当代研究生英语(下)unit2

UNIT 1 PASSAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH (I)1 A person’s life at any given time incorporates both external and internal aspects. The external system is composed of our memberships in the culture: our job, social class, family and social roles, how we present ourselves to and participate in the world. The interior realm concerns the meanings this participation has for each of us. In what ways are our values, goals, and aspirations being invigorated or violated by our present life system? How many parts of our personality can we live out, and what parts are we suppressing? How do we feel about our way of living in the world at any given time?1．一个人在每一特定时期内的生活都是由外部生活和内心生活这两个方面结合而成的。

外部生活是指我们在文明社会中的实际生活（对文明社会中实际活动的参与），其中包括我们的工作、社会地位、家庭生活、（担当的）社会角色、我们如何向社会展现自己，以及如何参与到社会中去等。

内心生活是指我们所参与的种种外部活动对我们个人产生的影响。

例如，我们目前的生活体系是符合我们的价值观、目标和理想呢，还是与之相违背? 我们的个性能在多大程度上得到发挥，还是受到某种程度的压抑? 在每一特定时期，我们对自己的生活方式又有何种感受?2 The inner realm is where the crucial shifts in bedrock begin to throw a person off balance, signaling the necessity to change and move on to a new footing in the next stage of development. These crucial shifts occur throughout life, yet people consistently refuse to recognize that they possess an internal life system. Ask anyone who seems down, “Why are you feeling low?” Most will displace the inner message onto a marker event: “I’ve been down since we moved, since I changed jobs, since my wife went back to graduate school and turned into a damn social worker in sackcloth,” and so on. Probably less than ten percent would say: “There is some unknown disturbance within me, and even though it’s painful, I feel I have to stay with it and ride it out.” Even fewer people would be able to explain that the turbulence they feel may have no external cause. And yet it may not resolve itself for several years.2．正是在人的内心世界这个领域中，一些重大的和基本的转变开始使人失去自我平衡，这就意味着必须进行调整，以步人人生发展的下一个阶段。

当代研究生英语（下册）课后题选词填空汇总Unit 11.In order to strengthen his arguments,Toffler_____respectable social scientists who agree with him.a.quotes(摘引)b. confirmsc. recitesd.convinces2.He could scarcely resist taking another drink of thedelicious wine, but remembering the doctor’s advice, he_____.a.refrained(克制)b. withdrewc. avoidedd.retreated3.When people have their basic needs satisfied, they begin tothink of other things to fulfill their life_____.a.necessitiesb. requirementsc. appreciationsd.expectations(期许)4.Within seconds，the experienced instructor_____thesituation and decided to attempt rescue.a.assumedb. assuredc. assessed(评估)d. affirmed5.Most good writers use every means at their_____to make thereader’s way smooth and easy.a.willb. disposal(处理)c. requestd.convenience6.The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enoughto_____over two hundred people.a.accommodate(容纳)b. locatec. settled. reside7.A river_____through the narrow wooded valley below.a.poursb. twists(迂回曲折)c. expendsd.expands8.To use a Chinese saying, this is “a punishment which theywell_____”.a.desertb. deserve(应得)c. reserved. preserve9.The captain of the ship_____the passengers that there wasno danger.a.securedb. ensuredc. assured (确保)d.guaranteed10. The growth of cities and suburbs throughout the regionhas_____the residents to build houses wherever they could find open land.a.convertedb. appealedc. justifiedd.encouraged(鼓励)Unit 21.The kitchen was small and_____so that the disabled womancould reach everything without difficulty./doc/8b10304342.html,pleteb. complexc. composited. compact(紧凑的)2. His authority and_____make him an excellent teacher.a. self-consciousnessb. self-confidence(自信)c. self-centerednessd.self-regard3. Being both spoilt and lazy he_____everyone else for his lackof success.a. accusedb. chargedc. criticizedd.blamed(责备)4. When I learned that I had passed the exam, I felt_____andrelaxed.a. carelessb. trouble-freec. negligentd.care-free(舒畅)5. A very large cat was watching us intently from the top ofa_____car.a. movelessb.stationeryc. motionlessd.stationary(静止的)6. This is the_____piano on which the composer created some ofhis greatest works.a. actual(强调真实的)b. realc. genuined.contemporary7. Your usual teacher has lost his voice and_____I am takinghis place today.a. neverthelessb. howeverc. moreoverd.accordingly(因此)8. A_____woman is needed to take care of two small children.a. confidentb. reliable(可靠的)c. trustyd. faithful9. I have had a_____of misfortunes.a. continuationb. repetitionc. continuityd.succession(继承权)10. He had an_____habit of emptying ash trays out of hisupstairs window onto our doorstep.a. objectionable(讨厌的)b. afflictingc. uneducatedd.offending11. The music aroused a(n)_____feeling of homesickness in him.a. intense(强烈的)b. hopelessc. intensived.sad12. The jury_____him of having committed the robbery and he wasthen sentenced to five years’ imprisonment.a. accusedb.chargedc. convicted(证明)d.acquitted13. The book proved to be very unreliable and so wasquite_____to him in his research.a. unimportantb. disusedc. useless(无用)d.unusable14. The plan was_____when it was discovered just how much thescheme would cost.a. resignedb. abandoned(遗弃)c. releasedd.redeemed15. The blow at the end of round three knocked thechampion______.a. insensitiveb. stupefiedc. senseless(无感觉的)d.nonsensicalUnit 31.The Roman empire_____under pressure from uncivilizednorthern tribes.a.trembledb. crumbled(崩溃)c. hurdledd. smashed2.The police are_____a war against crime in the city./doc/8b10304342.html,mittingb. breakingc. undertakingd. waging(发起)3.The sign was no longer legible because much of lettering had_____.a.worn downb. worn upc. worn away(不见)d. worn out4.They _____whether an international loan was possible.a.dissolvedb. disputed(争议)c. dissentedd.distorted5.He is always_____his knowledge in public.a.airing(吹牛)b. praisingc. assumingd.retorting6.Flowers are blooming in scarlet profusion on the _____of the rice-fields.a.spacesb. clearingsc. margins(边缘)d.vacuums7.The young soldier’s hearing was _____after the explosion.a.strengthenedb. trappedc. manipulatedd.impaired(受损)8.Black Death was_____in England in the summer of 1384 withoutany warning and, most importantly, without any cure.a.currentb. circulatingc. prevailing(最普通的)d.universal9.The good news is that as long as people infected with HIVkeep taking the triple-drug______,they have an excellentchance of surviving the infection for a long time.a.antigenb. cocktail(混合物)c. microbed.therapy10. Because it has long been known that HIV kills CD4 cellswhen it replicates inside them, many researchers have been too ready to ______that this is the reason they all die.a.discoverb. assume(假定)c. retortd.pronounceUnit 41.All this conversation_____the action of the play.a.speeds upb. slows down(使…慢下来)c. puts upd. putsdown2.Student nurses should not be left alone_____hospital wards.a.In charge of (负责)b. on dutyc. under the care ofd. in responsibility of3. He_____the level of unemployment in China.a. concernsb. has concernedc. is concerning aboutd.is concerned about(对…表示担忧)4. The tax cuts are good news for the rich, but the poor _____again.a. lose onb. lose downc. lose out (亏本)d. lose up5. Computer software_____some 70 percent of our range of products.a. accounts for(占有)b. accounts outc. counts ond. counts for6. For most WTO members, the negotiations_____under the old GATT system.a. took place(发生)b.took upc. went upd. put up7. When WTO rules_____discipline_____countries’policies, that is the outcome of negotiations among WTO members.a. send…onb. take…onc. impose…on(强加于)d. hold…on8. Luxury was_____his nature.a. alien to(与…相反)b. good toc. one ofd. up with9. It is_____the developed countries and the more advanced developing countries to provide generous assistance to help the lower-income developing countries.a. interesting tob. in the interest of(为了…的利益)c. obliged tod. of duty to10. Developing countries will_____the changes only if theireconomies are capable of responding.a. go withb. benefit from(从…中获益)c. get along withd. take fromUnit 51.The European Union steps in to stem what is no longer justBritain’s problem.a.halt(停滞)b. intrudec. produced. stamp2.In some people’s opinion, this epidemic of the mad-cowdisease has been at best a clumsy mistake of the British government, but some of the opponents scolded it as a disaster.a.catastrophe(灾难)b. disappointmentc. discreditd.disgrace3.The organization had come up with about €900 million to helpthis project.a.investedb. supplied(供给)c. depositedd.submitted4.The disposition of so many livestock carcasses would be aherculean task.b.honorable b. powerfulc. importantd.tremendous(巨大)5.Such a move might even convince the British that Europe couldactually be useful.a.motiveb. decision(决议)c. emotiond.motivation6.The plan is supposed to be presented at a full-dress meetingof Europe’s farm ministers this week.a.generalb. formal(正式的)c. privated.officious7.Many people balked at the idea of slaughtering healthyanimals at the taxpayers’ expense.a.confoundb. stopped abruptlyc. refused firmly(回避)d. were sad about8. At that time there were only 10 facilities in Britainlicensed for the incineration of livestock carcasses.a. incarnationb. dispositionc. cullingd.burning(燃烧)9. The new strain of CJD was implicated in another case,bringing the total of suspected victims to 13.a. entangled(卷入)b. implantedc. imposedd.absorbed10. They tried to prevent the project from being destroyed forshortage of money.a. get inb. leave offc. head off(阻止)d. bringaboutUnit 61.The officer inspected our passports and travel papersand_____us because our vacation certificates were missing.a.containedb. sustainedc. detained(拘留)d.retained2.We resumed our work after the break with_____energy.a.relievedb. renewed（恢复）c. refinedd.reinforced3.His tone_____his real feelings more than his words.a.conveyed(承载)b. paraphrasedc. performedd.conformed4.Even in ancient times，there were ____of night-watchmen whichwent about the cities.a.teamsb. routesc. patrols(巡逻队)d.guards5.He spoke clearly and _____and we could understand every wordhe said.a.distinguishedb. distinguishablec. distinctly(清晰地)d. distinctively6. The workers’promised wage increase is being_____while itis examined by the government to see if it is greater than the law allows.a. delayed(延迟)b. dismissedc. rejectedd.neglected7. Men’s never-ceasing_____for knowledge continues tobroaden our understanding of the earth’s atmosphere.a. requestb. investigationc. researchd.quest(质疑)8. You must_____your old passport when applying for a new one.a. resignb. surrender(上交)c. abandond. quit9. He felt_____as soon as he realized that he had asked afoolish question.a. embarrassed(尴尬的)b. boredc. disappointedd.displeased10. The floor was unsafe, as some of the floor-boards had_____away.a. damagedb. destroyedc. rotted(坏了)d. wasted Unit 71.Thousands of people were seriously_____in health byradioactive contamination.a.affected(被影响)b. effectedc. impressedd.struck2.The Bank of England has taken further steps to______control over the value of the pound.a.resumeb. resurrectc. retain(保持)d.retard3.It’s time to______our differences and work together for a common purpose.a.set forthb. set aside(撤销)c. set upond.set up as4.Science and invention played a very important rolein_____America’s industrial development.a.blockadingb. devotingc. fostering(培养)d.impacting5.The doctor’s ______was whether he should tell the patient the truth.a.dilemma(困境)b. inceptionc. fractiond.6.The volume of business does not_____an agency agreement atpresent.a. magnifyb. justify(证明合法)c. personifyd.terrify7.Microsoft follows the developments in every major computercompany and most technology_____in the world.a.adventureb. expertisec. fractionsd. ventures（合资企业）8.The question of _____agent is still under consideration andwe hope that you will continue your efforts in pushing the sale of our product at present stage.a.creativeb. exclusive(独有的)c. intensived.perspective9.Except for some colleges_____by the Catholic church, allcolleges and universities in the United States, public and private, are governed by a board of trustees composed primarily of laymen.a.elevatedc. patentedd.sponsored(赞助者)10. To the frustration of Hispanic publishers, advertisingagencies often treat Spanish-language or bilingual newspapers as_____in their marketing plans.a.afterthoughts(后加的东西)b. advantagesc. frustrationsd. penetrationsUnit 81. As the sky darkened it soon became obvious that a thunderstorm was______.a. immediateb. evidentc. imminent(迫近的)d.menacing2. ______of half-starving wolves were roaming the snow-coveredcountryside.a. Flocksb. Herdsc. Packs(形容狼群)d. Crowds3. The very idea of her winning the beauty contest isquite______.a. unlikelyb. strangec. absurd(荒谬的)d.nonsense4. The earnest student waited with some slight _________while the teacher was reading his essay.a. nervousness(神经质)b. resentmentc. annoyanced.despair5. The police have asked for the______of the public in tracingthe whereabouts of the missing child.a. aidb. co-operation(合作)c. adviced.helpfulness6. Today, household chores have been made much easier byelectrical_______. .a. facilitiesb. equipmentc.appliances(器具)d. utilities7. The factory was______ to the ground by the fire.a. razed(夷为平地)b. destroyedc. guttedd. ruined8. As a writer, Walter was very_____. .a. imaginaryb. imageryc. imaginative(有创造力的)d. imaginable9. He mumbled something and blushed as though a secret hadbeen______.a. imposedb. composedc. exposed(揭露)d.opposed10. Boys who try to ______a teacher are not sincere.a. make in forb. make up forc. make up to(接近)d. make on to11. The old house at the end of the street has recently been______.a. pulledb. leveledc. erasedd. demolished(拆除)12. Your service is entirely______, not compulsory.a. preferentialb. reluctantc. selectived. voluntary(自愿的)13. It took them years to_____ dictionary.a. compile(编译)b. writec. composed. construct14. His strange behavior aroused the ______of the police.a. doubtb. suspicion(怀疑)c. disbeliefd.misbelief15. Mr. Wong complained about the____ air-conditioner he boughtfrom the company.a. inefficientb. deficientc. ineffectived.defective（有缺陷的）Unit 91. That student has a_____view of teachers, believing thatthey are all as bad as hers were.a. unjustifiedb. stereotyped(成见)c. generalizedd.specialized2. The institution______ that it must be consulted on such issues.a. contended(主)b. contentedc. capturedd. congealed3. They_____their opponent as a liar so as to make him unpopular.a. distinguishedb.identifiedc. sterilizedd. stigmatized(污蔑)4. Some difficulties have_____in my work so I’ll be latecoming home tonight.a.creamed offb. cried offc. cropped up(突然出现)d.crossed out5.Be creative in your use of a textbook,_____ its materia1 ina variety of ways.a.counteractingb. employing(使用)c. respondingd.simplifying6.As life moves along to______us with realities, we must acceptour losses and learn how to let go.a.confront(面对)b. exposec. matchd. trigger7.The election results______up the spirits of the newly formedparty.a.blazedb. boastedc. bolstered(支持)d.boomed8.He gave a good speech, in which he______clearly the reasonsfor changing the law.9.depicted b. intensified c. proposed d. marshaled(整理)Professionals explicitly interpret what they observe, andoften______their data after the data co1lection process iscomplete and from the perspectives of the people they were observing.a.categorize (分类)b.sampleb.c.predict d. exploit10. People in that country are shocked at the______ of briberyamong the officials.a. caricatureb. prevalence（流行）c. exaggerationd. precedenceUnit 101.Throughout most of their lives, human beings______learn andincrease their mental capacities.a. perpetually(持久的)b. particularlyc. actuallyd. finally2. I just managed to______a quick breath before I was suckedunder the water by the passing boat.a. gainb. possessc. grabd. snatch(抢夺)3. This book is full of practical________ on home decorating and repairs.a. helpsb. tips(小技巧)c. cluesd. informs。

Unit 1A: formerly, embrace, artificial, regulate, precisely, unwanted, extraneous, passionate, be targeted to, at hand, be sued forB: ACBDB BBACDUnit 2A.uncovered, concurred, accompanies, frustrated, stereotype, switching, dismissed, distracted,adapted, assume, probe, subordinateB.BADB ADACUnit 3A.intricate, approximately, earthquake, versatile, isolated, reverse, as well as, interdependent,multiply, live on, kill off, out of true, qualify, (not) at all, spontaneouslyB.DABCA BCABCUnit 4A.on, up, by, in, behind, behind, through, in, out, in, on, in, by, out, up, with, down, off, away, inB.prime, constantly, at regular intervals, at arm's length, come off, got over, yielded, be put intooperation, challenging, resort to, swarming with, take inUnit 5A.find out, community, convert, make sense, ecstasy, replace, more or less, at least, intractable,make outB.BDABC BCACACloze: quantitatively, make up, at least, unlikely, even if, greater than, common-sense, turn out to be, increases, in the direction of, complaints, the Theory of Relativity, close to, so far as, not only Unit 6A.acbacabbB.singaled, steer, stand out, stand up for, secondary, stand by, steered, pulled up, pulled into,expireUnit 7A.get the better of, futility, one-way, unnerve, unscramble, chaotic, haphazardness, catch, smog,flute, depressing, nil, random, distress, institution, congregateB.DBCAB CADBC CCUnit8A. 1. boom 2.hybrid 3. executive 4. returns 5. apart from 6. unparalleled 7. bringabout 8. stillborn 9. strategy 10. subsequent 11. figure out 12. leave overB. 1. C 2.D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.D 10. Bll.A 12.C新生的亿万富翁■1最近所呈现的技术进步，新商务的欣欣何荣，以及个人财富的急剧增长是过去25年中计算机产业形成的第三次，也是最令人瞩目的一次浪潮。

unit2 商业化及其对于体育的影响杰.J.科克利商业体育已经成为了许多当代社会显而易见的部分。

它们还呈现出全球性的特征，随着经济利益跨越国界，继续在全球扩张。

下文重点探讨商业化如何影响体育运动的开展形式及其组织方式。

1 在整个历史长河中，人们都是把体育当作某种形式的公众娱乐。

然而，体育从未像今天这样作为一种商业产品被如此盛大地包装、推广、呈现和开展，有关体育的决策以及与体育相关的社会关系也同样从未如此显然地受到商业因素的影响。

对许多人来说，账本底线已取代了球门线，体育不再只是为了运动员们自身的兴趣而存在。

今天，乐趣和“好比赛”的定义取决于门票收入、特许权收入、媒体播放权的出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。

那么，当体育变得商业化时，它会怎样？当体育变得依赖于门票收入和媒体传播权的出售时，它会发生变化吗？2 我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性娱乐活动时，它的成功就依赖于观众的兴趣。

尽管观众对于体育的拥护背后潜藏着多种动机，但他们对于体育比赛的兴趣通常与三种相结合的因素有关：比赛结果的不确定性，参加一项比赛相关的风险或经济回报，以及预期中的运动员的卓越、英勇表现。

换句话说，当观众提及一场“不错的比赛”或一场“激动人心的比赛”时，这场比赛，通常在比赛即将结束的最后几分钟甚至几秒钟时，结果仍然扑朔迷离；或者比赛涉及高额奖金，因而运动员们都全身心地投入比赛；或者比赛展示了许多出色的或者“英雄式”的表现。

只要运动比赛包含所有这三方面因素，人们就会长时间记得并讨论这场比赛。

3 商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。

尽管观众会对其产生影响，但在历史上，运动项目保持了它们的基本结构。

创新也是在这一框架内进行的，并不会完全废除这项运动的基本设计。

例如，奥运会的商业化导致了某些赛事规则的微小变化，但其每项运动的基本结构还是和商家赞助及电视转播权出售之前基本一致。

4 看来，与运动的结构和目的相比，商业化更多的是影响运动参与者的取向。

研究生英语精读教程（下）答案Unit 2Exercise AI．Comprehension1．The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is clear．In the former case，some direct action is taken(for example，lethal injection is given．) to help finishing the patient’s unbearable pain for good，while in the latter，no direct action is taken，merely letting the patient die．2．The attitude of AMA is somewhat contradictory．First，it states that mercy killing is contrary to what the medical profession stands and also to its own policy．But then it goes on to say that the advice and judgment of the doctor should be available to the patient and／or his family．3．A lethal injection is one which can“kill”the patient immediately．The author thinks that once the decision not to prolong the patient's agony is made，to give him a lethal injection is the best choice．Otherwise the patient will suffer more rather than less．4．The most painful thing to do for a surgeon is to stand by and watch a savable baby die because his very duty is to use the scalpel to fight off death．5．Some people are opposed to all kinds of euthanasia because they believe that all people have the right to live．6．The author believes that the reason to let the baby die is only an excuse．And the real reason is that the child has Down's syndrome because the operation is very simple．7．No，killing someone is not morally worse than letting someone die．(An example is omitted．) 8．What the doctor does in active euthanasia is only for humane reasons．In a civil case of killing，however，the person acts from the motive of personal gain．That's the main difference．9．Mercy killing and conventional euthanasia are the same thing，because in both cases the passive part the doctor plays is emphasized．10．The attitude of AMA in its statement is contradictory．First，it forbids mercy killing, but then it goes on to deny that the cessation of treatment is the intentional termination of life．This is where the mistake is made, for the former is none other than the 1atter．Ⅱ．V ocabulary1．C 2．A 3．A 4．B 5．A6．C 7．C 8．D 9．A 10．D11．B 12．B 13：D 14．D 15．B16．C 17．A 18．D 19．A 20．DⅢ．Cloze1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D 5．C6．A 7．B 8．A 9．C 10．B11．D 12．A 13．B 14．B 15．CⅣ．TranslationA．没有一个年轻人相信他是要死的。

UNIT 1 PASSAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH (I)1 A person’s life at any given time incorporates both external and internal aspects. The external system is composed of our memberships in the culture: our job, social class, family and social roles, how we present ourselves to and participate in the world. The interior realm concerns the meanings this participation has for each of us. In what ways are our values, goals, and aspirations being invigorated or violated by our present life system? How many parts of our personality can we live out, and what parts are we suppressing? How do we feel about our way of living in the world at any given time?2 The inner realm is where the crucial shifts in bedrock begin to throw a person off balance, signaling the necessity to change and move on to a new footing in the next stage of development. These crucial shifts occur throughout life, yet people consistently refuse to recognize that they possess an internal life system. Ask anyone who seems down, “Why are you feeling low?” Most will displace the inner message onto a marker event: “I’ve been down since we moved, since I changed jobs, since my wife went back to graduate school and turned into a damn social worker in sackcloth,” and so on. Probably less than ten percent would say: “There is some unknown disturbance within me, and even though it’s painful, I feel I have to stay with it and ride it out.” Even fewer people would be able to explain that the turbulence they feel may have no external cause. And yet it may not resolve itself for several years.3 During each of these passages, how we feel about our way of living will undergo subtle changes in four areas of perception. One is the interior sense of self in relation to others. A second is the proportion of safeness to danger we feel in our lives. A third is our perception of time—do we have plenty of it, or are we beginning to feel that time is running out? Last, there will be some shift at the gut level in our sense of aliveness or stagnation. These are the hazy sensations that compose the background tone of living and shape the decisions on which we take action.4 The work of adult life is not easy. As in childhood, each step presents not only new tasks of development but requires a letting go of the techniques that worked before. With each passage some magic must be given up, some cherished illusion of safety and comfortably familiar sense of self must be cast off, to allow for the greater expansion of our own distinctiveness.Pulling Up Roots5 Before 18, the motto is loud and clear: “I have to get away from my parents.” But the words are seldom connected to action. Generally still safely part of our families, even if away at school, we feel our autonomy to be subject to erosion from moment to moment.6 After 18, we begin Pulling Up Roots in earnest. College, military service, and short-term travels are all customary vehicles our society provides for the first round trips between family and a base of one’s own. In the attempt to separate our view of the world from our family’s view, despite vigorous protestations to the contrary—“I know exactly what I want!”— we cast about for any beliefs we can call our own. And in the process of testing those beliefs we are often drawn tofads, preferably those most mysterious and inaccessible to our parents.7 Whatever tentative memberships we try out in the world, the fear haunts us that we are really kids who cannot take care of ourselves. We cover that fear with acts of defiance and mimicked confidence. For allies to replace our parents, we turn to our contemporaries. They become conspirators. So long as their perspective meshes with our own, they are able to substitute fo r the sanctuary of the family. But that doesn’t last very long. And the instan t they diverge from the shaky ideals of “our group”, they are seen as betrayers. Rebounds to the family are common between the ages of 18 and 22.8 The tasks of this passage are to locate ourselves in a peer group role, a sex role, an anticipated occupation, an ideology or world view. As a result, we gather the impetus to leave home physically and the identity to begin leaving home emotionally.9 Even as one part of us seeks to be an individual, another part longs to restore the safety and comfort of merging with another. Thus one of the most popular myths of this passage is: We can piggyback our development by attaching to a Stronger One. But people who marry during this time often prolong financial and emotional ties to the family and relatives that impede them from becoming self-sufficient.10 A stormy passage through the Pulling Up Roots years will probably facilitate the normal progression of the adult life cycle. If one doesn’t have an identity crisis at this point, it will erupt during a later transition, when the penalties may be harder to bear.The Trying Twenties11 The Trying Twenties confront us with the question of how to take hold in the adult world. Our focus shifts from the interior turmoils of late adolescence—“Who am I?”“What is truth?”—and we become almost totally preoccupied with working out the externals. “How do I put my aspirations into effect?” “What is the best way to start?” “Where do I go?” “Who can help me?” “How did you do it?”12 In this period, which is longer and more stable compared with the passage that leads to it, the tasks are as enormous as they are exhilarating: To shape a Dream, that vision of ourselves which will generate energy, aliveness, and hope. To prepare for a lifework. To find a mentor if possible. And to form the capacity for intimacy, without losing in the process whatever consistency of self we have thus far mustered. The first test structure must be erected around the life we choose to try.13 Doing what we “should” is the most pervasive theme of the twenties. The “shoulds” are largely defined by family models, the press of the culture, or the prejudices of our peers. If the prevailing cultural instructions are that one should get married and settle down behind one’s own door, a nuclear family is born.14 One of the terrifying aspects of the twenties is the inner conviction that the choices we make are irrevocable. It is largely a false fear. Change is quite possible, and some alteration of our original choices is probably inevitable.15 Two impulses, as always, are at work. One is to build a firm, safe structure for the future by making strong commitments, to “be set”. Yet people who slip into a ready-made form without much self-examination are likely to find themselves locked in.16 The other urge is to explore and experiment, keeping any structure tentative and therefore easily reversible. Taken to the extreme, these are people who skip from one trial job and one limited personal encounter to another, spending their twenties in the transient state.17 Although the choices of our twenties are not irrevocable, they do set in motion a Life Pattern. Some of us follow the locked-in pattern, others the transient pattern, the wunderkind pattern, the caregiver pattern, and there are a number of others. Such patterns strongly influence the particular questions raised for each person during each passage through the life.18 Buoyed by powerful illusions and belief in the power of the will, we commonly insist in our twenties that what we have chosen to do is the one true course in life. Our backs go up at the merest hint that we are like our parents, that two decades of parental training might be reflected in our current actions and attitudes.19 “Not me,” is the motto, “I’m different.”UNIT 2 AIDS IN THE THIRD WORLD A GLOBAL DISASTER1 In rich countries AIDS is no longer a death sentence. Expensive drugs keep HIV-positive patients alive and healthy, perhaps indefinitely. Loud public-awareness campaigns keep the number of infected Americans, Japanese and West Europeans to relatively low levels. The sense of crisis is past.2 In developing countries, by contrast, the disease is spreading like nerve gas in a gentle breeze. The poor cannot afford to spend $10,000 a year on wonder pills. Millions of Africans are dying. In the longer term, even greater numbers of Asians are at risk. For many poor countries, there is no greater or more immediate threat to public health and economic growth. Yet few political leaders treat it as a priority.3 Since HIV was first identified in the 1970s, over 47 million people have been infected, of whom 14 million have died. Last year saw the biggest annual death toll yet: 2.5 million. The disease now ranks fourth among the wor ld’s big killers, after respiratory infections, diarrhea disorders and tuberculosis. It now claims many more lives each year than malaria, a growing menace, and is still nowhere near its peak. If India and other Asian countries do not take it seriously, th e number of infections could reach “a new order of magnitude”, says Peter Piot, head of the UN’s AIDS programme.4 The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is thought to have crossed from chimpanzees to humans in the late 1940s or early 1950s in Congo. It took several years for the virus to break out of Congo’s dense and sparsely populated jungles but, once it did, it marched with rebel armies through the continent’s numerous war zones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next, and eventually flew,perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in the early 1980s. As American homosexuals and drug infectors started to wake up to the dangers of bath-houses andneedle-sharing, AIDS was already devastating Africa.5 So far, the worst-hit areas are east and southern Africa. In Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, between a fifth and a quarter of people aged 15-49 are afflicted with HIV or AIDS. In Botswana, children born early in the next decade will have a life expectancy of 40; without AIDS it would have been near 70. Of the 25 monitoring sites in Zimbabwe where pregnant women are tested for HIV, only two in 1997 showed prevalence below 10%. At the remaining 23 sites,20-50% of women were infected. About a third of these women will pass the virus on to their babies.6 The region’s giant, South Africa, was largely protected by its isolation from the rest of the world during the apartheid years. Now it is host to one in ten of the world’s new infections—more than any other country. In the country’s most populous province, KwaZulu-Natal, perhaps a third of sexually active adults are HIV-positive.7 Asia is the next disaster-in-waiting. Already, 7 million Asians a re infected. India’s 930 million people look increasingly vulnerable. The Indian countryside, which most people imagined relatively AIDS-free, turns out not to be. A recent study in Tamil Nadu found over 2% of rural people to be HIV-positive: 500,000 peopl e in one of India’s smallest states. Since 10% had other sexually transmitted diseases (STDS), the avenue for further infections is clearly open. A survey of female STD patients in Poona, in Maharashtra, found that over 90% had never had sex with anyone but their husband; and yet 13.6% had HIV.8 No one knows what AIDS will do to poor countries’ economies, for nowhere has the epidemic run its course. An optimistic assessment, by Alan Whiteside of the University of Natal, suggests that the effect of AIDS on measurable GDP will be slight. Even at high prevalence, Mr. Whiteside thinks it will slow growth by no more than 0.6% a year. This is because so many people in poor countries do not contribute much to the formal economy. To put it even more crudely, where there is a huge oversupply of unskilled labour, the dead can easily be replaced.9 Other researchers are more pessimistic. AIDS takes longer to kill than did the plague, so the cost of caring for the sick will be more crippling. Modern governments, unlike medieval ones, tax the healthy to help look after the ailing, so the burden will fall on everyone. And AIDS, because it is sexually transmitted, tends to hit the most energetic and productive members of society. A recent study in Namibia estimated that AIDS cost the country almost 8% of GNP in 1996. Another analysis predicts that Kenya’s GDP will be 14.5% smaller in 2005 than it would have been without AIDS, and that income per person will be 10% lower.The cost of the disease10 In general, the more advanced the economy, the worse it will be affected by a large number of AIDS deaths. South Africa, with its advanced industries, already suffers a shortage of skilled manpower, and cannot afford to lose more. In better-off developing countries, people have more savings tofall back on when they need to pay medical bills. Where people have health and life insurance, those industries will be hit by bigger claims. Insurers protect themselves by charging more or refusing policies to HIV-positive customers. In Zimbabwe, life-insurance premiums quadrupled in two years because of AIDS. Higher premiums force more people to seek treatment in public hospitals: in South Africa, HIV and AIDS could account for between 35% and 84% ofpublic-health expenditure by 2005, according to one projection.11 At a macro level, the impact of AIDS is felt gradually. But at a household level, the blow is sudden and catastrophic. When a breadwinner develops AIDS, his (or her) family is impoverished twice over: his income vanishes, and his relations must devote time and money to nursing him. Daughters are often forced to drop out of school to help. Worse, HIV tends not to strike just one member of a family. Husbands give it to wives, mothers to babies.12 The best hope for halting the epidemic is a cheap vaccine. Efforts are under way, but a vaccine for a virus that mutates as rapidly as HIV will be hugely difficult and expensive to invent. For poor countries, the only practical course is to concentrate on prevention. But this, too, will be hard, for a plethora of reasons.Sex is fun... Many feel that condoms make it less so. Zimbabweans ask: “Would you eat a sweet with its wrapper on?”... and discussion of it is often taboo. In Kenya, Christian and Islamic groups have publicly burned anti-AIDS leaflets and condoms, as a protest against what they see as the encouragement of promiscuity.Poverty. Those who cannot afford television find other ways of passing the evening. People cannot afford antibiotics, so the untreated sores from STDS provide easy openings for HIV.Migrant labour. Since wages are much higher in South Africa than in the surrounding region, outsiders flock in to find work. Migrant miners (including South Africans forced to live far from their homes) spend most of the year in single-sex dormitories surrounded by prostitutes. Living with a one-in-40 chance of being killed by a rockfall, they are inured to risk. When they go home, they often infect their wives.War. Refugees, whether from genocide in Rwanda or state persecution in Myanmar, spread HIV as they flee. Soldiers, with their regular pay and disdain for risk, are more likely than civilians to contract HIV from prostitutes. When they go to war, they infect others. In Africa the problem is dire. In Congo, where no fewer than seven armies are embroiled, the government has accused Ugandan troops (which are helping the Congolese rebels) of deliberately spreading AIDS. Unlikely, but with estimated HIV prevalence in the seven armies ranging from 50% for the Angolans to an incredible 80% for the Zimbabweans, the effect is much the same. Sexism. In most poor countries, it is hard for a woman to ask her partner to use a condom. Wives who insist risk being beaten up. Rape is common, especially where wars rage. Forced sex is a particularly effective means of HIV transmission, because of the extra blood. Drinking. Asia and Africa makemany excellent beers. They are also home to a lot of people for whom alcohol is the quickest escape from the stresses of acute poverty. Drunken lovers are less likely to remember to use condoms.How to fight the virus13 Pessimists look at that situation and despair. But three success stories show that the hurdles to prevention are not impossibly high.14 First, Thailand. One secret of Thailand’s success has been timely, accurateinformation-gathering. HIV was first detected in Thailand in the mid-1980s, among male homosexuals. The health ministry immediately began to monitor other high-risk groups, particularly the country’s many heroin addicts and prostitutes. In the first half of 1988, HIV prevalence among drug injectors tested at one Bangkok hospital leapt from 1% to 30%. Shortly afterwards, infections soared among prostitutes.15 The response was swift. A survey of Thai sexual behaviour was conducted. The results, which showed men indulging in a phenomenal amount of unprotected commercial sex, were publicized. Thais were warned that a major epidemic would strike if their habits did not change. A “100% condom use” campaign persuaded prostitutes to insist on protection 90% of the time with non-regular customers.16 Most striking was the government’s success in persuading people that they were at risk long before they started to see acquaintances die from AIDS. There was no attempt to play down the spread of HIV to avoid scaring off tourists, as happened in Kenya. Thais were repeatedly warned of the dangers, told how to avoid them, and left to make their own choices. Most decided that a long life was preferable to a fast one.17 Second, Uganda. Thailand shows what is possible in a well-educated, fairly prosperous country. Uganda shows that there is hope even for countries that are poor and barely literate. President Yoweri Museveni recognized the threat shortly after becoming president in 1986, and deluged the country with anti-AIDS warnings.18 The key to Uganda’s success is twofold. First, Mr. Museveni made every government department take the problem seriously, and implement its own plan to fight the virus. Accurate surveys of sexual behaviour were done for only $20,000-30,000 each. Second, he recognized that his government could do only a limited amount, so he gave free rein to scores ofnon-governmental organizations (NGOS), usually foreign-financed, to do whatever it took to educate people about risky sex.19 Third, Senegal. If Uganda shows how a poor country can reverse the track of an epidemic, Senegal shows how to stop it from taking off in the first place. This West African country was fortunate to be several thousand mi les from HIV’s origin. In the mid-1980s, when other parts of Africa were already blighted, Senegal was still relatively AIDS-free. In concert withnon-governmental organizations and the press and broadcasters, the government set up a national AIDS-control programme to keep it that way.20 Contrast these three with South Africa. On December 1st, World AIDS Day, President Nelson Mandela told the people of KwaZulu-Natal that HIV would devastate their communities if not checked. The speech was remarkable not for its quality—Mr. Mandela is always able to move audiences—but for its rarity. Unlike Mr. Museveni, South Africa’s leader seldom uses his authority to encourage safer sex. It is a tragic omission. Whereas the potholed streets of Kampala are lined with signs promoting fidelity and condoms, this correspondent has, in eight months in South Africa, seen only two anti-AIDS posters, both in the UN’s AIDS office in Pretoria.UNIT 3 NEW FINDINGS OF HIV1 For almost four years, research into HIV has been dominated by a single theory about how the virus causes the catastrophic collapse of the immune defences that leads to AIDS. But the consensus on this theory is now crumbling, thanks in part to the work of a Dutch team led by immunologist Frank Miedema. If the Dutch team is right, the consequences will be profound. People with HIV may hope for new types of treatment. And some of the most cherished dogmas ofa multibillion-dollar research industry may be overturned.2 The prevailing view about how HIV causes AIDS is that every day the virus makes billions of copies of itself and, in doing so, kills billions of the key defence cells that it infects, a class of T cell known as CD4 cells. These vital cells orchestrate the body’s immune response. Every da y the infected person’s immune system attempts to replace these cells. After years of waging this immunological war, the body eventually fails to keep pace with the virus and the numbers of CD4 cells become dangerously low, leaving the body unable to defend itself against microorganisms and cancerous cells.3 But Miedema and his colleagues at the University of Amsterdam see things differently. They agree that the number of CD4 cells ultimately dwindles, but not because the virus is killing them off. In their view, the virus impairs the body’s ability to produce new CD4 cells, and—critically—it traps existing cells in lymph nodes and other tissues, preventing their movement in and out of the bloodstream. As large numbers of CD4 cells become trapped in this way, and the body fails to produce a sufficient number of new ones, the dwindling population of circulating cells becomes increasingly restricted in its range and ability to respond to different invading microbes.4 Naturally, the champions of the prevailing theory dispute the Dutch ideas. David Ho, chief architect and proponent of the accepted view, at the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York, has told colleagues that “the whole field would have to be turned upside down if they were right”. But elsewhere, the controversial Dutch theory is gaining ground. Indeed, it builds on ideas that have been circulating since about 1990, among researchers such as Yvonne Rosenberg at TherImmune, a company in Maryland, and John Sprent, at the University of California, San Diego. Earlier this month, Miedema’s latest findings were aired at a major international meeting in Glasgow on new therapies for HIV—a sign that the ideas are attracting interest from those at the sharp end of AIDS treatment.5 The widely accepted view, that HIV is a mass murderer of cells, first took hold in 1995, when Ho and his colleagues in New York, and another group led by George Shaw of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, published two seminal papers in the journal Nature. These papers reported that there was a large and rapid turnover of CD4 cells in people with HIV infection, and that therapy with a powerful cocktail of antiviral drugs brought about huge and immediate increases in the numbers of these cells. The fact that the cells bounced back so quickly was due, Ho and Shaw reasoned, to the effects of the antiviral drugs. By stopping HIV from building new copies of itself, the drugs stopped the virus from killing (or “lysing”)cells, while new cells continued to be produced at a rapid rate. This compelling idea offered a simple explanation for how HIV could wreak such havoc. Overnight, the theory became dogma.6 Then, in November 1996, Miedema proposed an alternative view. His work at that time centred on telomeres. These are the small sections of DNA at each end of a chromosome that are shortened with each cycle of cell division. Miedema and his colleagues reasoned that if CD4 cells were being constantly destroyed, then the unremitting cell division needed to supply the new cells would wear away their telomeres.7 Yet the length of the telomeres turned out to be stable. “This means that cells are not being turned over in massive numbers,” Miedema said at the time. “Our data cannot be interpreted any other way.” He sugg ested that if the cells are disappearing but not being destroyed, then HIV must be hitting their production instead.8 Ho disagreed. He said that an enzyme called telomerase, which rebuilds telomeres in cells that need to carry on dividing indefinitely, such as reproductive cells, is overactive in people with HIV. The enzyme is active in their immune cells, where normally it is absent. He argued that this overactivity could explain why the telomeres do not shorten. But Miedema’s group has tested T cells from people with HIV and has found no evidence of increased telomerase activity. Ho retorts that their tests are not sufficiently sensitive, and that special assays are needed.9 Ho’s views find support from Tomas Lindahl, a telomere specialist at Britain’s Imperial Cancer Research Fund. “I don’t think the telomere argument... is very strong,” he says. “Telomerase activity is notoriously difficult to measure.”10 Indeed, other researchers now suggest that Miedema may have misinterpreted his original results. They believe that he found the average length of telomeres to be stable because he missed those cells that were disappearing most rapidly—the very cells that would have the shortest telomeres if they were turning over at the rate Ho suggests.11 Whether the telomere research is significant or not, a growing number of researchers now believe that HIV does prevent the production of new T cells. Mike McCune at the University of California, San Francisco, suggests that the site of this inhibition could be the thymus, the organwhere CD4 cells develop. But the Dutch group and others were increasingly convinced that there was another possibility. If T cells were disappearing from the blood, perhaps it was not just because new cells were failing to appear. It could also be that existing cells were being hidden away in other tissues. Miedema and his colleagues were puzzled by the flood of CD4 cells rushing into the blood that Ho and others had observed when infected people start to take antiviral drugs. They knew that the rise was rapid and then reached a plateau, and so they argued that it could not be due to the production of new cells because this would lead to a slow, more sustained increase. Instead, it must be due to the release of existing CD4 cells trapped in lymph nodes and elsewhere.12 Their own experiments supported their hunch. When they analysed T cells in the blood of people with HIV as they started antiviral treatment, they found the same steep rise of CD4 cells, reaching a plateau within three weeks. The findings also appear to explain a phenomenon that has puzzled doctors, namely that the more advanced a person’s HIV infection, the greater the initial rise in their CD4 cell count when they start antiviral therapy. This, says Miedema, is because more and more cells become trapped as infection persists. If Ho and Shaw were right, the increase in CD4 cells should be modest in such people, because the virus would have killed so many of their cells.13 But the nature of the newly appeared cells gave the Dutch team further support. They were virtually all so-called CD4 memory cells——that is, cells that had already come into contact with antigens from specific invading microbes. What is more, so-called naive CD4 cells——those that have not yet met an antigen—did not immediately appear. These findings strengthen the argument that antiviral drugs were not preventing HIV from killing cells, but simply releasing into the blood mature CD4 cells that had been trapped elsewhere.14 An obvious response to the suggestion that CD4 cells are disappearing from blood into lymph tissue might be: “ Why not count them?” Unfortunately, this is easier said than done. Removinglymph tissue is awkward and unpleasant—and may be unhelpful to patients whose immune systems are already disrupted. Equally important, researchers would not know exactly how many CD4 cells a patient had in the first place, and therefore would have no baseline figure with which to compare their estimate. Finally, even in healthy individuals, the number of CD4 cells in the bloodstream is a tiny proportion—between 1 and 2 per cent—of the total. So even if the researchers measured their decline in the bloodstream and estimated their numbers in the lymph nodes over a period of time, the margin of error would probably be too wide for the counts to be meaningful.15 The Dutch group now has the backing of a growing number of immunologists. Brigitte Autran at the Pitié-Salpetrière Hospital in Paris has found that, in people with HIV who take powerful drug cocktails, the immune system appears to be able to take a break from the damaging effects of the virus and boost its numbers of naive CD4 cells. This implies that the unchecked virus does indeed prevent the production of new CD4 cells. And, in the latest move, also reported at the Glasgow meeting, Miedema found that the immature。

吐血整理当代研究生英语读写教程2~7和9中英对照word版Unit 2 WHY IS IT SO HARD FOR MEN AND WOMEN TO TALK 男女交谈为何如此困难I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward to end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands do not talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She is the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It is true," he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she did not keep the conversation going, we would spend the whole evening in silence."那是在弗吉尼亚郊区一个住所的客厅里，我正在一次小型聚会上发言——这是一次女性的聚会，但也邀请了男性参加。

The Hidden Side of HappinessPleasure only gets you so far. A rich, rewarding life often requires a messy battle with adversity.幸福隐藏的另一面愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better. Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it."1、飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流飘筏失事、坠机、黄昏小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找到这些但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。

他们可能都会这样说：“希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。

”We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There is a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive reactions to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest. In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives have in some ways improved.2、我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中：在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会迸发出来。