北京对外经贸大学英语专业考研真题

2016年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研招生目录，考研参考书，历年真题笔记贸大英语翻译基础书目推荐1、庄绎传，《英汉翻译简明教程》。

北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。

2、叶子南，《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》。

北京：清华大学出版社，2001。

3、中国日报（China Daily）：英语点睛：新词新译4、王恩冕，《大学英汉翻译教程》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，第三版，2010。

5、金融时报官方网站：双语时评。

6、网站：/7、外贸、金融、经济学、世贸组织等英语专业术语。

8、张曦，《口语与口译300题》，上海交通大学出版社。

9、金焕荣，《商务英语翻译》，苏州大学出版社。

10、赵军锋，《商务英语口译》，高等教育出版社，2009.11、2015年度国家领导人出席的国际会议：演讲稿中英对照。

12、三笔、二笔相应题材的文章。

百科知识和汉语写作书目推荐1、卢晓江.《自然科学史十二讲》.中国轻工业出版社（2007）（矿大）2、叶朗.《中国文化读本》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社（2008）3、杨月蓉.《实用汉语语法与修辞》.重庆：西南师范大学出版社（1999）（北大）4、金元浦.《中国文化概论》.北京：中国人民大学出版社（2007）5、庄锡昌.《西方文化史》.北京：高等教育出版社（2011）6、林青松.《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南》.南京：东南大学出版社（2005）7、张元忠.张东风.《经济应用文写作与评析》.武汉：华中科技大学出版社（2008）9、俞纪东.《经济写作》.上海：上海财经大学出版社10、张文.《外贸文秘写作全书》.中华工商联合出版社11、郑孝敏.《商务应用文》.东北财经大学出版社12、柯琳娟.《公司（企业）常用文书写作格式与范本》.企业管理出版社13、邵龙青.《财经应用写作》.东北财经大学出版社14、伟业管理咨询公司编著.《商务文书模板速查手册》.中国言实出版社（贸大）15、李玉珊.《商务文案写作》.高等教育出版社16、岳海翔.《商务文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社17、岳海翔.《企划文书写作要领与范文》.中国言实出版社18、程裕祯.《中国文化要略》.外语教学与研究出版社19、朱维之，《外国文学史》（欧美卷），南开大学出版社。

2010年对外经济贸易大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1．The police caught the thief on the street and______him into their van.A．probedB．hustledC．copedD．smoldered正确答案：B解析：句意：警察在街上抓住小偷，把他推进囚车里。

hustle into推进。

probe 探索，探究。

cope成功地应对。

smolder熏烧。

2．The crude craft which the Wright brothers made was the______of the modern airplane.A．feudB．IllusionC．PrototypeD．alloy正确答案：C解析：句意：莱特兄弟制作的简陋飞行器，是现代飞机的雏形。

prototype 原形。

feud世仇。

illusion幻觉，假象。

alloy合金。

3．I’ve just received an______note telling me that the goods have been dispatched.A．invoiceB．enquiryC．orderD．advisory正确答案：A解析：句意：我刚才收到一张发货费用清单，知道已经发货。

invoice(发货或服务)费用清单。

enquiry查询，打听。

order订单。

advisory报告，通告。

4．Does these cars______to the new standard of vehicle exhaust emission?A．confirmB．confideC．conformD．complement正确答案：C解析：句意：这些汽车符合汽车废气排放的新标准吗?conform to符合，遵从。

confirm批准，确认。

confide(向某人)吐露(秘密、隐私等)。

2015年对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI 考研真题　各位2016年考研的小伙伴们，欢迎大家来到才思教育，今天给大家着重的分析一下关于对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士MTI 考研的相关内容。

百科知识明星效应 celebrity effect民间文化遗产 folk cultural heritage民事伴侣关系 civil partnership民意 will of the people民怨 social grievance (Officials in southwest China's Guizhou Province have admitted there are social grievances in Weng'an County where a girl's death sparked a violent protest over the weekend.)民族企业 domestic enterprises摸彩 draw lot for prize模仿秀 imitation show抹黑 stain somebody's name; bring shame on模糊逻辑 fuzzy logic模糊战略(美国在台湾问题上奉行的政策) indistinct strategy; ambiguous strategy模块 module摩门教 Mormon Church (the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints)模拟测试 mock test; simulated exam模拟装置 simulator末日论者 doomster莫失良机;趁热打铁 make hay while the sun shines末位淘汰 (under the new personnel system) the person graded last in the performance evaluation will be laid off from his position磨洋工 dawdle along摸着石头过河 test each step before taking it;advance cautiously默哀 silent tribute (President Hu Jintao, who just returned from a three-day visit to the quake-hit areas, paid a three-minute silent tribute to victims of the quake in the central government compound of Zhongnanhai in Beijing. 刚刚结束三天震区支行的胡锦涛主席，在中南海为地震遇难者默哀三分钟。

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对外经济贸易大学2011年翻译硕士(MTI)真题I.Phrase Translationblog：博客facebook：脸书，创办于美国的一个社交网络服务网站。

twitter:推特，一个广受欢迎微博客服务。

Bloomberg：彭博，是全球商业、金融信息和财经资讯的领先提供商。

game theory：博弈论，又被称为对策论yellow pages：黄页private equity：私募基金；私募股权；私人股本trade deficit：贸易逆差bill of lading：提单tertiary industry：第三产业分期付款：installment达人秀：Got Talent/talent show次贷危机：subprime mortgage crisis朝核会议：six-party talk on North Korea nuclear issue《国富论》：The Wealth of Nations印花税：stamp duty经济适用房：Affordable Housing节能减排：energy saving and emission reduction以人为本:Put People First新教伦理:Protestant ethicASEAN:东南亚国家联盟（东盟）（Association of Southeast Asian Nations）CAT:计算机辅助翻译（Computer Aided Translation）CNN:美国有线电视新闻网(Cable News Network)HBS:哈佛商学院(Harvard Business School)HEC:港口进入管制（Harbor Entry Control)MFNs:最惠国（most favored nations)IMF:国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)IPO:首次公开募股(initial public offering)UNCTAD:联合国贸易和发展会议(United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)UNESCO:联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization)II.Passage translationSection A English to ChineseIs the world headed for a food crisis?India,Mexico and Yemen have seen food riots this year.What’s the cause for these shortages and price hikes?Expensive oil,for the most part.The United Nations food and Agriculture Organization（FAO）reported that,at nearly$100a barrel,the price of oil has sent the cost of food imports skyrocketing this year.Add in escalating crop prices,the FAO warned,and a direct consequence could soon be an increase in global hunger—and,as a consequence,increased social unrest.What’s more,worldwide food reserves are at their lowest in35years,so prices are likely to stay high for the foreseeable future.On the demand side,one of the key issues is biofuels.Biofuels,made from food crops such as corn,sugar cane,and palm oil,are seen as easing the world’s dependence on gasoline or diesel.But when crude oil is expensive,as it is now,these alternative energy sources can also be sold at market-competitive prices,rising steeply in relation to petroleum.With one-quarter of the US corn harvest in2010diverted towards biofuel production,the attendant rise in cereal prices has already had an impact on the cost and availability of food.Critics worrythat the gold rush toward biofuels is taking away food from the hungry.Leaders in the biofuel industry respond that energy costs are more toblame for high food prices than biofuels.“Energy is the blood of theworld,so if oil goes up then other commodities follow,”Claus Sauter,CEO of German bioenergy firms Verbio said.Others argue thatcleaner-burning biofuels could help stem the effects of climate change,another factor identified by the FAO as causing food shortages.Analystsnote that scientists believe climate change could be behind recentextreme weather patterns,including catastrophic floods,heat waves anddrought.All can diminish food harvests and stockpiles.But so can marketforces.Section B Chinese to English中美航空运输市场开放，距离真正意义上的双方机会均等、互利共赢。

对外经济贸易大学2006年语言学考研真题考试科目：专业英语Section OneMultiple Choice Questions（15points）（1）Virtually every sentence that a person utters or understands is a brand-new combination of words, appearing for the first time in the history of the universe. Therefore, a language cannot be a repertoire of responses; the brain must contain a recipe or program that can build an unlimited set of sentences out of a finite list of words. That program may be called a _______grammar. It should be not confused with ____or____ grammars that are just guides to the etiquette of written prose.a) Proscriptive-teaching-mentalb) Mental-prescriptive-descriptivec) Teaching- descriptive-mentald) Mental-teaching- descriptive（2）The consonant [ s] in the word ―smile‖ can be described as :a) voiceless oral alveolar fricativeb) voiceless nasal bilabial liquidc) voiced oral alveolar plosived) voiced oral bilabial fricative（3）Which of the following is not a minimal pair?a) [li:f] [fi:l] b) [sip] [zip]c) [sai] [sei] d) [leit] [feit]（4）Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending?a) WTO b) Motel c）Bookshelf d) red-faced（5）Deter mine which of the following description is the symptom of Wernicke‘s aphasia?a) The patients are often referred to as agrammatic because of their particularproblems with syntax, especially, with damage to the frontal cortex.b)These patients produce ordinary fluent speech with good intonation andpronunciation, but with many word substitutions.c)These patients produce ungrammatical utterances omitting function wordslike ‗a‘ or ‗the‘ or ‗was‘ and parts of words like the past tense suffix –ed.d) They are characterized by word-finding difficulties and disturbed word order. （6）The statement that supports the argument that human brain is structured in a form of module is________-a) Mental grammar is unconscious.b) People do not have UG when they are born.c) Patients can have split-brains.d)The relationship between sound and meaning of a word is arbitrary.(7) The speech act theory was developed by____________.a)John Searle b)John Austin c) Levinson d) G. Leech(8) In Krashen's monitor theory, "i" in "i + 1" hypothesis of second language acquisition refers to__________.a) interaction b) interference c) input d) intake(9) Wave model is a way created to represent___________.a) sense relations b) semantic fieldc) syntagmatic relations d) language families(10) Which of the following does not belong to the computational linguistics？a) machine translation b) corpus linguisticsc) speech recognition d) empirical study(11) Synonyms in English can be divided into three different categoriesa) noun synonym, verb synonym, adjective synonymb) dialectal synonym, stylistic synonym, relational synonymc)dialectal synonym, complementary synonym, collocational synonymd) dialectal synonym, stylistic synonym, collocational synonym(12) The statement "have never seen the man before" indicates ____________of the illocutionary point.a) directives b) expressives c) representatives d) commissives(13) Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?a) the maxim of quantity b) the maxim of qualityc) the maxim of manner d) the maxim of strength(14) V ocabulary change in language can include all excepta) addition of new words b) simplification of word formsc) loss of words d) changes of word meaning(15) According to the theory of conversational implicature, in the conversation "A: Shall we get something for the kids? B：Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M, ‗B‘s implicature is____________.a) I don't want the kids to know we are talking about getting them some ice-cream.b) I want to tell the kids how to spell the word before they eat it.c) I agree to get something for the kids, but not the ice-cream.d) I want to emphasize that what the kids will get is ice-cream, not hamberger. Section TwoDetermine whether the following statements are true or false and mark each witha "T" or "F".(10point.)1) English consonants can be classified two categories: voiced and voicelessconsonants.2) Wherever humans exist, language exists.3) All human language utilize a finite set of discrete units to form an infinite set of possible sentences.4) The word of ― impossibility‖ contains four morphemes.5)Bilabial consonant is produced when the obstruction is partial and the air isforced through a narrow passage.6)The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communications are allphonemes.7)There are primitive languages—Some languages are more complex and notequally capable of expressing any idea in the world.8)Phonology and grammar are infinite, tightly structured systems, the child does nothave to master them before puberty in order to be a native speaker of the language.9)loss of identity.10)WA stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed withouttotal hen varieties of language are classified in respect of their users, they are called registers.Section ThreeTry to explain in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved. (10 points)a)He looked over the chair.b)I dislike naughty boys and girls.c)They are flying planes.d)He saw a piece of wood.e)She found the drill boring.f)They are lying on the grass.g)They are amazed by those matches.h)The men decided on the train.i)Mary and Jack or Bill frightened the cat.j)They fed her dog biscuits.Section FourTry to improve and write the following sentences by eliminating the redundant words or phrases. (10 points)a)The candidate repeated the answer again.b)His solution was equally as good as hers.c)He expressed a number of clear expressions much to the audience‘s delight.d)The exam was very trying, and I kept trying to finish on time without making toomany errors.e)In many cases students profit from the research paper.f)Her gossip was of a sordid and ugly character.g)In spite of the fact that she is lazy, I like her.h)Speed is also an important factor.i)He glanced at her in a suspicious manner.j) She seldom talks on any subject of controversial nature.Section FiveAnswer the following questions. (35 points)1.Give three examples to show the distinctive function of juncture in English. (5points)2.What are the differences between morphs and allomorphs? Please illustrate withone or two examples. (5 points)3.Try to analysis the following words by IC analysis. (3 points)Undesirable Gentlemanly Replacements4.Think carefully about the following two sentences, A and B. Then answer thequestions that follow. (7 points)A.His crime was killing someone. (He killed someone, and that was a crime.)B.His crime was killing someone. (The crime itself actually killed someone.)a)The main verb is BE in sentenceb)The main verb is transitive in sentencec)―What was his crime?‖ is a question ofd)―What was his crime killing?‖ is a question ofe)―What was his crime doing?‖ is a question off)―His crime wasn‘t killing someone‖ is a negative ofg)The word crime can be replaced by concrete animate nouns likebrother only in5.How many types of style deviations did G. Leech mention in his study of stylistics?Please choose to explain at least five types of them with examples. (5 points)6.In what way are sentence meaning and utterance meaning differ from each other?Give one example to illustrate your points. (5 points)7.Try to understand the following two paragraphs, and describe and comment whattwo contrasting approaches or perspectives of language studies each of the quotes represent. (5 points)a) A human language is a system of remarkable complexity. To come to know ahuman language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task. A normal child acquires this knowledge on relatively slight exposure and without specific training. Thus language is a mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. ( Chomsky )b)It is fairly obvious that language is used to serve a variety of different needs, butuntil we examine its grammar there is no clear reason for classifying its uses in any particular way. This enables use to give an account of the different functions of language that is relevant to the general understanding of linguistic structure than to any particular psychological or sociological investigation. ( Halliday ).参考答案Section One(1) d (2) a (3) a (4) b (5) a (6) c (7) b (8) c (9) d (10) d(11) d (12) d (13) d (14) d (15) aSection Two(1) T(2) F(At the primitive period of human beings, there wasn't language.)(3) T(4) F("im-" "possibl-" "-ity")(5) F(Bilabial consonant is made with two lips,and the consonant that is producedwhen the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passageis called Fricative. )(6) F(Those are phones.)(7) F(There should be no classification of primitive language and civilized language.)(8) F(9) T(10) F(Registers are varieties of language classified according to the using of Language; while dialects are classified in respect of users.)Section Threea) From the IC analysis, the sequence "looked over the tree" could be illustrated in this way:(looked(over(the tree))) ((looked over)(the tree))Semantically, the different interpretations of the word "over" contribute to the ambiguity of the sentence. It could mean "Above and across from one end or side to the other" and also "Completely through, from beginning to end".b) The IC analysis of the sequence "naughty boys and girls" could be illustrated like this:(naughty(boys and girls)) ((naughty boys)and girls)This makes the sentence interpreted differently as: "I dislike naughty boys and naughty girls "and "I dislike girls and naughty boys".In terms of semantics, the semantic feature of "and" results in the ambiguity of the sentence. It could combine individual words like "boys" and "girls", and also phrases like "naughty boys" and "naughty girls".c) According to Generative Grammar, the sentence can have two different deep structures.d) The verb "see" is semantically polysemous in that it could refer to "to perceive with eyes" and also "to understand". Similarly, the phrase "a piece of wood" could also be interpreted as the actual wood and the metaphorical meaning "a part of the whole thing". Thus, the sentence could be interpreted as "He saw with his eyes a piece of wood" as its literal meaning and "He understood only a small part of the whole" as the metaphorical meaning.e) The ambiguity results in the polysemous words ―drill‖ and ―bore‖ in the sentence. The word ―drill‖ could refer to an implement or a kind of training; and ―bore‖ means ―to make a hole with a drill‖ or ―to make weary by being dull‖. Therefore, the senten ce may probably mean ―She found that the drill was digging‖ and ―She found that the training was tedious‖.f) The polysemous characteristic of word ―lie‖ contributes to the ambiguity of the sentence. Generally speaking, this verb could refer to either ―to be or place oneself at rest in a flat, horizontal, or recumbent position‖ or ―to present false information with the intention of deceiving‖. Thus, the sentence could be interpreted as ―They are not telling the truth on the grass‖.g) The word ―match‖ could be interpreted in different ways: ―A pair, each one of which resembles or harmonizes with the other‖, or ―A game or context‖, or ―A narrow piece, usually of wood or cardboard, coated on one end with a compound that ignites when scratched against a rough o r chemically treated surface.‖ Therefore, the meaning if the sentence is correspondingly ambiguous.h) ―On the train‖ could be interpreted differently due to the nature of ―on‖. One is to interpret this phrase referring to location, and the other is to tak e it ―relating to the train, concerned with the train‖. Correspondingly, the sentence has two different meanings: ―The place he decided was on the train‖ and ―He made a decision about the train‖.i) The ambiguity results in different ways to treat the sequ ence ―Mary and Jack or Bill‖.To illustrated in IC analysis would be like this:(Mary and (Jack and Bill)) ((Mary and Jack) or Bill)In terms of semantics, the semantic feature of ―or‖ results in the ambiguity of the sentence.It could combin e individual words like ―Jack‖ and ―Bill‖, and also phrases like ―Mary and Jack‖ and ―Bill‖.j) The sentence could be interpreted differently in respect of the deep structure.The identicalness of the possessive adjective case and the objective case of the pronoun ―she‖ contributes to the ambiguity of the sentence. When ―her‖ is regarded as the objective case, it would be taken as the indirect object of the verb ―fed‖; when ―her‘ is seen as the possessive adjective case, it then would be take as the modif ier of the noun ―dog‖.Section Foura)The candidate repeated the answer.b)His solution was as good as hers.c)He made a number of clear expressions much to the audience‘s delight.d)The exam was very challenging, and I kept trying to finish on time withoutmaking too many errors.e)Many students profit from the research people.f)Her gossip was of a sordid character.g)In spite that she is lazy, I like her.h)Speed is also important.i)He glanced at her suspiciously.j)She seldom talks on any controversial subjects.Section Five1.English employs four kinds of juncture for differentiating words and phrases.There is close juncture for intra-syllabic segments, syllable juncture between syllable, rhythm juncture between words, and pause juncture. Different junctures reflect different levels in the prosodic structure hierarchy in continuous speech.For example, as to the word ―bird‖ [bə:d], the juncture between [b] and [ə:] makes them realized distinctly and so is the transition from [b] to [ə:]. And the diphthong [iə] reveals the intra-syllabic juncture of the wor d ―here‖[hiə]. Juncture words cause such differences in sound as that created by the pronunciation of blackbird (one word) and black bird (two words).2. A morph is the phonetic realization of a morpheme. In some sense it correspondsto a wordform. A morpheme is manifested as one or more morphs (surface forms) in different environments. These morphs are called allomorphs. Anallomorph is a morph that has a unique set of grammatical or lexical features. For example, /z/ in ―dogs, beds‖; /s/ in ―cats‖; /iz/ in ―garages‖ , all these three morphs are different representations of the same morpheme of plurality. Because they belong to the same morpheme, they are also called allomorphs.3.undesirable gentlemanly replacements4.a)A b) B c) A d) B e) B f) A g) B5.There are certain structural differences between poetic language and standardlanguage. These violations or de-automatizations or foregroundings or differences are called deviations. Leech has classified nine types of deviation.(1) Lexical deviation. Neologism refers to the invention of new words, but we call some new words nonce-formations if they are made up ―for the nonce‖, that is , for a single occasion only, rather than as serious attempts to augment the English word-stock for some new need. For example, in Hopkins‘ poem The Wretch of the Deutschland, ―The widow-making unchilding unfathering deeps.”（2）Grammatical deviation. An example of this type of deviation is illustrated in the repetition of generative construction. ―Our hearts‘ clarity‘s health‘s fire, our thoughts‘chivalry‘s throng‘s Lord.‖(Hopkins, The Wretch of the Deutschland)(3) Phonological deviation.(4) Graphological deviation.(5) Semantic deviation. It is reasonable to translate semantic deviation mentally into ―nonsense‖or ―absurdity‖, so long as we realize that ―sense‖is used in strictly liter-minded way. For example, ―The child is the father of the man‖(a line from Wordsworth.)(6) Dialectal deviation. Dialectism is the borrowing of features of regionally defined dialects. It is quite often used by storytellers and humorists. For example, in The Shepherd‘s Calendar, Spencer uses homely provincial words like ―heydeguys‖ (a type of dance), ―rontes‖ (young bullock), and so on..(7) Deviation of register.(8) Deviation of historical period.(9) The use of foreign language. The use of foreign language may suggest the speaker‘s high education or an attempt to catch fashion. It is often found in literature. For example, many Chinese people use some foreign languages while speaking in Chinese ―见面说hello,来是come,去是go‖.6. 参见北京师范大学2003年“英语语言学”题Ⅴ答案。

对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研真题分享与详解一、百科知识，解释划线词1.韩素音的著作《伤残的树》描写了一个世纪前，一位比利时女子被瓷器中的中国吸引，远嫁重洋，落户动乱、饥饿的四川。

半个世纪前，她的长着高鼻梁、黑眼睛的混血女儿，历时15年，用手中的笔，书写了一部给外国人看的家族史，这是一部纠结着血缘传承、习俗差异、民族矛盾的复杂家族史，更是一部扎根在自己家族，涉与曾国藩、义和团、袁世凯、基督教、共产党的波澜壮阔的民族断代史。

2.钱钟书先生的笔记中不仅包括了《诗经》、《论语》、《史记》、《全唐诗》、《全宋词》、《红楼梦》等经典，更大量涉与历代文人诗文别集、笔记小说、野史杂谈、尺牍日札。

多种形制、各类语体的读数笔记曾伴随钱钟书走南闯北，历经风雨，充分展现了钱先生的国学水平。

3.一方面，新兴市场国家，如金砖四国，希望注资IMF。

据消息人士称，IMF需要3500亿美元来帮助西班牙和意大利等国渡过债务危机。

但西方国家认为，这次注资不应该通过减少西方国家的投票权(增加新兴市场国家的投票权会降低西方国家的投票权)来损害西方国家的利益。

4.加拿大央行行长卡尼表示，希腊问题十分重要，但鉴于更大国际背景，欧洲问题严重性甚于希腊，G20峰会需要认真解决发达国家经济弱点。

5.参加德班气候大会的中国代表团官员8日表示，随着中国“十二五”期间加强控制温室气体排放，中国有望建立自己的碳排放交易系统(ETS)。

6，还有戛纳，欧元区，新闻界的“走，转，改”具体文段想不起来。

二、应用文写作应用文写作纪念辛亥革命一百周年征稿启事写清标题，正文，落款要求有四条1.征文目的，对象，用途，意义2.征文题材体裁字数3.征文起止日期评奖办法4.邮寄方式联系人地址5.不少于450字三、大作文写作：阅读下面一则故事，写一篇800字以上短文；题目：略谈说话的艺术美国的心理学家和人际关系大师卡耐基每个季度都要在纽约的一家大旅馆租用大礼堂用以讲授社交训练课程。

对外经济贸易大学翻硕考研真题：词汇汉译英答案对外经济贸易大学翻硕考研真题：词汇汉译英答案考研备考的过程中，真题是必不可少的。

下面是凯程考研搜集整理的对外经济贸易大学英语翻译基础考研真题——词汇翻译汉译英部分答案。

汉译英：从10个terms里面挑5个translate and define them briefly in English(共15分，一个3分)1、United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)Established in 1964, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promotes the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy. UNCTAD has progressively evolved into an authoritative knowledge-based institution whose work aims to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development, with a particular focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually supportive in bringing about sustainable development.或者The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. The organization's goals are to: "maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis."The primary objective of UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating toall aspects of development including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The conference ordinarily meets once in four years; the permanent secretariat is in Geneva.2、Generalised System of Preferences(GSP)The Generalized System of Preferences, or GSP, is a preferential tariff system which provides for a formal system of exemption from the more general rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (formerly, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT). Specifically, it's a system of exemption from the most favored nation principle (MFN) that obliges WTO member countries to treat the imports of all other WTO member countries no worse than they treat the imports of their "most favored" trading partner. In essence, MFN requires WTO member countries to treat imports coming from all other WTO member countries equally, that is, by imposing equal tariffs on them, etc.GSP exempts WTO member countries from MFN for the purpose of lowering tariffs for the least developed countries, without also lowering tariffs for rich countries3、North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994.It superseded the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC).In terms of combined purchasing power parity GDP of its members, as of 2013 the trade bloc is the largest in the world as well as by nominal GDP comparison.4、word of mouth，public praiseWord of mouth is the passing of information from person to person by oral communication, which could be as simple as telling someone the time of day. Storytelling is a common form of word-of-mouth communication where one person tells others a story about a real event or something made up. Oral tradition is cultural material and traditions transmitted by word of mouth through successive generations. Storytelling and oral tradition are forms of word of mouth that play important roles in folklore and mythology. Another example of oral communication is oral history—the recording, preservation and interpretation of historical information, based on the personal experiences and opinions of the speaker. Oral history preservation is the field that deals with the care and upkeep of oral history materials collected by word of mouth, whatever format they may be in.5、bill of exchangeA bill of exchange or "draft" is a written order by the drawer to the drawee to pay money to the payee. A common type of bill of exchange is the cheque (check in American English), defined as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker and payable on demand. Bills of exchange are used primarily in international trade, and are written orders by one person to his bank to pay the bearer a specific sum on a specific date. Prior to the advent of paper currency, bills of exchange were a common means of exchange. They are not used as often today.6、dumpingIn economics, "dumping" is a kind of predatory pricing, especially in the context of international trade. It occurs when manufacturers export a product to another country at a price either below the price charged in its home market or below itscost of production.7、niche marketingNiche marketing is marketing a product or service in a small portion of a market that is not being readily served by the main stream product or service providers. Nearly everything we take for granted –from the fast food chains, convenience stores, even Wal-Mart–began as a business to fill perceived voids in the market place. These “niches”can be geographic areas, a specialty industry, a demographic or ethnic group, a specific gender group, or other special group of people.8、FranchisingFranchising is the practice of the right to use a firm's successful business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. The word "franchise" is of Anglo-French derivation—from franc, meaning free—and is used both as a noun and as a (transitive) verb.For the franchiser, the franchise is an alternative to building "chain stores" to distribute goods that avoids the investments and liability of a chain. The franchisor's success depends on the success of the franchisees. The franchisee is said to have a greater incentive than a direct employee because he or she has a direct stake in the business. Essentially, and in terms of distribution, the franchisor is a supplier who allows an operator, or a franchisee, to use the supplier's trademark and distribute the supplier's goods. In return, the operator pays the supplier a fee. Thirty three countries—including the United States and Australia—have laws that explicitly regulate franchising, with the majority of all other countries having laws which have a direct or indirect impact on franchising.9、market segmentationMarket segmentation is a marketing strategy that involvesdividing a broad target market into subsets of consumers, businesses, or countries who have common needs and priorities, and then designing and implementing strategies to target them. Market segmentation strategies may be used to identify the target customers, and provide supporting data for positioning to achieve a marketing plan objective. Businesses may develop product differentiation strategies, or an undifferentiated approach, involving specific products or product lines depending on the specific demand and attributes of the target segment.10、counter tradeCounter trade means exchanging goods or services which are paid for, in whole or part, with other goods or services, rather than with money. A monetary valuation can however be used in counter trade for accounting purposes. In dealings between sovereign states, the term bilateral trade is used. OR "Any transaction involving exchange of goods or service for something of equal value."小提示：目前本科生就业市场竞争激烈，就业主体是研究生，在如今考研竞争日渐激烈的情况下，我们想要不在考研大军中变成分母，我们需要：早开始+好计划+正确的复习思路+好的辅导班（如果经济条件允许的情况下）。

[考研类试卷]2012年对外经济贸易大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷一、阅读理解0 Even if the US's massive financial rescue operation succeeds, it should be followed by something even more far-reaching—the establishment of a Global Monetary Authority to oversee markets that have become borderless.Washington recognizes that the crisis has become global. Hank Paulson, Treasury secretary, has said that foreign banks operating in the US will be eligible for federal assistance and he is urging other nations to fashion their own bail-out programs. Central banks have also been synchronizing injections of funds into markets. These should be steps to a more comprehensive international response designed not just to extinguish the current fires, but to rebuild and maintain the capital markets for the longer term.The current global institutional apparatus is woefully incapable of overseeing the financial system that is evolving. The International Monetary Fund is irrelevant to this crisis, the Group of Seven leading industrial countries lacks legitimacy in a world where China, Brazil and others are big players, and the Bank for International Settlement has no operational role. The US Federal Reserve is too besieged to act as a global central bank. That vacuum at the centre is dangerous for everyone. The US's dependence on massive inflows of foreign capital, roughly $3bn(2bn, ￡1.6bn)a day, will surely increase now as Uncle Sam acquires $1 , 000bn in new obligations from current bail-outs. For years to come, Wall Street and Washington will be unable to manage without strong co-operation from other markets.Beyond that, the international dimensions of finance are mind-boggling. Global assets have increased from $12, 000bn in 1980 to nearly $200, 000bn in 2007, far outstripping the growth of gross domestic product or the expansion of trade. An increasing amount of this capital now resides in Asia and the Gulf, not the US or Europe. A US company such as AIG sold more of its credit default swaps and insurance policies outside the US than within it. UBS employs 30, 000 Americans, is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and owns Paine Webber. The capital markets will evolve in the context in which emerging market economies will be growing twice as fast as the rich nations and will, by mid-century, probably account for almost two-thirds of global GDP.Globalization will now also create a clash of philosophies. Most governments and investors outside the US never shared the American system of cowboy capitalism. Now they have good reason to demand that some fundamental changes be made in the way the US manages its financial institutions. This can happen with a conscious, negotiated modification in the US financial model, or it could result from foreign investors shifting their funds elsewhere.All of these considerations point to the eventual need for a new Global Monetary Authority. It would set the tone for capital markets in a way that would not be viscerally opposed to a strong public oversight function with rules for intervention, and would return to capital formation the goal of economic growth and development rather than trading for its own sake. In terms of US and international politics, a Global Monetary Authority is probably an idea whose time has not yet come. That may change as today's crisis evolves.1 The American government considers their bail-out programs in the US______. （A）an example to follow by other nations in order to save the capital market（B）the first steps to be taken to prevent an international crisis from breaking out （C）necessary measures available to all the banks in both the US and abroad（D）significant in dealing with both the current crisis and the future crisis2 Which of the following is the main idea for Paragraph 3?（A）No financial organization is responsible for this crisis except Wall Street.（B）The US Federal Reserve is too weak to play a role in fighting the crisis.（C）Only the cooperation of the global market can change the current situation. （D）The US needs more help from other countries, but help is not available.3 The world capital markets have been changing in terms of______.（A）speed（B）size（C）geographical focus（D）all the above4 Which of the following will NOT happen due to the clashes between philosophies? （A）No government will share the American financial system.（B）The American government is asked to change their financial system.（C）There will be discussions between the US and other nations.（D）Some nations may choose to invest in places outside the US.5 The future Global Monetary Authority is expected to______, according to the author. （A）oversee the monetary activities of all the countries（B）intervene in the capital formation and trade（C）help improve the international trade（D）promote economic growth and development5 We would all like to think that humankind is getting smarter and wiser and that our past blunders won't be repeated. Bookshelves are filled with such reassuring pronouncements. Encouraging forecasts rest in part on the belief that we can learn the right lessons from the past and cast discredited ideas onto the ash heap of history, where they belong.Those who think that humanity is making steady if fitful progress might point to the gradual spread of more representative forms of government, the largely successful campaign to eradicate slavery, the dramatic improvements in public health over the past two centuries, the broad consensus that market systems outperform centrally planned economies, or the growing recognition that action must be taken to address humanity's impact on the environment. An optimist might also point to the gradual decline in global violence since the Cold War. In each case, one can plausibly argue that human welfare improved as new knowledge challenged and eventually overthrew popular dogmas, including cherished but wrongheaded ideas, from aristocracy to mercantilism that had been around for centuries.Yet this sadly turns out to be no universal law; There is no inexorable evolutionary march that replaces our bad, old ideas with smart, new ones. If anything, the story of the last few decades of international relations can just as easily be read as the maddeningpersistence of dubious thinking. Misguided notions are frustratingly resilient, hard to stamp out, no matter how much trouble they have caused in the past and no matter how many scholarly studies have undermined their basic claims.Consider, for example, the infamous " domino theory, " kicking around in one form or another since President Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1954 "falling dominoes" speech. During the Vietnam War, plenty of serious people argued that a U. S. withdrawal from Vietnam would undermine America's credibility around the world and trigger a wave of pro-Soviet realignments. No significant dominoes fell after US troops withdrew in 1975, however, and it was the Berlin Wall that eventually toppled instead. Various scholars examined the domino theory in detail and found little historical or contemporary evidence to support it. Although the domino theory seemed to have been dealt a fatal blow in the wake of the Vietnam War, it has re-emerged, phoenix-like, in the current debate over Afghanistan. We are once again being told that if the United States withdraws from Afghanistan before achieving a clear victory, its credibility will be called into question, al Qaeda and Iran will be emboldened, Pakistan could be imperiled, and NATO's unity and resolve might be fatally compromised. Back in 2008, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called Afghanistan an " important test of the credibility of NATO, " and President Barack Obama made the same claim in late 2009 when he announced his decision to send 30, 000 more troops there. Obama also justified his decision by claiming that a Taliban victory in Afghanistan would spread instability to Pakistan. Despite a dearth of evidence to support these alarmist predictions, it's almost impossible to quash the fear that a single change in their strategy will unleash a cascade of falling dominoes.There are other cases in which the lessons of the past—sadly unlearned—should have been even more obvious because they came in the form of truly devastating catastrophes. Germany's defeat in World War I, for example, should seemingly have seared into Germans' collective consciousness the lesson that trying to establish hegemony in Europe was almost certain to lead to disaster. Yet a mere 20 years later, Adolf Hitler led Germany into another world war to achieve that goal, only to suffer an even more devastating defeat.Why is it so hard for states to learn from history and, especially, from their own mistakes? And when they do learn, why are some of those lessons so easily forgotten? Moreover, why do discredited ideas come back into fashion when there is no good reason to resurrect them? Clearly, learning the right lessons—and remembering them over time—is a lot harder than it seems. But why?6 The author would agree to the following statement EXCEPT______.（A）it is true that books can serve as testimony to many wrong ideas（B）people learn lessons from the past and abandon their mistaken notions for good（C）it is believed that people become wiser so that mistakes are not repeated（D）the optimistic forecast about humanity is grounded partly on its steady progress 7 Looking back on history there is enough evidence for the following EXCEPT ______. （A）there has been a revival of domino theory even after heavy blows（B）aristocracy and mercantilism are wrong notions in our tradition（C）an improved human welfare only seems to be true（D）the Germans did not stop trying to establish hegemony in Europe8 The US government claims the withdrawal from Afghanistan will not benefit America and______.（A）al Qaeda and Iran（B）NATO（C）Pakistan（D）both B and C9 The word "discredited" is used twice in the passage. It means______.（A）incorrect（B）shameful（C）reputable（D）rejected10 The author uses______to illustrate his opinion.（A）examples（B）comparison（C）quotations（D）statistics二、选词填空10 Choose the correct headings for each of the following paragraphs marked with B to F. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET(15 points).List of Headingsi. Can unhappy consumers vote "No"?ii. Affluence does not free us from worries.iii. One dropout, one vote—formula for disaster.iV. A large population does not fit in this hi-tech era.V. What are the long term consequences?Vi. The consumer activists intervene as the Third-Party.Vii. Where does the motivation come from?Viii. What is the price we pay?iX. A horde of economic parasites poses the big problem.Example AnswerParagraph A iiA In America today people work fewer hours, have more security and real wealth than ever before, and yet we are an unhappy people involved in much social dissent. We are frustrated over poverty, equal rights, changing social mores, campus revolt, pollution, and our environment. The things we worry about today were, of course, problems years ago, but we were too busy, too insecure, too poor to do much about them. Perhaps we should be thankful for the affluence that has made it possible for us to move these "old problems" upward on our scale of priorities. At the same time we should recognize that while affluence provides the means it does not necessarily provide the wisdom for instantly coping with the complex social problems now concerning us.B Until quite recently, we have been so busy growing in an industrial sense, and we have enjoyed the fruits of our labor so much, that we have had little time or resources to devote to those broad social problems created by our rapidly advancing technology. No small part of this technological advance has been in agriculture. Those persons left in agriculture today are the economic survivors of the greatest mass migration in the historyof man. Had there been no out-migration from agriculture over the past 35 years, our present farm population would be 65 million rather than 10 million. This sudden displacement includes many who have neither the capacity nor yen to learn and master a new profession—many who find it disagreeable to work by the clock and calendar. Many of these are the technological dropouts who are in trouble—who are both a burden and responsibility of our modern society—who are a source of discontent in this time of affluence.C Numbered among the dropouts and other technological misfits are many of our youth who, supported by affluent parents, have not had to worry much about becoming productive citizens. Suddenly we are aware of a large and growing group living on the leavings of a highly productive society. Earlier societies have had their leisure classes but never before in history has so large a proportion of a society been free of the worries of seeking the bare essentials of food, shelter, and clothing. The perplexing problem facing us is how to absorb these technological dropouts and make them productive.D This growing horde of economic parasites takes on a very serious meaning in a one-member, one-vote democratic society. Still in the minority, their presence is largely manifested in social meddling—in contemplation about the welfare of their fellow man. One such movement we vaguely call consumerism, in which activists champion issues which appear to be beneficial to consumers. The term implies protection of the consumer, but the flood of proposals for ways and means of protecting the consumer are not generally traceable to those seeking protection for themselves. To the contrary, the specific issues of consumerism are initiated by those who, for assorted reasons, seek to protect others from harm.E The consumer activists obviously range from selfish to unselfish, from dishonest to honest, from thoughtless to well informed. Whatever their motives, they contend that consumers should be protected from physical and economic harm, that consumers should be informed and educated in product knowledge, that consumers should have a choice in the market place, and finally that consumers should have proper legal redress for wrongs. Such virtuous aims seem undebatable until one realizes that under consumerism they are subject to third-party interpretation which may or may not be in the consumer interest. The third-party values can always be made to appear rational, and are often vigorously supported by the general public. As a result, innumerable laws and regulations are rapidly displacing the free decision of the individual in the market place, and the right of the consumer to choose increasingly becomes a mockery.F Risk is inherent in every consumer purchase. The efforts of man to eliminate risk in the market place are pointless because the reduction of one kind of risk must always be accompanied by a compensating increase in another kind of risk. The cost of protection is deprivation. We can, if we desire, achieve a high degree of auto safety by reducing speed; but society rejects the sacrifice and instead, with the safety belt, accepts a lower safety level requiring less sacrifice.11 Paragraph B______12 Paragraph C______13 Paragraph D______14 Paragraph E______15 Paragraph F______15 Ever since Milton Friedman's address to the American Economic Association in 1968 and the ensuing theoretical work by Robert Lucas and others in the 1970s, the rising long-term inflation expectations have inexorably led to higher inflation. 【K1】______This summer the European Central Bank followed through with a rate hike. In the US, the Federal Reserve is nervously eyeing the latest jumps in producer and consumer prices. Evidence of long-term inflation expectations can be gleaned from breakeven inflation rates on index-linked bonds.Surveys of consumers suggest their expectations for inflation have risen as well. For example, the University of Michigan asks Americans where they think inflation will be over the next 5-10 years. Two years ago they said it would be 2. 9 per cent. Earlier this summer the tally spiked to a more worrisome 3. 4 per cent. Soaring prices for energy and food are mostly to blame. However, as Friedman pointed out, inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. The central question is not about inflation expectations. Nor is it about commodity prices, however quickly they may be rising.【K2】______That is where the story gets more complicated. Are monetary conditions easy? Is there spare capacity?In the US, slack is appearing in the economy, as seen in rising unemployment, now up to 5. 7 per cent. Negative real interest rates suggest monetary conditions are easy. But the Fed's own surveys suggest that bankers are less willing to lend; consumers less willing to borrow. Low real interest rates are a manifestation of economic and financial malaise, not excessive monetary accommodation. 【K3】______.So, what are we to make of higher inflation expectations in the US and western Europe? Investors and households seem to believe energy and food prices will continue to rise.But will other prices and wages automatically follow suit? 【K4】______Perhaps that is why consumer confidence has plummeted on both sides of the Atlantic. In short, households may say they expect higher inflation, but there is little they can do about it. The reality is they are experiencing falling real incomes and pinched balance sheets. That is hardly the stuff of overheating.The Friedman-Lucas emphasis on inflation expectations was a model suited to different times. Central bankers no longer try to ramp growth by springing inflation surprises on unwitting workers. Unionization has declined, automatic cost-of-living adjustments are rare, globalization has reduced pricing power for most companies and bargaining power for most workers. Today, advanced economies are confronted with stagnating growth, collapsing housing markets, slowing world trade, stressed financial systems, and weak household balance sheets. This is not the 1970s. 【K5】______We should therefore be skeptical of the case for tighter monetary policies based on models developed in, and better suited for, a bygone era.Choose the following sentences marked A to E to complete the above article. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.A. Altogether, the case for accelerating US inflation looks weak in the face of below-trend growth and stuttering credit conditionsB. Broad-based price and wage inflation is unlikely todayC. And so, dutifully, central bankers in the US, UK, euro-zone and even in some emerging economies have spoken reproachfully in recent months about signs that inflation expectations are moving upD. Rather, inflation is determined by the interplay between monetary conditions and capacity in the economy to grow without pushing most prices higherE. Stagnating growth and tighter credit conditions suggest the opposite16 【K1】17 【K2】18 【K3】19 【K4】20 【K5】三、选择题21 There is a ______ difference in treatment of creditors in Europe—Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands and Scandinavian countries are the friendliest, while Italy and Spain the worst.（A）crude（B）harsh（C）brisk（D）stark22 We've got all the different companies working together and we have proved it works and is commercially______.（A）viable（B）practical（C）potential（D）feasible23 A history curriculum is often a ______ sign of how a nation and its elites see themselves: as victims of colonialism or practitioners of imperial power.（A）marking（B）saying（C）telling（D）imposing24 The idea of traveling forward into the future or back into the past has always fascinated science fiction writers. The ' grandfather______' is the argument many people use to suggest that time travel is impossible.（A）paradox（B）paradigm（C）paranoia（D）paraphia25 The weather was now so severe, and the hardships of traveling so great, that he resolved to halt for the winter, at the first______place.（A）reasonable（B）approximate（C）mandatory（D）eligible26 In 18th century, sending kidnapped African people to certain death was not considered a crime because they were "goods" , to do with as the owner______.（A）felt free（B）saw fit（C）took pick（D）set forth27 Women on the whole will want to marry men who are either ______ themselves, or their superior, in socio-economic and intellectual attainment.（A）on a par with（B）up to par with（C）par for（D）par at28 Rather than______money in such a dishonest way, he would beg in the streets.（A）having got（B）get（C）getting（D）to get29 We put a lot of hard work into local initiatives, and that's really starting to______now. （A）pay off（B）pay out（C）pay up（D）pay back30 Online copyrights come at the top because of the powerful lobbying of music companies, ______ faced with a rapidly eroding business model than as victims of crime. （A）having better described as firms（B）which are described to be firms（C）which are better described as firms（D）described as firms to be better31 The vet told me he was fine. Because I had given him what he needed: milk and a warm blanket.（A）fragment（B）run on（C）correct（D）choppy32 Who could remember back that far back anyway except maybe Einstein or some memory genius but not a poor teacher?（A）fragment（B）run on（C）comma splice（D）correct33 The second part of the book, and the best part in my opinion, takes up the period of Revolution.（A）fragment（B）run on（C）comma splice（D）correct34 The spring will continue to bounce. It will bounce at its natural frequency. It will do this until all of the energy is used up. This is energy that was originally put into it. （A）comma splice（B）run on（C）choppy（D）correct35 Wind is an enduring source of power. Water is also an unlimited energy source. Dams produce hydraulic power. They have existed for a long time. Windmills are relatively new.（A）run on（B）choppy（C）correct（D）fragment36 She took dance classes, but she had no natural grace or sense of rhythm, so she eventually gave up the idea of becoming a dancer.（A）correct（B）run on（C）fragment（D）choppy37 Henry Ford wanted to use the profits to expand the company's factories this was an unusual idea at the time.（A）comma splice（B）fragment（C）run on（D）correct38 We can all name slang expressions that have gone out of date, for instance, "right on" and "groovy" were popular in our parents' generation.（A）comma splice（B）correct（C）choppy（D）run on39 Since I had difficulty understanding the doctor's language, but the nurse made my condition much clearer to understand.（A）run on（B）choppy（C）correct（D）fragment40 At the back of the classroom, Nina sat with her arms crossed, glaring at her teacher, Mr. Beane, her body language indicated that English was her least favorite subject. （A）fragment（B）run on（C）comma splice（D）correct41 Identify the Rhetorical Devices(20%)Each of the following sentences contains a rhetorical device. Identify this device and write the letter of your choice on your ANSWER SHEET.Example:My love is as a fever, longing stillFor that which longer nurseth the disease, (Shakespeare, Sonnet 147)A. simileB. metaphorC. assonanceD. oxymoronYou write; AHitting that telephone pole certainly didn't do your car any good.（A）personification（B）climax（C）litotes（D）simile42 They remained constantly attentive to their goal, as a sunflower always turns and stays focused on the sun.（A）metaphor（B）simile（C）alliteration（D）metonymy43 Marriage is a book of which the first chapter is written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose.（A）antithesis（B）euphony（C）paradox（D）metaphor44 A husband in hand is worth two in the bush.（A）parody（B）metonymy（C）hyperbole（D）apostrophe45 A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. （A）understatement（B）personification（C）cacophony（D）zeugma46 The most effective water power in the world—women's tears.（A）epithet（B）assonance（C）hyperbole（D）contrast47 I have always sought but seldom obtained a parking space near the door.（A）aporia（B）simile（C）oxymoron（D）parallelism48 At length I heard a ragged noise and mirth of thieves and murderers.（A）assonance（B）transferred epithet（C）metanoia（D）Scesis Onomaton49 Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.（A）litotes（B）apophasis（C）contrast（D）irony50 A notorious annual feast, the picnic was well attended.（A）epithet（B）analogy（C）paradox（D）appositive四、英译汉51 Translate the following English passage into Chinese. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Most textiles and apparel, cheese, chocolate, and a few other products are subject to U.S. import quotas. They serve to protect domestic industry by limiting the supply and therefore raising the prices of foreign products to U.S. consumers, and by allocating production among supplying countries. For example, a quota on Swiss cheese and so permits other countries to take part of the market.Foreign governments need systems for deciding which of their companies will be able to use their quotas in the U. S. Market, and, of course, they want to get the highest possible value of exports from the allowable quantities. They use different systems to allocate quotas, including auctioning them in blocks. Holders of quotas are often allowed to sell them to other suppliers, who hope to get higher prices from their U. S. Buyers.Customs and Border Protection helps many countries entrance their quota arrangements by requiring that import shipments of quota goods be accompanied by visas issued by the designated authorities in the exporting countries. This means that if your shipment of canned tuna from Thailand reaches U. S. Customs and there is no visa among the documents, it probably cannot be entered. You can apply to the Thai consulate for a visa, but it will not be granted unless the responsible agency in Bangkok gives its approval. If you get tangled up in the Electronic Certification System(eCERT)and the Electronic Visa Information System(ELVIS), you will probably wish it were the Elvis from Graceland, not Customs.Classification specialists in district Customs offices should know the details of quotas on the items they handle, but even they cannot always tell you the annual quota on a specific item from a specific country or how much of the year's quota is still unfilled. They can, however, translate the HS number of your product into a " Quota Category Number" and tell you where to look to find the quota level and its current status of fulfillment.五、写作52 Write an English composition of about 250 - 300 words, illustrating how new media are changing our life with one or two examples. Your writing will be assessed for language, format, structure, content and length. Write it on your ANSWER SHEET.My Personal Views on New Media。

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对外经济贸易大学2011年翻译硕士(MTI)真题翻译硕士英语Part1:Vocabulary and Grammar.（30P）01.The Space Age____in October1957when the first artificialsatellite was launched by the Soviet Union.A.initiatedB.originatedC.embarkedmenced02.John said that he didn’t quite____and asked me to repeat whatI had said.A.snatch upB.summon upC.catch onD.watch out03.When he tried to make a____,he found that the hotel that he wantedwas completely filled because of a convention.plaintB.claimC.reservationD.decision04.A budget of five dollars a day is totally____for a trip roundEurope.A.inadequateB.incapableC.incompatibleD.invalid05.In our highly technological society,the number of jobs for unskilledworkers is____.A.shrinkingB.obscuringC.alteringD.constraining06.The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be___by thisdevice.A.ignitedB.lightedC.firedD.inspired07.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time____the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.havingcaught08.Frankly speaking,your article is very good except for some____mistakes in grammar.A.obscureB.glaringC.trivialD.rare09.As it turned out to be a small house party,we____so formally.A.needn’t dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn’t have dressed up10.Certain species disappeared or became____as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth’s changing environment.A.feebleB.extinctC.massiveD.extinguished11.I apologize if I____you,but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD. might have offended12.Franklin D.Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy’s____flaws.A.underliningB.vulnerableC.vulgarD. underlying13.Although a teenager,Fred could resist____what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told14.I am afraid that you have to alter your____views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.A.indifferentB.distressingC.optimisticD. pessimistic15.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage____avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16.Stop shouting!I can’t hear the football____.A.judgmentB.interpretationmentaryD. explanation17.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores,and this is especially true____it comes to classroom tests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when18.Every member of society has to make a____to struggle for the freedom of the country.A.pledgeB.warrantyC.resolveD.guarantee19.David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much____to those who compete well.A.prestigeB.regimeC.superiorityD.legislation20.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens,set to____when itarrived in New York.A.go offB.get offe offD.carry off21.The younger person’s attraction to stereos cannot be explained only____familiarity with technology.A.in quest ofB.by means ofC.in terms ofD.by virtue of22.By signing the lease we made a___to pay a rent of$150a week.A.conceptionmissionmitmentD. confinementPart2:Identify Stylistic Problems.（18P）01.By the time Julia Roberts was23,she had won two academy award nominations,she had also become the world’s most popular female actress.A.run onma spliceC.correctD.fragment02.Since then,Roberts has appeared in fourteen films.Most recently,“My Best Friend’s Wedding”and“The Conspiracy Theory.”A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctma splice03.She didn’t plan to become an actress.She wanted to be six feet tall.She wanted to be a veterinarian.She wanted to be happy and make others happy.A.fragmentma spliceC.choppyD.correct04.Although Julia Roberts has had much professional success.In spite of her trouble with several failed relationships.A.fragmentB.choppyma spliceD.correct05.Julia Roberts lives in Manhattan,not far from the apartment she once shared with her sister in Greenwich Village.A.fragmentma spliceC.correctD.run on06.She came to New York when she was seventeen.Because her older sister lived there and she was influenced by her sister.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyma splice07.Roberts was raised in Georgia.Her parents ran a theater school there. Her sister and brother are also actors.The family was always short of money.A.fragmentB.choppyC.correctD.run on08.When Julia was four years old,her parents divorced.After eighteen years of marriage.A.fragmentB.run onC.choppyD.correctPart3:Reading Comprehension（30P）Passage AMany United States companies have,unfortunately,made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work.Since 1980the United States International Trade Commission（ITC）has received about280complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments.Another340charge that foreign companies“dumped”their products in the United States at“less than fair value.”Even when no unfair practices are alleged,the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.Contrary to the general impression,this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.As corporations begin to function globally,they develop an intricate web of marketing,production,and research relationships.The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect.Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States.If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States Company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States Company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States,since they would be subject to duties.Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt,used to device roads.The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations.The“United States”company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate,while the“Canadian”companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.01.The passage is chiefly concerned with______.A.arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporationsB.warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequencesC.demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States governmentD.advocating the use of trade restrictions for“dumped”products but not for other imports02.It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?A.A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.B.A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.C.A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.D.The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States.03.The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?A.It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.B.It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.C.It cites a specific ease that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.D.It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.04.The passage warns of which of the following dangers?panies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.panies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.panies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.panies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws.05.According to the passage,the International Trade Commission isinvolved in which of the following?A.Investigating allegations of unfair import competitionB.Granting subsidies to eompanies in the United States that have been injured by import competitionC.Recommending legislation to ensure fair tradeD.Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United StatesPassage BSince the late1970s,in the face Of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries,manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs.（Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.）However,from1978through1982,productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve;and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following,they ran25percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier,post-1945upturns.At the same time,it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting,the more they lost their competitive edge.With this paradox in mind,I recently visited25companies;it became clear to me that the cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed.Manufacturing regularly observes a“40,40, 20”rule.Roughly4o percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure （decisions about the number,size,location,and capacity of facilities）and in approaches to materials.Another40percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology.The final20percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting.This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried.The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter,not harder—do produce results.But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people.As Abernathy’s study of automobile manufacturers has shown,an industry can easily become prisoner of itsown investments in cost-cutting techniques,reducing its ability to develop new products.And managers under pressure to maximizecost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured.Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output.This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation,but it has created a penny-pinching,mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so,in part,by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology.In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies,successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs.There is hope for manufacturing,but it clearly rests on a different way of managing.01The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.A.summarizing a thesisB.recommending a different approachparing points of viewD.making a series of predictions02It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph1expected that the measures they implemented would______.A.encourage innovationB.keep labor output constantC.increase their competitive advantageD.permit business upturns to be more easily predicted03.The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to ______.A.present a historical context for the author’s observationsB.anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that followC.clarify some disputed definitions of economic termsD.summarize a number of long-accepted explanations04.The author refers to Ahernathy’s study most probably in order to ______.A.qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturingB.address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitivenessC.support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivityD.suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing industry05.The author’s attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as______.A.cautiousB.criticalC.disinterestedD. respectfulPassage CIt can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product.There are threegroups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process.First, there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second,there is the program target—people in the market segment with the“best fit”characteristics for a specific product.Lots of people—may need trousers,but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers.Finally,there is the program audience—all people who are actually exposedto the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.These three groups are rarely identical.An exception occurs in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable.Such customers,allsharing a particular need,are likely to form a meaningful target,for example,all companies with a particular application of the product in question,such as high-speed fillers ofbottles at breweries.In such circumstances,direct selling（marketing that reaches only the program target）is likely to be economically justified,and highly specialized trade media existto expose members of the program target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program.Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different.Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers.Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales.Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target.There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics.Even with all the past decade’s advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare,and mass marketing—-a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience-remains the only economically feasible mode.Unfortunately,there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target.Inevitably,people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.01.The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?A.They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.B.They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target.C.They are used only for very expensive products.D.They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products.02.The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?A.It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.B.It is often used in cases where there is a large program target.C.It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.D.It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.03.The author mentions“trousers”in paragraph1most likely in order to______.A.make a comparison between the program target and the program audienceB.emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program targetC.provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing programD.clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target04.“the product in question”in Line5,Paragraph2means______.A.“the product in the previous question”B.“the product under discussion”C.“the product on sale”D.“the product in doubt”05.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets?A.The program target and the program audience are not usually identical.B.The program audience and the market segment are usually identical.C.The market segment and the program target are usually identical.D.The program target is larger than the market segment.Cloze TestMost economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market.__16__.A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter,established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.__17__.In fact,price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides,as an effortless consequence of its own development,the price-fixing that it requires.Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size.Hence,a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers.That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.__18__.Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting,because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms;it is not.Moreover,those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states.These economies employ intentional price-fixing,usually in an overt fashion.Formalprice-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements coveringthe members of an industry are common-place.__19__,the countries thathave avoided the first and used the second would have suffereddrastically in their economic development.There is no indication thatthey have.Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices.In the early1970’s,the Soviet Union began to give firms and industriessome of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informalevolution has accorded the capitalist system.__20__;rather,Sovietfirms have been given the power to fix prices.A.But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needsthat it has in common with the other large firms competing for the samecustomersB.Consequently,nothing seems good or normal that does not accord withthe requirements of the free marketC.Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a returnto the free market.But Soviet firms are no more subject to pricesestablished by a free market over which they exercise little influencethan are capitalist firmsD.Accordingly,it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing（the determination of prices by the seller）as both“normal”andhaving a valuable economic functionE.Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market andinefficient about price-fixing-o.Part4:Writing.（30P）Write an English essay of250-300words describing Maslow’s hierarchyof human needs and analyze this model with ONE example.Your writingwill be assessed for language,format,structure and content.育明教育考研专业课第一品牌，考研信息可咨询育明教育官网政治【学科概述】不用因为政治纷繁复杂的知识点而担心政治会不过线，只要肯下功夫，60分是很容易达到的。

对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士考研信息整理复习经验经验指导1、抓住重点，快速复习2、建立框架，系统复习3、明确背诵，精确记忆4、区分主次，结合热点5、模拟训练，名师批阅6、押题模考，一战封侯一、对外经贸翻译硕士英语考研参考书、招生信息、复试信息、就业信息、考研难度解析1.2017年英语学院招生目录：1.英语笔译（全日制）：1.商务笔译2.商务法律翻译35人2.英语口译（全日制）：1.商务口译2.国际会议口译（需加试中欧联合面试）55人3.（非全日制）英语口笔译30人★★★★★注：2017年拟招生人数（包括推免和少数民族骨干计划招生人数）英语口译（专业学位）考生可以选报全日制和非全日制方式攻读，报考专业研究方向时进行选择，非全日制攻读拟安排周末上课2.考试科目：101思想政治理论211翻译硕士英语357英语翻译基础448汉语写作与百科知识3.初试参考书目：1-《英美散文选读》（一）、（二），对外经贸大学出版社2008年，蒋显璟2-《新编汉英翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社2004年4月，陈宏薇3-《大学英汉翻译教程（第三版）》，对外经贸大学出版社2009年8月，王恩冕4-《中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南，东南大学出版社2005年版，、林青松5-《公文写作》，对外经贸大学出版社2004年4月，白延庆6-《西方文化史》，高等教育出版社，庄锡昌7-《翻译硕士英语真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社8-《汉语写作与百科知识真题解析》天津科技翻译出版社9-《汉语写作与百科知识》天津科技翻译出版社4.2014年—2016年报名录取统计表：所在院系专业2016年20152014报考人数录取人数报考人数录取人数报考人数录取人数英语学院英语笔译341424184244736英语口译5648864191611855.2014年—2016年分数线：所在院系专业2016年2015年2014年单科A单科B总分单科A单科B总分单科A单科B总分英语学院英语（口、笔）译538038852783895583367 2016在职英语口译5380350育明教育宋宋老师解析：1.从上面分数线可以看出，对外经济贸易大学的复试分数线比较高，2015年总分在389分，2016年388分，从招生人数上看2016年口译少了一个国际商务谈判方向，增加了在职商务口译。

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对外经济贸易大学2011年翻译硕士(MTI)真题汉语写作与百科知识一、单项选择（40分）01.《诗经》是中国古代最早的诗歌总集。

《诗经》原名《诗》或《诗三百》。

到了汉代儒家学者推崇其为经典，故称为《诗经》。

《诗经》共分为三个部分，分别是：____。

A.雅、风、诗B.风、雅、颂C.风、雅、歌D.雅、风、经02.____是我国第一部国别体史书，记事年代起自周穆王，止于鲁悼公。

内容涉及周、鲁、齐、晋、郑、楚、吴、越八国。

A.《左传》B.《战国策》C.《国语》D.《苟予》03.《墨子》与《论语》的区别在于____。

A.《论语》多作论证，而《墨子》只作论断而不作论证。

B.《论语》既作论证又作论断，而《墨子》只作论断不作论证。

C.《论语》只作论断而不作论证。

而《墨子》是在提出论题后进行论证，且论证常常从具体事例引出议论。

进行归纳。

D.《论语》是在提出论题后进行论证，且论证常常从具体事例引出议论，进行归纳，而《墨子》是作论证而不作论断。

04.以下____部作品是继《史记》之后的又一部富有散文特色的史学巨著（作者：班固），其中有不少出色的人物传记，如《东方朔传》、《苏武传》等。

A.《汉书》B.《霍光传》C.《史记别传》D.《史记后传》05.五言诗是我国古典诗歌的主要形式，它和其他诗歌形式一样都是从民间产生的。

其中____是五言诗中最杰出的代表。

A.《古诗十六首》B.《古诗十七首》C.《古诗十八首》D.《古诗十九首》06.代表清代戏剧的最高成就的是____和____。

A.孔尚任的《长生殿》和洪昇的《桃花扇》B.洪昇的《长生般》和孔尚任的《桃花扇》C.李伯元的《官场现行记》和曾朴的《孽海花》D.曾朴的《官场现行记》和李伯元的《孽海花》07.中国文学史上第一部长篇讽刺小说是____。

A.《红楼梦》B.《聊斋志异》C.《老残游记》D.《儒林外史》08.1918年5月，一部被认为是中国现代小说的开山之作发表于《新青年》，这部小说名为鲁迅先生的____。

超详细！2021对外经济贸易大学MTI真题+答案211翻译硕士英语一、单选20题近义词辨析untacheduntachable unequal unequable固定搭配poverty alleviation（脱贫）depreciationvolatile “v”开头的很多词意辨析consultancy和 redundancy 区别很多题都是，一道题两个空，一般只清楚一个空，另一个空单词不认识，很难选二、文体改错10题comma price, run on, fragment 比较多，也有correct，choppy比较少，没有stringy三、阅读，2篇常规阅读，1篇5选5，1篇判断正误第一篇2017年12月六级真（第一套），判断正误Our world now moves so fast that we seldom stop tosee just how far we have come in just a few years. The latest iPhone 6s, forexample, has a dual-core processor and fits nicely into your pocket. comparison,you would expect to find a technological specification like this on yourstandard laptop in an office anywhere in the world.It's no wonder that new applications for theInternet of Things are moving ahead fast when almost every new device we buy hasa plug on the end of it or a wireless connection to the internet. Soon, our currentsmartphone lifestyle will expand to create our own smart home lifestyle too.All researches agree that close to 25 billiondevices, things and sensors will be connected 2020 which incidentally isalso the moment that Millennials (千禧一代) are expected to make up 75 percent of our overallworkforce, and the fully connected home will become a reality for large numbersof people worldwide.However, this is just the tip of the proverbialiceberg as smart buildings and even cities increasingly become the norm asleaders and business owners begin to wake up to the massive savings thattechnology can deliver through connected sensors and new forms of automationcoupled with intelligent energy and facilities management.Online security cameras, intelligent lighting and awealth of sensors that control both temperature and air quality are offering anunprecedented level of control, efficiency, and improvements to what were onceclassed necessary costs when running a business or managing a large building.We can expect that the ever-growing list ofdevices, systems and environments remain connected, always online and talkingto each other. The big benefit will not only be in the housing of this enormousand rapidly growing amount of data, but will also be in the ability torun realtime data analytics to extract actionable and ongoing knowledge.The biggest and most exciting challenge of thistechnology is how to creatively leverage this ever-growing amount of data todeliver cost savings, improvements and tangible benefits to both businesses andcitizens of these smart cities.The good news is that most of this technology isalready invented. Let's face it, it wasn't too long ago that the idea ofworking from anywhere and at anytime was some form of a distant Utopian (乌托邦式的) dream, and yet now we can perform almost anyoffice-based task from any location in the world as long as we have access tothe internet.It's time to wake up to the fact that making smartbuildings, cities and homes will dramatically improve our quality of life inthe years ahead.第二篇，选自2019年5月一篇经济学人文章Sleepless in Silicon ValleyWhy the techie obsession with sleep technologymakes perfect senseFirst, close the blackout blinds in your bedroom.Eat dinner at 4pm, and do not eat or drink anything after 6pm. Put on yourblue-light blocking glasses at 8pm. Set your bedroom temperature to 67oF{19.4C) and your electric blanket to 69.8oF {21 C). At 8.45pm, meditate forfive to ten minutes. Switch on your deep- wave sound machine. Put on yourQurasleep tracking ring. You are now, finally, ready for slumber. This may allsound a bit over the top. But this is the "sleep hygiene" routinedescribed in a recent blog post Bryan Johnson, who sold his previous companyto eBay for $800m and is now chief executive of Kernel, a startup developingbrain-computer interfaces. He admits that his sleep routine has "decimatedmy social life”, and that his partner sleeps in a different room, but says allthis troubleis worth it, because it has boosted his level of "deepsleep" as much as 157%. He has bought Oura rings for all his employees.Mr Johnson does not expect other people to copy hisroutine, but made it public to encourage the sharing of sleep habits and tips.Like many other techies, he regards sleep hygiene as an effective way tomaintain mental health, boost cognition and enhance productivity. In its mostrecent funding round, backers of Oura, the Finnish maker of the high-tech ring,included the co- founders of YouTube and Twitch, along with alumni ofFacebook,Skype and . The ring's most famous user is Jack Dorsey, the boss ofTwitter, whose unusual wellness regime-which also incorporates near-infraredsaunas, radiation blocking Faraday tents, fasting and cryotherapy- prompted theNew York Times this month to dub him “Gwyneth Paltrow for Silicon Valley”. Fortech tycoons, it seems, sleep is the new fitness.Those who want to monitor and improve their sleephaveno shortage of gadgets to choose from. As well as electric blankets andmattress- chillers, sound machines and "decimated my social life” smartrings, there are also smart pillows, sleep-tracking watches and bracelets,intelligentsleep masks, brain-stimulating headbands, bedside sleep sensors andcountless sleep- monitoring apps. The market for sleep technology was worth$58bn in 2014 and is expected to grow to $81bn 2020, according toPersistence, a market-research firm. Big companies in the field includehousehold names such as Apple, Bose, Nokia and Philips. After Mr Dorsey'senthusiastic endorsement, the Oura rings are back- ordered four to sixweeks.The mania for sleep technology makes perfect sensefor the tech industry, combining as it does several existing trends. For astart, it fits with the industry's metrics -driven worldview. Techies obsessabout OKRs {objectives and key results), KPIs {key performance indicators) anddigital-analytics dashboards showing the performance of specific products andfeatures. Applying similar techniques to sleep and other aspects of theirpersonal lives, an approach known as the "quantified self" seems alogical step. As those in the startup world like to say, channeling Peter Drucker,a management guru, "what's measured improves."Sleep- tracking also aligns neatly with Silicon Valley'scult of productivity, and the constant search for "life hacks" thatwill make entrepreneurs more effective, efficient and successful. This ranges fromwearing the same clothes every day, Steve Jobs-style (thus avoiding wastingtime deciding what to put on), to fastidious fitness routines and complicateddiets. Elaborate sleep regimes slot right in, because they promise clarity ofthought and improved cognitive performance. They also let people extend theirquantified· self and life- -hacking efforts into the one part of the day that waspreviously untouched: shut-eye.Relentlessly pursuing productivity only whileyou are awake is for wimps. Sleep -tracking means you can do it round theclock. Oura describes its sensor packed ring as a "secret weapon forpersonal improvement"- -another way to get ahead.1.下列说法符合文章标题的是?A how to?B how to achieve self-improvementC how to monitor your sleepingD seeping hyhegnie and technology that can improveefciency2.What dose "Iife hacks "mean?A life tipsB？C？D privacy monitoring3. What does the sentence mean "decimated m ysocial life”4. What does the sentence mean "the Oura ringsare back- ordered four to six weeks."?5.搞科技的为啥喜欢这个?选项为D.以上全部第三篇: Cosco CiscoIntel 这些公司预见未来，制定未来发展计划的情况，哪些公司可以紧跟时代潮流。

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对外经济贸易大学2014年MTI考研真题I.Phrase Translation1.Anti-Dumping Duty Order反倾销税令2.counter trade对销贸易3.holding company控股公司4.working capital营运资本，流动资金5.contingency fund应急费用6.par value票面价值w of diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减/规律8.treasury bills(美国或英国的)短期国库券9.zero sum game零和博弈，又称零和游戏10.niche market利基市场11.即期汇票sight draft，demand draft12.资本流动性mobility of capital13.抵押贷款Mortgage Loan14.指令经济Command economy15.机会成本opportunity cost16.远期汇率forward rate17.最低限价floor price18.金融租赁公司Financial leasing company19.微信WeChat20.雾霾haze21.MOOC网络公开课(Massive Open Online Courses)22.TPP跨太平洋战略经济伙伴协议(Trans-Pacific Partnership)23.CAFTA东盟自由贸易区(China-ASEAN Free Trade Area)24.CFR成本加运费（Cost and Freight）25.GSP普及特惠税制度(Generalized System Of Preferences)26.ICC国际商会（International Chamber of Commerce）27.ITC国际贸易委员会(International Trade Commission)28.SBA小企业管理局(Small Business Administration)29.UNCTAD联合国贸易和发展会议(United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)AID美国国际开发署(United States Agency for International Development)ⅡPassage Translatron(120points)Section One:Translate the following English passage into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET(60points).Global financial stability has improved over the past six months,bolstered by better macroeconomic performance and continued accommodative macroeconomic policies,but fragilities remain.The two-speedrecovery-modest in advanced economies and robust in emerging market economies-has posed different policy challenges for countries.In advanced economies hit hardest by the crisis,governments and households remain heavily indebted,to varying degrees,and the health of financial institutions has not recovered in tandem with the overall economy.Emerging market economies are facing new challenges associated with strong domestic demand,rapid credit growth,relatively accommodative macroeconomic policies,and large capital infl.ows.Geopolitical risks could also threaten the economic and financial outlook,with oil prices increasing sharply amid fears of supply disruptions in the Middle East and North Africa.The main task facing policymakers in advanced economies is to shift the balance of policies away from reliance on macroeconomic ar,d liquidity support to more structural policies-less“leaning”and more“cleaning of the financial system.This vnll entail reducing leverage and restoring market discipline,while avoiding financial or economic disruption during the transition.Thus,ongoing policy efforts to withdraw(implicit)public guarantees and ensure bondholder liability for future losses must build on more rapid progress toward stronger bank balance sheets,ensuring medium -term fiscal sustainability and addressing excessive debt burdens in the private sector.For policymakers in emerging market economies,the task is to limit overheating and a buildup of vulnerabilities-to avoid“cleaning”later. Emerging market economies have continued to benefit from strong growth relative to that in advanced economies,accompanied by increasing portfolio capital inflows.This is putting pressure on some financial markets, contributing to higher leverage,potential asset price bubbles,and inflationary pressures.Policymakers will have to pay increasing attention to containing the buildup of macro-financial risks to avoid future problems that could inhibit their growth and damage financial stability.In a number ofcases,this will entail a tighter macroeconomic policy stance,and,whenneeded,the use of macro-prudential tools to ensure financial stability.Increasing the financial sector’s capacity to absorb higher flows throughefforts to broaden and deepen local capital markets will also help.Section Two:Translate the following Chinese passageinto English.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET(60points).中意两国都是拥有悠久历史和灿烂文化的文明古国。

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第3卷：百科写作一、单项选择（50分）01. 关于《左传》的解释，正确的是____。

A. 又称《春秋左氏传》B. 又称《左氏公羊传》C. 作者是孔子D. 记载齐国的历史02. 关于《楚辞》的解释，正确的是____。

A. 主要是战国时期中原一带的作品B. 屈原是唯一的作者C. 《离骚》是《楚辞》中的名篇D. 诗歌形式主要是四言体03. 关于“颜筋柳骨”的解释，正确的是____。

A. 形容宋代的绘画风格B. 形容宋代大画家颜真卿和柳公权的绘画风格C. 形容唐代大书法家颜真卿和柳宗元的书法风格D. 形容唐代大书法家颜真卿和柳公权的书法风格04. 关于“吴带当风”的解释，正确的是____。

A. 形容汉代画家吴道子的绘画风格B. 形容唐代画家吴道子的绘画风格C. 形容汉代书法家吴道子的书法风格D. 形容唐代画家吴昌硕的绘画风格05. 关于“鸳鸯蝴蝶派”的解释，正确的是____。

A. 代表作家有张恨水、徐枕亚B. 代表作家有冰心、周作人C. 艺术风格飘然出尘，代表隐士情怀D. 代表作家主要集中在山青水秀的小城镇06. 关于“创造社”的解释，正确的是____。

A. 主要作家有郭沫若、郁达夫、冰心B. 主要作家有周作人、田汉C. 成立于日本东京D. 成立于中国北京07. 关于“司马”姓来源的解释，正确的是____。

A. 来自动物B. 来自出生地C. 来自职官D. 来自祖先谥号08. 关于“佛教”的解释，正确的是____。

A. 佛教由释迦牟尼创立于尼泊尔B. 佛教由释迦牟尼创立于古印度C. 佛教与大乘、中乘、小乘之分D. “达赖”、“班禅”属于禅宗的称号09. 关于“魏晋南北朝”的解释，正确的是____。

A. 南朝是指宋齐梁隋四个朝代B. “晋朝”的皇族是司马氏C. 曹操建立了魏政权D. 北朝是汉族统治的政权10. 关于“石窟”的解释，正确的是____。

1. 某消费者效用函数TU=4X-3X^3，X为某种商品的消费量。

则该消费这效用极大化的消费量为A X=1/4B X=2/3C X=3/4D X=2/52. 下列属于企业决策中的沉淀成本的是：A 购买机器设备的支出B 广告支出C 租用厂房的支出D 支付给劳动力的工资支出3. 根据斯塔克伯格模型的分析，两个生产相同产品且成本相投的寡头厂商顺序决定产量时，A，先决策的厂商获利更多B，后决策的厂商获利更多C，两个厂商获利相等D，不能确定哪一个厂商获利更多。

4. 如果规模报酬不变，单位时间里增加了20%的劳动投入，而保持资本投入不变，那么产出将：A 增加20%B，减少不到20%C，减少20%D，增加不到20%5 某产品市场在完全竞争条件下实现了均衡，则A，消费者实现了最大效用B，生产者实现了最大利润C，需求量等于供给量D，以上都对6政府购买支出的变化导致收入变动超过最初支出的变化量，这是因为：A，政府购买支出对收入变化很敏感C，经济最初处于总收支均衡点B，消费者支出随收入变化而变化D，潜在GDP发生了变化。

7,通货膨胀对收入和财富再分配的影响是指通货膨胀：A，造成收入结构的变化B，使收入普遍上升C，是债权人收入上升D，使收入普遍下降8.下列不属于供给冲击的是A工人罢工 B暴雨使得农业减产 C货币供给下降 D铁矿石涨价9.假设某国经济的生产函数为Cobb-Douglas函数形式。

其中劳动报酬的份额为0.7，资本的份额为0.3，如果资本存量增长率等于1.2%, 实际产出的增长率为A 1.2%B 1.4%C 2.6%D 2.9%10.本国实行固定汇率制度，其主要贸易伙伴发生通货膨胀，则A本国贸易逆差 B政府将购进外汇C本币供给将减少 D以上都对三.判断下列表述的经济含义是否正确每小题1分，共10分。

1.风险溢价表示了一个风险规避者愿意为规避风险而付出的代价。

2.沿着预算线移动，消费者的货币收入是不变的。

3.在完全竞争厂商的短期生产中，当厂商的平均收益等于平均成本时，厂商可以继续生产，也可以不生产，一次该均衡点被称为停止营业点或关闭点。

二十道词汇选择的答案1 precipitate选项还有precitate, presitate,precititate2 attributable to 选项还有contributing to,attributed with,attributed to（be attributable to归因于,归咎于,归功于…）3 payable at sight4 irrespective of5 disposable6 looking forward to (receiving...)选项还有receive...7 at the expense of 选项还有at expense of...8 (take out ) a mortgage 选项还有take in,take on,take out9 scoff at the idea that 选项还有support for，stand over...10 profiteering11 (enclosed )please find选项还有the enclosed,enclosing,the attached12 Theoretically, lending rates have already been liberalised, with no floor on them; in reality, bankers say they still price loans off the （benchmark）.选项还有bottom line,interest rate13 null and void 选项还有ineffective14 purchasing power15 The company is reported to have (liabilities) of $1989 A debt B asset C responsibilities D liabilities16 Should any damage to the goods occur, a claim may ( be filed against) the insurance agent at your be lodged to B lodge against C be filled with D be filed against 网上的原句是be filed with,所以只能选D17 Lack the (expertise) in dealing with... A expert B expertise D acknowledgment18 only if...can选项还有only when...did,...19 (is committed to) doing 选项还有is obliged to,is promised to,is convinced to20 Carbon dioxide (emissions) 选项还有ejections改错今年没有前两年难，10个都比较简单阅读题五篇第一篇阅读1 What dose the word "shrink" mean?A ThriveB StableC ExpandD Compress选D2 Why dose the author mention IAB in the second paragraph?A to explain why the digital advertising market has weakened recently.B to support the viewpoint that digital advertising market has weakened.C to argue the point that digital advertising market has weakened recently.D 忘了选B3 According to this article, Facebook might NOT be the competitor of mobile advertising for Google?A TrueB FalseC Not given选B4 According to this article, Microsoft might be the competitor of mobile advertising for Google?A TrueB FalseC Not given选C5 According to this article, Snapchat might be the competitor of mobile advertising for Google?A TrueB FalseC Not given选A第二篇阅读题源6 According to paragraph 1, What is the main purpose of the Sino-British plan?A To participate in the APEC CEO Summit 2014.B To learn why China is so good at numbers.C To help control China's air pollution.D选B7 What dose the word "Accolade" mean?A NeutralB AnimadversionC DepreciateD Praise选D8 9 According to this article, what is one hypothesis of the academic debate about why China is so good at numbers EXPECT—8—and —9—A It's all about genetic.B It's all because of the pedagogical strategies.C Mandarin is a better language to learn maths.D Chinese spend most of their time learning maths.E 出题老师编的，大概是中国学生喜欢学数学8 D 9 E10Which is the theme of the article?A British faith in Chinese education fails to add upB British faith in Chinese education remains stable.C British faith in Chinese education.D 忘了选A add up 有合乎情理的意思第三篇阅读题源选HeadlineA The Chinese tech market is an alluring one.B But Microsoft may actually be better off in China than many other US tech companies.C Instead, worse off in the China market are hardware companies like Cisco and IBM.D It’s been a rough year for foreign tech companies in China.11. Microsoft is the latest to make headlines with a tale of woe, in the form of a $140m tax fee paid to Chinese authorities. (Microsoft prefers to call it a $140m “bilateral advanced pricing agreement”). This comes on top of an antitrust investigation launched in July and this week’s news that one of China’s largest companies is switching its email service away from Microsoft.12. Due to rampant piracy, Microsoft’s revenues in China have never been very big (about the same size as revenues in the Netherlands). Microsoft’s overall revenues rose 25 per cent last quarter, year on year, despite the “more challenging environment”reported in China and Russia.13. Cisco’s sales in China have halved during the past two years, driven by a backlash after the Snowden revelations and by the increasing capabilities of Chinese equipment manufacturers like Huawei. IBM’s China revenues are falling too, the company disclosed last quarter –on top of a 22 per cent year-on-year drop in the comparable quarter last year. IBM said a tough hardware market was to blame. The company will exit part of that business with the sale of its x86 server business to Lenovo, a deal that closed in October.Then there’s Qualcomm, which partners with Chinese manufacturers who produce its chips; the company says one-fifth of its licensed 3G/4G devices are going unreported (which means no licence fees). The company is having trouble resolving these disputes because it is simultaneously the subject of a Chinese antitrust investigation.14. IT spend in China may grow at per cent next year, as forecast by IDC, to the US’s per cent, but given the size of their respective markets –the US is three.答案是11 D 12 B 13 C 14A第四篇阅读题源Even at 25 years’distance from that world-changing event, the fall of the Berlin Wall, what inspires admiration is the civilised manner in which the people of Poland, Hungary, East Germany and Czechoslovakia –____15_______–dismantled communist regimes that had oppressed them since the late 1940s.The peaceful change that underpinned the rebirth of Poland and Hungary, the unification of East and West Germany in 1990 and Czechoslovakia’s “velvet divorce”in 1993 into separate Czech and Slovak states was a precondition for each country’s success. Where violence accompanied the end of communism, as in the former Yugoslavia, ___16 ________.The collective term “eastern Europe”made little sense in the communist era, given the conspicuous differences in each country’s history, economy, ethnic composition, one-party system and relationship with Moscow. It makes even less sense today –______17 _______with Nato and the EU, of which they are members or partners.As David Lipton, the International Monetary Fund’s first deputy managing director, says in 25 Years of Transition, an IMF report: “After years of isolation from the western economic system, and after the distortions and deprivations of the communist system, most citizens just wanted to live in a normal country with a normal economy and, ____18____, that vision was captured in the allure of integrating with western Europe.”Not everything is “normal”in the region. Per capita gross domestic product in Poland, which in some respects is?the star economic performer, is slightly more than half that of Germany. This is a big improvement from 1989, when it was about a third, but there remains much catching up to do.A given their history and geographyB progress has been more unevenC except insofar as all identify security and prosperityD with varying degrees of help from reformers inside the power apparatus答案是15D 16 B 17 C 18 A第五篇阅读题源19 According to the writer, who might be the big winner of the Singles’Day?A RetailersB ConsumersC Delivery companiesD Both consumers and delivery companiesE 忘了选D20 Why dose the cash flow of Alibaba grow much more slowly than their profit?A Because they spent money on data centres.B Because they spent money on land rights.C Because they spent money on construction.D All the above.选D作文题源WTO公布的world trade report 2014PDF工具栏第二十页的图要求write a report，字数要求300-350字describe,compare and analyze the world trade,GDP and trade between 1990 and 2013. 这个题干写的有点错误，不过应该可以看出来，应该是describe,compare and analyze the world trade,GDP and trade /GDP between 1990 and 2013.还有GDP和trade /GDP两条线一定要分清楚，很多人把这两条线弄混了，太吃亏了。