麻省理工-混凝土与结构教程(中、英文)钢筋混凝土结构的设计准则

中英文资料对照外文翻译目录1 中文翻译 (1)1.1钢筋混凝土 (1)1.2土方工程 (2)1.3结构的安全度 (3)2 外文翻译 (6)2.1 Reinforced Concrete (6)2.2 Earthwork (7)2.3 Safety of Structures (9)1 中文翻译1.1钢筋混凝土素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。

将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内，并将其捣实，然后进行养护，以加速水泥与水的水化反应，最后获得硬化的混凝土。

其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。

其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之一。

因此，截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。

由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异，因此，需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。

将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置，可以最好的利用这两种材料。

这一要求是可以达到的。

因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物，经过振捣并凝固硬化，可以做成任何一种需要的形状。

如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当，则混凝土制成品的强度较高，经久耐用，配置钢筋后，可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。

浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型，诸如：柱、梁、墙、板、基础，大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。

对于梁、柱、墙等构件，当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油，钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。

浇筑基础前，应将坑底土夯实并用水浸湿6英寸，以免土壤从新浇的混凝土中吸收水分。

一般情况下，除使用混凝土泵浇筑外，混凝土都应在水平方向分层浇筑，并使用插入式或表面式高频电动振捣器捣实。

必须记住，过分的振捣将导致骨料离析和混凝土泌浆等现象，因而是有害的。

水泥的水化作用发生在有水分存在，而且气温在50°F以上的条件下。

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照外文翻译英文原文：Concrete structure reinforcement designAbstract：structure in the long-term natural environment and under the use environment's function, its function is weaken inevitably gradually, our structural engineering's duty not just must finish the building earlier period the project work, but must be able the science appraisal structure damage objective law and the degree, and adopts the effective method guarantee structure the security use, that the structure reinforcement will become an important work. What may foresee will be the 21st century, the human building also by the concrete structure, the steel structure, the bricking-up structure and so on primarily, the present stage I will think us in the structure reinforcement this aspect research should also take this as themain breakthrough direction.Key word： Concrete structure reinforcement bricking-up structure reinforcement steel structure reinforcement1 Concrete structure reinforcementConcrete structure's reinforcement divides into the direct reinforcement and reinforces two kinds indirectly, when the design may act according to the actual condition and the operation requirements choice being suitable method and the necessary technology.1.1the direct reinforcement's general method1）Enlarges the section reinforcement lawAdds the concretes cast-in-place level in the reinforced concrete member in bending compression zone, may increase the section effective height, the expansion cross sectional area, thus enhances the component right section anti-curved, the oblique section anti-cuts ability and the section rigidity, plays the reinforcement reinforcement the role.In the suitable muscle scope, the concretes change curved the component right section supporting capacity increase along with the area of reinforcement and the intensity enhance. In the original component right section ratio of reinforcement nottoo high situation, increases the main reinforcement area to be possible to propose the plateau component right section anti-curved supporting capacity effectively. Is pulledin the section the area to add the cast-in-place concrete jacket to increase the component section, through new Canada partial and original component joint work,but enhances the component supporting capacity effectively, improvement normal operational performance.Enlarges the section reinforcement law construction craft simply, compatible,and has the mature design and the construction experience; Is suitable in Liang, the board, the column, the wall and the general structure concretes reinforcement; But scene construction's wet operating time is long, to produces has certain influence withthe life, and after reinforcing the building clearance has certain reduction.2) Replacement concretes reinforcement lawThis law's merit with enlarges the method of sections to be close, and afterreinforcing, does not affect building's clearance, but similar existence construction wet operating time long shortcoming; Is suitable somewhat low or has concretes carrier's and so on serious defect Liang, column in the compression zone concretes intensity reinforcement.3) the caking outsourcing section reinforcement lawOutside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement is wraps in the section or the steel plate is reinforced component's outside, outside the Baotou Steel Factory reinforces reinforced concrete Liang to use the wet outsourcing law generally, namely uses the epoxy resinification to be in the milk and so on methods with to reinforce the section the construction commission to cake a whole, after the reinforcement component, because is pulled with the compressed steel cross sectional area large scale enhancement, therefore right section supporting capacity and section rigidity large scale enhancement.This law also said that the wet outside Baotou Steel Factory reinforcement law, the stress is reliable, the construction is simple, the scene work load is small, but is big with the steel quantity, and uses in above not suitably 600C in the non-protection's situation the high temperature place; Is suitable does not allow in the use obviously to increase the original component section size, but requests to sharpen its bearing capacity large scale the concrete structure reinforcement.4) Sticks the steel reinforcement lawOutside the reinforced concrete member in bending sticks the steel reinforcement is (right section is pulled in the component supporting capacity insufficient sector area, right section compression zone or oblique section) the superficial glue steel plate, like this may enhance is reinforced component's supporting capacity, and constructs conveniently.This law construction is fast, the scene not wet work or only has the plastering and so on few wet works, to produces is small with the life influence, and after reinforcing, is not remarkable to the original structure outward appearance and the original clearance affects, but the reinforcement effect is decided to a great extent by the gummy craft and the operational level; Is suitable in the withstanding static function, and is in the normal humidity environment to bend or the tension memberreinforcement.5) Glue fibre reinforcement plastic reinforcement lawOutside pastes the textile fiber reinforcement is pastes with the cementing material the fibre reinforcement compound materials in is reinforced the component to pull the region, causes it with to reinforce the section joint work, achieves sharpens the component bearing capacity the goal. Besides has glues the steel plate similar merit, but also has anticorrosive muddy, bears moistly, does not increase the self-weight of structure nearly, durably, the maintenance cost low status merit, but needs special fire protection processing, is suitable in each kind of stress nature concrete structure component and the general construction.This law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.6) Reeling lawThis law's good and bad points with enlarge the method of sections to be close; Is suitable reinforcement which is insufficient in the concrete structure component oblique section supporting capacity, or must exert the crosswise binding force to the compressional member the situation.7) Fang bolt anchor lawThis law is suitable in the concretes intensity rank is the C20~C60 concretes load-bearing member transformation, the reinforcement; It is not suitable for already the above structure which and the light quality structure makes decent seriously.1.2The indirect reinforcement's general method1)Pre-stressed reinforcement law(1)Thepre-stressed horizontal tension bar reinforces concretes member in bending,because the pre-stressed and increases the exterior load the combined action, in the tension bar has the axial tension, this strength eccentric transmits on the component through the pole end anchor (, when tension bar and Liang board bottom surface close fitting, tension bar can look for tune together with component, thisfashion has partial pressures to transmit directly for component bottom surface), has the eccentric compression function in the component, this function has overcome the bending moment which outside the part the load produces, reduced outside the load effect, thus sharpened component's anti-curved ability. At the same time, because the tension bar passes to component's pressure function, the component crack development can alleviate, the control, the oblique section anti-to cut the supporting capacity also along with it enhancement.As a result of the horizontal lifting stem's function, the original component's section stress characteristic by received bends turned the eccentric compression, therefore, after the reinforcement, component's supporting capacity was mainly decided in bends under the condition the original component's supporting capacity 。

《混凝土结构基本原理》课程教学大纲课程编号：030158 学分：4 总学时：68大纲执笔人：屈文俊、苏小卒大纲审核人：顾祥林一、课程性质与目的本课程是土木工程专业和地质工程专业必修的主要专业基础课程之一，实际上也是一门专业技术必修课，教学目的是使学生掌握由钢筋及混凝土这两种材料所组成的结构构件的基本力学性能，并能理解它与先修课程如材料力学、结构力学以及姐妹课程钢结构的区别和联系，从而为后继课程——《建筑混凝土结构设计》的学习建立必要的基本概念和理论准备，进而为选修课程及研究生课程学习打下基础。

本课程采用双语教学。

二、课程基本要求(一) 绪论了解钢筋混凝土结构的一般概念与特点，了解其工程应用及发展概况。

(二）材料性能熟悉钢筋混凝土材料的特点，掌握钢筋和混凝土的强度及应力应变关系，熟悉混凝土的收缩和徐变特性。

(三) 轴压及轴拉构件的受力性能熟悉轴压及轴拉构件截面的实验结果，掌握其弹塑性分析的方法。

(四) 受弯构件正截面受力性能掌握典型试验结果，熟练掌握各种情况下的弹塑性分析。

(五) 受弯构件斜截面受力性能熟悉主要试验结果，各种情况下的应力状态和影响受剪承载力的主要因素掌握梁的受剪性能和受剪承载力计算。

(六) 偏压、偏拉构件正截面受力性能熟悉主要试验结果和各种影响因素，掌握承载力计算和延性的概念。

(七) 构件的受扭性能熟悉主要试验结果，熟练掌握纯扭构件的弹性分析和塑性分析，掌握复合受扭截面的分析。

(八) 构件受冲切性能熟悉主要试验结果，掌握板及基础受冲切的性能和分析，局部受压承载力计算。

(九) 粘结与锚固熟悉主要试验结果，掌握粘结机理和强度，锚固长度、搭接长度等。

(十) 预应力混凝土结构受力性能掌握预应力混凝土的基本原理和计算方法，熟练掌握弹性状态和极限状态的截面分析方法。

(十一) 混凝土构件的使用性能熟悉主要试验结果，裂缝控制及变形计算的理论和方法。

(十二)混凝土结构的耐久性了解混凝土结构耐久性的基本概念。

Prof. Oral BuyukozturkOutline 1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures (3-0-9)Outline 1Introduction / Design Criteria forReinforced Concrete StructuresStructural designo Definition of design:Determination of the general shape and all specific dimensions of a particular structure so that it will perform the function for which it is created and will safely withstand the influences which will act on it throughout its useful life.Æ Principles of mechanics, structural analysis, behavioral knowledge in structures and materials.Æ Engineering experience and intuition.Æ (a) Function, (b) strength with safety requirements will vary for structures.Æ Influences and structural response:o Structural mechanics:A tool that permits one to predict the response (with a required level of accuracy, and a good degree of certainty) of a structure to defined influences.Failure (strength) Failure mode Deformations Cracking Stresses MotionLoadsTemperature fluctuations Foundation settlements Time effects Corrosion Earthquakes Other environmental effectso Role of the designer (engineer) of a structureDesign criteria for concreteo Two schools of thoughts1. Base strength predictions on nonlinear theory using actual σ-ε relation1897 – M.R. von Thullie (flexural theory)1899 – W. Ritter (parabolic stress distribution theory] 2. Straight-line theory (elastic)1900 – E. Coignet and N. de Tedesco (the straight-line (elastic) theory of concrete behavior)o Working Stress Design (WSD) – Elastic theory1. Assess loads (service loads) (Building Code Requirements)2. Use linear elastic analysis techniques to obtain the resulting internal forces (load effects): bending, axial force, shear, torsion At service loads: max all σσ≤e.g. 'all 0.45cc f σ= compression in bendingall0.50sy f σ= flexureo Ultimate Strength Design (USD)The members are designed taking inelastic strain into account to reach ultimate strength when an ultimate load is applied to the structure.The load effects at the ultimate load may be found by (a) assuming a linear-elastic behavior(b) taking into account the nonlinear redistribution of actions. Sectional design is based on ultimate load conditions. Some reasons for the trend towards USD are (a) Efficient distribution of stresses(b)Allows a more rational selection of the load factors(c)Allows designer to assess the ductility of the structure in thepost-elastic rangeo Limit State DesignServiceability limit state:Deformation, fatigue, ductility.Ultimate limit state:Strength, plastic collapse, brittle fracture, instability, etc.It has been recognized that the design approach for reinforced concrete (RC) ideally should combine the best features of ultimatestrength and working stress designs:(a)strength at ultimate load(b)deflections at service load(c)crack widths at service loado ACI (American Concrete Institute) Code emphasizes:(a)strength provisions(b)serviceability provisions (deflections, crack widths)(c)ductility provisions (stress redistribution, ductile failure)Design factorso1956 – A.L.L. Baker (simplified method of safety factor determination) o1971 – ACI Code (load factors and capacity (strength, resistance) reduction factors)o2002 – ACI 318 Building Codeo Design loads (U) are factored to ensure the safety and reliability of structural performance.o Structural capacities (φ) of concrete material are reduced to account for inaccuracies in construction and variations in properties.Safetyo Semi-probabilistic design is achieved by introducing the use of load factors,γ, and capacity reduction factors, φ.lo Load factors – ACI 318 Building CodeLoad combinationsU = 1.4(D + F)U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(L r or S or R)U = 1.2D + 1.6(L r or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 1.0(L r or S or R)U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2SU = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6HU = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6Hwhere D = dead load; F = lateral fluid pressure; T = self-strainingforce (creep, shrinkage, and temperature effects); L = live load; H =load due to the weight and lateral pressure of soil and water in soil;L r = roof load; S = snow load; R = rain load; W = wind load; E =earthquake load.ACI 318-02 also provides exceptions to the values in above expressions.o Capacity reduction factors – ACI 318 Building CodeMembers subject to structural actions and their associated reduction factor (φ)Beam or slab in bending or flexure: 0.9Columns with ties: 0.65Columns with spirals: 0.70Columns carrying very small axial loads: 0.65~0.9 for tie stirrupsand 0.7~0.9 for spiral stirrups.Beam in shear and torsion: 0.75Relation between resistance capacity and load effects1mn i i i R l φγ=≥∑ Æ resistance sum of load effects≥For a structure loaded by dead and live loads the overall safety factor is 1.2 1.61D L s D Lφ+=⋅+Making of concreteo CementsPortland cements Non-portland cements o Aggregates – Coarse and fine o Watero Chemical admixtures Accelerating admixtures Air-entraining admixturesWater-reducing and set-controlling admixtures Finely divided admixturesPolymers (for polymer-modified concrete) SuperplasticizersSilica-fume admixture (for high-strength concrete) Corrosion inhibitorsRaw material components of cemento Lime (CaO) o Silica (SiO 2) o Alumina (Al 2O 3)Properties of portland cement componentsComponentRate ofreactionHeat liberatedUltimatecementing valueTricalcium silicate, C3S Medium Medium GoodDicalcium silicate, C2S Slow Small Good Tricalcium aluminate, C3A Fast Large Poor Tetracaliumaluminoferrate, C4AFSlow Small PoorTypes of portland cementso Type I: All-purpose cemento Type II: Comparatively low heat liberation; used in large structureso Type III: High strength in 3 dayso Type IV: Used in mass concrete damso Type V: Used in sewers and structure exposed to sulfatesMixture design methods of concreteo ACI method of mixture design for normal strength concreteo Portland Cement Association (PCA) method of mixture designQuality tests on concreteo Workabilityo Air contento Compressive strength of hardened concreteo Flexural strength of plain concrete beamso Tensile strength from splitting testsAdvantages and disadvantages of concreteo AdvantagesAbility to be castEconomicalDurableFire resistantEnergy efficientOn-site fabricationAesthetic propertieso DisadvantagesLow tensile strengthLow ductilityVolume instabilityLow strength-to-weight ratioProperties of steel reinforcemento Young’s modulus, E so Yield strength, f yo Ultimate strength, f uo Steel gradeo Geometrical properties (diameter, surface treatment)Types of reinforced concrete structural systems o Beam-column systemso Slab and shell systemso Wall systemso Foundation systems。