Grammar Attributive Clause
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Attributive Clause
Ⅰ. 概念(Definition)：
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，有时候是短语，或整个主句。
(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用：
1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）
常用的关系代词: that（在从句中作主语，宾语，表语；可指人或物）, which（在从句中作主语，宾语，表语或定语；只可指物）, who（主格，在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语；只可指人），whom（宾格，在从句中作宾语；只可指人），whose（属格，在从句中作定语，可指人或物）, as (在从句中作主语，宾语，表语; 可指人或物, 通常指代事)
常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when(时间状语), why（原因状语）, where（地点状语）,
how（方式状语）
例如:
1.The student who answered the question was John. (Who 做关系代词引导定语从句,修饰先行词student, who在从句中用作主语.)
2.I know the reason why he was so angry. (Why做关系副词, 修饰先行词reason, why在从句中作原因状语.)
3.The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother. (Whom做关系代词,修饰先行词boy, whom在从句中作宾语.)
4. I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. (Whose做关系代词, 修饰先行词room,
whose在从句中用作定语,可代之以of which)
定语从句三步：
第一找出先行词；
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；
第三选择合适的关系词。
Ⅱ. 几个关系代词的基本用法：
一、that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；龙文学校-----您值得信赖的专业化个性化辅导学校
99％的失败是由习惯找借口的人造成的！—— (0755)86291557
指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如：
1. A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主语)
2. Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?
3. You can take anything ( that) you like. （宾语）
4. What is the question (that/which) they are talking about?
5. Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.
6. She's no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before.（表语）
7. Our hometown is no longer the one (that) it used to be.= Our hometown is not the same as it used
to be.= Our hometown is different from what it used to be.= Our hometown is not what it used to be.
二、which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：
1. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语）
2. The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.（宾语）
3. The factory in which his father works is far from here.
4. He was proud, which his brother never was. （表语）
5. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.（定语）
三、who, whom, whose:
who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，只可指人
whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人
whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。
1. I like the students who/that work hard. （主语）
2. A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（指人）
3. Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. （宾语）
4. He's a man from whom we should learn. = He's a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.
5. I'd like a room whose window faces south. （指物）=I'd like a room of which the window faces
south. =I'd like a room the window of which faces south.
关系代词作介词宾语:
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式. 如:
1. This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that) you asked for. 龙文学校-----您值得信赖的专业化个性化辅导学校
99％的失败是由习惯找借口的人造成的！—— (0755)86291557
2.Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (who/that) I shook
hands with?
3. The beginning of agriculture was a big step in human progress with which nothing could compare
until our information age.
4. In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
5. This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。再如：look at, look for, look after, take care of等)
四、as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
(1) 如为限制性的，多用于the same …as ; the same as；such …as …; as many/much as；so …as等结构中。如：
1. I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。
Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.
2. ---Why didn't you mention that in face of the police just now?
--- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.
3. We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.
Don't do such things as you are not sure about.
There is no such place as you dream of in the world.
(2) 如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）
1. As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health. (as 作宾语)
=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health. （as 作主语）
=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health .
或:Smoking is harmful to one's health , as we all know .（as 作宾语）
或: Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.
2. He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)
Ⅲ. 关系副词引导的定语从句:
When 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time, day, week, tear,
month, etc.）
1. He came last night when I was out.
