中国文化英语教程Unit22

Part I Wisdom and BeliefsUnit 1 Confucian thought on heaven and humanityConfucius (551-479 BC), known in China as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni, was a native of Zouyi (present-day Qufu in Shandong Province) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism, Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects (Lunyu).Confucius on Heaven: the source of EverythingIn the Shang (1600-1046 BC) and Zhou (1046-256 BC) dynasties, the prevalent concept of “Heaven”was that of a personified god, which influenced Confucius. Generally, however, Confucius regarded “Heaven”as nature. He said, “Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.”Obviously, heaven equaled nature, in the eyes of Confucius. Moreover, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans; instead, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole.Confucius on People: ren and liRen and Li are the two core concepts of Confucius's doctrine about people.When his students Fan Chi asked him about ren, Confucius replied, “love people”. This is Confucius' most important interpretation of ren. Love for the people is universal love. Confucius further emphasized that this kind of love should “begin with the love for one's parents”. He believed no one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents. Confucius regarded “filial piety and fraternal duty”as the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) quotes Confucius as saying, “The greatest love for people is the love for one's parents.”He also said, “Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.”He did not mean that children should not leave their parents at all. What he meant was that children should not make the parents anxious about them while away from home. Confucius said again, “Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.”By ren, Confucius meant universal love based on love for one's parents. How should peoplelove one another then Confucius said, “One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself. While fulfilling one's desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.”He further said, “Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.”Thus from oneself to one's family, from family to society, one should extend love to all people. Mencius (c. 372-289 BC), a great Confucian scholar, best summarized ren as, “loving one's parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.”Li refers to rituals, traditions and norms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial ritualsand ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they rose from human feelings. He said, “A child should not leave his parents' bosom until he is three years old.”He naturally love his parents. The ritual of wearing mourning for a deceased parent for three years was an expression of thechild's love and remembrance.Confucius on the State of lifeBefore Confucius, only the nobility had the right to education. He was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education. According to historical records, Confucius taught for many years and trained 3,000 disciples. A total of 72 of them excelled in the “six arts”, ., ritual, music, archery, (carriage)driving, calligraphy, and mathematics. A great educator, Confucius has been admired by later generations as the “sage of sages”.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, whoshould have sound character and uplifted minds. Such people should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts”as the general principles of education. Of these, virtue was the most important. His students were involved in a variety of professions, including politics, trade, education, diplomacy, ritual ceremony, and classifying ancient books. Whatever they did, they all wanted to improve their learning of the humanities and to enhance their virtue.Unit 2 Laozi's philosophy of Non-actionThe book Laozi was written around the sixth century BC. The author is generally believed to beLao Dan, or Laozi –a recluse who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. Few records have survived about Lao Dan, who was said to have once held a low civil position in the royal court, in chare of the archival records of the Zhou Dynasty. Yet, due to his great learning, even Confucius was said to have traveled miles to consult him.Laozi, also known as Classic of the Way and Virtue (Dao De Jing), consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters. Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts, Dao (the Way) and De (Virtue). Short as it is, the book has played a tremendous role in the development of Chinese culture. It became the basis of Daoism, the school of philosophy parallel to Confucianism in ancient China. The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China. It has also exerted a direct impact on the characteristics, trends of thought and aesthetic sensibilitiesof the Chinese nation. Today Laozi still plays a role in the development of Chinese thinking. Naturalness and Non-action“Naturalness”is an important concept of Laozi's philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Laozi emphasized that everything in the world has its own way of being and development: birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water, clouds float in the sky, flowers bloom and flowers fall. All these phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will, and humans should not try to change anything natural. Laozi admonished people to give up on any desire to control the world. Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.“Non-action”is another important concept of Laozi's philosophy. It is the guarantee of “Naturalness”. Laozi said, “(Dao or the Way) acts through non-action,”by which he did no mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity. What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on many attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature. Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.The philosophy of Non-contentionOn the basis of “naturalness”and “non-action”, Laozi proposed the view of“overcoming the strong by being weak”. The era Laozi lived in was replete with endless wars. Therefore, war was an important treme for philosophers, and ant-war thinking was the norm. Even the great strategist Sunzi advocated “winning a war without fighting it”, not to mention the great thinker Confucius, who strongly championed a government based on love. Their contemporary Mozi (c. 468-376 BC), founder of Mohism, also condemned wars while calling for “love for all”.According to Laozi, war springs from humanity's bloated desires. Conflict arises out ofpeople's struggles to satisfy their desires, and conflict escalates into war. Therefore, Laozi's philosophy is based on “non-contention”. To him, human striving and competitive strife is the root cause of decline; desiring nothing is the natural way of life.Laozi said, “The greatest virtue is like water.”He compared his philosophy of“non-contention”to water, to distinguish it from the law of the jungle. He said, “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing.”To Laozi, humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places. Driven by desire, humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior. Yet water always flows downward. As the source of life, water nourishes all living things on Earth. No life can exist without water. Water contributes to the world without regard for gain or loss. Remaining low, level and tranquil, water embraces and reflects everything under heaven. The way of water is completely different from the way of people with avid desires.But the philosophy of Laozi is by no means weak. On the contrary, it is full of strength.According to Laozi, water accumulates great strength in its weakness and quietude. Its strength can break down all barriers in the world. He said, “Nothing in the world is weaker than water. Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong.”Water is a typical example of the weak winning over the strong. Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing.Unit 3 Chinese Buddhist CultureWho am I Where am I from Where am I goingMen are mortal. But death is not an once-and-for-all thing. They enter the rotating Wheel of Six Realms:Heaven, Human, Asura, Animal, Hungry Ghost, Hell.Documents stored in computer can be canceled at will, but what we have done in our life, and actually in our innumerable lives, cannot. What has been done has been done. The information is stored in your true “self”, not the physical one, and will accompany you life after life, and determines which Realm you enter.Only when we are completely free from lust, hatred, and folly, can we manage to break away from the capture of the rotating Wheel, and achieve perpetual enlightenment, discovering your true “self”.In Buddhism there isn't any dominating god who controls your destiny. We are the maker of our own fate. What we are at present is a result of what we have done in the past; and what we will be in the future is decided by what we are doing at present. What we have done form the “karma”, which, like a gene, decides on your future story. But this “gene”can of course be modified, by doing good deeds and obtaining healthy biological and spiritual energy, so as to change our future course of career. We are, therefore, our own master. What are the basic requirements for a BuddhistFive Prohibitions for the laymen:1) Don't kill;2) Don't steal;3) Don't seek aberrant sensual pleasures;4) Don't talk irresponsibly;5) Don't drink alcohol.Part II Creativity and ExchangeUnit 4 The Silk RoadThe silk road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century BC and was traveled mainly by silk merchants. The term “Silk Road”, or “die Seidenstrasse”in German, was first noted down by the German geographer Ferdinand Von Richthofen at the end of the 19th century.The silk road began in Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, capital of Shaanxi Province), passingthrough Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and to lands by the Mediterranean. Therewere no signs of communication between ancient Chinese civilization and Mediterranean civilizationin earlier history. In about the seventh century BC, the ancient Greeks began to learn about an ancient civilization to the east, yet knew little about it. Before the Silk Road, according to archeological findings, there had already existed an intermittent trade route on the grasslands from the Yellow River and the Indus River drainage areas to the Euphrates and the Tigris, and the Nile drainage areas. Yetreal communication between China, Central and West Asian countries, Africa and the European continent did not develop until the opening of the Silk Road.Zhang Qian, Trail BlazerThe pioneer who blazed the trail of the Silk Road was Zhang Qian (c. 164-114 BC). In ZhangQian's time, the Chinese has little knowledge about Central and West Asian countries, Africa or Europe, although they were aware of the existence of many different countries and cultures in faraway places to the west.During the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 140-135 BC), there were 36 small kingdoms in the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia). All of them were later conquered by the Huns, who then posed a direct threat to the Western Han and blocked the dynasty's path west.Under these circumstances, Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Qian to lead a team of more than 100 envoys to the Western Regions.The mission was to unite the Indo-Scythic people against the Huns, who once killed theirchieftain. Zhang Qian's team set out in 138 BC. No sooner had they entered the Hexi Corridor (northwest of present-day Gansu Province), than they were captured by the Huns. After being held under house arrest for over ten years, Zhang Qian and only one other remaining envoy managed to escape and return to Chang'an in 126 BC. Their accounts about the Western Regions were arevelation to Hun emperor and his ministers.In the next two decades, Emperor Wu launched three major campaigns against the Huns,forcing them to retreat from the Western Regions. In 119 BC, the emperor sent Zhang Qian on a second mission to the Western Regions. This time Zhang Qian went further west, while his deputies reached more than a dozen countries in South and West Asia, and the Mediterranean.Zhang Qian's two missions to the Western Regions opened up the road to the west. EmperorWu adopted a series of measures to strengthen ties with the Western Regions, including encouragingHan People to trade there.Soon the route was bustling with caravans of camels carrying goods of all types andreverberating with the tinkling of their bells. Through the Silk Road, trade flourished between China and Central, South and West Asian countries, Africa and Europe. In 166, envoys from Rome arrived via the Silk Road in Chang'an, were they set up an embassy.Part III Art and AestheticsUnit 5 Music: Govern the Country, Nourish the MindThe tradition of Chinese music dates back to remote antiquity. Governing the country and nourishing the mind through music are two of the main functions of this tradition.Governance Through MusicAccording to ancient Chinese culture, rituals provided the norms of conduct of people. The goalwas to maintain social order.Music was for the mind's cultivation and expression. Its purpose was to enhance people'soutlook on life and imbue them with energy and creativity, such that they could enjoy a more harmonious and happier spiritual life. Individual contentment would then lead to social harmony, as well as to a more harmonious relationship between people and nature. The highest level of ancient Chinese music was to represent spiritual with nature.The prominent stature of music in ancient China explains the emergence of sophisticated instruments from early times. Chime bells were one example. First used in the Shang Dynasty, they became quite popular during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC). In 1978, a fine set of chime bells was unearthed in Hubei Province, from the tomb of Marquis Yi, a local lord in a small state called Zeng during the Warring States Period.The Marquis Yi chime bells consist of 65 bells arranged in three rows. The first row includes 19niu bells, and the second and third rows include 45 yong bells. The bells in each row differ from one another in shape and size, emanating(发出) different tones. In addition, there is a separate and much larger bell used to adjust pitch. Like the bells, the from is made of bronze, weighing as much as five tons or more. The total weight of the bells is more than 440 kilograms. While the bells bear inscriptions totaling more than 2,800 Chinese characters relating to music and the making of the instrument, the frame is carved with exquisite patterns in relief (浮雕) and fretwork(回纹细工). Instruments of such a scale and such fine craftsmanship were quite rate in the world at the time. Five musicians were needed to play the instrument. Each bell produces two tones when struck at the respective sound points as marked. The entire set of chime bells is able to produce all the tones of a modern piano.Consoling the Mind with MusicWild Geese Landing on the The Chinese zither tends to create a tranquil air. The composition Shallow Shore is such an example. With a relaxed rhythm, the first part of the piece depicts a calm Yangtze River under a clear autumn sky. The second part progresses into livelier rhythms to imitatethe chirping of many birds. The third part presents a thematic scene of wild geese leisurely landing on the shallow shores of the Yangtze, as a gentle breeze makes the water ripple. To Chinese musicians and music lovers, the contentment of the wild geese represents the human heart.The zither was also instrumental in communication between ancient scholars and artist. The Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, was based on an Eastern Jin Dynasty famous zither composition,One ) (-383).桓伊王子猷story of the poet Wang Ziyou () (c. 338-386) and the flute player Huan Yi (day the poet was taking a boat trip when he overheard someone on the riverbank say Huan Yi waspassing by. Although the two had never met before, they admired each other as poet and flute player. Despite his lower rank of office, Ziyou sent a family member to request Huan Yi to play the flute. Three Stanzas of Plum played and Yi dismounted from his carriage Without hesitation, Huan Blossoms, while Ziyou listened from his boat. After finishing, Huan Yi mounted his carriage and drove on. Ziyou, too, continued with his boat journey. The two of them exchanged not a single word, s three 'yet both were content with the communication of their hearts through the music.The flutestanzas were later converted into a composition for the Chinese zither, which has become one of thethe of its eulogy expression of otherworldly feelings through best-known musical works –as ans purity, fragrance and resistance to the cold.'plum flower Unit 6 Flying strokes of CalligraphyThe evolution of Chinese characters font甲骨文the Oracle bone script→金文Jinwen (Inscriptions on bronze )→篆书Seal script→隶书Official script→楷书Regular script→草书Cursive script→行书running scriptWang Xizhi and Preface to the Lanting Pavilion CollectionIn the Hall for Cultivation of Mind of the Palace Museum, there is a Three-treasurer Study,which derives its name for the three most valuable calligraphic works housed here. These three treasures, most valued and adored by Emperor Qianling (r. 1736-1795) of the Qing Dynasty, were A Sunny Scene after a Quick Snow by Wang Xizhi, Mid-Autumn by Wang Xianzhi and Boyuan byWang Xun (349-400). As father and son, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi hae been known as the“Two Wangs”, their works universally recognized as the peak of Chinese calligraphy.Unit 7 Porcelain –Calling Card of Chinese CultureIn English, the country and “porcelain”share the same name –“China”. This proves that Europeans have long known of China's relationship to porcelain. Porcelain found its way to Europein the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries. The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty. Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintaineda busy and vast trade in porcelain. From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain to Europe. Porcelain garnered a good reputation for Chinafor its sophistication and elegance, and played an important role in the wave of the European idealization of China during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the rococo style popular in Europe of that time, one could sense, from time to time, the influence of “Chinese vogue”represented by China's styles of porcelain and gardens.Porcelain is of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Pottery was thepredecessor of porcelain, while glazed pottery was the basis for the emergence of porcelain. Aroundthe first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by The Song Dynasty it had become mature. Song-Dynasty porcelain represented the acme of Chinese porcelain technique. Fivefamous kilns, the Jun, Ding, Guan, Ge, and Ru, were all creative and original in their respective products, and their porcelain ware has been imitated by later generations throughout the ages. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the center of the Chinese Porcelain industry.Pure Blue-and-White PorcelainPure and elegant beauty is the goal that porcelain pursues, and this ideal is best explained in the production of blue-and-white porcelain.Blue-and-white porcelain is a typical artifact of porcelain in China. Among the porcelainexported during the Ming and Qing dynasties, 80 percent was blue-and-white. Chinese-madeblue-and-white porcelain ware emerged long before the founding of the Tang Dynasty, but it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that this type of porcelain came to be produced in quantity, with the attendant masterpieces. The Ming Dynasty witnessed the maturity of the art, and a large number of valuable pieces were produced in this period. Jingdezhen, a small town that created the enchantingblue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, became its porcelain-producing center; and in the subsequent Ming Dynasty, the imperial kilns were established here. Blue-and-white porcelain is now the most representative of Chinese porcelain.To produce blue-and-white porcelain, cobalt oxide is requisite. It is employed to draw on thewhite roughcast before glaze is applied. After kilning at a high temperature, the roughcast turns into blue-and-white porcelain, since cobalt oxide turns blue with heat. The white surface with blue patterns and a shiny sheen of glaze produces a pure, elegant and transparent effect.Unit 8 Peking Opera: Artistry of PerformersThe Delights of Peking Opera MasksChina's Peking Opera radiates with the beauty of resplendent color –vivid, intense and glamorous. This artistic beauty comes not only from the costumes but also from the masks of exaggerated, dazzling designs, gleaming with red, purples, whites, yellows, blacks, blues, greens, every diverse color imaginable.Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing”or “painted-face role”and the “chou”or “clown”, serve two purposes. One is to indicate the identity and character of the role. For example, a “red face”means the person is loyal and brave; a “black face”signifies the person is straightforward; and “a white face”identifies the person as crafty and evil. The other purpose is to express people's appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, ridiculous, etc.Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightThe performance of a Peking Opera actor can be summarized into four basic aspects, of singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, the core of which is a combination of song and choreography. Singing is of utmost importance in the performance of Peking Opera, because first of all, Peking Opera is a singing art. Any famous Peking Opera boasts several wonderful arias that are well-known and popular with audiences. The charm of the melodies usually embodies the sublime realm of the art of Peking Opera. Unable to appreciate the magic of Peking Opera arias, one would fail to enjoy the profound beauty of the art itself.Speaking refers to character monologs and dialogs, which serve to propel the development ofthe story. Speaking, like singing, needs to be executed in an appealing way.Acting and fighting mean that actors employ physical movements to express the emotions of the characters and the circumstances. Acting includes body movements and eye movements, solo dancingor group dancing, etc. Most of the dancing is choreographed movements from everyday life. Fighting Pekingof art the As scenes. battle or fight depict to acrobatics and arts martial choreographed isOpera depends on movement to depict events, actors are given much room to perform on the the Picking up the Jade Bracelet, the young woman Sun Yujiao and the young scholar fall in love operawith each other, their eyes affixed on each other as if a thread connected them. Then, as MatchmakerLiu uses her pipe to pull the “virtual”line up and down, the young couple's eyes accordingly the significance to and add much and down. These actions produce great humor move up“world of images”, but at the or the ”“play performance.Acting and fighting serve the wholeKing Chu Bids same time they are themselves a beautiful art in both form and skill. For example, in Farewell to His Concubine, artist Mei Lanfang performed a sword dance in a miraculously skillful way, which became very popular with audiences. This is a type of beauty in form. As for the beauty of skill,.”this usually includes some very difficult acrobatic movements, often referred to as “superb skillsspeaking, singing, fact that the Peking Opera lies in the of The uniqueness performances inacting, and fighting, all focus on one or two actors in the play.“mingjue”was used to refer to famous , hence er”jueThese performers used to be called “'actors or actresses. In this sense, the world of imagery created in Peking Opera mainly relies on thesinging, speaking, acting, and fighting of actors, especially in the performance of the famous plays.This is the biggest difference between Peking Opera and other forms of performing arts in terms ofwell –art of performers”“And the remark –Peking Opera is the aesthetic appreciation. describes its quintessence.Visual World“”The Beauty of ais a distinctive feature of Peking Opera. Its virtually consists of two ”Depicting a “visual worldaspects: one is virtual movements, and the other virtual settings. Virtual movement refers to imitatingactions onstage. For example, riding a horse. Onstage, an actor cannot ride a real horse, but can onlyhold a whip and imitate the movement of galloping by walking around the stage, turning the body, wielding the whip, and pulling the reins. A virtual setting means creating an imagined environment onstage. For example, rowing a boat. As there is no water or boat on the stage, an actor usually takesthe rowing of a boat on water.”an oar and, through actions, makes the audience “see At the Crossroad. This opera describes the story of two yamen runners escorting Jiao One isZan to prison. On the way they stay at an inn for the night. Ren Tanghui, whose task is to protect Jiao Zan, checks in at the same time. The owner of the inn, however, suspects Ren Tanghui is planning tos room at night. Thus a fight starts. What is special murder Jiao Zan, so he gropes his way into Ren'the yet is brightly lit; fight happens about the performance is that, although the at night, the stagefeature which performances, from the actors' pitch-dark audience is able to sense it is a nights sword swishes down, only 'stealthy movements typical of people in darkness. Sometimes, one man s face, yet the latter feels nothing, thus producing a breathtaking 'a few inches away from the otheryet meaningful and humorous effect.RiverAutumn story Opera. This transplanted from The other example is Sichuan , a playdescribes a young nun, Chen Miaochang who leaves the nunnery to pursue her lover Pan Bizheng. Onstage, there is neither water nor boat, but through the performance of the young woman and thethat the stage is a river. The boat sways forward; “see”old boatman, the audience is able to obviously。

I. Chinese Cultural Terms :1.绿茶green tea2.红茶black tea3.乌龙茶oolong tea4.黑茶dark tea5.花茶scented tea6.茉莉花茶jasmine tea7.八大菜系eight major schools of cuisine /8 Regional Chinese Cuisines8.茶道tea ceremony9.茶具tea set10.紫砂壶boccaro teapot11.北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck12.清蒸鱼steamed fish13.狗不理包子Goubili steamed buns14. 佛跳墙Buddha Jumping the Wall15. 《论语》The Analects16. 《诗经》The Book ofSongs17. 《道德经》Classic of the Way and Virtue18.道家Daoism19.汉字Chinese character20.象形文字pictograph21.甲骨文oracle-bone inscription/ oracle-bone script22.篆文seal character/ seal script23.文房四宝four treasures of study24.丝绸之路the Silk Road25. 海上丝绸之路the Maritime silk road26.一带一路倡议The Belt and Road Initiative27.西域the Western regions28.敦煌石窟the Dunhuang Grottoes29.春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period30. 方块象形文字the square-shaped pictographic character31. 颜(真卿)体the Yan style32. 民间艺术folk arts33.年画New Year pictures34.剪纸paper cutting /papercuts35.皮影戏shadow play36.苏绣Suhou Embroidery37.造纸术paper making38.印刷术printing39.佛经Buddhist scripture40.行书running script /semi-cursive script41.草书cursive script42.楷书regular script/standard script43.隶书official script/ clerical script44.砚the ink slab/ the ink stone; 墨ink stick45.六艺：礼乐射御书数“six arts” : ritual,music,archery, carriage driving , calligraphy , and mathematics46.毛笔the writing brush47.宣纸xuan paper/ rice paper48.中国书法Chinese calligraphy49.简体字：simplified characters50. 繁体字complex characters/ traditional characters51.中国结Chinese knots52.佛教Buddhism53.国徽national emblem54. 国旗national flag55. 国歌national anthemII. Multiple choices (每题三个选项中选一个最佳答案)1)Which of the following is irrelevant to the pictographic symbols of Chinese characters? (下列哪项与汉字的象形符号无关？)Aspiration. 吸Imagination.想象Creativity.创造力Allusion.典故2) Which of the following statements is true of the name of Fudan Universit(y关于复旦大学的名称，下列哪个陈述是正确的？)The characters both stand for "the sun rising on the horizon"这.些字符都代表着“太阳在地平线上升起”The name is taken from a Chinese classical poem.这个名字取自中国古典诗歌The name encourages the students to get up early in the morning.这个名字鼓励学生早上早起The characters are intended to tell the students to make progress day by day.这些字旨在让学生们一天天地进步3) Which of the following languages mostly consists of language pictures(下列语言中哪一种主要由语言图片组成？) ? B___Mandarin Chinese. 普通话Hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.古埃及的象形文字Oracle-bone inscription. 甲骨文Seal characters.篆书4) The symbol for “swimming” is closest to (“游泳”的符号最接近的是)oracle-bone inscription 甲骨文Mandarin Chinese 普通话seal characters 篆书none of the above 没有选项5)The symbol for “athletics” contains the ingredients of (“运动”的符号包含了)dancing and running 跳舞、跑步running and swinging 跑步和摆动dancing and swinging 跳舞和摆动triathlon and football 铁人三项和足球6)All the following are the titles of Confucius excep(t以下孔子的头衔除了) ___.Ban educator 一个教育家A biologist 一个生物学家A scholar 有识之士A philosopher 一个哲学家7)The expression “filial piety” most probably means being (“孝”的意思很可能是指) ___.DLoyal to the state 忠于国家Obedient to sister(s) 听姐姐的话Responsible for the family 对家庭负责Dutiful to parents 孝顺父母8)Which of following can best describe Confucius’ view on the relationship between man and nature (下面哪一个最能说明孔子对人与自然关系的看法？) ___.D Brothers 兄弟Husband and wife 夫妇Doctor and patient 医生和病人Mother and son 母子9)Through burial and ancestral worship rituals,people can learn that (通过丧葬和祭祖仪式，人们可以了解到。

中国文化英语教程-答案Uni 1Lead-inPhoenix one of four Chinese auspicious and mythical beasts, along with the Chinese dragon, tortoise and Qilin (kylin)Pangu a god who broke through the chaos and created the worldSui a god who drilled wood to make a fireNüwa a goddess who mended the sky and created humansChang’e Wife of the legendary hero Houyi and later inhabited the Moon Palace with the Jade Rabbit and the woodcutter Wu GangKuafu a god who chased the sunThe Eight Immortals a group of legendary Taoist immortalsHouyi a great archer who shot down nine extra sunsReading A1.1)The recently uncovered “Suigongxu” is an ancient vessel which records the historical myths ofthe great hero Da Yu who controlled the flood. (Para.2)2)Chinese myths are a vital part of Chinese culture. (Para. 5)3)Unlike Western myths, myths in ancient China were usually spread in scattered forms invarious written materials. (Para.4)4)Chinese mythology refers to myths transmitted by people of all fifty-six ethnic groups living inChina. (Para.1)5)Shanhaijing, Chuci, and Huainanzi are important sources of ancient Chinese myths. (Para.4)6)The system of Chinese mythology is not integrated and homogeneous. (Para.1)2.people who collected and compiled mythologye.g.: the great Greek writers Homer and Hesiodbooks with miscellaneous subjects but containing many mythse.g.: Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas), Chuci (The Songs of Chu), and Huainanzi1. Correct order: D G B A E H F C2.1) She took river mud and shaped the first people by hand. Later, she dipped a reed into the mud and flicked blobs of mud onto the ground. When she breathed on the mud creatures, they sprang to life.2) She did not want to stay on the earth to watch over them, nor did she want to return to make or repair them. She wanted the humans to learn to live on their own without the help of gods.3) Because by doing so she could recognize her creations.3. animals with fins e.g shark, dolphin, whale, fish, etc.animals with feathers e.g. duck, hawk, etc.animals with scales e.g. fish, crocodile, lizard, snake, turtle, etc.animals with hooves e.g. horse, ox, donkey, deer, sheep, cow, etc.animals with stinger(s) e.g. bee, scorpion, wasp, stingray, etc.Reading C1. 1) avaricious and blood-thirsty 2) auspicious, wisdom 3) a future emperor 4) dragon-king temple 5) zodiac animals 6) charismatic, innovative2. 1）双龙戏珠two dragons playing with a pearl2) 大水冲了龙王庙not recognize one’s kinsman3）龙颜大怒The Emperor is flying into a rage and bristling with anger4）神龙见首不见尾someone who has no fixed whereabouts and is difficult for others to trace5）龙飞凤舞cursive and elegant handwriting6）望子成龙parents having high expectations of their childrenSelf-check1) geographic boundaries 2) be traced back to/ trace back to3) the major repositories of Chinese ancient myths 4) mythological stories5) mending the sky/repairing the heavens6) cruel, evil and earthly, auspicious, powerful and heavenlyLead-in1. D2. C3. BReading A1. 1) 47 2) landscape garden design 3) Library Cave 4) Japan and Korea5) Tibetan architecture 6) Han citiesReading B1. 1) the Celestial Capital Peak 2) the Lotus Peak 3) the Cloud Gate Peak 4)the Heavenly Gate 5) the Sky-high Stone Ridge 6) the Gate of Three Seas 7) the Lion Forest Temple 8) the Usher Cliff 9) the Stalagmite Stone Ridge 10) the pine treesReading C1. 1) 3) 4) 5) 6)2.Pros . Symbol of Beijing;. More convenient to go outside;. Home place in childhood memory;. Close relationship between neighbors;. Demonstration of Chinese national culture.Cons . Old and aging facilities;. Sanitation condition;. No heating system;. No toilet;. Water system.Self-checkUpon their arrival, Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan were warmly greeted by the Belgian King Philippe, Queen Mathilde and Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo. The state leaders of the two countries walked into the Chinese Garden together. It was like walking in a quiet, peaceful and harmonious Chinese painting of freehand brushwork, with the delicately painted and decorated pavilions, carved beams and painted rafters along the way, with birds twittering and flowers blooming with fragrance. The two heads of state and their wives walked along the winding corridor and path, through thegreen and luxuriant bamboo grove to the panda garden. They walked and talked on their way about the friendly exchanges between China and Belgium.Unit 3Lead-in1. C3. 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) bReading A1. 1) E 2) B 3) A 4) D 5) C2. A U A UReading B1. B C D A2. 1) BGI 2) H 3) EL 4) ADJ 5) CFK3.1) boil 2) clean 3) roast 4) scramble 5) steam 6) sauté 7) fry 8) roll 9) stew 10) broil 11) blend 12) pickleReading C1. T T F T F TSelf-check1) Noodles are the symbol of longevity in Chinese culture, so Chinese people will have a bowl of noodles on their birthday, and the noodle strands should not be cut up.2) Chinese cuisine involves eight major branches. Influenced by the geography, climate, local product and eating habit, each of the eight regional cuisines has its own distinctive features.3) Chinese people stress filial piety all the time. The practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless generations.4) In many parts of China, particularly northern China, wheat-based products including noodles and steamed buns predominate, in contrast to southern China, where rice is dominant.Unit 4Lead-in1. T2.FReading A1. A. Longjing, Biluochun, Huangshan Maofeng, Junshan SilverB. Qi Hong, Dian Hong, Ying HongC. Tieguanyin, Dahongpao (Big Red Robe)D. Pu-erhE. Jasmine tea, Orchid tea, Plum tea, Gardenia tea, Rose tea, Osmanthus tea2. 1) Parking in this street is the privilege of the residents here.2) There is no agreement on who should pay the costs imposed by new environmental standards.3) The exhibition features paintings by a couple of contemporary artists.4) In that country, the production of raw materials accounts for a considerable proportion of the national economy.3. F C D A B G EReading B1. 1) rocks; purple; curled; cultivated tiny sprouts2) frying and steaming; pounding and grinding; bamboo sieves; apparatus3) April, and May; beginning to unfold; a rainy day4) spring water; swift, clear currents; close human habitation; constantly5) singing noise; water forms billows2. 1) The best kind of tea grows wild on rocks; those cultivated in plantations are second in quality.2) Tea is picked in the second, third and fourth months of the lunar calendar. After picking, the buds/sprouts are steamed, pounded (ground), roasted, then pierced through and packaged.Reading C1. 3 6 4 11 7 10 8 5Self-check1) Ever since, tea has become an integral thread in the social and cultural fabric of China.2) Europeans had become fascinated/infatuated by this Eastern/Oriental drink.3) tea is consumed all day long both for its ceremonial and cultural significance, and for its taste.4) Green tea, particularly, is considered to be a classic beauty aid and a diet tea.Unit 5Lead-in1. 1) C 2) A 3) E 4) B 5) D2. BReading A1. F F T T T2. 3 6 11 1 7Reading B1. 1) C 2) E 3) A 4) B 5) D2. F T F T F3. 1) February 2) May 3) OctoberReading C1. 1) health and longevity; 2) clear and intelligible 3) herbal medicine4) therapeutic benefits2. 1) external pathogen 2) imbalances and deficiencies 3) invader 4) detoxify 5) eliminateSelf-check1) Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 2) Western medicine3) The Unity of Heaven and Humanity 4) eliminating fire5) expelling dampness 6) closely connected and mutually interacting7) Yin-Yang Theory and Five Elements Theory 8) Yin and Yang are out of balanceUnit 6Lead-in1. C2. DReading A1. 21 17 4 12 192. F T F T F TReading B1. 1）C-e 2) A-c 3) B-a 4) E-b 5) D-d2. 1) Spring 2) Month Ten 3) Month Twelve4) The farmers worked intensively and arduously throughout the year; however, they and theirfamily lived a miserable life of poverty. They presented delicate food and clothes to their lord, whose life was luxurious and comfortable.Reading C1. 1) The website examined the link between personal saving habits and the Chinese zodiac.2) The snake is a bit of a risk-taker.3) In order to celebrate and inspire visitors to spend.2. associate Finance showcase adorn compete forSelf-check1. lunisolar astronomical observations the Jewish calendar a leap year2. 1) the Chinese zodiac 2) is associated with 3) the Gregorian calendar 4) Chinese communitiesUnit 7Lead-in1. 1）C 2) E 3) A 4) B 5) D2. CReding A1. T T F T T F T F T2. A（3,4）B(10) C(8) D(9) E(6)Reading B1. Wife: Yuji Rival: Liu Bang Subordinate: Senior eunych Advisors: Hanxin; Li Zuoche2. D F A C B G E3. 1) I could pull down mountains with might and main; but my good fortune wanes, and my steed won't fight.2) Wait a minute. Songs of Chu Kingdom are being sung everywhere here. Is it because Liu Bang has occupied the territories of the Chu Kingdom?3) Now the separatist warlords will vie for the throne. It is nothing unusual to be in an adverse position occasionally.4) Eight thousand soldiers have been lost already. In the future how can I face the parents of the fallen living on the east side of the river.5) For decades, we have loved and depended on each other. But now the moment has come thatwe must part from each other.Reading C1. 1) positive 2) Negative 3) Positive2. 1) C 2) E 3) A 4) B 5) DSelf-check1) The origin of Chinese opera can be traced back to the singing and dancing and religious rituals in primitive times. Through a very long period of development and reform, in the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, Chinese Opera formed a mature and complete artistic system.2) The music of Peking opera mainly combines the Xi Pi tune, the Er Huang tune, and the melodies of Kunqu. Typical Chinese musical instruments are used in a Peking opera orchestra, such as Jing Hu (two-string fiddle), Pi Pa (Chinese lute), Sheng (reed pipes), drums and gongs.3) Among the hundreds of forms of opera throughout China, Peking opera had the greatest influence and is therefore regarded as a national opera.4) Facial painting is a prominent feature of Peking opera. It shows the character's age, profession and personality by using different patterns and colors. Each color symbolizes a certain characteristic.5) According to partial statistics, there are over 360 regional opera styles in China, among which Kunqu is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. Kunqu, which evolved from the Kunshan melody in the Yuan Dynasty, boasts a 600-year history.Unit 8Lead-in1. 1) brush 2) ink stick 3) paper 4) ink stone/slab2. D C CReading A1. 1) board games 2) unified and standardized 3) square; architectural4) grinding or rubbing 5) seal-cutting; sculpture; handicrafts2. 1) official script(li shu) 2) running script (xing shu) 3) cursive script (cao shu)4) sticks 5) stones/slabs 6) functions 7) bamboo 8) porcelain 9) jade10) pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province 3. 11) Xuan paper12) fine textured 13) Tao yan 14) slippery3. 1) 书法表现的是线条与节奏的抽象之美，它能够反映出人的情感态度、操守品格、个性特点、文化水平、个人修养、知识品位以及人生态度。

中国文化英语版课后答案1、_______ songs is my favorite. [单选题] *A. To Singing EnglishB. Singing English(正确答案)C. Singings EnglishD. Sing English2、43．How much did you ________ the man for the TV? [单选题] * A．pay(正确答案)B．takeC．spendD．buy3、Many children have to _______ their parents. [单选题] *A. divide intoB. put onC. depend on(正确答案)D. take on4、What he said sounds _______. [单选题] *A. pleasantlyB. nicelyC. friendly(正确答案)D. wonderfully5、It took a long time to _______ Tom to go shopping with me. [单选题] *A. speakB. tellC. persuade(正确答案)D. talk6、—Tony, it’s cold outside. ______ wear a jacket?—OK, mom.（）[单选题] *A. Why not(正确答案)B. Why don’tC. Why did youD. Why do you7、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *A. A policeB. The policeC. PoliceD. A policeman(正确答案)8、It _____ us a lot of time to do this job. [单选题] *A. spentB. madeC. took(正确答案)D. cost9、I hope to see you again _______. [单选题] *A. long long agoB. long beforeC. before long(正确答案)D. long10、You can buy some pieces of bread from "_______". [单选题] *A. Bakery(正确答案)B. Travel AgencyC. LaundryD. Ticket Office11、At nine yesterday morning, I ______ an English class while they ______ a PE class.（）[单选题] *A. was having; were having(正确答案)B. had; hadC. was having; hadD. had; were having12、2．I think Game of Thrones is ________ TV series of the year. [单选题] *A．excitingB．more excitingC．most excitingD．the most exciting (正确答案)13、—_____ will the bus arrive? —In four minutes. [单选题] *A. How longB. How oftenC. How soon(正确答案)D. How far14、20．Sometimes it often rains ________ in my hometown in summer. [单选题] *A．heavyB．hardlyC．heavily(正确答案)D．strongly15、58．—How much is Lucy's skirt?—She________320 yuan for it. I think it's a little dear. [单选题] *A．tookB．paid(正确答案)C．spentD．bought16、79．On a ________ day you can see the city from here. [单选题] *A．warmB．busyC．shortD．clear(正确答案)17、The hall in our school is _____ to hold 500 people. [单选题] *A. big enough(正确答案)B. enough bigC. very smallD. very big18、Chinese people spend _____ money on travelling today as they did ten years ago. [单选题] *A. more than twiceB. as twice muchC. twice as much(正确答案)D. twice more than19、76．—Could you tell me ________the bank?—Turn right and it's on your right. [单选题]* A．how get toB．how to getC．how getting toD．how to get to(正确答案)20、22．______ is convenient to travel between Pudong and Puxi now. [单选题] *A．It(正确答案)B．ThisC．ThatD．What21、56．Sam is in a hurry. Maybe he has got ________ important to do. [单选题] * A．everythingB．nothingC．anythingD．something(正确答案)22、Sitting at the back of the room（）a very shy girl with two bright eyes. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. hasD. there was23、We can _______ some information about this city on the Internet. [单选题] *A. look up(正确答案)B. look likeC. look afterD. look forward to24、21 In a few years' time, there ________ thousands of trees on the hill. [单选题] *A．will haveB．will be(正确答案)C．are haveD．have25、We are living in an age（）many things are done by computer. [单选题] *A. thatB. whichC. whyD. when(正确答案)26、Tomorrow is Ann’s birthday. Her mother is going to make a _______ meal for her. [单选题] *A. commonB. quickC. special(正确答案)D. simple27、Mr. Brown ______ the football match next week.（）[单选题] *A. is seeingB. seesC. sawD. is going to see(正确答案)28、41．My father is a headmaster and he is _____ charge _____ a primary school. [单选题] *A．/, ofB．/, withC．in, of (正确答案)D．in, with29、Comparatively speaking, of the three civil servants, the girl with long hair is _____. [单选题] *A. more helpfulB. extremely helpfulC. very helpfulD. the most helpful(正确答案)30、46．The pants look cool.You can ________. [单选题] *A．try it onB．try on itC．try them on(正确答案)D．try on them。

Part I Wisdom and BeliefsUnit 1 Confucian thought on heaven and humanityConfucius (551-479 BC), known in China as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni, was a native of Zouyi (present-day Qufu in Shandong Province) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism, Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects (Lunyu).Confucius on Heaven: the source of EverythingIn the Shang (1600-1046 BC) and Zhou (1046-256 BC) dynasties, the prevalent concept of “Heaven”was that of a personified god, which influenced Confucius. Generally, however, Confucius regarded “Heaven”as nature. He said, “Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.” Obviously, heaven equaled nature, in the eyes of Confucius. Moreover, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans; instead, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole.Confucius on People: ren and liRen and Li are the two core concepts of Confucius’s doctrine about people.When his students Fan Chi asked him about ren, Confucius replied, “love people”. This is Confucius’ most important interpretation of ren. Love for the people is universal love. Confucius further emphasized that this kind of love should “begin with the love for one’s parents”. He believed no one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents. Confucius regarded “filial piety and fraternal duty”as the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) quotes Confucius as saying, “ The greatest love for people is the love for one’s parents.” He also said, “Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.” He did not mean that children should not leave their parents at all. What he meant was that children should not make the parents anxious about them while away from home. Confucius said again, “Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.”By ren, Confucius meant universal love based on love for one’s parents. How should people love one another then? Confucius said, “One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself. While fulfilling one’s desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.” He further said, “Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.” Thus from oneself to one’s family, from family to society, one should extend love to all people. Mencius (c. 372-289 BC), a great Confucian scholar, best summarized ren as, “loving one’s parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.”Li refers to rituals, traditions and norms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial rituals and ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they rose from human feelings. He said, “A child should not leave his parents’ bosom until he is three years old.” He naturally love his parents. The ritual of wearing mourning for a deceased parent for three years was an expression of the child’s love and remembrance.Confucius on the State of lifeBefore Confucius, only the nobility had the right to education. He was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education. According to historical records, Confucius taught for many years and trained 3,000 disciples. A total of 72 of them excelled in the “six arts”, i.e., ritual, music, archery, (carriage)driving, calligraphy, and mathematics. A great educator, Confucius has been admired by later generations as the “sage of sages”.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, who should have sound character and uplifted minds. Such people should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts” as the general principles of education. Of these, virtue was the most important. His students were involved in a variety of professions, including politics, trade, education, diplomacy, ritual ceremony, and classifying ancient books. Whatever they did, they all wanted to improve their learning of the humanities and to enhance their virtue.Unit 2 Laozi’s philosophy of Non-actionThe book Laozi was written around the sixth century BC. The author is generally believed to be Lao Dan, or Laozi – a recluse who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. Few records have survived about Lao Dan, who was said to have once held a low civil position in the royal court, in chare of the archival records of the Zhou Dynasty. Yet, due to his great learning, even Confucius was said to have traveled miles to consult him.Laozi, also known as Classic of the Way and Virtue (Dao De Jing), consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters. Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts, Dao (the Way) and De (Virtue). Short as it is, the book has played a tremendous role in the development of Chinese culture. It became the basis of Daoism, the school of philosophy parallel to Confucianism in ancient China. The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China. It has also exerted a direct impact on the characteristics, trends of thought and aesthetic sensibilities of the Chinese nation. Today Laozi still plays a role in the development of Chinese thinking.Naturalness and Non-action“Naturalness” is an important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Laozi emphasized that everything in the world has its own way of being and development: birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water, clouds float in the sky, flowers bloom and flowers fall. All these phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will, and humans should not try to change anything natural. Laozi admonished people to give up on any desire to control the world. Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.“Non-action”is another important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It is the guarantee of “Naturalness”. Laozi said, “(Dao or the Way) acts through non-action,” by which he did no mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity. What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on many attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature. Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.The philosophy of Non-contentionOn the basis of “naturalness” and “non-action”, Laozi proposed the view of “overcoming the strong by being weak”. The era Laozi lived in was replete with endless wars. Therefore, war wasan important treme for philosophers, and ant-war thinking was the norm. Even the great strategist Sunzi advocated “winning a war without fighting it”, not to mention the great thinker Confucius, who strongly championed a government based on love. Their contemporary Mozi (c. 468-376 BC), founder of Mohism, also condemned wars while calling for “love for all”.According to Laozi, war springs from humanity’s bloated desires. Conflict arises out of people’s struggles to satisfy their desires, and conflict escalates into war. Therefore, Laozi’s philosophy is based on “non-contention”. To him, human striving and competitive strife is the root cause of decline; desiring nothing is the natural way of life.Laozi said, “The greatest virtue is like water.”He compared his philosophy of “non-contention” to water, to distinguish it from the law of the jungle. He said, “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing.” To Laozi, humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places. Driven by desire, humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior. Yet water always flows downward. As the source of life, water nourishes all living things on Earth. No life can exist without water. Water contributes to the world without regard for gain or loss. Remaining low, level and tranquil, water embraces and reflects everything under heaven. The way of water is completely different from the way of people with avid desires.But the philosophy of Laozi is by no means weak. On the contrary, it is full of strength. According to Laozi, water accumulates great strength in its weakness and quietude. Its strength can break down all barriers in the world. He said, “Nothing in the world is weaker than water. Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong.” Water is a typical example of the weak winning over the strong. Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing.Unit 3 Chinese Buddhist CultureWho am I? Where am I from? Where am I going?Men are mortal. But death is not an once-and-for-all thing. They enter the rotating Wheel of Six Realms:Heaven, Human, Asura, Animal, Hungry Ghost, Hell.Documents stored in computer can be canceled at will, but what we have done in our life, and actually in our innumerable lives, cannot. What has been done has been done. The information is stored in your true “self”, not the physical one, and will accompany you life after life, and determines which Realm you enter.Only when we are completely free from lust, hatred, and folly, can we manage to break away from the capture of the rotating Wheel, and achieve perpetual enlightenment, discovering your true “self”.In Buddhism there isn’t any dominating god who controls your destiny. We are the maker of our own fate. What we are at present is a result of what we have done in the past; and what we will be in the future is decided by what we are doing at present. What we have done form the “karma”, which, like a gene, decides on your future story. But this “gene” can of c ourse be modified, by doing good deeds and obtaining healthy biological and spiritual energy, so as to change our future course of career. We are, therefore, our own master. What are the basic requirements for a Buddhist?Five Prohibitions for the laymen:1) Don’t kill;2) Don’t steal;3) Don’t seek aberrant sensual pleasures;4) Don’t talk irresponsibly;5) Don’t drink alcohol.Part II Creativity and ExchangeUnit 4 The Silk RoadThe silk road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century BC and was traveled mainly by silk merchants. The term “Silk Road”, or “die Seidenstrasse”in German, was first noted down by the German geographer Ferdinand V on Richthofen at the end of the 19th century.The silk road began in Chang’an (present-day Xi’an, capital of Shaanxi Province), passing through Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and to lands by the Mediterranean. There were no signs of communication between ancient Chinese civilization and Mediterranean civilization in earlier history. In about the seventh century BC, the ancient Greeks began to learn about an ancient civilization to the east, yet knew little about it. Before the Silk Road, according to archeological findings, there had already existed an intermittent trade route on the grasslands from the Yellow River and the Indus River drainage areas to the Euphrates and the Tigris, and the Nile drainage areas. Yet real communication between China, Central and West Asian countries, Africa and the European continent did not develop until the opening of the Silk Road.Zhang Qian, Trail BlazerThe pioneer who blazed the trail of the Silk Road was Zhang Qian (c. 164-114 BC). In Zhang Qian’s time, the Chinese has little knowledge about Central and West Asian countries, Africa or Europe, although they were aware of the existence of many different countries and cultures in faraway places to the west.During the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 140-135 BC), there were 36 small kingdoms in the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia). All of them were later conquered by the Huns, who then posed a direct threat to the Western Han and blocked the dynasty’s path west. Under these circumstances, Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Qian to lead a team of more than 100 envoys to the Western Regions.The mission was to unite the Indo-Scythic people against the Huns, who once killed their chieftain. Zhang Qian’s team set out in 138 BC. No sooner had they entered the Hexi Corridor (northwest of present-day Gansu Province), than they were captured by the Huns. After being held under house arrest for over ten years, Zhang Qian and only one other remaining envoy managed to escape and return to Chang’an in 126 BC. Their accounts about the Western Regions were a revelation to Hun emperor and his ministers.In the next two decades, Emperor Wu launched three major campaigns against the Huns, forcing them to retreat from the Western Regions. In 119 BC, the emperor sent Zhang Qian on a second mission to the Western Regions. This time Zhang Qian went further west, while his deputies reached more than a dozen countries in South and West Asia, and the Mediterranean.Zhang Qian’s two missions to the Western Regions opened up the road to the west. Emperor Wu adopted a series of measures to strengthen ties with the Western Regions, includingencouraging Han People to trade there.Soon the route was bustling with caravans of camels carrying goods of all types and reverberating with the tinkling of their bells. Through the Silk Road, trade flourished between China and Central, South and West Asian countries, Africa and Europe. In 166, envoys from Rome arrived via the Silk Road in Chang’an, were they set up an embassy.Part III Art and AestheticsUnit 5 Music: Govern the Country, Nourish the MindThe tradition of Chinese music dates back to remote antiquity. Governing the country and nourishing the mind through music are two of the main functions of this tradition.Governance Through MusicAccording to ancient Chinese culture, rituals provided the norms of conduct of people. The goal was to maintain social order.Music was for the mind’s cultivation and expression. Its purpose was to enhance people’s outlook on life and imbue them with energy and creativity, such that they could enjoy a more harmonious and happier spiritual life. Individual contentment would then lead to social harmony, as well as to a more harmonious relationship between people and nature. The highest level of ancient Chinese music was to represent spiritual with nature.The prominent stature of music in ancient China explains the emergence of sophisticated instruments from early times. Chime bells were one example. First used in the Shang Dynasty, they became quite popular during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC). In 1978, a fine set of chime bells was unearthed in Hubei Province, from the tomb of Marquis Yi, a local lord in a small state called Zeng during the Warring States Period.The Marquis Yi chime bells consist of 65 bells arranged in three rows. The first row includes 19 niu bells, and the second and third rows include 45 yong bells. The bells in each row differ from one another in shape and size, emanating(发出) different tones. In addition, there is a separate and much larger bell used to adjust pitch. Like the bells, the from is made of bronze, weighing as much as five tons or more. The total weight of the bells is more than 440 kilograms. While the bells bear inscriptions totaling more than 2,800 Chinese characters relating to music and the making of the instrument, the frame is carved with exquisite patterns in relief (浮雕) and fretwork(回纹细工). Instruments of such a scale and such fine craftsmanship were quite rate in the world at the time. Five musicians were needed to play the instrument. Each bell produces two tones when struck at the respective sound points as marked. The entire set of chime bells is able to produce all the tones of a modern piano.Consoling the Mind with MusicThe Chinese zither tends to create a tranquil air. The composition Wild Geese Landing on the Shallow Shore is such an example. With a relaxed rhythm, the first part of the piece depicts a calm Yangtze River under a clear autumn sky. The second part progresses into livelier rhythms to imitate the chirping of many birds. The third part presents a thematic scene of wild geese leisurely landing on the shallow shores of the Yangtze, as a gentle breeze makes the water ripple. To Chinese musicians and music lovers, the contentment of the wild geese represents the humanheart.The zither was also instrumental in communication between ancient scholars and artist. The famous zither composition, Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, was based on an Eastern Jin Dynasty story of the poet Wang Ziyou (王子猷) (c. 338-386) and the flute player Huan Yi (桓伊) (?-383). One day the poet was taking a boat trip when he overheard someone on the riverbank say Huan Yi was passing by. Although the two had never met before, they admired each other as poet and flute player. Despite his lower rank of office, Ziyou sent a family member to request Huan Yi to play the flute. Without hesitation, Huan Yi dismounted from his carriage and played Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, while Ziyou listened from his boat. After finishing, Huan Yi mounted his carriage and drove on. Ziyou, too, continued with his boat journey. The two of them exchanged not a single word, yet both were content with the communication of their hearts through the music.The flute’s three stanzas were later converted into a composition for the Chinese zither, which has become one of the best-known musical works –as an expression of otherworldly feelings through its eulogy of the plum flower’s purity, fragrance and resistance to the cold.Unit 6 Flying strokes of CalligraphyThe evolution of Chinese characters font甲骨文the Oracle bone script→金文Jinwen (Inscriptions on bronze )→篆书Seal script→隶书Official script→楷书Regular script→草书Cursive script→行书running scriptWang Xizhi and Preface to the Lanting Pavilion CollectionIn the Hall for Cultivation of Mind of the Palace Museum, there is a Three-treasurer Study, which derives its name for the three most valuable calligraphic works housed here. These three treasures, most valued and adored by Emperor Qianling (r. 1736-1795) of the Qing Dynasty, were A Sunny Scene after a Quick Snow by Wang Xizhi, Mid-Autumn by Wang Xianzhi and Boyuan by Wang Xun (349-400). As father and son, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi hae been known as the “Two Wangs”, their works universally recognized as the peak of Chinese calligraphy.Unit 7 Porcelain – Calling Card of Chinese CultureIn English, the country and “porcelain”share the same name –“China”. This proves that Europeans have long known of China’s relationship to porcelain. Porcelain found its way to Europe in the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries. The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty. Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintained a busy and vast trade in porcelain. From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain to Europe. Porcelain garnered a good reputation for China for its sophistication and elegance, and played an important role in the wave of the European idealization of China during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the rococo stylepopular in Europe of that time, one could sense, from time to time, the influence of “Chinese vogue”represented by China’s styles of porcelain and gardens.Porcelain is of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Pottery was the predecessor of porcelain, while glazed pottery was the basis for the emergence of porcelain. Around the first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by The Song Dynasty it had become mature. Song-Dynasty porcelain represented the acme of Chinese porcelain technique. Five famous kilns, the Jun, Ding, Guan, Ge, and Ru, were all creative and original in their respective products, and their porcelain ware has been imitated by later generations throughout the ages. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the center of the Chinese Porcelain industry.Pure Blue-and-White PorcelainPure and elegant beauty is the goal that porcelain pursues, and this ideal is best explained in the production of blue-and-white porcelain.Blue-and-white porcelain is a typical artifact of porcelain in China. Among the porcelain exported during the Ming and Qing dynasties, 80 percent was blue-and-white. Chinese-made blue-and-white porcelain ware emerged long before the founding of the Tang Dynasty, but it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that this type of porcelain came to be produced in quantity, with the attendant masterpieces. The Ming Dynasty witnessed the maturity of the art, and a large number of valuable pieces were produced in this period. Jingdezhen, a small town that created the enchanting blue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, became its porcelain-producing center; and in the subsequent Ming Dynasty, the imperial kilns were established here. Blue-and-white porcelain is now the most representative of Chinese porcelain.To produce blue-and-white porcelain, cobalt oxide is requisite. It is employed to draw on the white roughcast before glaze is applied. After kilning at a high temperature, the roughcast turns into blue-and-white porcelain, since cobalt oxide turns blue with heat. The white surface with blue patterns and a shiny sheen of glaze produces a pure, elegant and transparent effect.Unit 8 Peking Opera: Artistry of PerformersThe Delights of Peking Opera MasksChina’s Peking Opera radiates with the beauty of resplendent color –vivid, intense and glamorous. This artistic beauty comes not only from the costumes but also from the masks of exaggerated, dazzling designs, gleaming with red, purples, whites, yellows, blacks, blues, greens, every diverse color imaginable.Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing”or “painted-face role”and the “chou”or “clown”, serve two purposes. One is to indicate the identity and character of the role. For example, a “red face”means the person is loyal and brave; a “black face”signifies the person is straightforward; and “a white face”identifies the person as crafty and evil. The other purpose is to express people’s appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, ridiculous, etc.Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightThe performance of a Peking Opera actor can be summarized into four basic aspects, of singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, the core of which is a combination of song and choreography.Singing is of utmost importance in the performance of Peking Opera, because first of all, Peking Opera is a singing art. Any famous Peking Opera boasts several wonderful arias that are well-known and popular with audiences. The charm of the melodies usually embodies the sublime realm of the art of Peking Opera. Unable to appreciate the magic of Peking Opera arias, one would fail to enjoy the profound beauty of the art itself.Speaking refers to character monologs and dialogs, which serve to propel the development of the story. Speaking, like singing, needs to be executed in an appealing way.Acting and fighting mean that actors employ physical movements to express the emotions of the characters and the circumstances. Acting includes body movements and eye movements, solo dancing or group dancing, etc. Most of the dancing is choreographed movements from everyday life. Fighting is choreographed martial arts and acrobatics to depict fight or battle scenes. As the art of Peking Opera depends on movement to depict events, actors are given much room to perform on the stage.In the opera Picking up the Jade Bracelet, the young woman Sun Yujiao and the young scholar fall in love with each other, their eyes affixed on each other as if a thread connected them. Then, as Matchmaker Liu uses her pipe to pull the “virtual” line up and down, the young couple’s eyes accordingly move up and down. These actions produce great humor and add much significance to the performance.Acting and fighting serve the whole “play”or the “world of images”, but at the same time they are themselves a beautiful art in both form and skill. For example, in King Chu Bids Farewell to His Concubine, artist Mei Lanfang performed a sword dance in a miraculously skillful way, which became very popular with audiences. This is a type of beauty in form. As for the beauty of skill, this usually includes some very difficult acrobatic movements, often referred to as “superb skills”.The uniqueness of performances in Peking Opera lies in the fact that the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, all focus on one or two actors in the play.These performers used to be called “jue’er”, hence “mingjue” was used to refer to famous actors or actresses. In this sense, the world of imagery created in Peking Opera mainly relies on the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting of actors, especially in the performance of the famous plays. This is the biggest difference between Peking Opera and other forms of performing arts in terms of aesthetic appreciation. And the remark –“Peking Opera is the art of performers”–well describes its quintessence.The Beauty of a “Visual World”Depicting a “visual world”is a distinctive feature of Peking Opera. Its virtually consists of two aspects: one is virtual movements, and the other virtual settings. Virtual movement refers to imitating actions onstage. For example, riding a horse. Onstage, an actor cannot ride a real horse, but can only hold a whip and imitate the movement of galloping by walking around the stage, turning the body, wielding the whip, and pulling the reins. A virtual setting means creating an imagined environment onstage. For example, rowing a boat. As there is no water or boat on the stage, an actor usually takes an oar and, through actions, makes the audience “see”the rowing of a boat on water.One is At the Crossroad. This opera describes the story of two yamen runners escorting Jiao Zan to prison. On the way they stay at an inn for the night. Ren Tanghui, whose task is to protect Jiao Zan, checks in at the same time. The owner of the inn, however, suspects Ren Tanghui is planning to murder Jiao Zan, so he gropes his way into Ren’s room at night. Thus a fight starts. What is special about the performance is that, although the fight happens at night, the stage isbrightly lit; yet the audience is able to sense it is a pitch-dark night from the actors’performances, which feature stealthy movements typical of people in darkness. Sometimes, one man’ s sword swishes down, only a few inches away from the other’ s face, yet the latter feels nothing, thus producing a breathtaking yet meaningful and humorous effect.The other example is Autumn River, a play transplanted from Sichuan Opera. This story describes a young nun, Chen Miaochang who leaves the nunnery to pursue her lover Pan Bizheng. Onstage, there is neither water nor boat, but through the performance of the young woman and the old boatman, the audience is able to obviously “see”that the stage is a river. The boat sways forward; all the way there the girl complains about the boat for being slow, while the old boatman keeps teasing her about her anxiety to see her lover. The performance is full of wit and humor.These examples describe the function of the “virtual world” in the art of Peking Opera, which provides limitless room for the performances of actors; and in return, performers present the audience with a world of images full of appealing wit. If in fact the stage of At the Crossroad was really all black to represent the dark night, and there was a real boat on the stage of Autumn River, what could the actors do? And what we still find as much wit and meaning in the performances? We doubt it.Part IV Folk CustomsUnit 9 Life with Fragrant TeaTea is a wonderful beverage originally produced in China about 4,000 years ago. During the Tang Dynasty, Japanese monks introduced tea seeds to Japan, and by combining tea with Zen Buddhism, created the world-famous Japanese tea ceremony. In the 17th century, the Dutch took to Europe the Chinese habit of tea drinking, which then became a tradition of the Europeans. In England in particular, people developed the custom of afternoon tea. Prior to the 19th century, all the tea in the world was grown in China, and even the English word “tea”was a transliteration of the pronunciation of “tea”in the Fujian dialect of China. Tea is an important contribution of the Chinese people to the world.Ways of Savoring TeaThe Chinese people look to tea drinking as an art, which incorporates a wide range of knowledge; the taste of tea might be light, yet the meaning is rich and deep.The Chinese attach great importance to the water, tea leaves, tea set, and fire, when making and drinking tea.Water is an element of priority in the making of tea. To make a good cup of tea, quality water is a must. The ancient Chinese commented on tea making thus: the tea must be new, and water must be live, or flowing. Lu Yu(陆羽) (733-804), the Saint of the Tang Dynasty, pointed out that, to make fine, water from high mountains is the best, followed by water from rivers and wells. In the cloud-enveloped high mountains, crystal clear spring water is the best for making tea; water in the brooks though also good, is not pure because it smells of the earth, therefore is only second best. Considered third is water from wells, as artificial springs from underground are often stagnant and tinted with the flavor of salt. It is thus no match at all for uncontaminated mountain spring water. Unluckily for us today, we do not even have the third type of water to make tea; we use either tap water or artificially purified water – a true pity indeed!。

练习答案Unit 1Before You Read2. Give the name of the following myths according to the pictures.1) Houyi Shot the Suns 2) Chang’e Flying to the Moon3) the Eight Immortals4) Kua Fu Chasing the SunKnowledge Focus2.Fill in the blanks according to the knowledge you’ve learned about Chinese mythology.1)myths 2)religion 3)myth, legend 4)encyclopedia 5) Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism 6) Reverence 7) Pangu3.Match the information in Column A with the time period in Column B according to Chinese culture.1) C 2) E 3) A4) B5) D4.Tell whether the following statements are true or false. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.1) F 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) T 6) F7) TLanguage Focus1. Write the correct word next to its definition.1)potion 2)extol 3)worship 4)chaos 5)intertwine 6)cult 7)gigantic 8)stifle 9)tenet 10)tapestry 11)deity 12)prophecy 13)reverence 14)reincarnation15)hierarchy 2. Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions taken from Exercise 1 andtranslate the sentences into Chinese.1)tenets: 他是信奉自然主义信条的作家之一。

中国文化英语教程答案中国文化英语教程答案不要标题1. Introduction to Chinese CultureChina, with its rich history and diverse culture, has long been a fascinating subject for people around the world. This English tutorial aims to provide an overview of Chinese culture, shedding light on its traditions, values, and customs.2. The Great Wall of ChinaThe Great Wall of China is a symbol of the country's ancient civilization. This architectural marvel spans thousands of kilometers and is a testament to the incredible engineering skills of the Chinese people. It stands as a reminder of China's historical achievements and the resilience of its people.3. Chinese Festivals and TraditionsChinese festivals are vibrant and colorful, reflecting the country's deep-rooted traditions and customs. From the lively celebrations of the Chinese New Year to the solemn rituals of the Qingming Festival, each festival has its own unique significance and offers a glimpse into China's rich cultural heritage.4. Traditional Chinese MedicineTraditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a history dating back thousands of years. It encompasses various holistic practices, suchas acupuncture, herbal medicine, and tai chi, to promote wellness and balance in the body. TCM reflects the Chinese philosophy of yin and yang and the belief in Qi, the vital life force.5. Chinese CuisineChinese cuisine is renowned worldwide for its diverse flavors and cooking techniques. From the spicy Sichuan cuisine to the delicate flavors of Cantonese cuisine, each region in China has its own culinary specialties. Chinese food also emphasizes the importance of balance and harmony in ingredients and cooking methods.6. Chinese Arts and CraftsChinese arts and crafts encompass a wide range of disciplines, including calligraphy, painting, ceramics, and silk weaving. These artistic traditions have been honed over centuries, with each art form embodying the ideals of beauty, harmony, and balance. Chinese arts and crafts showcase the country's creativity and deep appreciation for aesthetics.7. Confucianism and DaoismConfucianism and Daoism are two prominent philosophical traditions in China. Confucianism emphasizes the importance of moral values, social order, and filial piety, while Daoism seeks harmony with nature and the pursuit of a simple and balanced way of life. These philosophies have greatly influenced Chinese culture, ethics, and governance.8. Chinese CalligraphyChinese calligraphy is considered not only a form of artistic expression but also a means of cultivating one's character and inner self. Each brushstroke carries symbolic meaning and reflects the calligrapher's state of mind. Chinese calligraphy is highly regarded as one of the highest forms of visual art in Chinese culture.9. Traditional Chinese ClothingTraditional Chinese clothing, such as the qipao and hanfu, is known for its elegant and ornate designs. These garments reflect the country's historical fashion trends and cultural values. Traditional Chinese clothing often showcases intricate embroidery and vibrant colors, highlighting the importance of aesthetics in Chinese culture.10. Chinese Etiquette and CustomsChinese etiquette plays a significant role in everyday life, whether it's in social interactions or business settings. Customs such as greeting with a bow, respecting elders, and exchanging gifts are deeply ingrained in Chinese culture. Understanding and practicing these customs is essential for building positive relationships with Chinese people.Remember, this is just a brief overview of Chinese culture. Exploring further and engaging in meaningful conversations with Chinese people is the best way to truly appreciate and understand the richness and complexity of Chinese culture.。

Chapter 1 An Overview1.the People’s Republic of China (PRC) 中华人民共和国2.the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPC)中华人民共和国政治协商会议3.the Communist Party of China (CPC) 中国共产党4.the national emblem 国徽5.the Tian’anmen Rostrum 天安门城楼6.the National People’s Congress (NPC) 全国人民代表大会7.the national anthem 国歌8.Forbidden City 故宫9.Temple of Heaven 天坛10.Summer Palace 颐和园11.Ming Tombs 明十三陵12.Roof of the world 世界屋脊13.the Yangtze River 长江14.the grand canal between Beijing and Hangzhou 京杭大运河15.the descendants of Yan and Huang 炎黄子孙16.the institution of slavery 奴隶制17.Thrice he had gone past his own house without even looking in.（大禹）三过家门而不入18.the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods. 春秋战国时期19.the Three Kingdoms Period. 三国时期20.a tripartite balance 三国鼎立21.Clothed sd in the yellow imperial gown. 黄袍加身unch a rebellion. 起义23. Ascend the throne. 登基24.the Opium War. 鸦片战争25.A country of semi-feudal, semi-colonial status. 半殖民地半封建社会26.the Republic of China. 中华民国27.the anti-Japanese War and the Liberation War. 抗日战争和解放战争28.Lunar calendar. 阴历29.A three-tier system. 三级建制30.Special administrative regions.(SAR) 特别行政区31.Statistical Communique on National Economic and Social Development. 国民经济和社会发展统计公报32.the National Bureau of Statistical. 国家统计局33.the policy of family planning. 计划生育政策34.the Standing Committee of the NPC. 全国人民代表大会常务委员会35.the State Council. 国务院36.the Central People’s Government. 中央人民政府37.Macro control. 宏观调控38.the gross domestic product(GDP). 国内生产总值39.the Chief Architect of China’s Reform. 改革开放总设计师Chapter 2 Philosophy and Religions1.Four Great Inventions. 四大发明2.A hundred schools of thought contend. 百家争鸣3.The philosophy in Pre-Qin times. 先秦子学4.Benevolence and justice, allegiance and forbearance. 仁、义、忠、恕5.The golden mean. 中庸6.Non-action. 无为7.The orthodox philosophy during the Han dynasty. 两汉经学8.Banning all schools of thought except Confucianism. 罢黜百家，独尊儒术9.Human behaviour finds responses in Heaven. 天人感应10.The power of the emperors are authorized by Heaven. 君权神授11.Man is an integral part of nature. 天人合一12.Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin dynasties. 魏晋玄学13.The Book of Changes. 易经14.Three profound studies. 三玄15.The Buddhist Philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties. 隋唐佛学16.Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties. 宋明理学17.Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties. 明清实学18.Nirvana 涅槃19.To prefer it is better than only to know it, to delight in it is better than merely to prefer it. 知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者20.Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are less important than terrestrial advantages, which in turn are less important than the unity among people. 天时不如地利，地利不如人和21.Chinese Chan Buddhism. 禅宗22.Preaches epiphany. 顿悟23.Buddhist scriptures. 经文24.The three obediences and four virtues. 三从四德25.Morality, proper speech, modest manner,and diligence. 品德、言语、仪态、女工26.To father before marriage, to husband after marriage, and to son after becoming a widow. 未嫁从父，既嫁从夫，夫死从子27.The three basic rules and five constant virtues. 三纲五常28.A king should rule over his subjects; a father, his son; a husband, his wife. 君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲29.Benevolence, righteousness,propriety, wisdom,and fidelity. 仁、义、礼、智、信30.A celestial being. 仙人31.Jude Pure, upper Pure, great Pure. 玉清、上清、太清32.When the Eight Immortals cross the sea, each demonstrates his/her divine power. 八仙过海，各显神通33.Dragon-Tiger Mountain. 龙虎山34.The Eight-Fold Path. 八正道35.The four Heavenly kings. 四大天王ughing Buddha. 弥勒佛37.The great buddha hall. 大雄宝殿38.The Eighteen Arhats. 十八罗汉39.The White Horse Temple. 白马寺Chapter 3 Literature1.the Book of Songs. 《诗经》2.Poetry of the South. 《楚辞》3.Feng or folk ballads. 风4.Ya or dynastic hymns. 雅5.Song or sacrificial songs. 颂6.The journey is long, /I’ll search up and down. 路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索7.Sorrow after Departure. 《离骚》8.Ask Heaven. 《天问》9.Nine Elegies. 《九章》10.Nine Songs. 《九歌》11.the Prose of the Pre-Qin Period. 先秦散文12.Historical prose. 历史散文13.Philosophical prose. 诸子散文14.The Book of History. 《尚书》15.Spring and Autumn Annal. 《春秋》16.Zuo’s Commentary. 《左传》17.Intrigues of the Warring States. 《战国策》18.Discourses of the States. 《国语》19.The Analects of Confucius. 《论语》20.On Faults of Qin. 《过秦论》menting Qu Yuan. 《吊屈原赋》22.Master Void Rhapsody. 《子虚赋》23.Rhapsody on Great Man. 《上林赋》24.Records of the Grand Historian. 《史记》25.Southeast the Peacock Flies. 《孔雀东南飞》26.The Ballad of Mulan. 《木兰诗》27.The Chile Ballad. 《敕勒歌》28.Vast is the sky, boundless the wilds, grazing the cattle are as the grass bend down in the wind. 天苍苍野茫茫，风吹草低见牛羊29.Seven Masters of the Jian’an Period. 建安七子30.The Sea. 《观沧海》31.A Short Song. 《短歌行》32.The Peach Blossom Spring. 《桃花源记》33.The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons. 《文心雕龙》34.The Complete Anthology of Tang Poems. 《全唐诗》35.The Four Literary Eminences. 初唐四杰36.Friendships across the world/make near neighbours of far horizons. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻37.Celestial poet. 诗仙38.Saint poet. 诗圣39.Thinking in the Silent Night. 《静夜诗》40.Hard is the Road to Shu. 《蜀道难》41.Dreaming of Sightseeing in the Tianmu Mountains. 《梦游天姥吟留别》42.Three Officers. 三吏43.The Xin’an Officer. 《新安吏》44.The Shihao Officer. 《石壕吏》45.The Officer at Tongguan Pass. 《潼关吏》46.Three Partings. 三别47.Parting of the Newly-wed. 《新婚别》48.Parting of the Old. 《垂老别》49.Parting of the Homeless. 《无家别》50.Frontier poets. 边塞诗人51.Pastoral poets. 田园诗人52.The Older Charcoal Seller. 《卖炭翁》53.Song of Eternal Sorrow. 《长恨歌》54.Song of a Pipa Player. 《琵琶行》55.The Beautiful Lady Yu. 《虞美人》56.Moon on the Western River. 《西江月》57.Butterfly Loves Flowers. 《蝶恋花》58.Immortals Meeting on the Magpie Bridge. 《鹊桥仙》59.The Powerful and Free School. 豪放派60.To the Tune of Charm of a Maiden Singer:The Red Cliff. 《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》61.To the Tune of Water Melody:The Mid-Autumn Festival. 《水调歌头·明月几时有》62.To the Tune of a Riverside Town:Dreaming of His Deceased Wife. 《江城子·十年生死两茫茫》63.Slow Slow Song. 《声声慢》64.Autumn Thought. 《秋思》65.The Injustice to Dou E. 《窦娥冤》66.Four Dreams of Linchuan. 《临川四梦》67.The Peony Pavilion. 《牡丹亭》68.Romance of the Three Kingdoms. 《三国演义》69.Water Margin. 《水浒传》70.Journey to the West. 《西游记》71.Dream of the Red Mansions. 《红楼梦》72.Three Volumes of Words and Two Volumes of Slapping. 《三言二拍》73.The Scholars. 《儒林外史》74.Strange Tales from a Scholar’s Studio. 《聊斋志异》75.Execute justice in the name of Heaven by killing the rich and relieving the poor. 杀富济贫，替天行道76.Sun Wukong Causing Havoc in the Heavenly Palace. 《孙悟空大闹天宫》77.Zhu Bajie Got Married at Gaolao Village. 《高老庄娶亲》78.Sun Wukong Assaulting Thrice the White-Boned Demon. 《孙悟空三打白骨精》79.Crossing the Flaming Mountain. 《火焰山》80.Encyclopedia 百科全书81.Worldly novels 世情小说82.The mystery tales. 志怪小说83.The eight-part essay. 八股文84.Imperial examination system. 科举制度85.The Hundred Day’s Reform. 百日维新86.Exposure of the Official World. 《官场现形记》87.The Travel Records of Lao Can. 《老残游记》88.Flowers in the Mirror. 《镜花缘》89.The eight models of revolutionary modern operas. 八大革命现代京剧样板戏Lu Xun（鲁迅）90.Fierce-browed, I coolly defy a thousand pointing fingers. Head-bowed, like a willing ox I serve the children. 横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛91.A Madman’s Diary. 《狂人日记》92.Call to Arms. 《呐喊》93.Wandering. 《彷徨》94.The Story of Ah Q. 《阿Q正传》95.Old Tales Retold. 《故事新编》Mao Dun（矛盾）96.Short Story Monthly. 《小说月报》97.Midnight. 《子夜》98.Spring Silkworms. 《春蚕》99.The Shop of Lin Family. 《林家铺子》Ba Jin（巴金）100.Trilogy of the Turbulent Currents. 《激流三部曲》101.Family. 《家》102.Spring 《春》103.Autumn 《秋》Lao She（老舍）104.the Rickshaw Boy. 《骆驼祥子》105.Four Generations Living Together. 《四世同堂》106.Teahouse 《茶馆》107.Dragon Beard Ditch. 《龙须沟》108.Thunderstorm 《雷雨》， Sunrise 《日出》-------曹禺Sheng Congwen（沈从文）109.Frontier City. 《边城》110.Long River. 《长河》111.The Autobiography. 《从文自传》Ai Qing（艾青）112.Dayan River. 《大堰河》113.Facing Towards the Sun. 《向太阳》114.The Spring. 《春天》115.The Colorful Poem. 《彩色的诗》116.The Fields and the City. 《原野与城市》117.On Poetry. 《诗论》118.On New-Style Poems. 《新诗论》119.Collected Works of New Culture. 《新文艺论集》120.Anthology of Ai Qing. 《艾青全集》Chapter 4 Arts1.the handwriting reveals the writer. 字如其人2.Dian or dot stroke. 点3.Heng or horizontal stroke. 横4.Shu or vertical stroke. 竖5.Pie or curved stroke. 撇6.Gou or hooked stroke. 勾7.Zhe or angular stroke. 辄8.Standalone characters. 独立成字9.The seal form. (zhuan 篆书)10.The official form. （li 隶书）11.The cursive form. (cao 草书)12.The regular form. (kai 楷书)13.The running form. （xing 行书）14.Small seal script. 小篆15.Pictography. 象形文字16.The running regular form. 行楷17.The running cursive form. 行草18.Sage of Chinese calligraphy. 书圣19.The Preface to the Lanting Collection of Calligraphy. 《兰亭集序》20.Painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy. 书画同源21.Ink-wash painting. 水墨画22.Running Horses. 《奔马图》23.The Foolish Man Moving Mountain. 《愚公移山》24.The excellence of a painting lies in its being alike, yet unlike. Too much likeness flatters the vulgar taste; too much unlikeness deceives the world. 画妙在似与不似之间，太似则媚俗，不似则欺世25.Mural paintings. 壁画26.Wood-cut block print. 木刻版画27.Chinese Spring Festival Pictures. 年画28.Four Treasures of the Study. 文房四宝29.Brush, ink, paper, ink stone. 笔、墨、纸、砚30.Copybook. 字帖31.Heroic forest outlaws. 绿林好汉32.The Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage. 人类口头非物质文化遗产33.The United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization. （UNESCO）联合国教科文组织34.Face changes. 变脸35.Butterfly’s Love. 《梁山伯与祝英台》36.The West Chamber. 《西厢记》37.Chasing the Fish. 《追鱼》38.The Heavenly Maid and the Mortal. 《天仙配》39.Female Son-in-Law of the Emperor. 《女驸马》40.Acrobatics. 杂技41.Cross-talk. 相声42.Clapper talk. 快板43.Storytelling. 评书44.New Year Gala Show. 春节联欢晚会45.Puppet Show. 木偶戏46.Shadow Play. 皮影戏47.Ghost-Exorcising Opera. 傩舞48.Plucked Instruments. 弦乐器49.Ambush on All Sides. 《十面埋伏》50.Spring Moonlight on the Flowers by the River. 《春江花月夜》51.Zither. 古筝52.Singing on the Return of Fishing Boats. 《渔舟唱晚》53.Hight Mount Flowing Water. 《高山流水》54.Two Springs Reflect the Moon. 《二泉映月》55.Percussion Instruments. 打击乐器56.Wind Instruments. 管弦乐57.Ceremonial horn. 唢呐58.One Hundred Birds Serenade the Phoenix. 《百鸟朝凤》59.Bamboo flute. 笛子Chapter 5 Education1.Private schools. 私塾2.Official institutions. 官学3.Persons of virtue. 贤人4.The Four Books and the Five Classics. 四书五经5.The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. 《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》6.The Book of Poems, The Book of History, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes, The Spring and Autumn Annals. 《诗经》、《尚书》、《礼记》、《易经》、《春秋》7.The academy of classic learning. 书院8.The books collection mansions. 藏书阁9.Six Skills(Arts):Ritual, Music, Archery, Chariot-Riding, Writing, Arithmetic. 六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数10.New learning. 新学11.The Revolution of 1911. 辛亥革命12.Nine-year compulsory education. 九年义务教育13.Ensure an all-round development of the students morally, intellectually, physically and aesthetically. 德智体美全面发展14.Project Hope. 希望工程15.Spring Bud Project. 春蕾计划16.Key institutions. 重点大学17.Spring Sunshine Programme. 春晖计划18.The National College Entrance Examination. 高考。