk will become joyless. Psychologists find happy students like serious talk more than small talk, but small talk has its value in promoting relationship and bringing a good mood. It also helps one connected with the environment, increasing sense of belonging. Curiouspeople are better at initiating a friendly conversation. (54 words)（6）How much do you know about venom?All snakes arc hunters and predators, feeding on the animals and sometimes their eggs. Having no limbs, snakes cannot hold their preys down to bite；hence they usually swallow them whole. Poisonous snakes sometimes do immobilize their preys with their venom（毒液）to make consumption easier.Most poisonous snakes are conspicuously colored to warn others off. One example is the redheaded krait which has a bluish-black body and scarlet head and tail. Snakes like the cobras, which have less outstanding body colors, display their fatality by lifting the front part of their body and spreading their hoods.Why then is the venom so deadly? Each species of venomous snakes has a different mix of poisonous chemicals in its bite. Scientists know about two basic categories. One type of poison contains molecules that block the activity of nerves, which paralyzes the muscles. When this action stops the muscles that work the lungs, the prey stops breathing and dies. The other type of venom is made up of molecules that kill the prey by making tissues in the body begin to break down.Though these bites arc deadly, certain actions can be taken to slow down the spread of the venom, hence saving the victim's life. Attempting to incise and suck at the spot of the bite is more likely to be harmful than a cure. The poisonous venom usually travels fast into the body uponbeing released; hence sucking at the mouth of the wound will not help remove the poison；rather, it may lead the victim to great pain and further increase bleeding. Instead, a broad, firm bandage should be applied over the wound and up the full limb to compress the tissues and prevent the spread of the venom. After which, the victim must be duly sent to the hospital for professional treatment.参考答案：6.Venom helps snakes make swallowing preys easier. Poisonous snakes will use color or change their body position to send off warnings. Venom is deadly because the molecules it contains either stop nerves from functioning properly or make preys5 tissues collapse. To slow down its spread, remember to apply bandage and send victims to the hospital immediately. (56 words)。

专题强化练(二十七)概要写作(Ⅱ)A(2023·上海嘉定统考二模)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Museum Craze Involves More TeenagersMore museums are here waiting for you！China's capital，Beijing，is going to open another batch(一批)of museums this year.The building of a new branch of the Palace Museum，one of the world's most visited tourist attractions，kicked off as well.As the museum craze has grown stronger in the past few years，teenagers in China have become more involved in exploring museums，where they can immerse(沉浸)themselves in modern technology as well as culture from the past.According to Educator magazine，visits by teenagers to museums each year increased from220million to290million in the past5years.Among the increasing numbers of museum visitors，many of them were teenagers accompanied by their families，reported GuangmingDaily earlier this month.To draw younger visitors，many museums are creating more offline activities for the purpose of spreading Chinese culture.They include artifact making，night visits，secret adventures，treasure evaluation，and some interesting courses.At the China Hangzhou Arts&Crafts Museum，for example，teenagers gathered around to make paper umbrellas during the Spring Festival holiday.With white gloves on and little spades in their hands，visitors in Henan province got to experience the daily work of archaeologists(考古学家)．Apart from the activities，some museums even open branches especially designed for teenagers.A hall called Popular Agricultural Science for Young Visitors is a special branch launched by China Agricultural Museum.It is an exhibition hall that combines both visual and audio technology to involve teenagers in agriculture.Besides these offline approaches，a number of museums have also created official websites for teenagers，the Palace Museum in particular.Online visitors may go on an exciting adventure on the website in the style of a comic book.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【参考范文】Beijing will open more museums this year.With the popularity of museums，there has been increasing participation among teenagers.(要点1)The number of teenagers who visit increases eachyear.To attract teenagers，some museums are developing more offline events that are related to Chinese culture，while others launch branches dedicated to teenagers.(要点2)Besides，some museums also create online websites for teenagers.(要点3)B(2023·上海闵行统考二模)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Exercise 1Water is very important for living things. Without water there can be no life on the earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water. Almost everyone knows that water covers three- fourths of the earth5s surface. Most of it, however, is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also, some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact, less than one percent is left for the use of people, animals and plant life.All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel, petrol, paper, rubber and so on.Meanwhile, water problem is becoming more serious and more complex. Our increasing population tremendously increases urban wastes, primarily polluted water. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting(稀释）wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volume of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. Scientists estimate that the problem of water shortage will become severe. Thus it is apparent that effective steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem and to find new ways of saving and producing fresh water as well. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug, and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another, they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.参考范文：Water is essential for all the living things on the earth.(要点1) With the worldwide increase ofpopulation，more water is needed.(要点2) Meanwhile，water sources are getting polluted by poisonous chemical wastes produced by human beings in one way or another.(要点3) Thus measures are being taken to solve this problem, hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs.分析过程1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文分为四段。

2019高考英语概要写作技巧讲解(2)(word版可编辑修改)编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（2019高考英语概要写作技巧讲解(2)(word版可编辑修改)）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。

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2019高考英语概要写作技巧讲解一、考点分析（一）考查内容：1、考查读懂文章内容的能力2、考查识别作者写作目的的能力3、考查归纳总结的能力4、考查组织文章的能力(二）评分要点•1）字数50左右•2）理解准确，涵盖全部要点•3）准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇•4）完全使用自己的语言•5）有效使用语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑二、专题详解定义:It is a brief, thorough and objective restatement of the main idea and key points of a longer composition.读者在正确理解文章的基础上, 在不改变原文中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下,用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点.(三）写作方法确定体裁，明确主题明确文章结构 （总—分，总-分-总,分-总,并列) 划主题句与关键信息 写纲要，打草稿 润色成文1)按体裁2)①同义转换：近义词、同义词和词组的替换，尽量用单词替换短语(例 improve=promote， of great importance = greatly important）②句式转换：简化句子结构（例如,定语从句改成分词作后置定语；状语从句改成非谓语作状语；）③句子重构：调整词类（名词、动词、形容词转换）、时态、语态（主动变被动）等3)衔接（替换;省略；增加）:表逻辑关系的连接词替换：并列关系and, moreover， furthermore， in addition,转折关系 but, instead， however， on the other hand省略:并列观点有时可省略连接词；记叙文可省略衔接词。

专题模拟训练(概要写作)概要写作(一)A(2024·高考英语考前信息必刷卷)阅读下面短文，依据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

The production of fine art is the use of skill and imagination to create aesthetic objects or experiences which can be shared with other people.Photography is thought by some to be a form of fine art; however, others claim that photography is not.Those who believe that photography is not a form of art present several arguments.They claim a photograph is nothing but an objective record of a particular place at a particular time.Therefore, any beauty that is perceived in the picture is the beauty of the time and place where it was taken, and is not the creation of the photographer.They also argue that sophisticated and expensive equipment often plays a greater role in the success of a photograph than the photographerʼs creativity.Even some of the greatest photographers acknowledge that there is a limit to the amount of influence they can have on a final product.However, there are also many reasons why photography is appreciated on the same level as other recognized forms of visual art.The decisions involved in creating a photograph are analogous to those made by any other artist.A photograph is not just a banal record of the world, but a deliberately created image with its own artistic features.Ansel Adams, the American photographer, commented on this point when he noted: “You donʼt take a photograph, you make it.” There is a growing trend for photographers to call themselves artists and their photos are sold for millions of dollars.However, these high prices may not be enough to change peopleʼs perceptions of whether photography is art.The arguments about whether photography is art have been discussed since the earliest cameras were used.The creative process involved in taking a fine photograph, deciding what, when and how the picture should be taken, is certainly similar to the process of making fine art.However, cameras are also increasingly used to take photographs for non-artistic functions.Although we cannot say that photography itself is necessarilyart, we can certainly see that it is a medium that can be used to make art.【范文】Opinions vary from person to person on whether photography should be considered a fine art.Some are against it because they think it is just an objective record and the photographerʼs creativity isnʼt reflected.However, others are in favor of it.They think photograph is a deliberately created image.All in all, photography is a medium used to make art.B(2024·高考三轮冲刺卷)阅读下面短文，依据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

如何写二单元梗概作文英文回答：Unit 2 Summary.In this unit, we learned about the concept of globalization and its impact on different aspects of our lives. The unit started with an introduction to the idea of globalization and how it has led to the interconnectedness of the world. We discussed how this interconnectedness has affected various areas such as economics, culture, and the environment.We then delved into the economic impact of globalization, discussing how it has led to the integration of markets and the free flow of goods and services across borders. This has resulted in both opportunities and challenges for businesses and workers. For example, while multinational corporations have been able to expand their operations globally, small businesses have faced increasedcompetition. Additionally, workers in developing countries have often faced poor working conditions and low wages due to globalization.Moving on to the cultural impact, we explored how globalization has led to the spread of ideas, values, and practices across the world. This has resulted in the homogenization of cultures in some aspects, as well as the preservation and revitalization of traditional cultures in others. For instance, the popularity of American fast food chains in different countries has led to a globalized food culture, while efforts to protect indigenous languages and traditions have also gained momentum.Finally, we examined the environmental impact of globalization, focusing on issues such as climate change and resource depletion. The increased transportation of goods and people across the globe has led to higher carbon emissions and environmental degradation. On the other hand, globalization has also facilitated the sharing of knowledge and technology for sustainable development.Overall, this unit has provided a comprehensive understanding of globalization and its multifaceted impact on the world. It has highlighted the interconnectedness of different aspects of our lives and the need for global cooperation to address the challenges that come with it.中文回答：第二单元概要。

Exercise 1Water is very important for living things. Without water there can be no life on the earth. All animals and plants need water. Man also needs water. Almost everyone knows that water covers three- fourths of the earth5s surface. Most of it, however, is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also, some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact, less than one percent is left for the use of people, animals and plant life.All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel, petrol, paper, rubber and so on.Meanwhile, water problem is becoming more serious and more complex. Our increasing population tremendously increases urban wastes, primarily polluted water. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting(稀释）wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volume of liquid wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are poisonous. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. Scientists estimate that the problem of water shortage will become severe. Thus it is apparent that effective steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem and to find new ways of saving and producing fresh water as well. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug, and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another, they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.参考范文：Water is essential for all the living things on the earth.(要点1) With the worldwide increase ofpopulation，more water is needed.(要点2) Meanwhile，water sources are getting polluted by poisonous chemical wastes produced by human beings in one way or another.(要点3) Thus measures are being taken to solve this problem, hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs.分析过程1.核心内容本文是一篇说明文，全文分为四段。