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英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧(总9页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。
语言知识是翻译的基础。
此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。
翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。
这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。
下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。
?1.词义的选择一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。
因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。
通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择：1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good.［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。
它像法律一样维护公众利益。
［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。
但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。
例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。
)又如：Would you like to leave a message (你要不要留个话儿)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。
)2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义例1According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。
《英汉翻译技巧》（钟书能主编）翻译练习参考答案第1章翻译练习参考答案：1. 翻译下列词组，注意表达出原文词组的真实含义：（1）电线杆（2）洗耳恭听（3）感到害怕（4）令人扫兴的事或人（5）旧瓶装新酒（6）容易干的事、不重要的事情（7）有贵族血统的、出生名门的（8）生手、没经验的人（9）成或败（10）笑里藏刀2. 翻译下列词组，注意译文的“忠实性”：（1）东西保存时间长，终会派上好用场。
（2）得之艰难失之易。
（3）她来自于丹佛市附近的一个名不见经传的小镇。
（4）她买了13个鸡蛋。
（5）你占着那么多东西，而你自己又不想用，不就像狗占马槽吗？（6）他做事很老成。
（7）众所周知，过胖或过瘦肯定都是不健康的。
（8）我不知道他是否是个内奸。
（9）没有工具，人便一事无成；有了工具，人便无所不能。
（10）这两个星期，我一直坐卧不安地等待结果。
3. 翻译下面语篇，注意译文的“忠实性”和“流畅性”：改变了我生命的一封信丹尼斯·史密斯那时，我还不到30岁，在南布朗克斯第82消防支队做消防员，那也许是当时世界上最忙的消防队了。
一个星期天，天气晴和温暖，人们闲暇无事，邻近社区的活动也就比平时更多，消防员的任务也比平时更多。
那一天，我们肯定接到过15次或20次火警电话，最大的火灾发生在一栋废弃楼房背后的一个车库，光棉裹的水管就拖拽了有600英尺长。
在没有出警任务的间隙里，我会赶紧跑到队里办公室去读葛瑞队长的那份周日版《纽约时报》。
时近傍晚，我才终于读到了“书评”栏目。
一读之下，不由得怒火中烧。
有一篇文章居然公开宣称：诺贝尔文学奖得主，爱尔兰文艺复兴运动的领袖——威廉·巴特勒·叶芝超越了其爱尔兰精神，将永远作为一位世界诗人而被人铭记。
而我认为这简直是胡说八道。
对叶芝这份爱尔兰遗产，我十分引以为豪，很少有什么东西能够胜之。
我服兵役时曾从兵营书架上拿起一本叶芝的诗集，从那时起，他就成为了我最喜爱的爱尔兰作家，其次才是希恩·奥凯西和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。
英语翻译基础讲义第一章翻译的基本原则1.Nature of Translation(翻译的性质)Translation is a science.Translation is an art.Translation is a craft.Translation is a skill.Translation is an operation.Translation is a language activity.Translation is communication2.Principles of Translation(翻译的原则)Three characters “信，达，雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance）———严复《天演论》Three characters “信，达，切”(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness) ———刘重德《翻译十讲》Summary:忠实与通顺(1) Faithfulness of Translation (翻译的忠实)Strictly speaking, faithfulness is the generalization of the principles of translation. That’s to say, true translation demands that the translator be faithful to the content, language and style of the original at the same time.Eg. 1.War, pestilence and famine consumed one million people.战争，瘟疫和饥馑毁掉了一百万人。
该句译文从三个方面与原文都是一致的。
内容上，措辞完全对应；形式上，中英文都是陈述句，且语序相同。
一、词的选择和意义引申考研翻译的过程和核心解题策略一、理解应以原文，拆分语法结构二、改变原文顺序，组合汉语译文词义选择和词义引申词义的选择和词义引申是考研翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。
1.在1994年72)题a leader of the new school contends 中，school 是“学派”的意思，而不是“学校”的意思；2.在1996年74）题elegant system 中，elegent是“完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优雅”的意思；3.在2001年75）题And home appliances will become so smart that ...中，smart 是“智能化”的意思，而不是“聪明”的意思；4.在2003年75）题like the concept of set in mathematics 中，set 是“集，集合”，而不是“一套，放置”等意思；5.在2004年62）题we are obliged to them 中，obliged是“感谢，感激”，而不是“被迫”的意思。
词义的选择例1.I’ll see her home tonight.今晚我送她回家。
例2. India is the home of elephants.印度是大象的生长地。
例3.He’s at home with the classics.他精通古典文学。
例4.New homes are for sale.新房出售。
例5.She’s at home where she is.她在哪儿都自由自在。
例6.Maternity homr costs in America have gone up sharply.美国妇产医院收费已经急剧上涨。
例7.Much is produced here for home market.这里为国内市场生产了许多产品。
例8.He looks on London as his home.他把伦敦看成是他的故乡。
第二章词法翻译词法翻译即根据“表达通顺”的需要在词类层次进行的各种处理，包括词性（类）转换、增词或减词、重复或省略、正译或反译、抽象化和具体化等等方法，以达到“表达通顺”之目的，此类方法，大多属于“此路不通，另辟蹊径”。
第一节词类转译词类转译又叫词性转换。
翻译过程中，为了句子通顺的需要，有时需改变原文的词性，不必也不可拘泥于原文的词性：即不能追求词性的对等。
一、转译成动词：1.Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.2.The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.3.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.lions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.5.It was a very informative meeting.6.This pupil is a good writer.7.I am no drinker, nor smoker.8.I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.9.Rockets have found their application for the exploration of the universe.10. Arrogance and complacency turned out to be his ruin.11. The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.12. Ours is a policy for peace.13. Those Mexicans were great workmen. (jinghao: P.107)14. The Bench was nothing to me but an insensible blunderer.15. He is not an originator, but merely a calculator.二、转译成名词：1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.2. To them, he personified the absolute power.3. It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the conference.4. This instrument is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.6. This problem is no more important than that one.7. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.8. Stevenson is eloquent and elegant—but soft.9. Because of Einstei n’s theory, scientists never regarded again regarded the world as they had before.10. The knowledge of how to communicate in an original, amusing, and spontaneous manner todelight the audience may be of importance to a would-be lecturer.三、转译成形容词。
预习作业1：1.他因病未能参加会议。
(无生命主语句的译法)2.他气得说不出话来。
(无生命主语句的译法)3.由于天气寒冷，大家都躲进了室内。
（把无生命主语句转化为汉语复合句）4.她很喜欢音乐。
（静态词转换成动态词）5.列宁小时候酷爱文学。
（静态词转换成动态词）6.他们一时不必担心被饿死。
（静态词转换成动态词，无生命主语转换成人做主语，主动转换成被动）7.每次听到老朋友去世的消息，我总要惆怅多时。
（静态词转换成动态词，无生命主语转换成人做主语）8.我觉得他不喜欢这本书。
（肯定转换成否定）9.更重要的是，他总是给20美元的小费。
(静态词转换成动态词)10.我觉得他喜欢这本书。
（否定转换成肯定）11.他打起鼾来很可怕。
（静态词转换成动态词）12.这篇小说我理解不了。
（无生命主语转换成人做主语）13.你不应该这么不小心。
（肯定转换成否定）14.没想到你会这么不明事理。
（肯定转换成否定）15.他很明智，不会被胜利冲昏头脑。
（肯定转换成否定）16.我在绘画方面谈不上有所专攻，只是热爱这门艺术而已，因此要为这部画册作序，只能三言两语谈一点肤浅的看法。
（逻辑顺序，静态词转换成动态词）预习作业2：1.When I met father in Xuzhou, the sight of the disorderly mess in his courtyard and the thought of grandmastarted tears trickling down my cheeks. (动态词转换成静态词，增译出主语)2.It is hoped that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future. (増译形式主语)3.Romance of the Three Kingdoms is claimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature,with a grand total of 800000 words, 1191 characters and 120 chapters. (英汉重要信息安排的位置不同)4.Wherever the Chinese go, the custom of drinking tea follows. (主观转换成客观)5.The custom of drinking tea has been ingrained in the Chinese for over a thousand years.(主动转换成被动)6.Embroidery, a fork art with a long tradition, occupies an important position in the history of Chinese art andcrafts.7.Silkworms were domesticated in China as early as 5000 years ago. （主观转换成客观）8.It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. (主观转换成客观)9.It is raining cats and dogs outside. (増译形式主语)10.As is known to all, 1980 saw the successful launching of China’s first intercontinental guided missile. (主动转换成被动，主观转换成客观，动词转换成兼动名词)11.She complained about the omission of her name from the list. (否定转换成肯定)12.He was the last man to say such things. (否定转换成肯定)13.They never work without helping each other.14.All metals do not conduct electricity equally well. （部分否定）15.We don’t think she can arrive in time. (否定转移)16.He who makes no investigation has no right to speak. (增译主语)复习作业1：将来水的问题会变得更加尖锐复杂。
汉英翻译基础教程第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 (2)第二章词法翻译的一般技巧 (4)第三章名词的抽象和具体译法 (9)第四章动词的翻译 (11)第五章数词和冠词的翻译 (12)第六章成语的英译 (13)第七章修辞格的翻译 (17)笫八章文化词语的翻译 (19)第九章汉英句子比较与翻译 (20)第十章换序和转态译法 (23)笫十一章断句合句译法 (25)笫十二章长句的翻译 (27)第十四章汉英语篇比较与翻译 (29)第十五章风格与翻译 (30)第十六章语用与翻译 (32)第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译第一节翻译中的选义一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文1. b2. a3. b4. a二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配1． a swarm of beesa brood of chickensa litter of pups2. a bevy of beautiful ladiesa pack of houndsa team of ducksa herd of antelopes3. unfailing supportproactive fiscal policymake effective use of overseas resources4. make a phone calltake a taxiknit a woolen sweaterfetch waterplay basketballspray insecticide5. basic wagecapital constructionessential commodityprimary industryfundamental interest三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public.3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan.4. Everyone complained against such a practice.5. They had a dispute at the meeting.6. You should follow the doctor's advice.7. They reached a consensus on this issue.8. There is still some unfinished business to settle.9. We have consulted him about the matter.10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now第二节翻译中的选词一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。
第二章词法翻译的一般技巧第一节对等译法一、翻译下面的句子，注意搭配产生的“假朋友”1. a faithful Christian2. a loving parent3. an obedient child4. a virtuous wife5. a dutiful husband6. a hardworking student7. strong wind 8. thick fog9 heavy rain二、翻译下列句子，注意不顾语境而产生的“假朋友”。
1. Only when they find much n common and hope to keep in touch later on, will they offer their cards. (注意不要把“投机”翻译成speculative)2. Another example. The reading of Chinese classics is a must for all Chinese. Nevertheless, it was not until I was over 30 that I came to realize the importance of self-study in the matter of classics.3. Dear young friends, my advice to you is: Do physical exercises perseveringly. That has nothing to do with merry-making or time-wasting. Good health is the wherewithal for a successful life and career.三、用对等译法，翻译下列成语。
1. fish in troubled waters2. be after one's own heart3. skin and bones4. touch and go5. hit the nail on the head6. be head and shoulders above others7. turn a deaf ear to8. burn one's boat9. turn a blind eye to10. look for a needle in a bundle of hay四、用对等译法，翻译下列谚语。
1. Practice makes perfect.2. More haste, less speed.3. East or west, home is best.4. All is fish that comes to the net.5. Everything comes to him who waits6. The moon is not seen when the sun shines7. Look before you leap.8. There is no smoke without fire.第二节增词译法一、翻译下列句子，注意增补冠词1. Even a child can answer this question.2. This is the head of our delegation3. He put the paper aside and turned on the radio.4. The Chinese people are industrious and brave.5. We must have faith in the masses.6. The compass was invented in China7. The moon moves around the earth.二、翻译下列句子，注意增补代词。
1. Hand in your exercise-books, please.2. I can't express myself in English.3. Liberalism manifests itself in various ways.4. Don't overwork yourself.5. I wish to avail myself of this opportunity to express our gratitude to you.三、翻译下列句子，注意增补动词。
1. They are in high spirits.2. They beamed with joy.3. He is quick of eye and deft of hand.4. This article is easy to read and understand5. I stood aloof from him.四、翻译下列句子，注意增补介词。
l. The book is very popular among young people.2. She inquired about your illness.3. The mountain is l,000 feet above the sea level.4. Shut the door after/when you go out.5. Dinner was at one o'clock.6. We rejoice at every victory you win.五、翻译下列句子，注意增补连词。
1. Promote physical culture and build up the people's health2. Men and women, old and young, all joined in the battle.3. We worked neither for fame nor for personal gain.4. We should strike while the iron is hot.5. I shall stay here until I've completed my studies.六、翻译下列句子或短语，从文化角度增补词语。
1. You might have the genius of Li Bai or Du Fu, who was a great poet in the Tang Dynastyand the moral worth of Yan Hui or Zeng Shen—both of them were disciples of Confucius no one would ask your advice.2. to show off one's proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter3. Jigong, Robin Hood in China, robbed the rich and helped the poor.4. let a hundred flowers bloom, permit the airing of conflicting views5. black children, who are born in violation of China's one-child policy第三节减词译法一、翻译下列句子注意省略原文的范畴词。
1. Reform and opening-up reversed the stagnation of national economy2. His rudeness shocked me.3. He has undertaken/taken up the translation of Lu Xun's works.4. The export is not permitted to exceed its limit.5. The discussion covers Sino-US relations.6. In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.7. His arrogance made everyone dislike him.8. Now birth control became a possibility.9. China is carrying out nationwide pollution control and environmental protection.10. During the talk, their discussion centered around the protection of intellectual properties rights.11. promote peaceful reunification12. Our import-export in the first half of this year has gone very well.二、翻译下列句子，注意省略原文的重复成分。
1. The two sides held that Sino-US relations should be viewed in a global context and from aperspective of the future and the 21st century in particular.2. When problems emerge, they can be easily put right.3. distance/length/size/height4. Increase the awareness about self-reliance, competition, efficiency, and democracy and therule of law, as well as the pioneering and innovation spirit.5. Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.6. Productive forces are the most dynamic and the most revolutionary factors as well as the ultimate decisive force of social development.7. Our party must always represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces; the orientation of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of people in China.三、翻译下列句子，注意省略原文中多余的或空洞的词语。
