考研英语基础阅读陈正康.doc

Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

考研救命母词accountable能解释的，能负责任的account记录，账户accounting 会计学account for解释；占比ACCOU ntantsbe Iiable to 倾向于；易于ACCOUntabIe / responsible / Iiable for 为• • •负责的LiabiIity∕resp On Sibility/duty 责任WOrSen 恶化devalue 贬值aggravate 加重grave严重的；坟墓quote / Cite 引用quota定额，限额recite背诵transient 短暂的，暂时的transform 变形，转变hinder阻碍PreVent预防，防止，阻碍PrOhibit 阻止keep / PreVent / CliSCOUrage Sb from doing Sth 阻止某人做某事IOyaIty忠诚的royalty皇室的，皇家的faith信念，信仰faithful忠诚的COmmittee 委员会COmmiSSiOn委员会；佣金COmmit Sb to doing Sth 使某人投入/承诺做某事SUbStanCe 实质SUbStantial实质性的，大量的PrOgreSS 进步materia物质，材料acquire 获得，得到，收购（同义词abtain> attainget、gain）acquisition收购，获得M&A ------- mergers and acquisitiOnS 兼并收购monopoly 垄断COmPenSatiOn 补偿，赔偿incentive刺激，激励（同义词StimUIate）StakehOlder 股东（同义词SharehOlder> StOCkhOIder） StOCk exchange 股票交易marketshare 市场份额Stake赌注inflate 膨胀,扩大inflation 通货膨胀deflate 紧缩deflation 通货紧缩StabIe / Steady 稳定的forgiveness 原谅COUnt 数数，计算；重要，有影响，有意义COUnter 柜台，计数器；相反的，相对的CalCUlate 计算（COmPUte 计算）CalCUlatiOn 计算OVer the COUnter 非处方药COUnter-CUItUre 反文化COUnterPart 相对应的部分，相对应的人或物COUnteraCt 抵制，抵消COUn terbala nce 制衡StrUggle 挣扎，抗争，努力 StrUggle for 为 …努力/而抗争 transition 过度，过渡期transitional 过度的emphasize 强调，重视 （StreSS 压力；重视、highlight 强调，CntiCal 批判的，批评的，评论的 （CrUCial 关键的）CritiC 批评家，评论家；关键的，重要的 discriminate 区别对待，歧视 racial discrimination 种族歧视 incur 招致 OCCUr 发生，使想到CUrrent 目前的，现在的；电流，水流，潮流CUrrenCy 通货，货币 CUrrenCy exchange 货币兑换SPeIl 拼写；招致；一段时间inviting 诱人的 invite 邀请PenaIty 惩罚 （同义词 PUniSh 惩罚=PenaliZe ） boost 推动，提高PrOmOte 推动，促进，晋升，促销qualified 合格，符合资格qualification 资格资质 Candidate 候选人remarkable 显著的，引人注目的（同义词nOtable 、noticeable ） 著地remark 注意;评论Striking 显著的SPeCUIate 投机，猜测 SPeCUlatiVe 投机的，猜测的PrOSPeCt 前途，前景 inspect 检查 intelligent 聪明的，智能的intelligence 聪明，智力，智能 artificial intelligence （Al ） 人工智能 information / intelligence 情报 federal 联邦的 bureau 局，处Investigation 检查，学术研究identity 身份，同一性，一致性identical 相同的，同一的identify 确定，辨别 重视） remarkably 显COnSCiOUSness 意识（同义词awareness、SenSe）COnSCienCe 良心imitate 模仿evade走出去，避免invade入侵remain依然是，仍然是remains残留物fascinate使着谜，迷住fascinating令人着迷的fascinated着迷的depict描述，描写（同义词describe）COmPIeX 复杂的（同义词COmPliCated）PerPIeXed 困惑的（同义词COnfUSed）reproduce繁殖，繁衍autonomous 自动的automobile 汽车industry 行业thorn刺，荆棘thorny有刺的，荆棘的，棘手的COmbine结合，联合COmbinatiOn结合体，联合COUPIe夫妇；结合COUPle With 与•••结合integrate 合为一体integrity完整，整体：诚信，正直instant立即，马上；速食的，速溶的ViSiOn愿景，视野，远见ViSUal视觉上的ViSibIe可视的，可看得见的SUPerViSe监管，监视SOPhiStiCated狡猾的，尖端的SOPhOmOre大二的学生freshman大一新生antibody 抗体anticipate 预料■VOlUnteer 志愿者VOlUnteer to do Sth 自愿做某事establish建立，确立，创立establishment建立的机构guideline指导方针ViOlate违反，违背ViOIenCe暴力transparent 透明的VagUe模糊的revenue收入（财政收入）income收入（个人收入）ambition雄心，抱负，野心ambitious有雄心的，有抱负的donation 捐赠Charge使装载，承载：充电，电荷；收费，负责，掌管；指责，控告OVerCharge 多收费Charge Sb With Sth指责/控告某人某事free Of Charge 免费PrOSPerity 繁荣（同义词boom、thrive、flourish） PrOSPer 繁荣，兴旺PartiCiPant 参力口PartiCiPant in 参与，参力口 (同义take Part in)COmPete竞争COmPetitiVe竞争性的COmPetent有竞争力的，有能力的，能胜任的The COre COmPetent核心竞争力incompetent不能胜任的rival :⅛争对手typically典型地，通常地PIatfOrm平台，讲台，站台PIain平原，平凡的，普通的entrepreneur 企业家enterprise企业，进取心firm 公司COmPany 公司COrPOratiOn 大公司COOPeratiOn 合作advocate提倡，倡导；提倡者advocacy名词形式，提倡倡导VOiCe声音，说，表达emerge浮现，出现emergence浮现，出现emergency紧急情况，突发事件SUbmerge 下沉，淹没trick捣蛋，恶作剧treat处理，对待，款待need困境，贫困needy处于困境的，贫困的StUdent in need = neey StUdent 贫困生formulate用公式表达，系统性的表达formula公式Charity 慈善Charitable 慈善的CharitabIy 慈善地mutual相互的，彼此的PrOfOUnd深远的founder创始人guilt有罪，内疚guilty有罪的，内疚的grasp抓住，掌握，理解morol道徳的inmorol U不道德的norm标准，正常，规范，准则State国家,州Statement陈述，说明OVerState夸张，夸大UnderState保守的陈述equivalent等价的，等同的Weight称重，权衡COmPIain抱怨，投诉OUtdated过时的evolve进化，演化，发展evolution进化，进化论involve卷入，涉及revolve 旋转(around) revolution 革命reform改革inequality不平等的，不公平的destructive 破坏性的COnStrUCtiVe 建设性的COnStrUCt 建设COnStrUCtiOn 建设PrOmPt推动，促进；敬捷的，立即的fix固定，修理；解决deficiency缺乏，不足deficient缺乏的，不足的SUffiCient 足够的（同义词enough> adequate）SymPathy同情,同情心,赞同SymPathetiC同情的,赞同的，支持的nasty肮脏的，难闻的，严重的impulse脉动，冲动PUre纯净的，纯洁的SUbStitUte替补，替换COnStitUtiOn组成，构成；宪法COnStitUte组成，构成assess 评估assessment 评佔（同义词evaluate） asset资产VaIUe估值，珍惜anonymous匿名的asocial不好社交的，孤僻的regret遗憾，后悔regrettable遗憾的，后悔的foster培养，收养，养育（同义词CUItiVate）CUItiVate the SPirit Of innovation 培养创新精神hasten匆忙hasty匆忙的hurry up 快点in a hurry 匆忙temporarily临时地，暂时地temporary临时temporary WOrker 临时工part-time job 兼职full-time job 全职COntemPOrary同时代的，1"∣代的；同时代的人IeaVe使得VehiCle车辆，交通工具SUV SPOrt Utility VehiCle 运动功能性汽车Create 创造CreatiOn CreatiVe 创造性的CreatOr 造物主CreatUre 生物recreate再造，重新创造；消遣娱斥recreation娱乐，再造，重新创造raise提高，抚养，饲养；筹集rise上升，升起SlInSetH 落SUnriSe 日出arise from 源于∙∙∙= Originate from = Stem fromStern根，茎endeavor 努力（同义词StriVe ）ambiguous模糊的tolerant 容忍的tolerate = bear = Stand=withstandStraightfOrWard 简单明了的，坦率的（frank）SettIe解决，定居Settle down定居下来，安顿下来SettIement协议，解决migrate迁移，迁徙immigrate往里移emigrate往外移SharP锋利的，清晰的，急剧的SharPIy锋利地SharP rise 急剧上升（同义词drastic、dramatic）drama戏剧性的dramatic戏剧性的，急剧的，剧烈的respond / react to 对•••做出反应response = reaction 反应reflect 反映，反思，思考discrimination歧视,区别对待automation自动，自动化autonomous自主的，自治的Celebrate 庆祝，颂扬Wedding CeIebratiOn 婚庆Celebrity 名人（同义词PerSOnaIity）IegiSlatiOn立法，法规Iegal合法的，法律的IegiSIate 立法CUrb控制bold黑体的，大胆的，勇敢的=brave勇敢的=COUrageOUS COIIeCtiVeIy集体地COIIeCtiOn集合，集COIIeCtiVe共同的集体的COIleCtiViSm 集体主义individualism 个人主义individual 个人的implement实施，贯彻；工具ban 禁止=forbid the forbidden City 紫禁城PrOnOUnCe发音，宣布announCe 宣布，公布annoUnCement 通知 =notice eliminate排除，淘汰incentive激励，刺激ensure 确保=make SUre recycle循环利用，回收利用CyCle循环，周期CIaSSify 分类rubbish CIaSSify 垃圾分类SeCUrity = Safaty 安全，安全性SeCUre 安全=SafeDOme圆屋顶，苍穹domestic家庭的，家用的，国内的Undermine破坏，暗中破坏，逐渐消弱damage = destroy = ruin 破坏dispute争议disputable有争议的，有争论的（同义词COntrOVerSiaI） COntrOVerCy争议，争论On the COntrary 相反remodel 重塑=reshape = remold mold模具，模子role model 榜样PrOCeSS加工，处理；工艺工序，过程microprocessor 微处理器Central PrOCeSSing Unit 中央处理器CPUChiP芯片SemiCOnductor 半导体finance提供资金，资助；财政，金融financial金融的，财政的fund资金，基本；资助fatal致命的（同义词deadly） fate命运deadline截止日期,最后期限SUffer 遭受SUffering 痛苦WOrShiP崇拜WOrShiPPer崇拜者，信徒flexible灵活的Peak巅峰ClimaX高潮SUmmit顶峰，峰会atmosphere氛围，大气层SPhere球体，范围，领域CIimate气候，氛围，气氛academic学术的hemisphere 半球体abtain 获得，得至∣J = attain = acquirePreSenCe出席，在场，出现PreSent Ll前，现在，礼物；訂前的，现在的，出席的，在场的；赠送absence缺席，不在场represent 代表=Stand for One behalf Of ∙ ∙ •的代表PriOrity优先权，优先PriOrtO先于/早于・・•ecosystem生态系统ecology生态学eco-friendly SOCiety生态友好型社会Chief executive OffiCer 首席执行官CEOinhabitant居民，栖息动物inhabit居住，栖息habitat栖息地SerVant仆人，服务员reside nt 居民POPUIatiOn 人口CiVil公民的,市民的;文明的CiViliZatiOn文明CiViliZe使文明化SPiritUal精神的horizon 视野，地平线broaden / Widen horizon 开拓视野On the horizon即将到来COmPrOmiSe妥协，让步；损害（同义词COnCeSSiOn）PrOmiSe承诺，预示ViSibility可视性ViSible可视的impact 影响，冲击=affect = in flue nceembrace拥抱，包含，包括，喜欢，赞同brace胳膊，臂弯refer 提到，涉及到refer to。

大学英语四级词汇与语法和完形填空题以考查各类词组和固定搭配为重点，这些词组和搭配在阅读理解、翻译和写作中也有重要作用，所以这里将各类词组以词性为中心加以分类，以便帮助大家学习和记忆。

这些词组和固定搭配不仅在四、六级考试中至关重要，研究生入学英语考试中它们也是考查重点。

1.介词+名词by accident 偶然on account of 因为，由于，为了……的缘故in addition to 另外，加之in addition 除…之外(还)in the air 流传中on (the／an) average 按平均值，通常on the basis of 根据，在…的基础上at best 充其量，至多for the better 好转，向好的方向发展on board 在船(车或飞机)上out of breath 喘不过气来on business 因公，因事in any case 无论如何，不管怎样in case of 假如，如果发生；防备in case 假使，以防(万一)in no case 决不，无论如何不by chance 偶然，碰巧in charge (of) 负责，管理(a)round the lock 日夜不停地in common 共用的，共有的in conclusion 最后，总之on condition (that) 如果in consequence of 由于…的缘故，因为on the contrary 正相反in contrast with／to 与…对比起来，与…形成对比out of control 失去控制under control 处于控制之下at all cots 不惜任何代价，无论如何at the cost of 以…为代价in the course of 在…过程中，在…期间of course 当然，自然in danger 在危险中，垂危out of danger 脱离危险out of date 过时的，不用的up to date 现代化的，切合目前情况的in debt 欠债，负债in detail 详细他in difficulties 处境困难in the distance 在远处off duty 下了班(的)，不在值班(的) on duty 在上班(的)，在值班(的)on earth 究竟，到底at all events 无论如何，不管怎样in any event 无论如何，不管怎样in the event of 万一，倘若for example 例如in the face of 在…面前；不顾in fact 其实，实际上in favo(u)r of 赞同，支持on fire 着火，起火on foot 步行in force 生效，有效；在实施中；大量的in front of 在…面前，在…前面in future 今后，从今以后in the future 在将来in general 一般说来，大体上on (one's) guard 警惕，提防；站岗，值班in half 成两半at hand 近在手边，在附近by hand 用手，用体力hand in hand 手拉手；密切关联地，同时并进地on hand 在手边，在近处on (the) one hand 一方面on the other hand另一方面at heart 内心里，本质上by heart 凭记性at home 在家，在国内；舒适，无拘束；熟悉，精通in hono(u)r of 为纪念，为了向…表示敬意on／upon one's hono(u)r 以名誉担保in a hurry 匆忙，急于for instance 例如；比如at intervals 不时，每隔一段时间(或距离)at (long) last 终于at least 至少at length 终于，最终；详细地in (the) light of 鉴于，由于2．动词+名词have／gain access to 可以获得take…into account 考虑到，顾及，体谅take advantage of 占…的便宜，利用pave the way (for) 铺平道路，为…作准备pay attention to 注意do／try one's best 尽力，努力get／have the best of 战胜make the best of 充分利用get／have the better of 战胜，在…中占上风catch one's breath 屏息；喘气，气喘；歇口气take care 注意，当心take care of 爱护，照料take a chance 冒险，投机take charge 开始管理，接管keep…company 陪伴take (a) delight in 以…为乐make a difference 有影响，起(重要)作用carry／bring／put into effect 使生效，实行，实现come／go into effect 生效，实施take effect 生效，起作用catch sb's eye 被某人看到，引起某人注意keep an eye on 留神，照看，密切注意make a face 做鬼脸find fault with 抱怨，挑剔，找岔子catch (on) fire 着火，开始燃烧make fiends (with) 与(…)交朋友be friends with 与…友好make fun of 取笑，拿…开玩笑keep sb's head 保持镇静in the world 究竟，到底lose sb's head 慌乱，仓皇失措lose heart 丧失勇气，失去信心get／catch／take hold of 抓住，得到keep house 管理家务throw／cast light on／upon 使人了解，阐明bear／keep in mind 记住have in mind 考虑到，想到make up one's mind 下定决心，打定主意bring／put into operation 实施，使生效，使运行come／go into operation 施行，实行，生效keep pace (with) 与(…)齐步前进，与(…)并驾齐驱play a part (in) 起作用，参与，扮演角色take place 发生，进行，举行take the place of 代替，取代put into practice 实施，实行make progress 进步，进展give rise to 引起，导致为…的原因make sense 讲得通，有意义，言之有理catch sight of 发现，突然看见(go) on the stage 当演员take one's time 不着急，不慌忙keep track of 与…保持联系lose track of 失去与…的联系，不能跟上…的进展make use of 利用put to use 使用give way 让路；屈服，让步；倒塌，坍陷make one's way 前往，行进，去make way 让路，腾出地方或位置3.名词词组的其他形式appeal to 呼吁，恳求attempt at 企图，努力attitude to/towards 态度，看法a great/good deal of 大量，非常，极其influence in 干涉，介入interference with 妨碍，打扰introduction to 介绍a lot (of) 许多（的），大量（的）lots of 大量，许多fall in love (with sb) 爱上（某人）reply to 回答，答复trolley bus 电车I.D. card 身份证credit card 信用卡no doubt 无疑地，很可能next door 隔壁out of doors 在户外face to face 面对面地a few 有些，几个quite a few 不少，相当多a little 一点，一些little by little 逐渐地，一点点地quite a little 相当多，不少no matter 无论the moment (that) 一…(就)no more 不再fair play 公平竞赛，公平对待rest room 厕所，盥洗室primary school 小学side by side 肩并肩地，一起heart and soul 全心全意step by step 逐步地ahead of time 提前all the time 一直，始终once upon a time 从前once in a while 偶尔no wonder 难怪，并不奇怪word for word 逐字地decline with thanks 婉言谢绝1．动词十介词/副词account for 说明…的原因，是…的原因allow for 考虑到，顾及，为…留出预地appeal to 诉诸，诉请裁决(或证实等) arrive at 达成，达成ask after 探问，问起ask for 请求，要求attach to 附属于，隶属于；使依恋，使喜爱to begin with 首先，第一break down 损坏；(健康等)垮掉，崩溃break in 非法闯入；打断，插嘴break into 非法闯入，强行进入break off 中断，突然停止break out 逃脱，逃走；突然出现，爆发break through 突破，冲破；取得突破陛成就break up 印终止，结束；打碎，粉碎；散开，驱散bring about 导致，引起bring down 使落下，打倒；降低，减少bring forth 产生，提出bring forward 提出，提议；提前bring out 使显出；激起，引起；出版，推出bring to 使恢复知觉bring up 教养，养育；提出build up 逐渐积聚，集结；逐步建立；增进，增强burn out 烧光，烧毁…的内部；熄灭burn up 烧掉，烧毁；烧起来，旺起来；(使)发怒call for 叫(某人)来；要求，需要call off 取消call on／up 访问，拜访；号召，要求call up 召集；使人想起；打电话(给) care for 照顾，照料；喜欢carry off 夺走，拿走carry on 继续，进行carry out 实行，执行；实现，完成catch at 试图抓住，拼命抓catch on 理解，懂得；流行起来check in (在旅馆、机场等)登记，报到check out 结帐后离开，办妥手续离去check up (on) 检查，核实cheer up (使)高兴起来，(使)振作起来•clear away 把…清除掉，收拾clear up 清理；澄清，解决；(天)放晴come off 脱落，分开；结果，表现come on [表示鼓励、催促等]快，走吧；开始，发生；进步，进展come out 发表，出版；出现，显露；结果是come round(around) 顺便来访；苏醒，复原come through 经历…仍活着，安然度过come to 苏醒；涉及，谈到；总数为，结果是come up 走上前来；发生，出现count on／upon 依靠，指望count up 共计，算出…的总数cover up 掩饰，掩盖；盖住，裹住cross off／out 划掉，勾销cut across 抄近路穿过，对直通过cut back 削减，缩减；急忙返回cut down 削减，减少；杀死，砍倒cut in 超车抢挡；插嘴，打断cut off 切断，阻碍；使分离，使隔绝cut out 删去，切去；戒除，停止ⅡB 用cut short 中断，打断deal with 处理，对付；论述，涉及deep down 实际上，在心底die down 逐渐消失，变弱die out 逐渐消失，灭绝do without 没有…也行，用不着，将就draw in (火车、汽车)到站；(天)渐黑，(白昼)渐短draw up 起草，拟订；(使)停住dress up 穿上盛装，精心打扮；装饰，修饰drop by／in 顺便(或偶然)访问drop off 下降，减少；睡着，入睡；让(…)下车，把…放下drop out 退出，退学dry out (使)干透dry up (使)干透，(使)干涸；(使)枯竭fall behind 落后，落在…的后面[/Post] fall through 落空，成为泡影fall in 填满；填写；(for)替代fall out 填写；长胖，变丰满find out 查明，找出，发现get across (将…)清楚，(使)被了解get around／round 走动，克服，设法回避(问题等)；(协)抽出时间来做(或考虑)get at 够得着，触及；意思是，意指；查明，发现；指责get away 逃脱；走开，离开；(iwth)做了(坏事)而逃脱责罚get by 通过；过得去，(勉强)过活get down (从…)下来；写下；使沮丧；(to)开始认真做，着手做get in 进入，抵达；收获(庄稼等)；(证th)对…亲近get into (使)进入；卷入；对…发生兴趣get off (从…)下来；动身，出发；下班，结束(工作)；逃脱惩罚get over 克服，解决(问题等)；(从疾病、失望等)中恢复过来get through 度过(时间)；(使)通过(考试)，(使)(议案等)获得通过；(将…)讲清楚，完成；接通电话get together 相聚，聚集get up 起床；起立give away 泄露；赠送give back (归)还give in 交上，呈上；投降，屈服，认输give off 发出(光、声音等)，散发出(气味)give out 分发；用完；消耗尽；发出(光、声音)give up 停止，放弃；(oneself)自首go after 追求，追赶go ahead 开始；进行go by 遵守，遵循，依据；(时间)过去go down 下降，减少；(船)沉没，(日)落；(with)生…病；(well或badly)(不)受欢迎，(不)被接受go for 袭击；适用于；选择，想要获得；喜爱go into 进入，参加；开始从事；研究，调查go off 爆炸，开火，突然响起；(电等)中断，停止；不再喜欢go out 外出(尤指参加社会活动)；过时；(潮)退，(灯)熄，终止；送出，公布，播出go over 仔细检查，察看；复习，重做go round／around 足够分配；(with)常…与交往；流传；四处走动，到处活动go through 经历，遭受；详细检查，查找，详细讨论；获得通过，被批准；(with)将…干到底go under 沉没；失败；破产go up 上升，上涨，增长；正在建设中；烧毁，炸毁go with 跟…相配；与…相伴；附属于go without 没有hand in 交上，递交hand on 把…传下去hand over 交出，移交hang about／around 闲荡，闲呆着hang on 坚持，抓紧，不放；等待片刻，(打电话时)不挂断；有赖于；取决于hang up 挂断(电话)：悬挂，挂起have on 穿着，戴着hold back 踌躇，退缩；阻止，抑制；隐瞒，保守(秘密等)hold on 坚持住，握住不放；(打电话时)不挂断，等—会hold out 维持，保持；坚持(要求)，不屈服hold up 支持，支撑，延迟；抢劫；展示，举出hurry up (使)赶陕，匆匆完成improve on／upon 改进；胜过keep back 阻止，抑制；隐瞒，保留keep off (使)不接近，(使)让开keep to 遵守，信守；坚持keep up 保持，(使)继续下去；使居高不下let down 放下，降低；使失望let off 宽恕，放过；开(枪)，放(炮、烟火等)州)放let out 放走，释放；泄露，放出，发出lie in (问题、事情等)在于line up (使)排队，(使)排成行live on 靠…生活，以…为食物live through 度过，经受住live up to 符合，不辜负(期望)；遵守，实践(诺言、原则等)look after 照管，照料，照料；注意，关心look at 看，朝…看；考虑，研究；看待look back (on) 回顾，回忆；回头看look for 寻找，寻求；惹来，招来look in 顺便看望，顺便访问look into 调查，观察look on 旁观，观看look out (for) 留神，注意look over 把…看一遍，把…过目；察看，参观look through 详尽核查；(从头至尾)浏览look up 好转；(在词典等中)查找；看望，拜访：(to)尊敬make for 走向，朝…前进；有助于，促进make out 辨认出，看出；理解，了解；写出，开出make up 印构成，组成；(为…)化妆；补充，补足；和解，重归于好；捏造，临时编造，虚mix up 混淆，弄混，弄乱occur to 被想到，被想起pass away 去世pass (as) 充作，被看作，被当作pass out 失去知觉，昏倒pay back 偿还，还钱给(某人)；向…报复，回报pay off 还清(债)；付清工资解雇(某人)；向…行贿；得到好结果，取得成功pay up 全部付清pick out 选出，挑出，拣出；辨认出，分辨出pick up 拿起，捡起；取(给)，用车接载(人)；好转，改进，增加(速度)；(使)重新开始，继续；获得，学会pull down 拆毁pull in (车)停下，车进站，船(到岸) pull off 脱去，扯下；(成功地)完成pull out 拔出，抽出，取出；(车、船)驶出；(使)摆脱困境pull together 齐心协力，团结起来pull up (使)停下put across／over 解释清楚，使被理解put aside 储存，保留；暂不考虑，把…放在一边put away 放好，收好put in 花费，付出(时间、精力等)；申请，正式提出put on 穿上，戴上；上演；增加(体重) put out 熄灭，关(灯)；出版，发布；生产；伸出put up 建造，支起，搭起；张贴；进行(抵抗等)；提供，提名，提出；提高(价格、速度)；为…提供食宿，投宿refer to 参考，查阅；涉及，提到；指的是ring off 挂断电话run down 撞倒；说…坏话，贬低；停止运转，耗尽；减少，缩减；查找出，搜索到run into 偶然碰见；遭遇(困难等)；共计，达到…之多；撞在…上run off 很快写出；复印出，印出；跑掉，逃掉run over 在…上驶过，(撞倒并)碾过；把…很快地(或粗略地)过一遍see off 为…送行see through 看透，识破see to 注意，照料send for 派人去请，召唤；函购，函索send in 呈报，递送，提交set aside 留出，拨出(时间、金钱等)；把…置于一旁，不理会set back 推迟，延缓，阻碍；使花费set down 记下，写下set forth 阐明，陈述set off 出发，启程；引起，激起set out 陈述，阐明；动身，起程；开始；摆放set up 创立，建立，为…作准备；竖立，架起，建造；开业，开始经商show off 炫耀，卖弄show up 显露，暴露；露面，来到shut out 把…排斥在外sit in on 列席(会议)，旁听sit up 不睡，熬皮；坐直speed up (使)加快速度stand by 站在…一边，支持，帮助；袖手旁观；坚持(决议等)，遵守(诺言等)；作好准备，准备行动stand out 清晰地显出，引人注目；杰出，出色stand up 站起来；(论点、证据等)站得住脚step up 提高，加快，加紧stick out (把…)坚持到底；突出，显眼stick to 坚持，忠于，信守；紧跟，紧随；粘贴在…上take after (在外貌、性格等方面)与(父、母等)相像take away 减去take down 拆卸；记下，写下take…for 把…认为是，把…看成是take in 接受，吸收，接纳；理解，领会；欺骗；包括take off 脱下；起飞；匆匆离开take on 开始雇用；呈现，具有；同…较量，接受…的挑战；承担，从事take over 接受，接管；借用，承袭take to 对…产生好感，开始喜欢；形成…的习惯，开始从事take up with 与…成朋友take up 开始从事；把…继续下去；着手处理；占去，占据；(on)接受邀请think over 仔细考虑throw away 扔掉，抛弃；错过(机会)，浪费(金钱等)touch on／upon 谈到，论及turn down 关小，调低；拒绝turn in 交还，上交；上床睡觉turn off 关掉；拐弯，离开…转入另一条路turn on 接通，打开turn out 制造，生产；结果是；驱逐；关掉，旋熄turn over 翻过来，翻倒；移交，交；仔细考虑turn to 查阅；求助于，求教于turn up 开大，调大；出现，来到use up 用完，用光warm up (使)暖起来；(使)活跃起来，(使)热情起来；(使)作准备活动，(使)热身wear off 逐渐消失；渐渐减少wear out 穿破，磨损，用坏；(使)疲乏，(使)厌卷，(使)耗尽while away 消磨<时间)wipe out 擦净，擦掉；彻底摧毁，消灭work at/on 从事于，努力做work out 解决；算出；弄懂，理解；想出，制定出work up 激发，激起；制订出，精心作出write off 取消，勾销，注销2．后接动名词的动词搭配aim at 目的在于，旨在；瞄准；企图accuse…Of… 控告；谴责，depend on 取决于，视…而定；依靠，依赖；信赖，相信devote to 将…奉献给；把…专用(于) engage in 从事于，参加feel like 想要go on (时间)过去；灯亮；开始运行；继续，接着；进行，发生cannot／couldn't help 禁不住；不得不insist on 坚持，强调，坚决要求keep from 阻止，抑制keep up 继续进行、继续下去look forward 曲协盼望，期待persist in 坚持不懈，执着prevent from 预防，防止put off 推迟，推延；阻止，劝阻set about 开始，着手succeed in 成功thank for 感谢think of 想起，记得；想出，提出；考虑，关心3．其他动词词组add up to 合计达，总括起来，意味着break away (from) 突然离开，强行逃脱catch up with 赶上；对…产生恶果com true (预言，期望等)实现，成为事实come up to 达到(标准)，比得上come up with 提出，提供，想出do away with 废除，去掉fall back on 借助于，依靠fall in with 符合，同意，赞成；与…交往as follows 如下get along with 与…相处(融洽)get down to 开始认真处理，着手做give oneself up 自首give way to 给…让路，对…让步，被…代替go along with 赞同go back on 违背(诺言等)go in for 从事，参加；爱好hang on to 紧紧抓住；保留(某物) lend itself to 适合于let alone 不打扰，不惊动，更别提let go(of) 放开，松手live up to 符合，不辜负(期望)；遵守，实践(诺言、原则等)look down on／upon 看不起，轻视look up to 尊敬make up for 补偿，弥补never mind 不要紧，没关系；不用担心，别管put in for 正式申请put up with 容忍，忍受refer to…as… 把…称作，把…当作run out of 用完，耗尽serve…right 给…应得的惩罚set in 开始(并将延续下去) stand up to 勇敢地面对，抵抗；经得起，顶得住take…as 把…当作，认为think of…as 把…看作是，以为…是think better of 经过考虑对…改变主意(或看法)be able to (do) 能(做)，会(做)be about to (do) 即将，正要be absent from 缺勤，缺课be abundant in 丰富的，富裕的be accustomed to 习惯于，适应于be acquainted with 与…相识，熟悉，了解be active in 积极于be afraid of 恐怕，害怕，担忧be alive to 注意到，对…敏感be angry at 因某事生气be angry with 对…发怒be anxious about 担心，为…担忧be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望be anxious to(do) 渴望(做)be ashamed of 为…感到害臊be aware of 意识到be bad at 拙于，不善于be based on 根据，以…为基础be beside oneself 极度兴奋，对自己的感情失去控制be better off 生活优裕起来，境况好起来be bound to(do) 一定会，不得不be careful to(do) 务必注意(做)be certain to(do) 一定(做)，必然(做) be capable of 能够be confident in 对…有信心be characterized by 以…为特征be clever at 擅长于be combined with 与…结合be composed of 由…组成be concerned about 关心，挂念be curious to(do) 很想(做)be dependent on／upon 取决于，依赖be determined to (do) 决心(做)be different from 与…不同be eager for 渴望be eager to (do) 急于要(做)be equal to 等于be famous for 以…著名be fond of 喜欢，爱好be free from 无…的，摆脱了…的be friendly to 对…友好be glad to (do) 乐于(做)，对…感到高兴be good at (doing) 善于，擅长be good for 适于，在…期间有效be grateful to 感谢，感激be independent of 脱离…而独立，与…无关be indispensable for 对…必不可少的be interested in 对…感兴趣be kinde enough to (do) 承…好意，恳请be late for 迟到be likely to (do) 可能要，像是要be mad about 迷恋be well off 生活富裕be pleased to (do) 乐于be pleased with 对…感到满足be popular with 得人心的，受…欢迎的be present at 出席be proud of 以…自豪，因…感到满意be ready to (do) 装备好（做），乐意做be ready for 为…准备好be rich in 富于be satisfied with 对…满意，满足于be second to 次于be short for 是…的缩写（简称）be short of 短缺be sick for 渴望be sick in bed 病在床上be sick of 对…感到厌倦be sorry for 对…感到抱歉be strict with 对…要求严格be suited to 适合于be supposed to (do) 应该，非…不可be sure of 坚信，确信be surprised at 对…感到惊奇be though with 结束be tired from 因…而厌倦be tired of 厌烦，对…厌倦be tired out 疲倦极了be true to 适用于be unconscious of 不知道…be unequal to 无法胜任…的be unfit for 不适合，不胜任be useful to 对…有用be well up in 精通，熟悉be wild with jay 欣喜be willing to (do) 乐意…be worried about 为…而担心be worse off 处境较坏，情况恶化be worth (doing) 值得（做）be wrong with 有点毛病，有些不舒服above all 首先，尤其是after all 终究，毕竟，究竟at all [用于否定句]丝毫，一点all but 几乎，差不多；除了…都all over 遍及，到处in all 总共，合计not at all 一点也不leave alone 让…独自呆着；不打扰，不干预along with 和…一起，和…一道one after another 一个接一个，相继one another 互相anything but 绝对不as…as 像…一样as for 至于，关于as though 好像，仿佛as to 至于，关于as well 也，同样as well as 除…之外(也)，既…又not as／so…as 不如…那样(in) back of 在…后面，在…背后because of 由于，因为had better 还是…好，应该both…and 既…又…，两个都but for 倘没有，要不是each other 互相eithe r…or 或…或or else 否则，要不然even if／though 即使，虽然except for 除…外，除去；要不是由于as／so far as 就…，到…程度by far… 得多，最far from 远远不，完全不so far 迄今为止；到某个程度firs of all 首先if only 要是…多好by itself 独自地，自动地in itself 本质上，就其本身而言no less than 不少于，多达as／so long as 只要，如果；既然，如果no longer 不再，已不a great／good many of 相当多，很多many a 许多的more and more 越来越more or less 差不多，几乎，大约at most 至多，不超过make the most of 充分利用，尽量利用neither…nor (既)不…也不，(既)非…也非just now 刚才，才不久；现在，眼下now (that) 既然，由于off and on 断断续续地，间歇地，有时and so on 等等all at once 突然，忽然；同时，一起at once 立刻，马上；同时，一起once more／again 再一次by oneself 独自地，单独地every other 每隔一个的other than 不同于，非；除了over and over (again) 一再地，再三地all right 好，行；令人满意的，不错的；(健康)良好的，安然无恙的ever since 从那时起，自那时以来ever so 非常，极其or so 大约，左右so that 以便，为使；所以，因此so…that 如此…以致such as 诸如，例如such…that 那样的…以致that is(=i．e．) 就是说，即as though 好像，仿佛up to 胜任…的，适于…的；密谋…的；是…义不容辞的，是…的职责；取决于…的，须由…决定的；(时间上)一直到；(数目上)一直到，多达what about [征求意见时用]…怎么样what if 如果…将会怎样whether …or 是…还是，不管…还是go wrong 发生故障，出毛病；出错，犯错误and yet 可是，然而at yet 至今abide by 履行，遵守adapt to 适应adhere to 粘附；胶着；坚持apologize(-ise)to，for 道歉，认错cling o粘住；依附；坚持collide with 抵触，冲突；碰撞，互撞compensate for 补偿，赔偿comply with 依从，服从，遵从conceive of 设想，构思出conform to 遵守，依照，符合，顺应consult with 商量，商议cooperate with 合作，协作，相配合cope with (成功地)应付，(妥善地)处理deduce from 演绎，推断derive from 起源，衍生deviate from 背离，偏离dispose of 处理，解决；去掉，丢掉，除掉dwell on／upon 老是想着；详述hinder from 阻碍，妨碍impose on 把…强加于originate in／from 起源于，来自，产生participate in 参与，参加preside at／over 主持，主管prevail over 获胜，占优势prevail on／upon 说服，劝说，诱使reconcile to 使顺从(于)，使甘心(于) reign to 使顺从restrain from 抑制，制止sacrifice to 牺牲，献出，献祭，供奉scrape by／through 勉强通过specialize in 专攻，专门研究testify to 表明，证明flare up 突然燃烧起来；突然发怒queue up 排成队(等候) dissatisfaction with／at 不满exposure to 暴露，显露；曝光objection to 反对，异议preference for／to 偏爱，喜爱；优惠；优先选择proficiency in 熟练，精通requirement for／to 需要，需要的东西，要求thirst for 渴望，热望by comparison 比较起来in sequence 依次，逐一at stake 在危急关头，在危险中in accordance with 与…一致，依照，根据on／in behalf of 代表，为了on the sly 偷偷地in excess of 超过on schedule 按时间表，及时，准时put into use 使用，应用be satisfied with 满足be satisfied of 相信hardly…when 刚…就… come to a conclusion 得出结论avoid doing sth．避免干某事decline invitation 辞谢邀请agree on／upon 取得一致意见may(might) as well 还是…好argue about 争论take(make) a stand against 反对come after 跟随in support of 支持lie up 躺着休息beside the question 离题refresh one's memory 使人记起bring to mind 使人想起compile dictionary 编字典present sb．with sth．送给某人某礼物indifferent to 不在乎go on strike 罢工against one's will 违心地in one's will在… 遗嘱中of one's free will 出于自愿with ease 容易，不费力prepare for 准备get to 开始；到达fall off 下降fall away 背离televise live 实况转播by the moment 到…时have intention of 有意，打算no intention of 无意，不打算have not the least idea of 不知道have no desire for 对…没有欲望have desire to do sth．想做某事have sth．in stock 有现货be particular about 讲究the key to …的答案(线索、办法) carry about 随身携带pass through 通过，经过pass for 被认为(当作)be of little value没什么价值cure sb of 治好某人…pull back 撤退pull round 掉头，转向；康复pull along 沿…拉die off 死去，凋谢drop down 落下do sth for a living 靠做某事谋生make a name of oneself 出名，扬名glimpse of 瞥见，一瞥glance at 瞥见，一瞥be on good terms with sb．与某人友好entitle sb．(to do)sth．给予某人(干)某事的权利beyond one's power 超出某人的能力take interest in 对…发生兴趣be answerable for 应对…hundreds of 数以百计的be lacking in 缺乏break into tears(cheers) 突然哭(欢呼)起来in correspondence with 与…联系(通信) be advantageous to 对…有利be beneficial to 对…有益in debt to sb．欠某人的债be it that 即使assure sb of sth．委托某人某事put(set) right 使恢复正常，纠正错误on the way 在途中off the way 远离正道keep on with 坚持make an attempt 试图in the mood for sth．对某事有心境escape doing sth．躲避干某事set a limit to 限制within the limit of 在…范围内call at 访问so blank (头脑)变成空白so dim (大脑)浑沌so faint 晕过去be subjected to 遭受be attached to 附属于not on any account 决不take pains to do sth．费尽苦心做某事a multitude of 大量(接复数名词) give rise to 导致give reason to 对…进行解释give suspicion to 对…怀疑make provision for 为…作准备be involved in 卷人，陷入be assigned to 被分配给…be bored to death 烦死了step into 插入，干涉adapt for 调整(以适应目标或需要) a close(narrow) shave 侥幸的脱险。

同义词辨析1.assess ，estimate,appraise,evaluate对客体的重要性形成定论，评估，估算，评价【辨析】estimate [ˈestimeit]暗示评价的主观性和不精确appraise [əˈəˈpre pre preɪɪz]表示专业水准的评估,名词appraisal assess [əˈəˈses]ses]表示为确定某物的应税价值而做出的权威估价evaluate [i [iˈˈv æljueit]表示在确定价值时经过了深思熟虑，不一定是金钱价值2.assume,suppose假定,设想，担任;承担;接受【辨析】suppose [s [səˈəˈəˈpp əuz]最不正式，表示根据一定证据做出的见解，assume [əˈəˈsju:m]sju:m]用于逻辑推理，强调一种缺乏证据的结论，以检验某种建议。

3.consistent,persistent【辨析】consistent [k [kəən ˈsist sistəənt]表明持之以恒，表明一种好的意志品质p ersistent [p [pəˈəˈəˈsist sist sistəənt]也有坚持的含义，但有时表明顽固不化。

4．create ，compose,invent,design,produce,manufacture创造,创作,引起,造成【辨析】create [kri [kriˈˈeit]指“创造出原来不存在或与众不同的事物”,compose [k [kəəm ˈp əuz]指“创作(诗、画、音乐或文章等)”com 是在一起，manufacture [ˌm ænju njuˈˈf ækt ktʃəʃəʃə]]强调大规模制造5．evident,apparently.明显,显著,明白,迹象【辨析】e vident [ˈevid evidəənt]指明显的有根据，所以表达作者的赞成a pparently [əˈəˈp p ær əntl ntlɪɪ]指看起来的明显，但事实并非如此，经常是假象。

Lesson1READING SELECTION AWorld English: A Blessing or a Curse? Universal languageBy Tom McArthur[1] In the year 2000, the language scholar Glanville Price, a Welshman, made the following assertion as editor of the book Languages in Britain and Ireland:For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk. (p 141)Some years earlier, in 1992, Robert Phillipson, English academic who currently works in Denmark, published with Oxford a book entitled Linguistic Imperialism. In it, he argued that the major English-speaking countries, the worldwide English-language teaching industry, and notably the British Council pursue policies of linguistic aggrandisement. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a condition parallel to(equal to/ similar to) racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have [by design(=deliberate) or default(=mistake)] encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.[2] Phillipson himself worked for some years for the British Council, and he is not alone among Anglophone academics who have sought to point up the dangers of English as a world language. The internationalization of English has in the last few decades been widely discussed in terms of three groups: first, the ENL countries, where English is a native language (this group also being known as the "inner circle"); second, the ESL countries, where English is a second language (the "outer circle"); and third, the EFL countries, where English is a foreign language (the "expanding circle"). Since the 1980s, when such terms became common, this third circle has in fact expanded to take in the entire planet.[3] For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English. There have been many "world languages", such as Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit. By and large, we now view them as more or less benign, and often talk with admiration and appreciation about the cultures associated with them and what they have given to the world. And it is fairly safe to do this, because none of them now poses much of a threat.[4] English however is probably too close for us to be able to analyze and judge it as dispassionately, as we may now discuss the influence of Classical Chinese on East Asia or of Classical Latin on Western Europe. The jury is still out in the trial of the English language, and may take several centuries to produce its verdict, but even so we can ask, in this European Year of Languages, whether Price and Phillipson are right to warn us all about the language that I am using at this very moment.[5] It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse. An example is Australia, which is routinely regarded as a straightforward English-speaking country. The first Europeans who went there often used Latin to describe and discuss the place. The word Australia itself is Latin; evidently no one at the time thought of simply calling it "Southland" (which is what Australia means). In addition, in South Australia there is a wide stretch of land called the Nullarbor Plains, the first word of which sounds Aboriginal, but nullarbor is Latin and means "no trees". And most significantly of all, the early settlers called the continent a terra nullius. According to the Encarta World English Dictionary (1999) the Latin phrase terra nullius means:... the idea and legal concept that when the first Europeans arrived in Australia the land was owned by no one and therefore open to settlement. It has been judged not to be legally valid.But that judgment was made only recently. When the Europeans arrived, Australia was thinly populated—but populated nonetheless—from coast to coast in every direction. There were hundreds of communities and languages. Many of these languages have died out, many more are in the process of dying out, and these dead and dying languages have been largely replaced by either kinds of pidgin English or general Australian English. Depending on your point of view, this is either a tragic loss or the price of progress.[6] At the same time, however, can the blame for the extinction of Aboriginal languages be laid specifically at the door of English? The first Europeans to discover Australia were Dutch, and their language might have become the language of colonization and settlement. Any settler language could have had the same effect. If for example the Mongols had sustained their vast Eurasian empire, Mongolian might have become a world language and gone to Australia. Again, if history had been somewhat different, today's world language might have been Arabic, a powerful language in West Asia and North Africa that currently affects many smaller languages, including Coptic and Berber. Spanish has adversely affected indigenous languages in so-called "Latin" America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger smaller languages.[7] Yet many people see English as a blessing. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. My object lesson this time is South Africa. Ten years ago, South Africa ceased to be governed on principles of racial separateness, a system known in Afrikaans (a language derived from Dutch) as apartheid. The system arose because the Afrikaner community—European settlers of mainly Dutch descent—saw themselves as superior to the indigenous people of the land they had colonized.[8] English-speaking South Africans of British descent were not particularly strong in opposing the apartheid regime, and the black opposition, whose members had many languages, was at first weak and disorganized. However, the language through which this opposition gained strength and organization was English, which became for them the key language of freedom and unity, not of oppression. There are today eleven official languages in South Africa—English, Afrikaans, and nine vernacular languages that include Zulu, Ndebele, and Setswana. But which of these nine do black South Africans use (or plan to use) as their national lingua franca? Which do they wish their children to speak and write successfully (in addition to their mother tongues)? The answer is none of the above. They want English, and in particular they want a suitably Africanized English.[9] So, a curse for the indigenous peoples of Australia and something of a blessing for those in South Africa...[10] How then should we think of English in our globalizing world with its endangered diversities? The answer, it seems to me, is crystal clear. Like many things, English is at times a blessing and at times a curse—for individuals, for communities, for nations, and even for unions of nations. The East Asian symbolism of yin and yang might serve well here: There is something of yang in every yin, of yin in every yang. Although they are opposites, they belong together: in this instance within the circle of communication. Such symbolism suggests that the users of the world's lingua franca should seek to benefit as fully as possible from the blessing and as far as possible avoid invoking the curse. (1, 292 words)ABOUT THE AUTHORDr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language(1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985— ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages (1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Center at the University of Exeter.EXERCISESI. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the, following statements.1. It can be inferred from Glanville Price's statement that he is ______.A. happy that English is everywhere in Britain and IrelandB. worried about the future of the remaining Celtic languagesC. shocked by the diversity of languages in Britain and IrelandD. amazed that many people in the UK still speak their Aboriginal languages2. Cumbric is used as an example of ______.A. a local dialectB. a victim of the English languageC. a language that is on the verge of extinctionD. a language that is used by only a limited number of people3. Which of the following is the major concern of the book Linguistic Imperialism?A. English teaching overseas.B. British government's language policies.C. Dominance of English over other languages.D. The role of English in technology advancement.4. Both Price and Phillipson are ______.A. government officialsB. advocates of linguistic imperialismC. in support of language policies carried out by the British CouncilD. concerned about the negative effect of English on smaller languages5. According to the text, the EFL countries ______.A. are large in numberB. is known as the "outer circle"C. will be endangered by EnglishD. have made English their official language6. According to McArthur, Chinese is different from English in that ______.A. it has made a great contribution to the worldB. it has had positive influence on other languagesC. it may result in the disappearance of other languagesD. it probably will not endanger the existence of other languages7. When he said the jury is out in the trial" (Line 3, Paragraph 4), McArthur meant ______.A. punishment is dueB. the jury is waiting for a trialC. no decision has been made yetD. there is no one to make the decision8. Australia might be used as an example to show that ______.A. languages are changing all the timeB. some English words are derived from LatinC. English has promoted the progress of some nationsD. English should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages9. Many people see English as a blessing for people in ______.A. AustraliaB. East AsiaC. South AfricaD. ESL countries10. The main theme of this speech is that ______.A. English should be taught worldwideB. English as a world language does more harm than goodC. we should be objective to the internationalization of EnglishD. we should be aware of (realize) the danger of English as a world languageB. Questions on global understanding and logical structures1. Why does McArthur introduce Glanville Price and Robert Phillipson's points of view on the spread of English? What is his? Intention?McArthur quotes Price’s assertion and cites Pillipson’s viewpoint on the spread of English as sort of cons to initiate his argument. Cons are usually popularly believed arguments or opinions that are against the author’s point of view. Cons are commonly used writing techniques and are often employed in order to appeal the audience and highlight the author’sviewpoint.2. Does McArthur agree with what Price and Phillipson argued? From as early as which section does McArthur show his attitude? Toward the dominance of English as a world English?No. McArthur’s opinion is different from Price and Pillipson’s arguments. He doesn’t believe that English is a killer and should be blamed for the extinction of smaller languages. He sees English as both a blessing and a curse, maybe as a blessing more than a curse. After introducing Price and Pillipson’s viewpoints, McArthur writes about his own ideas on the iss ue of English as a world language. From the sentence “For good or for ill, there has never been a language quite like English”, we can learn that McArthur does not curse English like Price and Pillipson and he has a different point of view.3. By reading "It certainly isn't hard to look for situations where people might call English a curse", could we conclude that McArthur believes English is a curse?No. This sentence is a kind of justification. Although McArthur literally justifies the fact that there are situations where people might call English a curse, he doesn’t believe that English is virtually a curse. By adding the word “certainly” McArthur shows his intent.4. Could you pick up some words and expressions that signal change or continuation in McArthur's thought?“For good or for ill”(paragraph 3) /“however” (paragraph 4) /“But”(paragraph 5) / “At the same time,however”(paragraph 6) /“Yet”(paragraph 7)5. How many parts can this speech be divided? How are the parts organized?Part One: paragraphs 1 and 2. These two paragraphs introduce the situation that many academics argue against English as a world language.Part Two: paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Paragraph three is a transitional paragraph that initiates McArthur’s own argument. In these paragraphs McArthur argues that English is not only a curse as many people have believed, but a blessing as well.Part Three: paragraph 10. McArthur concludes in the last paragraph that English may be a curse or a blessing depends on different situations and we should make advantages of world languages and avoid their disadvantages.II. VocabularyA. Choose the best word from the four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1. There has been much opposition from some social groups, ______ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notablyC. virtuallyD. exceptionally2. The ______ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulousC. inclusiveD. sustainable3. But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ___ of governments./ reward rewardingA. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment5. They fear it could have a(n) ______ effect on global financial markets.A. sizeableB. adverse(negative)C. beneficialD. consequential6. The UN threatened to ______ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursueC. abandon/ abundantD. invoke7. There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemonyC. complexD. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8. These questions ______ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world.A. evolveB. constituteC. tolerateD. aroused9. Because of this, a strong administrative ______ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10. I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ animals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A. endangeredB. domesticatedC. indigenousD. extinctB. Choose the hest word or expression from the list given for each Honk Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.point up by and large take in descent for good or illleave aside crystal clear die out endanger lay... at the door of1. The book concludes with a review of the possible impact (influence) of more intimate computers for good or ill, in various areas of human life.2. Moreover, it had become clear from the opinion polls that the unpopularity of the new tax was being laid at the door of the government which had introduced it, rather than the local authorities who were responsible for levying and collecting it.3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely to endanger the victim's life.4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and African descent.5. This debate is important because it points up (stress/ emphasize) that "the facts" are not necessarily as simple and straightforward as they might at first sight seem.6. In the beginning, the meaning of life might be debated, but once past the first period, many of the conversations follow a well-worn route from one topic to the next and back again, taking in most of human life.7. But since agriculture forms the basis (base) of our industry, it was, by and large (on the whole), also an intensification of the crisis in the national economy in general.8. Let us leave aside other relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing is crystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.10. But if animal populations are too small, then they simply die out.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. [criteria: (1)semantic/ (2)grammatic]A simplified form of the English language based on 850 key words was developed in the late 1920s by the English psychologist Charles Kay Ogden and 1 by the English educator I. A. Richards. Known as Basic English, it was used mainly to teach English to non-English-speaking persons and 2 as an international language. The complexities of English spelling and grammar, however, were major 3 to the adoption of Basic English as a second language.The fundamental principle of Basic English was that any idea, 4 complex, may be reduced to simple units of thought and expressed clearly by a limited number of everyday words. The 850-word primary vocabulary was 5 600 nouns (representing things or events), 150 adjectives (for qualities and _ 6 ), and 100 general "operational" words, mainly verbs and prepositions. Almost all the words were in 7 use in English-speaking countries. More than 60 percent of them were one-syllable words. The basic vocabulary was created 8 by eliminating 9 the use of 18 "basic" verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be.Numerous words which have the same or similar meanings and by verbs, such as make, get, do, have, and be. These verbs were generally combined with prepositions, such as up, among, under, in, and forward. For example,a Basic English student would use the expression “go up”10 "ascend". (Semantic / grammatical criterion)1. A. created B. publicized C. invented D. operated2. A. proved B. provided C. projected D. promoted3. A. advantages B. objections C. obstacles D. facileties4. A. however B. whatever C. wherever D. whenever5. A. comprised of B. made of C. composed of D. constituted of6. A. personalities B. properties C. preferences D. perceptions/ perceive)7. A. common B. ordinary C. average D. nonprofessional8. A. in all B. at times C. for good D. in part/ partially)9. A. experiencing B. exchanging C. excluding D. extending10. A. in spite of =despite B. in favor of C. instead of D. in case ofII. TranslationPut the following passages into Chinese.1. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

英语背诵文选01 The First SnowThe First SnowHenry Wadsworth LongfellowThe first snow came. How beautiful it was, falling so silently all da y long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roof s of the living, on the graves of the dead! All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line acrossthe landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky no w revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their b ranches. What silence, too, came with the snow, and what seclusion! E very sound was muffled, every noise changed to something soft and mus ical. No more tramping hoofs, no more ratting wheels! Only the chimin g of sleigh-bells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of chil dren.Notes:1. meadows: 草地、牧场2. the living: 活着的人 （定冠词the +形容词，表示某一类人或事物）。

professionalization [prəˈfeʃənəlaɪzeɪʃən] n.职业化，专业化industrialization [ɪnˌdʌstrɪəlaɪˈzeɪʃən]n.工业化，产业化interrelationship [ˌɪntərɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp]n.相互关系interprovincial [ɪnˈtɜː(r)prəˈvɪnʃl]a.各省之间的，省际的[真题例句] But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial —— provinces combining efforts to create one body.[2005年新题型] [例句精译] 但全国性并不意味着非得在全国范围内；也可以指省与省之间联手创立一个实体。

environmentalist [ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmentəlɪst]n.环境保护论者，环境论者disproportionate [ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃənət] a.不成比例的[真题例句] By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.[1995年阅读4][例句精译] 学校里最糟糕的竞争形式就是不恰当的强调考试。

irresponsibility [ˌiriˌspɔnsəˈbiliti]n.无责任pretechnological [priˈteknəˈlɔdʒikəl] a.前技术时代的unpredictability [ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl]n.不可预测性[真题例句] Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.[1999年阅读5] [例句精译] 不可预测性是科学研究不可缺少的一个重要特征。

陈正康老师考研英语基础班笔记——谨以献给15考研启航学员第一次课一；词汇篇1，co-operation 合作 col-laboration 合作一起操作一起劳动co-workers 同事 con-firm 一同来确定一起工作的人一起确定com-press 压缩 con-form 遵从，一致一起按，压一起遵守non-conform-ist 不遵守则的人，不墨守成规的人（引申为“特立独行的人”）否定一致“人”考研误区：①考生同通常认为考研5500个单词为固定数目，其实都是在核心词汇的基础上，通过词根词缀的变化来考它的衍生词。

eg: respect.v.尊敬{respective.adj.各自的respectable.adj.值得尊敬的}consider.v.考虑{considerable.adj.值得考虑的引申为“相当多，相当重要的”considerate.adj.体贴的，考虑周到的}sense.n.感觉{sensitive.adj.敏感的sensible.adj.明智的}由上可知，考研中的衍生词，有时往往和它的词根意义不一致。

yield ①give up 放弃②out put 产量历年来只考过这两个含义，背单词一定要循环往复，通过词根词缀来记忆单词。

②考研词汇量越多越好。

*考研单词要深度挖掘，要背它的一词多义，熟词生义，衍生词。

2，professionalization.n.职业化，专业化profession.n.职业，专业profession-al.adj.职业的，专业的-al表示adj的后缀professionai-ize.v.使专业化，使职业化-ize通常翻译为“使”，是表示v的后缀professionaliz-ation.n.职业化，专业化-ation表示n的后缀联想：①realize.v.实现real.adj.真实的real-ize.v.使变成真的，引申为“实现”②globe.n.地球，球体glob-al.adj.全球的global-ize.v.使全球，使全球化globaliz-ation.n.全球化3，homogenization.n.（均）匀化，同质化（即所有人都用一样的东西）homosexual.n.同性恋homo表示相同“一致”“意义”的前缀homogenous.adj.相同基因的homogenization.n.具有相同基因的，性质一样的，引申为“同质化”真题例句:The mass media,advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.直译：大众媒体，广告和运动对同质化来讲是一些其他的力量。

2014年考研英语核心词汇与难句专训班讲义陈正康博士编讲陈正康老师的成功英语誓言Whether you are lion or gazelle you must sprint for survival！Whether you are poor or wealthy you must strive forsuccess！I can make it！！第一部分真题回放第一节衍生词professionalization [prəˈfeʃənəlaɪzeɪʃən] n.industrialization [ɪnˌdʌstrɪəlaɪˈzeɪʃən] n.centralization[ˌsentrəlaiˈzeiʃən]n.miniaturization [ˌminiətʃəraiˈzeiʃən]n.generalization [ˌdʒenərəlɪˈzeɪʃən]n.homogenization [ˌhəʊmədʒənaɪˈzeɪʃən]n.同根词homogeneous [,hɔmə'dʒi:njəs] a.[真题例句] The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.[2006年阅读1] [例句精译] 媒体、广告和运动是均一化过程中的其他因素。

interrelationship [ˌɪntərɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp]n.interprovincial [ɪnˈtɜːprəˈvɪnʃl]a.[真题例句] But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial —— provinces combining efforts to create one body.[2005年新题型][例句精译] 但全国性并不意味着非得在全国范围内；也可以指省与省之间联手创立一个实体。

陈正康考研英语作文Introduction:In the realm of postgraduate entrance examinations, the English composition section is a critical component that can significantly influence a candidate's overall score. Writing a compelling essay requires not only a solid grasp of the language but also the ability to articulate thoughts clearly and coherently.Body Paragraph 1: Understanding the PromptThe first step in crafting an excellent essay is to thoroughly understand the prompt. Candidates should spend a few minutes reading and re-reading the question to ensure they have grasped the key points and requirements.Body Paragraph 2: Planning the StructureA well-organized essay will always score higher than a disjointed one. It is essential to plan the essay's structure before writing. This includes an introduction, body paragraphs that address the prompt's various aspects, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points.Body Paragraph 3: Developing the ArgumentEach paragraph should focus on a single idea that supports the thesis statement. Use evidence, examples, and logical reasoning to develop the argument. Remember to maintain a formal tone and avoid colloquial language.Body Paragraph 4: Writing with Clarity and PrecisionUse clear and precise language to convey your ideas. Avoid vague expressions and jargon that may confuse the reader.It's also important to use a variety of sentence structuresto keep the essay engaging.Body Paragraph 5: Proofreading and EditingBefore submitting the essay, it is crucial to proofread and edit the work. Look for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and awkward phrasings. Ensure that the essay flows smoothly and that the arguments are well-supported.Conclusion:In conclusion, writing a high-scoring English essay for the postgraduate entrance examination requires careful planning, clear argument development, and meticulous proofreading. By following these steps, candidates like Chen Zhengkang can improve their chances of acing the English composition section.Final Thoughts:Remember, practice makes perfect. Regularly writing essays on various topics will help you become more adept atconstructing compelling arguments and expressing yourthoughts in a structured and coherent manner. Good luck with your preparations!。

What is vividly revealed in the picture above is that water is being reused in daily life at home. After washing rice, the water，can be used to wash vegetables and then water，the plants. What a harmoniousIt is not difficult to find that what the picture intends to express is the importance of saving a and protecting resources．On the one hand, as we all know, water resource is unrenewable and water shortage is still a serious problem threatening the existence and survival of the whole human being. On ,the other hand, the phenomenon of wasting water can still easily be found anywhere in our daily life. For example, water taps are frequently left on by careless users. Someone even assumes that they have the right to waste water because they pay for it so that it has nothing to do with others. In fact, so precious is water that we cannot afford Lo waste it. Water resource is not only indispensable in our daily life but also in industry and agriculture. -h is hard to imagine what the world would be like when there is no more water. It is fortunate that now the public is starting to pay attention. But, this is not adequate. As is shown in the above picture, what we need is more actions to save and protect resources!First of all, social environment is shaped by the general public, and the cultivation of conservation-minded society depends on the active involvement of every member of our society, be he old or young. Accordingly, an education campaign should be launched to call on people from all walks of life to save and protect resources. In addition, saving and protecting resources is bound up with our daily life. We , college students, should spare no effort to save valuable energy and natural resource such as power, water, coal, gas and so on. Only by the joint efforts of the whole society, can we create a real conservation-minded society.As is vividly shown in the picture above, both the two young men want to be a famous singer. On man sitting on the chair is daydreaming about the day he gives a perfect concert to all the fans, while the other practices the guitar and his singing skill all day long. The picture aims at revealing a simple truth: without action, any goal is just fantasy.No one can deny the fact that taking actions is extremely essential to achieve your goals. Only by putting your dreams into action, can you really realize the dream. If you never take action to t something, you will never have a chance to win. Just as an old Chinese saying goes: "The journey of a thousand miles starts with a single step." The more action we take, the more likely we are to accumulate experience, master skills and get close to our destination. To further demonstrate the importance of taking action, I would like to take a famous fable as a case in point: the Foolish Old Man who dreamed of removing the mountain in front of his gate began by carrying away small stones and finally realized his dream.Consequently, I believe, on the one hand, our government and the media should lose no opportunity to publicize the importance of taking actions. On the other hand, in our daily life, more than just thinking of something, we have to put it into action. Only by doing so, can we achieve our objectives and realize our dream.As is vividly presented in the picture, two men are trapped in two same glass tanks. One man, following the common track, chooses a swim ring to get out of the tank but fails, while the other finds another way to break the tank with a stick and gets out of the tank finally. What is conveyed in the picture is most meaningful and thought-provoking.The implication of the given picture can be interpreted with regarding to the significance of the of the consciousness of innovation ,Apparently ,it’s importance in people’s life is undeniable .Innovative spirit has transformed the way we live and the things we do, from which both individuals and countries have benefited a lot. On the one hand, an individual who arms himself with the innovative spirit has strong competitive ability, hence gaining a better prospect both in his career and life. On the other hand, innovative spirit is an inexhaustible motive force for the prosperity of a country, which can enhance overall national economy and heighten its status in the world.From my perspective, some effective measures should be taken to advocate innovation. First of all, the importance of innovation consciousness should be publicized among people. Furthermore, we need to develop a habit to be good at discovering new things, using new methods and applying new thoughts in our work, study or daily life. Only in this way, can innovative spirit be fully embodied and our nation have a brighter future.What the picture presents is not a surprising sight in today's society: a young man sitting on the seat of the bus offers his seat to an elderly man beside him, and other passengers smile to him after seeing his noble deed.The picture does convey a symbolic meaning that we should respect the elderly and cherish the children. The elderly and the young are two indispensable parts in society. On the one hand, the elderly should be respected by all people in the society. We should always bear in mind that what we have and enjoy now was created by the aged people in the early days, as the old Chinese saying goes," One generation plants trees under whose shade another generation rests". On the other hand, all of us should take good care of the young, too. It is children who make us see the future of our state, for they are the future builders of our country. Therefore, we should take good care of the young so that they will be useful in the social construction later when they come of age.It is a Chinese tradition to respect, love and support the elderly and to protect, educate and t take good care of the young. Let's keep and develop that virtue together, because only in this way can we feel as if we were living in a big and happy family, then our society will develop harmoniously.As is vividly revealed in the drawing above, a man pulling a heavy wagon is going up the slope with difficulty, when a man shows up and helps him push the wagon. What is conveyed in the drawing is most meaningful and thought-provoking.Studying it further, we may find that what the picture intends to mirror is the significance of the spirit of taking pleasure in helping others. With the development of our society and economy, a large number of people make great efforts to seek practical things, such as money , luxurious life, etc. To them nothing is more important than those practical thing .Therefore, they hold the belief that the spirit of taking pleasure in helping others is out of style now. But it is often said and heard that the spirit of taking pleasure in helping others will shine forever. It is reported that those who perform acts of taking pleasure in helping others, whether by volunteering for a shelter or just helping out a friend, have higher level of happiness. As a matter of fact , being ready to help others is not only beneficial to our personal growth and happiness but also contributes to the construction of harmonious society.Accordingly, I firmly embrace the belief that the spirit of taking pleasure in helping others will never go out of style. Instead, it is a traditional virtue of the Chinese people, and effective measures should be taken to advocate and publicize it. In addition, people from all walks of life should try their best to help anyone who is in difficulty. Only by doing so, can our world be full of love and our society become more harmonious to live in.As is clearly presented in the drawing above, a famous star is making advertisement for a product, but she just concentrates attention on the money of the businessman instead of the quality of product. There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.Studying it further, we may find that what the picture intends to mirror is the significance of social responsibility and honesty. But it is apparent that the famous star in the above picture lacks basic social responsibilities and honesty, which will lead to extremely harmful consequence. Since famous stars are often regarded as role models and have greater influence than other people, if they are money-oriented and conduct irresponsible deeds, they will cause greater negative impacts on our society. On the one band, if the product advertised by them is unqualified, it will endanger the health of people. On the other hand, it is extremely to the construction of harmonious society and honest society, which requires that everyone in the society should be honest and take responsibility.The problem is evident, and what seems crucial and urgent is to find out approaches to solve it. First of all, the society should introduce the idea of social responsibility and honesty into the young's brains from the time when they are children. This can be achieved through the education in schools or in families. In addition, the current state of affairs may have been encouraged一though not justified一by the lack of legal penalty. Therefore, if necessary, some laws or regulations should be i be laid down to punish the famous star and businessman who deliberately make false advertisement. Only by doing so, can we create a harmonious living environment.What is vividly depicted in the picture is that a man is asking himself how to get success. But it is easy to find that the way to success is full of obstacles and hardships. There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration.The implication of the drawing can be interpreted with respect to the following two aspects. First of all, just as an old saying goes: "No pains, no gains". Anyone who is eager to get successful must realize that there is no shortcut to success at all and all achievements come from laborious trial. As a matter of fact, it has been universally acknowledged that only those who are bard-working and brave enough to overcome difficulties of all sorts are most likely to reach the summit of success. What's more, on the way to success, frustrations and setbacks are inevitable. Consequently, positive and optimistic attitude should be maintained. Rome was not built in a day, and success is also a gradual process and needs to be realized step by step. We should always bear in mind that it is hard-working spirit and positive attitude that are the key to success.Based on the above analysis, I believe, for one thing, a nation-wide education campaign should be launched to make people have a better understanding of success. For another thing, we, as individuals, should be industrious and brave to confront the challenges and obstacles on the way to success. However, it's easier said than done. We must focus on practicing it and only in this way, can we achieve success.What is clearly depicted in the above picture is that a lady keeps running with a basket, followed ball kinds of toxic and harmful food, such as poisoned vegetables ,milk with excessive additives .It is a self-evident fact that food safety has become a grave social problem that people confront.Unqualified food products are bound to lead to severe consequences if our governments don't give enough attention to them. To begin with, they not only waste the money of consumers but also threaten their health and even lives. Furthermore, the long-term existence of food safety problem will pose a threat to social stability- and influence social harmony.Considering the seriousness of the problem, legal measures must be taken before things become worse. First of all, it is high time that related laws and regulations should be worked out and rigidly implemented to prevent any production and circulation of substandard food products. At the same time, inactive and incompetent officials should be at once fired from the members of food safety supervision and administration. Only by such measures can we expect a bright future in food safety.What is depicted in this picture seems familiar to everyone, but shocking. A first glance at the drawing tells us that a boy holding a pen in his hand is having a drink beside astatue of a lion, with few words in its arms: xx has visited this place. The boy's action has caused damage to the historical site which is a part of Chinese traditional culture, and should be blamed by the society.It is apparent that the main purpose of the picture is to arouse public awareness of protecting cultural strength bas been further strengthened and people's livelihood has been further improved, more and more people choose to travel outside during holidays. Therefore, the acts of destruction of cultural heritage happen all the time, which has posed a threat to our traditional culture. On the other hand, a large number of people lack social morality and fail to realize the value of cultural heritage.The problem is evident, and what seems crucial and urgent is to find out approaches to solve it. First of all, legislation and regulation should be introduced to curb this problem. Furthermore, the government should take effective measures to punish people who damage cultural heritage, Last but not the least, the general public should realize the severity of such a scene and regulate their behaviors in their trips. I am confident enough that only when the whole society make substantial and sustainable efforts, can our future surely be better and more harmonious.一、求职信Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing this letter to exp』ore the possibility of employment with your English department as an English teacher. I am convinced that my high qualification qualifications combined with much working experience perfectly match the position.I graduated from Beijing Foreign Studies University with a Master degree in English. In addition, I taught in a few colleges during my MA degree studies. Furthermore, my MA graduation thesis focused on the teaching skills of English teachers.I herewith enclose my resume. If you have a need in my field of expertise, I would be happy to discuss any possibilities. Thank you very much for receiving my application. I hope I will hear from you soon.Yours sincerelyLi Ming.申请信Dear Sir or Madam,I' m writing to apply for admission to your university for further studies in the field of English. Please review my educational history and let me know whether I can have a chance.I was admitted to Peking University as an English major in Septemberof2006. Throughout the four years of study, I have maintained an average score of no less than 90. Since graduation in 2010, I have been working as a teaching assistant in the English Department there, and in the same year, I received my BA degree. If you consider me a qualified candidate, please send me the appropriate forms to apply for admission.Thank you for your consideration. Please notify me soon.三、感谢信Dear John,I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for looking after me after that unfortunate accident. I' m re I' m referring to the day when I was knocked down by a taxi.If it had not been your assistance in giving me first aid and taking me to a nearby hospital, I fear that the consequences might have been much more serious. However, with your help, the doctor says that my broken leg is healing well. In addition, the taxi company has agreed to pay my hospital bills. Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.Although nowadays many people talk about the need to be unselfish and to help others, we see very few people practicing what they preach. But you showed by your actions that you are an exception. I must thank you again for your generous help,四、推荐信Dear Professor Li,It is a great pleasure to recommend to you Mr. Li Hua to be your assistant. He is my colleague.He is a lecturer in Foreign Languages Department of our university. During working time, I spent considerable time with him. He graduated from the English department of Peking University in 2006, where he got B A degree. Since then he has been teaching English in our school. I found he is an excellent person. Firstly, he has a profound knowledge in the English language. Secondly, he has a rich working experience. Finally, having worked with us for five years, Mr. Li has shown himself industrious, dutiful, conscientious, intelligent and reliable.I would greatly appreciate it if you kindly give him the chance. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.五、邀请信Dear Professor Wang,I am greatly honored to invite you to the Conference of English Language Teaching, which will be held on April 10th, 2014 at the School of Foreign Languages, Peking University.At the conference we will discuss various problems in English language teaching as well as further cooperation between two departments. We hope you can give your advice about this plan in the meeting. Since you are a very experienced professor in English language teaching, your speech will surely enrich the knowledge in this field.We sincerely hope you can attend the conference. Hope to bear from you at your earliest convenience.六、祝贺信Dear Mary,I am greatly delighted to bear that you have just been elected to be the Chairman of Students' Union. This is a special moment for you and all the friends, and I am very happy to share the pleasure with you.Everybody says that you are worthy of the honor, and it shows your scholarly attainments and your devotion to the work have been given public recognition. At the same time, on behalf of all, thank you for your care for our learning and daily life in the past two years. I believe you can serve the students better and make much more progress in your work.I wish you have good luck and make a great success in your work.Dear Bob,I am writing to apologize for having forgotten to return "the Beatles" CD to you when I left Canada. I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking carefully. Had I paid more attention then, I wouldn't have made such a stupid mistake.I ' m afraid what I have done has caused much inconvenience to you. Now something must be done to solve the problem because I understand you cherish the CD enormously. I can either send it to you by express mail or compensate you at a reasonable price. If you do not mind, I can bring it back to you next time I go to Canada.Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earliest convenience. I really hope you will accept my sincere apologies.八、辞职信Dear Mr. Wang,Thank you for the job opportunity you have offered me, but as an editor for your magazine after two months, I find that the job is not quite suitable to me. So I have to give it up.This is mainly because my major at university is computer science. Although my dream is to be an editor, I find it hard to cope with my present job without much knowledge about fashion. What I have learned can be of little help to my work. I would like to find something closely related to my major.I am awfully sorry to make this decision. A more qualified editor, I believe, will make a great contribution to your magazine. Thank you for your time and attention.Dear Sir or Madam,As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express my complaint about the flaws of the electronic dictionary I bought from your shop last week.I must explain the reasons for my dissatisfaction. On the one hand, when I opened it for the first time, I did not find the battery promised in the advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop. On the other hand, some of the keys on the keyboard cannot work normally, which is beyond my tolerance. I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should be taken to improve your service and the quality of your products. I would be grateful if you could send me a replacement and refund my postage.I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.十、建议信Dear Sir or Madam,I am a student in this university who regularly come to the library to spend my spare time. Generally speaking, the services you offer here is quite good; however, I have some suggestions for you to adopt.From my perspective, there is still much room for improvement. First of all, will you please prolong the time for reading? In the daytime, most of the students are having class, so they can't come to the library. In addition, some of the books on shelves are out of date. If you are so kind as to provide us with some books such as the latest magazines, we will be greatly obliged.I really wish to have a more comfortable library. I would like to extend my greatest appreciation if you can take my suggestions into consideration. Thank you for your time and consideration.请求信Dear Prof. Smith,I am a senior in the Computer Science Department of Peking University. I am honored to have the chance of communicating with you here. I am writing to ask if you could do me a favor.At the moment, I am writing my graduation thesis and in urgent need of some reference materials so that I write to you for help. The material on the application of computer among university students in North America is what I need most. Most importantly, the relevant statistics and reports should cover the past two decades. Moreover, I would like to highlight the importance of the material to me. The material will to some extent decide the failure or success of my graduation thesis. I have failed to find relevant up-to-date materials in China. Your help would be much appreciated and I am looking forward to your reply.十二、慰问信Dear Joe,I feel so awful that your legs were injured by an accident.. I learned that your right ankle is seriously swollen so you can't put your weight on your feet. I hope you'll be feeling a great deal better by the time this letter reaches you. Anyway, you've been robust and healthy and you will recover soon.I am enclosing a funny novel in the letter so that it can help pass the time and you'll forget your pains momentarily. I hope you will like it. I will come to see you when I am free.Best wishes for your swift return to health.介绍三、介绍信Dear Prof. Smith,It gives me much pleasure to introduce Mr. Wang to you, who is a colleague of mine in the English Department of Peking University.Mr. Wang Wei graduated from the English Department of Peking University in 2008, majoring in English. Since then he has been teaching English. On the one hand, Mr. Wang is a capable person who has made some outstanding achievements in his studies and work. On the other hand, he is a mild and generous man. Mr. Wang now intends to prepare himself for further study of English. He would like to do some research under your direction.I would greatly appreciate it if you would give him some help.通知NoticeJanuary 9th, 2013In order to improve students' ability and enrich extracurricular activities, the Postgraduates' Association is recruiting volunteers for an international conference on globalization to be held on April 7th, 2013 in Beijing. To begin with, applicants should have Chinese nationality, a strong professional spirit, cheerful personality and be aged under 30. In addition, candidates must have outstanding skills at English listening comprehension and the ability to speak Chinese and English fluently. Finally, students with relevant professional experience are preferred. Those graduate students who are interested in taking part in it please call 88888888 0r send messages to notice@sina before February 1st, 2013. Welcome to join in it. Postgraduates' Association。

2024张剑考研英语阅读80篇全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hi everyone! My name is Zhang Jian and I'm in 5th grade. Last year, my cousin Zhang Ming took the big exam to get into graduate school. He studied really hard and read a ton of long reading passages to prepare. I got to look at some of the passages he read and they were sooooo boring for a kid like me! All those big words and serious topics made my head spin.But you know what? I had a great idea! What if I rewrote those dry, grown-up reading passages in a way that would be way more fun and interesting for kids? That's exactly what I did! I took 80 of the reading passages my cousin had to study and reimagined them from a kid's point of view. Get ready for some awesome tales!The first one is all about these tiny creatures called atoms. Now, instead of just describing what atoms are made of, I came up with a story about the Atom Family. Mr. Atom is the dad, Mrs. Atom is the mom, and their kids are the protons, neutrons, and electrons. They all live together in Atomville, but the electronkids have to orbit the house instead of staying inside. One day, little Electron Elle gets too curious and ventures too far from Atomville. She has to go on an epic journey to find her way back home!Another passage was about the history of medieval Europe. Yawn, right? Not in my version! I turned it into an adventure story starring Connor the Brave, a pint-sized knight who has to save his kingdom from the evil Sir Boredom. There are duels, giants, wizards, and even a fire-breathing dragon named Henry! Now that's what I call one exciting reading assignment.The economics passage about supply and demand? That became the tale of Dylan's Lemonade Empire. Dylan loves lemonade, but there's never enough to go around in the neighborhood. So he gets this genius idea to start selling lemonade to his friends. As more people want his lemonade, he has to raise the price. But then his buddy Chloe decides to open her own lemonade stand across the street, and the battle is on!I rewrote passages about ancient civilizations, environmental science, famous inventors, you name it! The Indian epic the Mahabharata is now an epic battle between two groups of superhero kids. Climate change became a story about how the Weatherman family has to work together to control all the crazyweather patterns happening in their home. Even dense philosophy stuff got transformed into stories about questioning reality and seeing the world through new perspectives.My personal favorite might be the one based on a passage about the French Revolution. I turned it into a food fight story where the hungry poor kids lead a revolt against the rich kids who hog all the good snacks for themselves at lunchtime. The leader, Marianne, catches the rotten tomato that kickstarts the entire food fight revolution. There's a ton of ketchup and hopefully no guillotines!Just wait until you read my alien invasion story based on a passage about astronomy. Or the one where the internet itself becomes self-aware and has to be appeased with more cat videos. There's even a hilarious escapade about a science experiment gone wrong that turns the whole school into monsters for a day!With zingy titles like "The Popsicle Stick Battle of 1982" and "The Day I Accidentally Blew Up the Science Lab," these reading passages are a billion times more fun and engaging than the stuffy originals. My reimagined versions are filled with humor, adventure, and crazy tales that will have you laughing out loud and staying hooked from start to finish.I worked really hard to make these reading assignments as awesome and entertaining as possible, all while keeping the core facts and knowledge from the original passages intact. Because learning is way more fun when you use your imagination and have a rip-roaring good time, don't you think?So that's my take on those grad school reading passages. If you happen to know someone prepping for those big exams, tell them to read my kid-friendly versions instead. They'll learn just as much, but with 100% more chuckles and thrills! Happy reading, everyone!篇2My Big Brother's Crazy Gaokao English PassagesHi friends! My name is Xiaoming and I'm 8 years old. I'm in 2nd grade at Sunshine Elementary School here in Beijing. My big brother Daming is 18 and he's getting ready to take the crazy big test called the Gaokao this year. The Gaokao is like the hugest, most important test ever for kids in China who want to go to university. Daming has been studying super duper hard, especially for the English part.You see, the English reading part of the Gaokao is no joke! Daming showed me some practice passages he's been workingon and oh man, they are written in such fancy, big-people words. The passages are all about really serious topics like science, history, culture, and global issues. Nothing fun like video games or cartoons! My brother says he has to read 80 loooong passages, then answer questions that test if he really understood all the difficult vocabulary and concepts. Yikes!Some of the passages Daming read to me were about super complex things I can barely wrap my little 8-year-old brain around. Like one was explaining the philosophical theories of this old Greek guy named Aristotle and his ideas about virtue ethics. What even is virtue ethics?? Sounds like a kind of weird vegetable to me. Another crazy passage broke down the geopolitical tensions in the South China Sea and the territorial disputes between multiple countries there. How is an18-year-old kid supposed to understand territorial disputes? I can barely share my toys properly with my little sister!Then there was this one passage all about the evolution of whales and how their ancient ancestors used to live on land millions of years ago. It used sooo many big science words describing fossils and evolutionary biology concepts. Thank goodness there were pictures of whale skeletons because I was lost just trying to make sense of sentences like "Theremobilization of calcified dental batteries in Archaeoceti facilitated fossilized evidence of low-crowned molars and occluding winged incisors." Huh??My personal favorite though was the passage explaining the underlying principles of astrophysics and theories about dark matter and dark energy making up most of the totalmass-energy content of the universe. Because you know, completely normal stuff that any regular Chinese teenager totally understands, right? The sentences were crazy long with dozens of massive vocabulary words all smushed together. I kept getting distracted thinking about what a black hole might taste like if you made it into a lollipop flavor. Definitely not blackberry, that's for sure!Daming says the reading passages actually get harder and weirder every year as the test writers try to make them as confusing and complicated as humanly possible. Next year's passages will probably be about things like "Deconstructing Marxist Theoretical Approaches to Literary Criticism" or "Genomic Expression Profiling of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Subspecies." I don't even know what most of those words mean!! How do they expect kids like Daming to comprehend such heady,academic topics written at a university level?? No wonder he has been stressing so hard.I sure am glad I'm still just a young kid and don't have to deal with anything remotely as intense as the Gaokao English reading for many more years. Gives me a headache just thinking about it! I'll stick to my easy-reader books about curious monkeys and talking trucks, thank you very much. Wishing my poor brother the best of luck making sense of all thosebrain-melting English passages. The Gaokao seriously sounds like a nightmare! I'll just be over here eating snacks and watching cartoons instead.篇3Studying for the Big English TestHi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. This year, I'm going to tell you all about getting ready for the huge English reading test that my big sister Janie has to take. It's called the 2024 Graduate English Exam and it has 80 really long passages that she has to read and answer questions about. That's a lot of reading!Janie is 22 years old and she's trying to get into a great university to study science. She has to take this big test to showthe university that she can read long, difficult articles in English. I don't know why they make it so hard! Reading is already pretty tricky in my opinion.My sister has been studying like crazy for months now. She brings home stacks of books and practice tests from the library and sits at her desk for hours every night, reading passage after passage. Sometimes she reads OUT LOUD to practice, which makes it really hard for me to watch TV in the living room! I have to keep turning up the volume.Janie says the passages can be about all sorts of topics - science, history, arts and culture, you name it. She has to be an expert reader on every subject! Some of the passages look incredibly boring, like they're about economic policies or United Nations bylaws. I don't know how she gets through those without falling asleep. Other passages seem more interesting, like they're about discoveries in space or ancient civilizations.No matter what the topic is though, the passages are all crazy long. Like I said, there are 80 total passages and Janie says most of them are around 800-1000 words each! That's like reading 80 short stories or articles from a newspaper or magazine. My teacher makes us read one short passage a night for homework, and I can barely make it through those.After reading each loooong passage, Janie has to answer several multiple choice questions about the main ideas, details, vocabulary, and author's purpose or tone. The questions are designed to be really tricky so you have to understand the passage inside and out. Janie says the reading section takes almost 4 hours to complete! My hand would fall off after writing that much.I've watched Janie practice over and over, reading the passages and answering the questions. She has to use a special pencil to fill in her answer sheet because it's graded by a computer. No messing that up! Sometimes she talks out loud to herself, summarizing each paragraph as she goes. Other times she is as quiet as a mouse, concentrating really hard. I try to be quiet during those times so I don't disturb her.It looks sooooo hard and I don't know how she does it. Janie says the test is important because universities want students who can understand academic English at a very high level. She has to get a good score to get into her dream school. No pressure, right?!Personally, I'm glad I'm just a 5th grader and I don't have to worry about any of that yet. Give me a couple picture books over those door-stopper reading passages any day! But I reallyadmire how dedicated and hardworking my sister is. She has spent sooo many hours prepping and I'm rooting for her to ace that test. She is my hero for tackling something so huge and difficult.Well, wish Janie luck for me! The test is coming up soon in just a couple more months. I'll keep doing my best to run errands and help out around the house so she can spend as much time studying as possible. Hopefully all that practice pays off and she blows that reading section out of the water! Then we can have a huge celebration. I'm keeping my fingers crossed for you, Sis!篇4My 2024 GRE Reading Prep: 80 Awesome Passages!Hey guys! I'm super excited to share with you all the fun reading passages I've been practicing for the 2024 GRE exam. My big brother is applying to grad school next year, so I've been helping him get ready. At first, I thought the readings would be super boring, but they're actually pretty cool!Let me tell you about some of my favorites so far. There were these really neat passages all about different animals' habitats and migration patterns. I loved learning how emperor penguins huddle together for warmth in the freezing Antarctic winters.And did you know that Arctic terns fly from the Arctic to the Antarctic and back again every year? That's like going all the way around the world twice! Mind-blowing, right?Then there were these rad passages on ancient civilizations. I got to read all about the super advanced Mayans and their incredible pyramids, calendars and mathematics. There was even one passage on the mysterious Nazca Lines in Peru - those huge ancient designs you can only see properly from way up in the air. Nobody really knows for sure why they were made, but people have some fascinating theories!I also really enjoyed the passages on famous inventors and scientists throughout history. You guys have probably heard of Albert Einstein, but did you know he came up with his famous ideas about relativity when he was just a young patent clerk? There were great passages on other geniuses too, like Marie Curie, the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. She discovered radioactivity along with her husband, which led to major breakthroughs in fields like medicine. Such an inspiration!Probably my favorite set of passages focused on different cultures around the world. I felt like I got to travel to all these amazing places without even leaving my room! The vibrant festivals in India and Mexico sounded like a blast. And thepassage on the indigenous cultures of the Amazon rainforest - learning about their intimate connection with nature and traditional ways of life - made me want to become an anthropologist when I grow up.There were so many other fascinating topics covered too: technological innovations, artworks and literature, social and political issues, psychological studies, you name it. My brain seriously felt like it grew three sizes from all the knowledge I was soaking up!I won't spoil all the rest for you, but trust me, these 80 reading passages were a non-stop thrill ride of learning and discovery. I can't wait for my brother to take the actual GRE so I can read even more engaging passages in new topics. Who knew studying could be this much fun?Alright friends, that's all from me for now. Let me know if you have any other questions about my 2024 GRE reading adventures. I'll catch you later - happy reading!篇52024 Zhangjian Consideration English Reading 80 ArticlesHi everyone! My name is Lily and I'm 10 years old. I really like reading, especially in English. This year, my brother Zhangjian is studying super hard to get into a great university. He has to take this big important test called the consideration. Part of it is reading 80 really long articles in English! That's a ton of reading. I feel bad for him having to read soooo many boring adult articles. They're probably all about boring grown-up stuff like politics, economics, and philosophy. No fun at all!If I had to read 80 articles for a test, I would want them to be way more interesting and fun. Like maybe an article about a dog that saved a family from a fire. Or one about kids who discovered buried treasure in their backyard. Ooh or maybe an article about a school for wizards like in Harry Potter! Now those would be articles I'd actually want to read. Wouldn't that be awesome?Grown-ups always make everything so serious and no fun. Like I bet none of the 80 articles have any jokes, comics, or funny pictures in them. If I wrote the articles, I would definitely put in some silly jokes to make my brother laugh when he's studying. And lots of colorful pictures too to make it more exciting to read. Everybody knows pictures make reading way more fun.Speaking of pictures, maybe there could be an article with photographs of adorable baby animals! How could anyone notlove reading about tiny kittens, puppies, and baby ducks? Or wait, even better - an article about kids who get to go to a petting zoo and play with baby animals allll day long. Now that's an article I would never get bored reading.Ooh ooh, or what about articles that are like real-life adventures? Like one about explorers who discovered a frozen woolly mammoth! Or deep-sea divers who stumbled upon an ancient shipwreck filled with treasures. Or even astronauts who traveled to Mars! Now those would be amazing articles that would make reading super exciting. Wayyy better than boring old politics and economics, that's for sure.In an ideal world, all 80 of those articles would be about fun stuff like that. But I know that's just a kid dreaming. Well, a girl can hope, right? At the very least there should be some cool science articles in there about dinosaurs, outer space, or teeny tiny insects. Stuff that's actually interesting to learn about! Not just a bunch of dry, dense writing about taxes or government policies and regulations. Yuck, no thanks!Honestly though, I feel realllly bad for my brother having to read all those probably super boring grown-up articles. Reading that much would make any kid's brain fall asleep! He must be so mentally exhausted after reading for hours every single day. I'llhave to make sure to play some fun games with him when he needs study breaks to get his mind off it all.Well, I guess that's just part of the deal to try to get into a good school these days. Lots ofHard work and suffering through reading tons of dry, uninteresting articles. I'm just glad I'm not at that stage yet! For now, I'm sticking to my beloved magic treehouse books, Dogman comics, and amusing articles about cute animals. Much more my speed!Anyway, I really really hope there's at least a few fun articles mixed in with all the dull ones my brother has to read. And I'll keep my fingers crossed that next year, they mix it up with some more engaging, imaginative topics a kid could actually get excited about reading. But hey, maybe I'm just an unusual10-year-old who loves reading more than the average bear. More power to me!Okay, that's all from me! Time for this little bookworm to go read some more. Laters!篇62024 Grad School English Reading - An Elementary Kid's ViewHey there friends! Jack here, just a regular 3rd grader who loves reading, writing, and using my imagination. My teacher Mrs. Martin always says I have a "lively curiosity" about the world around me. I'm not sure exactly what that means, but I think it's a good thing!Anyway, I was asked to share my thoughts on the English reading passages that students applying to graduate school will have to tackle in 2024. At first I was like "Huh? I'm just a kid - what do I know about grad school stuff?" But then I remembered how much I enjoy diving into new topics through books and stories. So I said "Why not? This could be fun!"From what I understand, the reading sections on these tests are no joke. The passages are super long and packed with complicated words/ideas about history, science, literature, and more. Just thinking about sitting still that long to read makes my legs feel antsy! But I'd definitely give it my best effort.I have a few strategies that might help grad students get through those intense reading assignments. First off, I'd remind myself that reading is an adventure. Opening a book lets you explore new worlds and learn amazing things. How exciting is that?! Whenever I get tired of reading, I try to picture myselfjourneying through the story's setting and meeting its characters. It makes the experience way more engaging.My next tip is to pay extra-close attention when reading descriptive details and examples. Those little nuggets of information help me understand the main ideas waaaay better than just blazing through each paragraph. I really have to concentrate though, because my mind can start wandering pretty easily. Maybe some quiet background music would help grad students stay focused?Finally, I never hesitate to re-read sections that confuse me at first. There's no prize for finishing quickly - comprehending the material is what matters most. I actually make a game of it sometimes, challenging myself to explain each complicated concept in simple kid words. It definitely enhances my reading comprehension!Overall, I think the 2024 English reading tests will be really hard for grad applicants. But you know what? Kids deal with challenging stuff all the time too. Learning to read itself was no cakewalk when we were just starting out! If youngsters can get the hang of it through patience and practice, I'm confident older students can as well. Just approach it with an open, curious mindset like Mrs. Martin always tells me.Well, those are my elementary-aged thoughts on those huge reading assignments coming up. Hopefully some of my silly suggestions provide a fresh perspective! I'll be cheering you grown-ups on as you work towards your grad degrees. You've got this!Okay, time for this kid to go play outside. Reading is awesome, but balanced lifestyles are important too. Thanks for letting me share, and happy studying, future scholars!。

陈正康老师解析2018考研英语一大作文——跨考教育陈正康老师52.Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1)describe the picture briefly2)interpret the meaning, and3)give your comments.Write your answer neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)【布局谋篇】一个男孩正在选课，如何选择？有些课程知识新、重创新、有难度；有些课程给分高、易通过、作业少。

显然命题人想表达的主题是：大学生，祖国的花朵和未来，应该多选择知识新、重创新、有难度的课程，这些课程就是适合自己的正确选择，这有助于提高大家的能力，从而更好地为社会做贡献！因此，文章可以如下布局。

第一段，简要描述图片，引入主题。

第二段，重点分析如何选择，选择知识新、重创新、有难度的课程的好处（知识新、重创新和有难度三个维度的好处都要重点分析，只分析创新的优点，或者迎难而上不算跑题，但是不够全面）。

第三段，总结自己的观点（大学生要做出正确的选择并且要为之努力）加上呼吁即可。

【参考范文】How concise but thought-provoking the picture is! What is clearly depicted in the picture is that a boy,sitting in front of a computer, is selecting courses through the system of selecting courses, who takes a considerable number of factors into consideration ,which include the emphasis of innovation, the updating of knowledge and the level of difficulty as well as the scoring, the qualified rate and burden of assignment. Apparently，it is how to make the best courses for college students that is what the author intends to convey to us.It is not uncommon to find that with the development of society and economy,the competition is becoming increasingly intense and the updating of knowledge is getting quicker and quicker.Though some courses are easy to learn and get high scores ，it may be out of date.In addition，it has been universally acknowledged that the awareness of innovation will not only be beneficial to our personal growth and success but also contribute to the development and progress of society and economy，which is the most essential qualification that anyone who wants to achieve success should possess.Consequently，the courses stressing innovation should be chosen.Furthermore, the way to success is full of obstacles and hardships. Anyone who is eager to get successful must realize that there is no shortcut to success at all because all achievements come from laborious trial and effort. Accordingly ，young students are supposed to choose some courses with great difficulties to improve their abilities.After what we have discussed above，we can reasonably come to the conclusion that whatever the prospect is，however difficult the situation is，we，young students，should have the courage to face difficulties，be willing to absorb new knowledge and cultivate the consciousness of innovation.I am strongly convinced that only by doingso,can our promising future be guaranteed.作者：陈正康来源：跨考教育。

1994年真题超精读Passage Oneorganize vt.组织private a.私人的，个人的market-oriented a.以市场为导向的largely ad. 主要地，在很大程度上marketplace n.市场strive to do 努力做profit n.利润in competition with sb 在与sb的竞争中motive n.动机operate v.起作用；运行；操作competitive a.竞争的；竞争性的；竞争激烈的individual a./n.个体的；个体consumer n.消费者desire n./v.愿望；欲望maximize vt.最大化resources n.资源mechanism n.构造，结构；体制，机制in response to sth 作为对sth的反应/回应relative a.相对的；比较，相当demand n./v.需求；要求supply n./v.供应；提供in short supply 供应不足relative to A 与A相比较/相对应；与A有关bid v./n.竞标，投标be bid up （指价格等）被抬升eliminate v.去除，消除；淘汰commodity =goods n.商品in turn 反过来permit sb to do 允许sb做regulate v.调整own = possess vt.拥有productive resources 生产资料property n.财产hire = employ vt.雇；雇佣gain control over A 获得对A的控制natural resources 自然资源concept n.概念embrace vt.包括；拥抱contract n.合同v.收缩be satisfied with A 对A满意overstate v.夸大；多报understate v.轻描淡写；少报purchase v./n.购买purchasing power 购买力mechanized a.机械化的A is characterized by B. A的特点是B。

Vocabulary：Choose the best word from 1 he four choices to complete each of the following sentences.1.There has been much opposition from some social groups, _____ from the farming community.A. straightforwardlyB. notably C・ virtually D・ exceptionally2.The _____ view in Britain and other Western countries associates aging with decline, dependency, isolation, and often poverty.A. predominantB. credulous C・ inclusive D. sustainable3.But gifts such as these cannot be awarded to everybody, either by judges or by the most ____ of governments./ reward->rewardingA・ tough B. demanding C. diverse D. benign4.The foreman read the _____ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.A. prejudice B・ verification C・ verdict D・ punishment5.They fear it could have a(n) _____ effect on global financial markets・A. sizeableB. adverse(negative) C・ beneficial D. consequential6.The UN threatened to _____ economic sanctions if the talks were broken off.A. engageB. pursue C・ abandon/ abundant D. invoke7.There are at least four crucial differences between the new ______ and the old government.A. regimeB. hegemony C・ complex D. federation/ fedal<->federal, confederate)8.These questions _____ a challenge to established attitude of superiority toward the outside world・A. evolveB. Constitute 形成C. tolerateD. aroused9.Because of this, a strong administrative ________ was needed to plan the use of scarce resources, organize production and regulate distribution.A. apparatusB. constitutionC. insistenceD. promotion10.I learnt that there are no genuinely ______ a nimals in this area, all the animals were brought here from other places.A・ endangered B・ domesticated C・ indigenous D. extinct1.As the year progressed, the war in Vietnam undeirnined natio nal unity, compelling the preside nt and his advisers to spend much of their time explaining U・ S. policy in Asia.A. weakenedB. stressed C・ broke D・ split2.The picture was different from all the others. It consisted of a lot of discrete spots of colo匚A. mysteriousB. suiprising C・ separate D. bright3.The preparation for the great military overseas operations entailed months of careful planning and preparation.A. entitledB. requiredC. provided D・ deprived4.It was reported that a 19-year-old college student at Berkeley was taken from her apartment. And two days after the abduction a tape recording was sent to a local radio station.A. burglaryB. murder C・ hijack D・ kidnapping5.Mott suffers financially and emotionally as his series of delusional get-rich-quick schemes goes bad.A・ expected B. extravagant C・ ckeamed D・ drained6.Then for a number of African Americans the strategy of the Civil Rights Movement was beginning to appear demeaning and even irrelevant.A. degradingB. destiningC. deviatingD. descending7.The member countries of the organization would act only with the sanction of United Nations.A. punishment B・ sustenance C. approval D・ authorization& Miracles are instantaneous they cannot be summoned, but come of themselves, usually at unlikely moments and to those who least expect them・A. evident B・ immediate C・ inevitable D. hidden9.The Environmental Protection Agency estimated that the cost to industry of compliance with the new rules could be as high as $ 1 billion a year.A. following B・ execution C. accomplishment D. agreeableness10.On the basis of the law, the woman's right is absolute and that she is entitled to terminate her pregnancy at whatever time, in whatever way, and for whatever reason she alone chooses・A. pauseB. complete C・ expire D. stop1.The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery to thousands of hard-working (diligent) tradesmen.A. size B・ expansion C・ development D. termination2.There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgery financially viable (feasible) and eventually (finally) she left.A・ practicable B. sufficient C・ deficient D・ impractical3.Learning some basic in formation about preparing and delivering (〜a speech) formal presentati ons can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear involved in public speaking, [oral presentation]A・ ease [(l)n. feel at 〜；(2)to relieve pain] B・ expressC・ prevent D. dispose (get rid of)4.Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/ paralyze) the peace talks.A・ influence B. damage C・ end D・ complicate (a./ vt.)ernment can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster (develop/ cultivate) productivity, not stifle it.A. retainB. repress (suppress)C・ crash D・ abandon (abundant: a. enough)6.He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete discretion and never said a malicious word. [malice: n.->malicious: a.] [be keen on sth.]A. disheartening (discouraging<->encourage) B・ sympathetic fsym-: same; pathy: feelingC・ harsh (severe) D. polite [be sympathetic with sb./ sympathize with sb.]7.After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again).A. emerged (appeared)B. continuedC. dominatedD. resumed (restore)8.There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhoiTent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).A. shocking (=surprising)B. (folerate・>)tolerableC. uncontrollable [high 〜>lowD. distasteful (disgusting)9.The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera.A. smallB. digitalC・ concealed (hidden) D・ sophisticated [shoot, shot shot/ gun shot]10.The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected) 300 tantalizing (attractive) recipes for all occasions andlifestyles, plus down to earth (=practical) advice on matching food with wine.A. disturbingB. tempting C・ promising D・ offending (=offensive/ ~ talk)1.In July he issued a decree (law) ordering all unofficial armed groups in the country to disband.A・ end up B. come up C. stand up D. break up2.The Amazon ant carries out foniys (attack) against other ants and brings back some of them to the home nest toserve as slaves.A. (invade->)invasionsB. fights C・ wars D. missions (task)3.The flu virus that are most (prevail->) prevalent one year differ from those that bedevil humans the next year.A. killB. worry C・ frustrate D. trouble4.He correctly predicted that the policy against their neighboring countries would goad (force) them into economic nationalism.A. assist (help)B. pressC. drive (make)D. aid (help)5.The King made (declare 〜on country) war on the state of Kalinga, and conquered in 261 B・C・ When he saw the suffering he had caused, however, he was overcome (overwhelmed) with remorse.A・ regret B. revenge C. hatred (n.) D. emotion6.When she first visited South-West Africa in 1947 as an investigative journalist, she helped reveal the appalling (surprising/ shocking) conditions under which blacks were obliged to work・A. startlingB. exotic (foreign)C. (teiYO「>teirible/) terrific (wonderful) D・(amazing・>)amusing (interesting)7.In his book the Iliad, Homer describes Thersites as the ugliest and most impudent (rude) of the Greeks.A・ tough B. ill-famed (notorious) C・ rude D・ harmful8.Apprehensive (Fearful) of their en emy's encirclement, the country en hanced its foreign con tacts with its neighbors in Europe・A. ScornfulB. FearfulC. RegardlessD. Careless9.The slave-owners grudgingly (reluctantly) accepted the (abolish->) abolition in 188& rather than face the massive slave unrest (rebelling) and flight (escape).A. slowlyB. graduallyC. unwillinglyD. eventually (finally)10.They (swear->) swore their allegiance to the nation and received their naturalization papers・A. contribution B・ loyalty C. immensity (greatness) D. epithet (scoring)1.The company began aggressive advertisi ng campaigns, in creased its variety (categories) of beers, and further expanded its markets. By 1991 Coors beer was available (=on sale) in all 50 states. It also worked to improve its image and quell (制」匕结束，镇压)ongoing (ever-lasting) boycotts.A. investigateB. condemn C・ crush D. forbid2.With his strong right-wing views, and close affiliation (联系，隶属)to the military, he'd long been regarded as a (swear) sworn enemy of the people・A. emotionB. association C・ communication D. reaction3.Adams supported what became known as the Boston tea party, and thereafter he firmly supported the patriotic (爱国白勺) measures that led step by step to American independence・A. passionateB. moderate C・ radical D・ nationalistic4.The best hope is that we will have a rapid mobilization (动员) of international opinion in support of the movement.A. calling upB. bringing up C・ catching up (with) D. getting up5.When he was there (be present), he often gave food and coins to the destitute (贫苦白勺)children who lived on the street.A. desertedB. poor C・ homeless D. despaired (->desperate: adj.)bining social commentaiy with rhythmic lyrics(词).heavy bass beats, and remixed or original melodies, rap is one of the most controversial of black musical fonns.A. wordsB. music C・ band D. dance7.The history of newspapers, magazines, and other publications in the country has varied, depending upon the level of censorship(书报审查制度)in the ruling government.A. supportB. sponsor C・ control D・ restoration8.The cause of the incidence has been kept off the air in the radio by the administration.A. secretB. not broadcastedC. publicizedD. not known9.He took out a court injunction (法令, 判决)against the newspaper demanding the return of the document.A・ sentence (sb. to death) B・ bias C. suspension (bridge) D・ order10.A great cheer went up from the crowd as (=when) they caught sight of (noticed) their idol(偶像)•A. figureB. ideaC. heroD. foe(敌人)1.If it continues to ______ its responsibilities then the British government must act immediately in its place, (substitute)A. testify B・ proceed (continue) C・ discipline(n. vt.) D. abdicate2.Just as you do not wish others to ______ their desires upon you, you must leave it to them to be free to follow their own direction in life, (ask for sick leave)A・ inflict (impose sth. on sb.) B. dispute C. ridicule D. antedate (go to an earlier time)3.She was a tough girl — determined, arrogant and ___ , with light brown hair and quick, sharp eyes.A. genuine B・ hideous C・ undei・mining(destmctive) D・ opinionated (stubborn)4.1 think feminism is about liberating women from enforced domestic and maternal (distaff, of mother/ related to mother) ____ .A. dissent (<->consent) B・ propaganda C・ drudgery D. mutuality5.The children have a more _____ view (opini on), only taking in con sideratio n what will work ・(take sth. into consideration)A. pragmatic (practical, feasible)B. drearyC・ marikd D. dominant6.While a quarter of men wash their cars once a week, fewer than one in five women carry out the ____ •A. attribute (features/ character) B・ chore C. repast (meal) D・ jargon7.If she were rich, that wouldn't stop her (from) caring for children, but she could charge only a(n) ____ fee (fare) to the mothers who badly needed to work・A・ intuitive B. nominal C・ depressing D. juvenile& We intend to remove the ____ rules and regulations that are discouraging foreign investment in our country.A. onerous B・ henpecked C・ greasy D. unmitigated (complete/ thorough)9.He was a lonely, miserable ____ . alone->lonely (adj.)A. feastB. spouse C・ wretch D. dignity10.This newly established institution has to face a whole range of crimes and _____ . (institute: n./ vt.)A・ femininity B. prescriptionsC. delinquencies (offense)D. authenticity (reliability)。

2018 考研英语核心语法与长难句突破适合英语一及英语二陈正康博士编讲1.Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so —and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.2.Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks tostudy humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.3.What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.4. Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.5.The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.6.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity price inflation and global excessdemand.7.If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.8.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.9.Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.10.In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.11.This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show thatout of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.12.As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.13.Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problem.14.The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.15.New ways of organizing the workplace — all that re-engineering and downsizing —are only one contribution to the overallproductivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.16.While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.17.There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 18. Tylor defined culture as that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.19.I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems.20.Thus，the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set”in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.21.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.22.Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.23.Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.24. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, howeverfar-fetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.25. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be —even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right — it can hardly be classed as Literature.26. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.27. And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder — kitchen rage.28.Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men whowatch the experiments.29.The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.30. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.31. They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.32. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.33.This success, coupled with later research showing that memoryitself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.34.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.35.On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book s tands for reason itself.” And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism / evolution debate. 36.For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 37. Television is one of the means by which these feelings are createdand conveyed — and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.38. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.39. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.40.Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.41.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand ofindividual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.42.But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.。