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Unit 7 International charities------Integrated skills李林●Teaching objectives:1.Knowledge objectives: learn about the work of UNICEF and itsbasic background information.2.Ability objectives:①Be able to get the relative useful information from the listening materials.② Be able to use the information to complete the passage.③Be able to use the basic language for medical treatment.3.Moral objectives：Be able to do something for the charities in thefuture.●Teaching important and difficult points:1. Be able to get the relative useful information from the listening materials and learn about the work of UNICEF and its basic background.2. Be able to talk about the ideas to do something useful for the charities.●Teaching tools: Blackboard, multi-media●Teaching method: task-based method, situational-communicationmethod, group workTeaching procedure:Step 1: GreetingsStep 2: Lead-in: have a revision of the four international charities and the work they do, and then watch a video about UNICEF.Step 3: Talk about some background information of UNICEF by showing some pictures. And then answer some relative questions. Step 4: Listen to the radio programme about UNICEF and finish A2, and answer some more relative questions. And read the sentences together.Step 5: Finish the report in part A4, and repeat after the tape.Step 6: Have an interviewStep 7: Have a discussion: what can we do to support UNICEF? Step 8: Have a discussion.Step9: Role playStep10: Homework。

Course Syllabus of International EconomicsFor undergraduate student who major in economics(Class hours:72)Course Description:This course is designed for undergraduate student who have had a course in economic principles, but do not have the opportunity to study international trade and money on a regular basis.Course Objective:·To grasp and retain the underlying theory of international trade and money.·To show the intellectual advances in this dynamic field.·To provide an up-to date and understandable analytical framework for illuminating trade policy, past and current.·To review principles of economics as necessary.Course Contents and Schedule:Textbook and Reference Books:Textbook·Paul , Maurice Obstfeld. International Economics , 6e, 清华大学出版社，2004. Reference Books·[美]保罗•克鲁格曼，茅瑞斯•奥伯斯法尔德，《国际经济学》，第五版，中译本，中国人民大学出版社，2003.·李坤望主编，《国际经济学》，第二版，高等教育出版社，2005.·姜波克、杨长江编著，《国际金融学》，第二版，高等教育出版社，2004. ·Dominick Salvatore. International Economics, Prentic Hall International , 8e, 清华大学出版社，2006.PREFACE§ place of this book in the economics curriculum§ Distinctive Features of International Economics: Theory and PolicyThis book emphasized several of the newer topics that previous authors failed to treat in a systematic way :·Asset market approach to exchange rate determination.·Increasing returns and market structure.·Politics and theory of trade policy.·International macroeconomic policy coordination·The world capital market and developing countries.·International factor movements.§3. Learning Features·Case studies·Special boxes·Captioned diagrams·Summary and key terms·Problems·Further readingCHAPTER 1 Introduction§1. What Is International Economics About?Seven themes recur throughout the study of international economics :·The gains from trade(national welfare and income distribution)·The pattern of trade·Protectionism·The balance of payments·Exchange rate determination·International policy coordination·International capital market§2. International Economics: Trade and Money·Part I (chapters 2 through 7) :International trade theory·Part II (chapters 8 through 11) : International trade policy·Part III (chapters 12 through 17) : International monetary theory·Part IV (chapters 18 through 22) : International monetary policyCHAPTER 2Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage:The Ricardin Model*Countries engage in international trade for two basic reasons :·Comparative advantage : countries are different in technology (chapter 2) or resource (chapter 4).·Economics of scale (chapter 6).*All motives are at work in the real world but only one motive is present in each trade model.§1. The Concept of Comparative Advantage1.Opportunity cost: The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number of computers that could have been produced with the resources used to produce a given number of roses.Table 2-1 Hypothetical Changes in ProductionMillion Roses Thousand ComputersUnited States －10 ＋100South America ＋10 －30Total 0 ＋70advantage: A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.·Denoted by opportunity cost.·A relative concept : relative labor productivity or relative abundance.3. Comparative advantage and trade : Trade between two countries can benefit both countries if each country exports the goods in which it has a comparative advantage. §2. A One-Factor Economypossibilities : a LC Q C + a LW Q LW≤LFigure 2-1Home’s Production Possibility Frontierprice and supply·Labor will move to the sector which pays higher wage.·If P C/P W>a L C/a LW (P C/a L C>P W/a LW, wages in the cheese sector will be higher ), the economy will specialize in the production of cheese.·In a closed economy, P C/P W =a L C/a LW.§3. Trade in a One-Factor World·Model : 2×1×2·Assume: a L C/a LW< a L C*/a LW*Home has a comparative advantage in cheese.Home’s relative productivity in cheese is higher.Home’s pretrade relative price of cheese is lower than foreign.·The condition under which home has this comparative advantage involves all fourunit labor requirement, not just two.(If each country has absolute advantage in one good respectively, will there exist comparative advantage?)the relative price after trade·Relative price is more important than absolute price, when people make decisions on production and consumption.·General equilibrium analysis: RS equals RD. (world general equilibrium)·RS: a “step” with flat sections linked by a vertical section.(L/a L C)/(L*/a LW*)Figure 2-3World Relative Supply and Demand·RD: subsititution effects·Relative price after trade: between the two countries’ pretrade price.(How will the size of the trading countries affect the relative price after trade? Which country’s living condition improve more? Is it possible that a country produce both goods?)gains from tradeThe mutual gain can be demonstrated in two alternative ways.·To think of trade as an indirect method of production :(1/a L C)( P C/P W)>1/a LW or P C/P W>a L C/a LW·To examine how trade affects each country’s possibilities of consumption.Figure 2-4Trade Expands ConsumptionPossibilities(How will the terms of trade change in the long-term? Are there incomedistribution effects within countries? )numerical example :·Two crucial points :(1)When two countries specialize in producing the goods in which they have a comparative advantage, both countries gain from trade.(2)Comparative advantage must not be confused with absolute advantage; it is comparative, not absolute, advantage that determines who will and should produce a good.Table 2-2 Unit Labor RequirementsCheese WineHome a LC=1 hour per pound a LW=2 hours per gallonForeign a*L C=6 hours per pound a*L W=3 hours per gallon Analysis: absolute advantage; relative price; specialization;the gains from trade.wages·It is precisely because the relative wage is between the relative productivities that each country ends up with a cost advantage in one good.·Relative wages depend on relative productivity and relative demand on goods. Special box : Do wages reflect productivity ?Table 2-3 Changes in Wages and Unit Labor CostsCompensation Compensation Annual Rate of Increaseper Hour, 1975Per Hour,2000in Unit Labor Costs,(US=100) (US=100) 1979-2000United States 100 100South Korea 5 41Taiwan 6 30Hong Kong 12 28 NASingapore 13 37 NASource: Bureau of Labor Statistics（foreign labor statistics home page, ）·Debates about relative wages and relative labor productivity.·Long-run convergence in productivity produces long-run convergence in wages.§4. Misconceptions About Comparative AdvantageThe proposition that trade is beneficial is unqualified. That is, there is no requirement that a country be “competitive” or that the trade be “fair”.and competitivenessmyth1:Free trade is beneficial only if your country is strong enough to stand up to foreign competition.·The gains from trade depend on comparative advantage rather than absolute advantage.·The competitive advantage of an industry depend on relative labor productivity and relative wage.·Absolute advantage: neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for comparative advantage (or for the gains from trade).pauper labor argumentmyth2: Foreign competition is unfair and hurts other countries when it is based on low wages.·Whether the lower cost of foreign export goods is due to high productivity or low wages does not matter. All that matter to home is that it is more efficient to “produce” those goods indirectly than to produce directly.myth3:Trade exploits a country and make it worse off if its workers receive much lower wage than workers in other nations.·Whether they and their country are worse off?·What is the alternative ?(if it refuse to trade, real wages would be even lower ).§5. Comparative Advantage With Many Goods·Model: 2×1×n·For any good we can calculate a Li /a Li*, label the goods so that the lower the number, the lower this ratio.a L1/a L1*<a L2/a L2*<…<a LN/a LN *(or a L1*/a L1>a L2*/a L2>…>a LN*/a LN)wages and specialization·Any good for which a Li*/a Li>w/w* will be produced in home. (Relative productivity is higher than it’s relative wage, wa Li<w*a Li*, goods will always be produced where it is cheapest to make them.)·All the goods to the left of the cut end up being produced in home.Table 2-4 Home and Foreign Unit Labor RequirementsRelative HomeHome Unit Labor Foreign Unit Labor ProductivetyRequirement(a Li)Requirement(a*Li)Advantage(a*Li/a Li)Apples 1 10 10Bananas 5 40 8Caviar 3 12 4Dates 6 12 2Enchiladas 12 9If w/w*=3, A、B、C will be produced in Home and D、E in Foreign.·Is such a pattern of specialization beneficial to both countries?(Hint: Comparing the labor cost of producing an import good directly and indirectly).the relative wage in the multigood model·w/w*: RD of labor equals RS of labor.·The relative derived demand for home labor (L/L*) will fall when the ratio of hometo foreign wages (w/w*) rises, because:(1)The goods produced in home became relative more expensive.(2)Fewer foods will be produced in home and more in foreign.Figure 2-5 Determination of relative of wages.RD: derived form relative demand for home and foreign goods.RS: determined by relative size of home and foreign labor force (Labor can’t move between countries).§6. Adding Transport Costs and Nontraded Goods·There are three main reasons why specialization in the real international economy is not so extreme:(1)The existence of more than one factor of production(2)Protectionism(3)The existence of transport cost.Eg: Suppose transport cost is a uniform fraction of production cost , say 100 percents.For goods C and D in table 2-4:D: Home 6hours < 12hours×1/3×2 foreignC: Home 3hours×2 >12hours×1/3 foreignThus, C and D became nontraded goods.·In practice there is a wide range of transportation costs.In some cases transportation is virtually impossible: services such as haircut and auto repair ; goods with high weight-to-value ratio, like cement.·Nontraded goods : Because of absence of strong national cost advantage or because of high transportation cost.·Nations spend a large share of their income on nontraded goods.§7. Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model·Misleading predictions :(1)An extreme degree of specialization.(2)Neglect the effects on income distribution.(3)Neglect differences in resources among countries as a cause of trade.(4)Neglect economics of scale as a cause of trade.·The basic prediction of the Ricardian model has been strongly confirmed by a number of studies over years.(1)Countries tend to export those goods in which their productivity is relative high.(2)Trade depend on comparative not absolute advantage.Figure 2-6Productivity and exportsAnswers to Problems of Chapter 21. a. b. a LA/ a LB=3/2=c. P A/ P B= a LA/ a LB=2. a.b.If the relative price of apples after trade is between and 5 Home and Foreign will specialize in the production of apples and bananas respectively. The world relative supply of apples is 3. a .RD include the pointsb. the equilibrium relative price of apples is P A /P B =2c. Home produces only apples and trades them for bananasForeign produces only bananas and trade them for applesd. Home ：(1/ a LA )（P A /P B ）=（1/3）×2= Foreign ：(1/*LB a )（P A /P B ）=（1/1）× =4.211/8003/1200//**==LB LA a L a L 21/132=>LB a 51/121*=>LA a 21)212()11()2,21()5,51(，、，、、The equilibrium relative price of apples is , it equals pretread relative price of apples in Home, So Home produces both apples and bananas, neither gains nor loss form trade; Foreign produces only bananas and trades it for apples, Foreign gains from trade.answer is identical to that in problem3 since the amount of “effective labor”has not changed.6.·Pauper labor argument.·Relative wage reflects relative productivity, international trade can’t change it ·Trading with a less productive and low-wage country will rise, no lower its standard of living.7.·to determine comparative advantage need for all four unit labor requirements (forboth the manufacture and the service sectors)·is an absolute advantage in services, this is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for determining comparative advantage.·The competitive advantage depends on both relative productivity and relative wages.8. ·*ωω=·Since . is considerably more productive in services, Service prices are relative low.·Most services are nontraded goods·P= , . purchasing power is higher than that of Japan.9.·The gains from trade decline as the share of the nontraded goods increases, notrade, no gains.10.·Label the countries so that(a LC /a LW )1<(a LC /a LW )2…<( a LC /a LW )N·Any country to the left of RD produces cheese and trades it for countries to right of RD produces wine and trades it for cheese.·If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion, the Country with that a LC /a LW produces both goods.*LSLSaa<*31PCHAPTER 3Specific Factors and Income Distribution* The failures of the Ricardian model·A n extreme degree of specialization.·W ithout effects on the income distribution.( because it supposes labor is the only factor )* There are two main reasons why international trade has strong effects on the distribution of income.·S hort-term: specific factor, chapter3.·L ong-term: relative abundance and relative intensity, chapter4. (resource endowment theory or factor proportions theory ).* What is a specific factor?Specific factor: --- can be used only in the particular sector.Mobile factor: --- can move between sectors.·Think of factor specificity as a matter of time.·Labor is less specific than most kinds of capital.§1. The Specific Factors Modelof the model : 2×3×2.·America and Japan;·Labor (L)、Capital (K)、Terrain (T) ;mobile factor specific factorQ M=Q M(K,L M)、Q F=Q F(T,L F)、L=L M+L F·Manufacture and Food.possibilities·Production of manufactures and food is determined by the allocation of labor.Figure 3-3·Because of diminishing returns, PP is a bowed-out curve instead of a straight line. ·The slope of PP, which measures the opportunity cost of manufacture in terms of food is =MPL F/MPL M.dQ F/dQ M=(dQ F/dL)/(dQ M/dL)=－MPL F /MPL M=－1/MPL M* MPL F; (MPL F↑/MPL M↓)↑, wages, and labor allocation·The demand for labor: MPL M*P M=W M , MPL F*P F=W F·The allocation of labor: W M=W F , L=L M+L FFigure3—4P M、P F L M、L F Q M、Q F·The production of specific factor modelMPL M*P M=MPL F*P F=W MPL F/MPL M=P M/P F(opportunity cost=relative price)Figure 3-5distribution of income within the manufacturing sectorFigure 3-2MPL M*dL Mtotal income: Q M=∫Lwages: (W/P M)*L MMPL M*dL M (W/P M)*L Mincome of capitalists: ∫L·What happens to the allocation of labor and the distribution of income when P M andP F change? ( Figure3-6. 3-7. 3-8 )① Notice that any price change can be broken into two parts : an equal proportional change in P M and P F , and a change in only one price.Eg: P M↑P M↑10% + P M↑7%P F↑F↑10%② A equal proportional change in price have no real effects on the real wage, real income of capital owner and land owner.Figure 3-6③ A change in relative priceFigure 3-7·Wage rate rise less than the increase in P M.·Labor shifts from the food sector to the manufacturing sector andQ M rises while Q F falls.Figure 3-8 P M/P F↑5. Relative prices and the distribution of income①A rise in P M benefits the owners of capital , hurts the owner of land.Figure 3A-3W/ P M↓, income of capitalists in term of P M rises (the shadow), income of capitalists in term of P M、P F rises.Figure 3A-4②Because W/P M drops and W/P F rises, the real wage of the workers is uncertain. Itdepends on their consumptions structure.§2. International Trade in the Specific Factors Model·For trade to take place, the two countries must differ in P M/ P F. If RD is the same, RS is the source of trade ; if technologies is also the same , differences in resources can affect RS.Figure 3-9and relative supplyAn increase in the capital stock (capital per worker) raises the marginal product of K↑M↑Q M↑Q F↓,RS shift to the right.Figure 3-10Correspondingly, T MPL F↑M↓Q F↑, RS shift to the left. Suppose L J=L A , K J>K A, T J<T Aor(K/L)J>(K/L)A,(T/L)J<(T/L)A).Then the situation will look like that in Figure 3-11.Figure 3-11pattern of trade·The amount of the economy can afford to import is limited by the amount it exports. ·Budget constraint: D F－Q F =( P M/ P F)×(Q M－D M)import exportFigure3-12two fectures:①slope = －P M/P F②tangent PF at the production point after trade. ·The budget constraint and the trading equilibrium.Figure 3-13Japan: ( P M/P F)↑Q M↑Q F↓, D M↓D F↑,Figure 3-13 continuedAmerican: ( P M/ P F)↑Q M↓Q F↑, D M↑D F↓,§3. Income Distribution and the Gains from Tradedistribution: who gains and who loses from international trade?·Trade benefits the factor that is specific to the export sector of each country but hurts the factor to the import-competing sectors, with ambiguous effects on mobile factors.gains from trade.Does trade make each country better off?Is trade potentially a source of gain to everyone?Figure 3-14① The pretrade production and consumption point is shown as point 2.② Part of the budget constraint (AB) represents situations in which the economyconsumes more of both manufacture and food than it could in the absence of trade (point2).③ It is possible in principle for a country’s government to use taxes and subsidiesto redistribute income to give each individual more of both goods.·The fundamental reason why trade potentially benefits a country is that it expands the economy’s choices. This expansion of choice means that it is always possible to redistribute income in such a way that everyone gains from trade.§4. The Political Economy of Trade: A Preliminary ViewThere are two ways to look at trade policy:(1) (Normative analysis) Given its objectives, what should the government do?What is the optimal trade policy?(2) (Positive analysis) What are the governments likely to do in practice?trade policy·Economists: to maximize the national welfare, free international trade is the optimal policy.·Three main reasons why economists do not regard the income distribution effects of trade as a good reason to limit trade (P57).distribution and trade politics·An example : an import quota : . sugar (P200).·Problems of collective action (P 231).·Typically, those who lose from trade in any particular product are a much more concentrated, informed, and organized group than those who gain.·The formulation of trade policy: A kind of political process.Special box: Specific factors and the beginning of trade theory.CHAPTER 4Resources and Trade:The Heckscher-Ohlin Model(Factor Endowment Theory)*Comparative advantage is influence by the interaction between relative abundance and relative intensity.*Relative abundance: the proportions of different factors of production are available in different countries.If(T/L)H<(T/L)F, Home is labor-abundant and Foreign is land-abundant“per captia”,“relative” , no country is abundant in everything.*Relative intensity: the proportions of different factors of production are used in producting different goods.At any given factor prices, if (T C/L C)<(T F/L F), production of Cloth is labor-intensive and production of Food is land-intensive. A good can’t be both labor-intensive and land-intensive.(Factor-proportions theory)§1. A Model of Two-Factor Economy1. Assumption of the modelThe same two factors are used in both sectors: T、L ; Cloth、Food.(1)Alternative input combinations: In each sector, the ratio of land to labor used in production depends on the cost of labor relative to the cost of land, w/r.Figure 4A-2w/r↑T↑L↓T/L↑(T C/L C↑and T F/L F↑)(2) Relative intensityAt any given wage-rental ratio, food production use a higher land-labor ratio, foodproduction is land-intensive and cloth production is labor-intensive.Figure 4-2price and goods prices(1)One-to-one relationshipBecause cloth production is labor-intensive while food production is land-intensive. The one dollar worth isoquant line of cloth and food are shown as 4-3-1 two isoquants CC and FF are tangent to the same unit isocost line.Figure 4-3-1When P C rises, the slope of the unit isocost line w/r rises, that is, there is one-to-one relationship between factor price ratio w/r and the relative price of cloth P C/P F (Figure4-3-2). The relationship is illustrated by the curve SS.(Suppose the economy produce both cloth and food).Figure 4-3-2Figure 4-3-3(2)Stolper-Sammelson effectIf the relative price of a good rises, the real income of the factor which intensivly used in that good will rise, while the real income of the other factor will fall.↑↑T C/L C↑,T F/L F↑MPL C↑, MPL F↑W/P C↑, W/P F↑Figure 4-4and output(1)Relative price、resources and productionGiven the prices of cloth and food and the supply of land and labor, it is possible to determine how much of each resource the economy devoted to the production of each good; and thus also to determine the econom y’s output of each good.Figure4-5.The slope of OcC is Tc/Lc, the slope of O F F is T F/L F(2)Rybczynski effectIf goods prices remain unchanged, an increase in the supply of land will rise the output of food more than proportion to this increase, while the output of cloth will fall.Figure4-6T↑T F↑L F↑;T C↓L C↓Q F↑Q C↓Rybczynski effect: At unchanged relative goods price, if the supply of a factor of production increases, the output of the good that are intensive in that factor will rise, while the output of the other good will fall.Figure 4-7·The economy could produce more of both cloth and food than before.·A biased expansion of production possibilities.·An economy will tend to be relatively effective at producing goods that are intensive in that factors with which the country is relative well-endowed.§of International Trade Between Two-Factor Economies1. Resources、relative prices and the pattern of tradeAs always, Home and Foreign are similar along many dimentions, such as relative demand and technology. The only difference between the countries is their resources: Home has a lower ratio of land to labor than Foreign does.·relative abundance relative supply relative prices trade(T/L)H<(T/L)F (T C/L C)<(T F/L F)RS lies to the right of RS*,(P C/P F)H<( P C/P F)F Home trade Cloth for Food,Foreign trade Food for Cloth.·H-O proposition: Countries tend to export goods whose production is intensive in factors with which they are abundantly endowed.Figure 4-82. Trade and the distribution of income·According to Stolper-Samuelson effect, a rise in the price of cloth raises the purchasing power of labour in terms of both goods, while lowering the purchasing power of land in terms of both goods. Thus,in Home,laborers are made better off while landowners are made worse off.·Owners of a country’s abundant factors gain from trade,but owners of a country’s scare factors lose.·The distinction between income distribution effects due to immobility and those due to differences in factor intensity.The specific factor model: Sectors; temporary and transitional problemThe H-O model: Factors; permanent problem·Resources and trade (factor endowment theory)Short-run analysis: The specific factor modelLong-run analysis: H-O model3. Factor price equalization·Factor price equalization proposition: International trade produces a convergence of relative goods prices. This convergence, in turns, causes the convergence of the relative factor prices. Trade leads to complete equalization of factor prices. (Figure4-8,4-4 or Figure 4A-3)Figure 4A-3·One-dollar-worth isoquant lines.·G oods’ price and technologies are the same, so CC、FF are the same inboth countries.·w/r are the same in both countries.·In an indirect way the two countries are in effect trading factors of production. （Home exports labor: more labor is embodied in Home’s exports than its imports；Foreign exports land: more land is embodied in F oreign’s exports than its imports.）·In the real world factor prices are not equalized (Table4-1). Why?Table 4-1 Comparative lnternational Wage Rates(United States=100)Hourly compensationCountry of production workers,2000United States 100Germany 121Japan 111Spain 55South Korea 41Portugal 24Mexico 12Sri Lanka* 2*1969. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Foreign Labor Staistics Home Page.Three assumptions crucial to the prediction of factor price equalization are in reality certainly untrue.(1)Both countries produce both goods.(Trading countries are sufficiently similar intheir relative factor endowments)(2)Technologies are the same.(Trade actually equalizes the prices of goods in twocountries).(3)There are barriers to trade: natural barriers (such as transportation costs) andartificial barriers (such as tariffs, import quotas, and other restrictions).Case study: North-south trade and income inequality·Why has wage inequality in . increased between the late 1970s and the early 1990s?(1)Many observers attribute the change to the growth of world trade and inparticular to the growing exports of manufactured goods from NIEs.Table 4-2 Composition of Developing-Country Exports(Percent of Total)Agricultural Mining ManufacturedProducts Products Goods1973 30 221995 14Source: World Trade Organization(2)Most empirical workers believed that trade has been at most a contributingfactor to the growing inequality and that the main villain is technology.§3. Empirical Evidence on the H-O Model1.Tests on dataTable 4-3 Factor Content of and lmports for 1962Imports ExportsCapital per million dollars $2,132,000 $1,876,000 Labor(person-years) per million dollars 119 131 Capital-labor ratio (dollars per worker) $17,916 $14,321 Average years of education per workerProportion of engineers and scientists in work forceSource:Rodert Baldwin,“Determinants of the Commodity Structure of Ecomomic Review61(March1971), ·Leontief paradox: . exports were less capital-intensive than . imports. (Capital-labor ratio)·. exports were more skilled labor-intensive and technology-intensive than its imports. (Average years of education; scientists and engineers per unit of sales)·A plausible explanation: . may be exporting goods that heavily use skilled labor and innovative entrepreneurship(such as aircraft and computer chips), while importing heavy manufactures that use large amounts of capital (such as automobiles).on global dataTable 4-4 Testing the Heckscher-Ohlin ModelFactor of Production Predictive Success*CapitalLaborProfessional workersManagerial workersClerical workersSales workersService workersAgricultural workersProduction workersArable landPasture landForest*Fraction of countries for which net exports of factor runs in predicted direction.Source: Harry , Edward , and Leo Sveikauskas,“Multicountry, Multifactor Tests of the Factor Abundance Theory,”American Economic Review 77(December 1987), .·If the factor-proportion theory was right, a country would always export factors for。

国际贸易概论课件一、引言国际贸易是各国之间进行商品和服务的交换活动，它是全球经济的重要组成部分。

随着全球化的发展，国际贸易的规模和复杂性不断增加，对于各国经济的发展和国际关系的影响也越来越大。

本课件旨在介绍国际贸易的基本概念、理论、政策和实践，帮助读者了解国际贸易的基本原理和运作方式。

二、国际贸易的基本概念1.国际贸易的定义国际贸易是指不同国家之间进行的商品和服务的买卖活动。

它包括出口贸易和进口贸易两个方面。

出口贸易是指本国生产的产品和服务销售到其他国家，而进口贸易是指从其他国家购买的产品和服务进入本国市场。

2.国际贸易的特点（1）跨国性：国际贸易涉及不同国家之间的交易，因此需要考虑不同国家的法律法规、文化差异和语言障碍等因素。

（2）复杂性：国际贸易涉及的商品和服务种类繁多，交易方式多样，涉及的环节较多，因此具有较高的复杂性。

（3）风险性：国际贸易面临的风险较高，包括汇率风险、政治风险、信用风险等。

（4）周期性：国际贸易的周期性较强，受到全球经济波动和各国政策的影响较大。

三、国际贸易的理论1.绝对优势理论绝对优势理论是由英国经济学家亚当·斯密提出的。

该理论认为，各国应该根据自身的绝对优势进行分工和贸易，即各国应该专注于生产自己具有绝对优势的商品，并通过贸易来获取其他国家的商品。

2.比较优势理论比较优势理论是由英国经济学家大卫·李嘉图提出的。

该理论认为，各国应该根据自身的比较优势进行分工和贸易，即各国应该专注于生产自己相对更具有优势的商品，并通过贸易来获取其他国家的商品。

3.要素禀赋理论要素禀赋理论是由瑞典经济学家赫克歇尔和俄林提出的。

该理论认为，各国应该根据自身的要素禀赋进行分工和贸易，即各国应该专注于生产自己具有丰富要素的商品，并通过贸易来获取其他国家的商品。

四、国际贸易政策1.自由贸易政策自由贸易政策是指国家取消或降低对进出口贸易的限制和干预，鼓励商品和服务的自由流动。

自由贸易政策可以促进国际贸易的发展，提高各国的福利水平。