国贸名词解释1.Opportunity cost theory (机会成本理论)：The theory that the cost of a commodity is theamount of a second commodity that must be given up to release just enough resources to produce one more unit of the first commodity.2.Production possibility frontier (生产可能性曲线)：A curve showing the various alternativecombinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it .3.Marginal rate of transformation (边际转换率)：The amount of one commodity that anation must give up to produce each additional unit of another commodity .The is another name for the opportunity cost of a commodity and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production.munity indifference curve (社会无差异性曲线)：The curve that shows the variouscombinations of two commodities yielding equal satisfaction to the community or nation .Community indifference curves are negatively sloped, convex from origin ,and should not cross.5.Terms of trade (贸易条件):The ratio of the index price of a nation’s export to its importcommodities.6.Equilibrium-commodity price with trade (贸易均衡的相对商品价格): The commonrelative commodity price in two nations at which trade is balanced.7.Offer curves (提供曲线)：A curve that shows how much of its import commodity a nationdemands to be willing to supply various amount of its export commodity ,or the willingness of the nation to import and export at various relative commodity prices.8.The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem (赫克歇尔-俄林原理)：The part of the Heckscher-Ochlintheory that postulates that a nation will export the commodity intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity intensive in its relatively scarce and expensive factor.问答题P16 2. What was the basis for and the pattern of trade according to Adam Smith ? How were gains from trade generated ? What policies did Smith advocate in international trade? What did he think was the proper function of government in the economic life of the nation ?根据亚当斯密的理论，其贸易模式的基础和模式是什么？贸易所得是怎样产生的？亚当主张在国际贸易中推行怎样的针车？他认为振幅在国家的经济运行中应当扮演怎样的角色？Proponents of an open trading system maintain that free trade leads to lower prices, the development of more efficient production methods, and a greater range of consumption choices. Free trade permits resources to move from their lowest productivity to their highest productivity. Critics of an open trading system maintain that import competition may displace domestic firms and workers. It is also argued that during periods of national emergency, it is in the best interests of a nation to protect strategic industries.P52 2. The mercantilists maintained that government should stimulate exports and restrict imports so as to increase a nation's holdings of gold. A nation could only gain at the expense of other nations because not all nations could simultaneously have a trade surplus. Smith maintained that with free trade, international specialization of resources in production leads to an increase in world output which can be shared by both trading partners. All nations simultaneously can enjoy gains from trade in terms of production and consumption.3.Assume that by devoting all of its resources to the production of steel, France can produce 40 tons. By devoting all of its resources to televisions, France can produce 60 televisions. Comparable figures for Japan are 20 tons of steel and 10 televisions. In this example, France has an absolute advantage in the production of steel and televisions. France has a comparative advantage in televisions.4.Ignoring the role of demand's impact on market prices, Smith and Ricardo maintained that a country's competitive position is underland by cost conditions. Smith's trade theory is based on absolute costs, while comparative costs underlie Ricardo's trade theory.P104 5.The Leontief paradox questioned the applicability of the factor-endowment theory by concluding that the United States exported labor-intensive goods. This was the opposite conclusion that would be expected when applying the factor endowment theory to the United States.7.In general, the size of the welfare responses to tariffs is determined by the impact of the tariffs on domestic prices and the response of domestic producers and consumers to these price changes.P78 4.The gains a country enjoys from free trade depend on the equilibrium terms of trade, which is determined by world supply and demand conditions. By recognizing only the role of supply, Ricardo was unable to determine the equilibrium terms of trade.P52 7.Where a nation produces along its production possibilities curve in autarky affects the nation's comparative costs under increasing cost conditions. This is because the slope of a bowed-out production possibilities curve, which indicates the marginal rate of transformation, varies at each point along the curve. Under conditions of constant costs, the production possibilities curve is a straight line. The marginal rate of transformation does not change in response to movements along the production possibilities curve.判断题第1章国际经济F 1.The two most important trading partners of the United States are Canada and Mexico.F 2.The United States exports a larger percentage of its gross domestic product thanJapan, Germany, and Canada.T 3.Opening the economy to international trade tends to lessen inflationary pressures at home.T 4.The benefits of international trade accrue in the forms of lower domestic prices, development of more efficient methods and new products, and a greaterrange of consumption choices.F 5.In an open trading system, a country will import those commodities that it producesat relatively low cost while exporting commodities that can be produced atrelatively high cost.T 6.Although free trade provides benefits for consumers, it is often argued that import protection should be provided to domestic producers of strategic goods andmaterials vital to the nation’s security.T 7.In the long run, competitiveness depends on an industry’s natural resources, its stock of machinery and equipment, and the skill of its workers in creating goodsthat people want to buy.F 8.If a nation has an open economy, it means that the nation allows private ownership ofcapital.F 9.Increased foreign competition tends to increase profits of domestic import-competingcompanies.F 10.Restrictive trade policies have resulted in U.S. producers of minerals and metalssupplying all of the U.S. consumers’ needs.第2章T 1.According to the mercantilists, a nation’s welfare would improve if it mainta ined a surplus of exports over imports.F 2.The mercantilists maintained that a free-trade policy best enhances a nation’s welfare. T 3.The mercantilists contended that because one nation’s gains from trade come the expense of its trading partners, not all nations could simultaneously realizegains from trade.F 4.According to the price-specie-flow doctrine, a trade-surplus nation would experiencegold outflows, a decrease in its money supply, and a fall in its price level.F 5. The trade theories of Adam Smith and David Ricardo viewed the determination of competitiveness from the demand side of the market.T 6.According to the principle of absolute advantage, international trade is beneficial to the world if one nation has an absolute cost advantage in the production ofone good while the other nation has an absolute cost advantage in the othergood.F 7.The principle of absolute advantage asserts that mutually beneficial trade can occureven if one nation is absolutely more efficient in the production of all goods.F 8.The basis for trade is explained by the principle of absolute advantage according toDavid Ricardo and the principle of comparative advantage according toAdam Smith.F 9.The principle of comparative advantage contends that a nation should specialize inand export the good in which its absolute advantage is smallest or its absolutedisadvantage is greatest.T 10.The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage assumes only two nations and two products, labor can move freely within a nation, and perfect competitionexists in all markets.F 11.Assume that the United States is more efficient than the United Kingdom in theproduction of all goods. Mutually beneficial trade is possible according to theprinciple of absolute advantage, but is impossible according to the principleof comparative advantage.F 12.It is possible for a nation not to have an absolute advantage in anything; but it is notpossible for one nation to have a comparative advantage in everything andthe other nation to have a comparative advantage in nothing.F 13.Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was of limited relevance to the realworld since it assumed that labor was only one of several factors ofproduction.T pared to Ricardian trade theory, modern trade theory provides a more general view of comparative advantage since it is based on all factors of productionrather than just labor.T 15.Constant opportunity costs suggest that the relative cost of producing one product in terms of the other will remain the same no matter where a nation chooses tolocate on its production-possibilities schedule.F 16.There are two explanations of constant opportunity costs: (1) factors of productionare imperfect substitutes for each other; (2) all units of a given factor havedifferent qualities.F 17.With increasing opportunity costs, a nation totally specializes in the production ofthe commodity of its comparative advantage; with constant opportunity costs,a nation partially specializes in the production of the commodity of itscomparative advantage.T 18.A nation’s trade triangle denotes its exports, imports, and terms of trade.F 19.International trade leads to increased welfare if a nation can achieve a post-tradeconsumption point lying inside of its production-possibilities schedule.F 20.If the U.S. post-trade consumption point lies along its production possibilitiesschedule, the United States achieves a higher level of welfare with trade thanwithout trade.T 21.If productivity in the German computer industry grows faster than it does in the Japanese computer industry, the opportunity cost of each computer producedin Japan increases relative to the opportunity cost of a computer produced inGermany.T 22.If Japan loses competitiveness in computers, Japanese computer workers lose jobs to foreign computer workers and the wages of Japanese computer workerstend to fall relative to the wages of foreign computer workers.F 23.With constant opportunity costs, a nation will achieve the greatest possible gainsfrom trade if it partially specializes in the production of the commodity of itscomparative disadvantage.T 24.By reducing the overall volume of trade, import restrictions tend to reduce anation’s gains from trade.F 25.With increasing opportunity costs, comparative advantage depends on a nation’ssupply conditions and demand conditions; with constant opportunity costs,comparative advantage depends only on demand conditions.T 26.According to the principle of comparative advantage, an open trading system results in resources being channeled from uses of low productivity to those of highproductivity.T 27.The existence of exit barriers tends to delay the closing of inefficient firms that face international competitive disadvantages.T 28.MacDougall’s empirical study of comparative advantage was based on the notion that a product’s labor cost is underlaid by labor productivity and the wagerate.F 29.The MacDougall study of comparative advantage hypothesized that in thoseindustries in which U.S. labor productivity was relatively high, U.S. exportsto the world should be lower than U.K. exports to the world, after adjustingfor wage differentials.F 30.The basic idea of mercantilism was that wealth consisted of the goods and servicesproduced by a nation.T 31.According to Adam Smith, international trade was a “win-win” situation since all nations could enjoy gains from trade.F 32.The price-specie-flow mechani sm illustrated why one nation’s gains from tradewere accompanied by another country’s losses.F plete specialization usually occurs under the assumption of increasingopportunity costs.F 34.Adam Smith contended that gold, silver, and other precious metals constituted thewealth of a nation.T 35.The price-specie-flow mechanism illustrated why nations could not maintain trade surpluses or trade deficits over the long run.T 36.The marginal rate of transformation equals the absolute sl ope of a country’sproduction possibilities schedule.T 37.Assume that Germany has higher labor productivity and higher wage levels than France. Germany can produce a commodity more cheaply than France if itsproductivity differential more than offsets its wage differential.T 38.Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage does not take into account demand conditions when determining relative commodity prices.F 39.If Canada has a higher wage level and higher labor productivity than Mexico,Canada will necessarily produce a good at a higher labor cost than Mexico.T 40.If Argentina has a comparative advantage over Brazil in beef relative to coffee, Argentina will specialize in beef production.第3章国际平衡T 1.Modern trade theory recognizes that the pattern of world trade is governed by both demand conditions and supply conditions.T 2.A nation achieves autarky equilibrium at the point where its community indifference curve is tangent to its production possibilities schedule.F 3.In autarky equilibrium, a nation realizes the lowest possible level of satisfaction giventhe constraint of its production possibilities schedule.F 4.In autarky equilibrium, a nation’s marginal rate of transformation (measured by theslope of its production possibilities schedule) exceeds the marginal rate ofsubstitution (measured by the slope of its community indifference curve) bythe largest possible amount.T 5.A nation benefits from international trade if it can achieve a higher indifference curve than it can in autarky.T 6.A nation realizes maximum gains from trade at the point where the international terms-of-trade line is tangent to its community indifference curve.F 7.The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage could fully explain the distribution ofthe gains from trade among trading partners.F 8.Because the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage was based only on a nation’sdemand conditions, it could not fully explain the distribution of the gainsfrom trade among trading partners.T 9.Because the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage was based only on a nation’s supply conditions, it could only determine the outer limits within which theequilibrium terms of trade would lie.T 10.The domestic cost ratios of nations set the outer limits to the equilibrium terms of trade.T 11.Mutually beneficial trade for two countries occurs if the equilibrium terms of trade lies between the two countries’ domestic cost ratios.F 12.Assume that the United States and Canada engage in trade. If the international termsof trade coincides with the U.S. cost ratio, the United States realizes all of thegains from trade with Canada.T 13.Assume that the United States and Canada engage in trade. If the international terms of trade coincides with the Canadian cost ratio, the United States realizes allof the gains from trade with Canada.T 14.If the international terms of trade lies beneath (inside) the Mexican cost ratio, Mexico is worse off with trade than without trade.F 15.Although J. S. Mill recognized that the region of mutually beneficial trade isbounded by the cost ratios of two countries, it was not until David Ricardodeveloped the theory of reciprocal demand that the equilibrium terms of tradecould be determined.T 16.According to J. S. Mill, if we know the domestic demand expressed by both trading partners for both products, the equilibrium terms of trade can be defined.F 17.The theory of reciprocal demand asserts that as the U.S. demand for Canadian wheatrises, the equilibrium terms of trade improve for the United States.F 18.Assume that Canada has a comparative advantage in wheat and a comparativedisadvantage in autos. As the Canadian demand for wheat increases,Canada’s equilibrium terms of trade improves.T 19.The theory of reciprocal demand best applies when two countries are of equal economic size, so that the demand conditions of each nation have anoticeable impact on market prices.F 20.The theory of reciprocal demand best appl ies when one country has a “large”economy and the other country has a “small” economy.T 21.If two nations of approximately the same size and with similar taste patternsparticipate in international trade, the gains from trade tend to be shared aboutequally between them.F 22.The expression “importance of being unimportant” suggests that if one nation ismuch larger than the other, the larger nation realizes most of the gains fromtrade while the smaller nation realizes fewer gains from trade.T 23.Export-biased growth is based on an expansion of a resource, or an improvement in technology, used intensively in the production of an export commodity.F 24.A country experiencing export-biased growth gains because it can produce more andbecause the international price rises for its export good.F 25.Immiserizing growth occurs when export-biased growth generates an improvingterms-of-trade effect that adds to the gains of increased output.T 26.An improvement in a nation’s terms of trade occurs if the prices of its exports rise relative to the prices of its imports over a given time period.F 27.If a country’s terms of trade worsen, it must exchange fewer exports for a givenamount of imports.F 28.If a country’s terms of trade im prove, it must exchange more exports for a givenamount of imports.T 29.The terms of trade represents the rate of exchange between a country’s exports and imports.T 30.Assume 1990 to be the base year. If by the end of 1997 a country’s export pric e index rose from 100 to 130 while its import price index rose from 100 to 115,its terms of trade would equal 113.F 31.Assume 1990 to be the base year. If by the end of 1997 a country’s export priceindex rose from 100 to 140 while its import price index rose from 100 to 160,its terms of trade would equal 120.T 32.Assume 1990 to be the base year. If by the end of 1997 a country’s export price index rose from 100 to 125 while its import price index rose from 100 to 125,its terms of trade would equal 100.T 33.The commodity terms of trade are found by dividing a country’s import price index by its export price index.T 34.For the commodity terms of trade to improve, a country’s export price index must rise relative to its import price index over a given time period.F 35.For the commodity terms of trade to improve, a country’s import price index mustrise relative to its export price index over a given time period.4章贸易模型的扩展及应用T 1.According to Ricardian theory, comparative advantage depends on relativedifferences in labor productivity.F 2.The Heckscher-Ohlin theory asserts that relative differences in labor productivityunderlie comparative advantage.T 3.The factor-endowment theory highlights the relative abundance of a nation’sresources as the key factor underlying comparative advantage.F 4.According to the factor-endowment theory, a nation will export that good for which alarge amount of the relatively scarce resource is used.F 5.According to the factor-endowment theory, a nation will import that good for which alarge amount of the relatively abundant resource is used.T 6.The Heckscher-Ohlin theory suggests that land-abundant nations will exportland-intensive goods while labor-abundant nations will export labor-intensivegoods.F 7.The Heckscher-Ohlin theory contends that over a period of years a country thatinitially is an exporter of a product will become an importer of that product.F 8.The Heckscher-Ohlin theory emphasizes the role that demand plays in the creation ofcomparative advantage.T 9.The factor-endowment theory asserts that with specialization and trade there tends to occur an equalization in the relative resource prices of trading partners.F 10.According to the factor-endowment theory, international specialization and tradecause a nation’s cheap resource to become cheaper and a nation’s expensiveresource to become more expensive.T 11.Fears about the downward pressure that cheap foreign workers place on U.S. wages have led U.S. labor unions to lobby for import restrictions such as tariffs andquotas.T 12.According to the factor-price-equalization theory, international trade results in the relative differences in resource prices between nations being eliminated.F 13.Empirical testing by Wassily Leontief gave support to the Heckscher-Ohlin theoryof trade.F 14.The Leontief Paradox was the first major challenge to the product-life-cycle theoryof trade.T 15.The Leontief Paradox suggested that, in contrast to the predictions of thefactor-endowment theory, U.S. exports were less capital-intensive than U.S.import-competing goods.T 16.The specific-factors theory analyzes the income distribution effects of trade in the short run when resources are immobile among industries.F 17.Owners of resources specific to export industries tend to lose from internationaltrade, while owners of factors specific to import-competing industries tend togain.F 18.The factor-price-equalization theory is a short-run version of the specific-factorstheory.T 19.With economies of scale, specialization in a few products allows a manufacturer to benefit from longer production runs which lead to decreasing average cost.F 20.With decreasing costs, a country has an incentive to partially specialize in theproduct of its comparative advantage.T 21.By widening the size of the domestic market, international trade permits companies to take advantage of longer production runs and increasing efficiencies suchas mass production.T 22.The theory of overlapping demands applies best to trade in manufactured goods.T 23.Decreasing cost conditions lead to complete specialization in the production of the commodity of comparative advantage.F 24.According to Staffan Linder, the factor endowment theory is useful in explainingtrade patterns in manufactured goods, but not primary products.F 25.The theory of overlapping demands asserts that trade in manufactured goods isstronger the less similar the demand structures of two countries.T 26.The theory of overlapping demands contends that international trade inmanufactured products is strongest among nations with similar income levels. T 27.According to the theory of overlapping demands, trade in manufactured goods would be greater among two wealthy countries than among a wealthy countryand a poor country.F 28.Recent studies of U.S. resource endowments indicate that the United States is mostabundant in unskilled labor, followed by semi-skilled labor and skilled labor. T 29.Intraindustry trade would occur if computers manufactured in the United States by IBM are exported to Japan while the United States imports computersmanufactured by Hitachi of Japan.T 30.Because seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are opposite those in the Northern Hemisphere, one would expect intraindustry trade to occur in agriculturalproducts.T 31.Intraindustry trade can be explained by product differentiation, economies of scale, seasons of the year, and transportation costs.F 32.According to the theory of intraindustry trade, many manufactured goods undergo atrade cycle in which the home country initially is an exporter and eventuallybecomes an importer of a product.F 33.The product-life-cycle theory applies best to trade in primary products in the shortrun.T 34.According to the product-life-cycle theory, the first stage of a product’s trade cycle is when it is introduced to the home market.T 35.According to the product life cycle theo ry, the last stage of a product’s trade cycle is when it becomes an import-competing good.T 36.Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is a static theory that does not consider changes in international competitiveness over the long run.T 37.Dynamic comparative advantage refers to the creation of comparative advantage through the mobilization of skilled labor, technology, and capital.F 38.Industrial policy seeks to direct resources to declining industries in whichproductivity is low, linkages to the rest of the economy are weak, and futurecompetitiveness is remote.T 39.Europe’s jumbo-jet manufacturer, Airbus, has justified receiving governmental subsidies on the grounds that the subsidies prevent the United States frombecoming a monopoly in the jumbo-jet market.F 40.The imposition of pollution-control regulations on domestic steel manufacturersleads to decreases in production costs and an improvement in the steelmanufacturers’ competitiveness.F 41.Empirical studies conclude that U.S. environmental policies are a more importantdeterminant of trade performance than capital, raw materials, labor skills, andwages.F 42.Most developing countries have pollution-control laws and enforcement policiesthat are more stringent than those of the major industrial countries.F 43.Although the theory of comparative advantage explains trade in manufactured goods,it has no explanatory value for trade in business services.T 44.When transportation costs are added to our trade model, the low-cost exporting country produces less, consumes more, and exports less than that whichoccurs in the absence of transportation costs.F 45.When transportation costs are added to our trade model, the degree of specializationin production between two countries increases as do the gains from trade.T 46.In the absence of transportation costs, free trade results in the equalization of the prices of traded goods, as well as resource prices, in the trading nations.T 47.In industries where the final product is much less weighty or bulky than thematerials from which it is made, firms tend to locate production near resourcesupplies.F 48.Industrial processes that add weight or bulk to a commodity are likely to be locatednear the resource market to minimize transportation costs.T 49.A product will be traded only if the cost of transporting it between nations is less than the pretrade difference between their relative product prices.F 50.Generally speaking, transportation costs are more important than production costs asa source of comparative advantage.F 51.The product-life-cycle model contends that when a new product is introduced to thehome market, it generally requires low-skilled labor to produce it.F 52.According to the product life cycle model, comparative advantage shifts fromcheap-labor countries to high-technology countries after a manufactured goodbecomes standardized.5章F 1.To protect domestic producers from foreign competition, the U.S. government leviesboth import tariffs and export tariffs.T 2.With a compound tariff, a domestic importer of an automobile might be required to pay a duty of $200 plus 4 percent of the value of the automobile.F 3.With a specific tariff, the degree of protection afforded domestic producers variesdirectly with changes in import prices.T 4.During a business recession, when cheaper products are purchased, a specific tariff provides domestic producers a greater amount of protection againstimport-competing goods.F 5.A ad valorem tariff provides domestic producers a declining degree of protectionagainst import-competing goods during periods of changing prices.T 6.W ith a compound duty, its “specific” portion neutralizes the cost disadvantage of domestic manufacturers that results from tariff protection granted to domesticsuppliers of raw materials, and the “ad valorem” portion of the duty grantsprotection to the finished-goods industry.F 7.The nominal tariff rate signifies the total increase in domestic productive activitiescompared to what would occur under free-trade conditions.T 8.When material inputs enter a country at a very low duty while the final imported product is protected by a high duty, the result tends to be a high rate ofprotection for domestic producers of the final product.F 9.According to the tariff escalation effect, industrial countries apply low tariffs toimports of finished goods and high tariffs to imports of raw materials.T 10.Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, U.S. import duties apply only to the value added in the foreign assembly process, provided thatU.S.-made components are used by overseas companies in their assemblyoperations.T 11.Bonded warehouses and foreign trade zones have the effect of allowing domestic importers to postpone and prorate over time their import duty obligations.T 12.A nation whose imports constitute a very small portion of the world market supply is a price taker, facing a constant world price for its import commodity.。
