河南洛阳市汝阳一高高三年级上学期语法填空中如何识别谓语与非谓语(含答案)
- 格式:docx
- 大小:23.30 KB
- 文档页数:4
过去分词的用法与练习一、过去分词的构成与特征过去分词的形式有规则和不规则之分。
规则动词的过去分词由“动词原形+ed”构成。
不规则动词的过去分词形式要逐一记忆。
过去分词亦有双重性,既具有动词的特征,可以又自己的宾语和状语;又具有形容词和副词的特征。
可以充当定语、表语、补足语和状语,过去分词表示已完成的动作或被动的含义。
例如:Built in 1912, the museum is almost 100 years old.建于1912 年,这个博物馆快100 年了。
(Built in 1912 是过去分词在句子中作状语)二、过去分词的功能与用法1.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语,分词与被修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。
Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.众多杰出人物从始建于1911 年的清华大学毕业。
[注意]作定语的不及物动词的过去分词形式为done表示已经完成。
例如:The ground is covered with fallen leaves地上落叶覆盖。
(fallen为不及物动词过去分词作定语,表示已经完成的动作)2.过去分词作表语现在分词作表语意为“令人感到……的”,而过去分词作表语意为本身“感到……的”。
Please describe a dog that is frightening.请描述一只令人害怕的狗。
Please describe a dog that is frightened.请描述一只惊恐的狗。
[温馨提示]get, become, look, seem, appear 等系动词后可跟过去分词作表语,表示被动或主语的状态,常见的这类词有:excited, bored, moved, surprised, surprised, disappointed, embarrassed, encouraged, discouraged, tired, 等。
名词性从句一、意义:名词性从句,顾名思义,一个从句相当于一个名词,在整个句子中做主语、宾语、表语和同位语,这个句子就是名词性从句。
名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。
二、连接词:1.名词性从句由从属连词that,whether,if,as if/though;连接代词和连接副词连接。
1)连接词that的用法(1)that在名词性从句中不作任何成分,引导宾语从句时有时可以省略,引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时不能省略。
I love the fact that Chinese buses, motorcycles, trains and aircraft are either economical or cheap.我喜欢中国的公共汽车、摩托车、火车和飞机,既经济又便宜。
[注意]that引导宾语从句四种不能省略的情况:①that从句作介词的宾语时;②动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时,只有第一个that可以省略,从第二个从句开始that不可省略;③宾语从句前有插入语时;④that引导的从句位于句首时。
(2)that引导主语从句时,常用it作形式主语的常见句型有:①It+be+形容词(necessary/right/likely/unlikely/wrong/important/certain 等)+that 从句It isn't likely that I should accept such an offer as that.我不大可能接受那样的提议。
②It+be+名词(短语)(a pity/a shame/a surprise/no wonder 等)+that从句It is a pity that your composition has so many spelling mistakes.很可惜,你的作文有这么多拼写错误。
③It+be+过去分词(said/reported/decided等)+that从句It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.会议已决定推迟到下星期一举行。
河南洛阳汝阳一高2020年高三年级上学期语法复习之句子种类用法与试题句子种类总述:一般来说,简单句分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四种。
而陈述句又分为肯定句和否定句;疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意义-疑问句。
一、陈述句用来陈述事实1.肯定句1)主谓结构The sun is rising in the east.2) 主谓宾结构He broke his leg in an accident.3) 主系表结构Good medicine tastes bitter.4)主谓双宾结构He will give us a talk on the history of Africa.5)主谓复宾结构I found the street lined with many people.2.否定句1)句子种的谓语动词含有助动词或情态动词时,在它们的后面加not 构成否定句They ought not to treat the boy like that.He didn’t find his mistakes about the problem.2)no(hardly,never等)+行为动词He has no brothers or sisters.3)两者全部否定用neither 或nor; 两者部分否定用both + notNeither of them knows French. Both of them didn’t attend the meeting.4)三者以上的全部否定用none, nothing, nobody no one 等;三者以上部分否定用all/always/every等+ notNobody agrees with what he said.All that glitters is notgold.二、疑问句用来提出问题1.一般疑问句把助动词或情态动词提到主语前,且用yes, no 回答。
被动语态一、用法及形式1. 何时使用被动语态:1).不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。
2).强调动作的承受着3).动作的执行者有较长的修饰语4).出于礼貌,不愿说出动作的执行者2. 各种时态的被动语态形式(1)含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态,由“情态动词(can, may, must, have to 等)+be +过去分词”构成;(2)含有“be going to, be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态,其构成为“be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+be+过去分词”。
After school we went to the reading room to do some reading, only to be told that it was being decorated.放学后,我们到阅览室去做阅读,结果却被告知它正在被装饰。
(过去进行时的被动语态)二、被动结构中常用的介词。
1. by表示动作的执行者或施加者,但被动语态句子中的by短语并不总是表示动作的执行者。
The children were driven indoors by the rainA policeman is known by the clothes he wears.(表方式)The snow was piled high by the gate.门口雪堆积得很高。
(表地点)2.with表示用某种工具The field was spread with wild flowers.田里布满了野花。
The meeting room was filled with smoke.会议室里充满了烟雾。
3.from 表示源于某种物质(看不出原材料)Good wine is made from grain.好酒是由粮食造的。
4.of 表示用某种材料制成(看得出原材料)The table is made of wood.这桌子是木头做的。
非谓语动词是一种特殊动词形式,包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
在做题时,我们需要掌握以下几点思路:1. 确定句子结构:首先,我们需要确定句子的主干结构,找出主语、谓语和宾语。
这有助于我们判断非谓语动词在句子中的作用。
2. 识别非谓语动词:在句子中,非谓语动词通常以“to”、“-ing”或“-ed”结尾。
我们需要根据句子的语境来判断这些词是否为非谓语动词。
3. 判断非谓语动词的性质:非谓语动词可以是主动或被动,也可以是进行或完成。
我们需要根据句子的意思来判断非谓语动词的性质。
4. 判断非谓语动词与主句的关系:非谓语动词可以作为主语、宾语、定语、状语等成分。
我们需要根据句子的结构来判断非谓语动词与主句的关系。
5. 判断非谓语动词的时间关系:非谓语动词可以表示过去、现在或将来的动作。
我们需要根据句子的时间关系来判断非谓语动词的时间关系。
6. 判断非谓语动词的逻辑关系:非谓语动词可以表示原因、结果、目的、条件等逻辑关系。
我们需要根据句子的逻辑关系来判断非谓语动词的逻辑关系。
7. 判断非谓语动词的语气:非谓语动词可以表示陈述、疑问、祈使等语气。
我们需要根据句子的语气来判断非谓语动词的语气。
8. 判断非谓语动词的语法功能:非谓语动词可以作为独立结构、复合结构等语法功能。
我们需要根据句子的语法功能来判断非谓语动词的语法功能。
9. 判断非谓语动词的词汇意义:非谓语动词可以表示动作、状态、过程等词汇意义。
我们需要根据句子的词汇意义来判断非谓语动词的词汇意义。
10. 综合运用以上思路,解答题目:在解答题目时,我们需要综合运用以上思路,结合句子的语境和语法规则,判断非谓语动词的性质、作用、时间关系、逻辑关系、语气、语法功能和词汇意义,从而得出正确答案。
如何判断谓语和非谓语2019年高考语法填空最大的变化就是增加了动词的考查。
具体来说,全国1卷、2卷和3卷分别都是给了5个动词提示。
通常来讲,给动词提示要先判断是谓语还是非谓语,然后填写相应正确的形式。
可是不少学生缺乏判断句中动词是谓语还是非谓语的能力,下面我们来探讨这个问题。
要找到句子谓语动词,就必须先找到主语。
一般简单的主语很容易找到,但是很多时候句子的主语很复杂,导致学生很难发现。
复杂主语通常包括下列情形:含有连词如and, both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor..., not only...but (also), as well as等;非谓语动词结构做主语;主语从句充当主语;同位语结构做主语等。
请看下面例句(均来自近年高考试题,斜体部分是句子的主语,划横线的就是谓语):Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage (从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”(as well as 连接those who...与those least liked ...做主语)The gunners like to describe what they do as character-building, but we know that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony(痛苦) of dying can make nobody happy. (动词不定式to do结构做主语)Connecting to the community(社区)as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy. (-ing形式做主语)Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. (-ing形式做主语)What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. (主语从句充当主语)Shackleton,a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within同位语结构做主语)找到了句子的主语,谓语就不难发现了。
句子成分句子有若干个组成部分,分别承担着不同的作用,这些组成部分叫作句子成分。
英语中的句子成分分为主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)、表语(Predicative)、定语(Attribute)、状语(Adverbial)、补语(Complement)和同位语(Appositive)。
一、主语——习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。
主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。
但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以“下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。
能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、主格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。
当主语为从句时,为避免头重脚轻,可用it作形式主语。
The patient's family have expressed their gratitude to the press for the money raised.病人的家人向媒体为所募集的钱表达了他们的感谢。
(名词作主语)Studying English is very important. 学习英语很重要。
(动名词短语作主语)It's obvious that he was wrong. 显然,他错了。
(代词it充当形式主语,that引导的主语从句作真正的主语)二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或具有的特征,常位于主语之后。
谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词+实义动词”充当,有时态、语态和语气的变化,同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。
判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系,如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态,如果是被动关系就用被动语态。
谓语的构成如下:1.简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
He plays tennis every day. 他每天打网球。
The Usage of Non-predicate高考语法填空中非谓语动词的判断和使用教学反思高考中非谓语动词的考察是热点,难点,也是最能体现学生英语水平的语法点,最后决定带领学生进行非谓语动词在语法填空中的使用和判断。
本堂课的设计是用新的高考题型引出非谓语,强调非谓语动词形式在历年的高考中的重要作用。
并且用逐步讲解的方法,展现给学生,同时配以相关的练习题,加以巩固。
最后用练习与竞赛的环节充分调动学生的积极性,让学生们在娱乐中学习。
针对本堂课,我认为有以下几处亮点:1. 上课内容言简意赅,结构清晰,语言简洁,给了学生相关的汉语解释,便于学生理解接受。
2. 本次非谓语动词的讲解既复习非谓语动词的用法又针对高考,主要帮助学生再次梳理非谓语动词,在高考题型发生变革的情况下,主要训练的是学生实战能力,以帮助他们取得更好的成绩。
3.课堂重点突出,有的放矢。
4. 选择的教学内容落点较小,学生认可。
5. 课堂活动环节层层递进,同学们参与性强,表现较好,收到比较好的效果,余音缭绕。
今天课堂教学内容是非谓语动词在语法天填空中的使用和判断。
选择的习题是近几年的高考语法单句题,虽然此前对此方面的语法项目已经有过很多的练习,但是在讲解过程还是发现了学生存在的很多问题:1. 非谓语动词,基础差的学生根本不知道如何去使用。
比如,不定式、分词等的基本用法不是很清楚。
2. 对于句子结构不理解,不能分析出句子的真正谓语和非谓语的区别,所以在使用中根本就不能正确去运用。
3. 不知道如何去分析句子中非谓语动词和句子的主语或宾语等的逻辑关系,不知道他们之间是主谓还是动宾关系,造成选择上错误。
4. 对于时态的理解有误。
对于非谓语动词的完成式,和完成时混淆,造成理解上的错误。
5. 对于being done和done之间的区别不是很清楚,认为他们就是一回事,只是表现形式不同罢了。
6. 对于only to do和doing做结果状语,有些同学虽然已经知道,但大部分同学因为句子结构没有分析到位,造成使用上有误。
动词不定式的用法与练习动词不定式一般由“to +动词原形”构成,它在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用,同时也保留着动词的一些特征,可以有自己的宾语或状语。
在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语下面就不定式的用法简要归纳如下:一、作主语,不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。
To climb the mountain road was hard work but to go down the hills was great fun.上山很艰难,而下山却很好玩。
To see is to believe 。
眼见为实。
To help others is our duty。
帮助别人是我们的职责。
注意:在日常英语中,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语---不定式放在谓语后面。
例如:It is our duty to help others。
帮助别人是我们的职责。
It's important for the figures to be updated regularly.经常性地更新数据是非常重要的。
二、作宾语。
例如:The car is so expensive that I can not afford to buy one。
这车这么贵我买不起。
注意:1)不定式作宾语常见的有下列动词:want,wish,like,hate,prefer,hope,decide,manage,try,offer,begin,start,remember,forget,agree,choose,learn,pretend,promise,mean,intend,expect,desire 等。
例如:She is such a nice girl that he has decided to marry her。
她是一个如此好的女孩以致于他决心要娶她。
2)如果作宾语的不定式有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,将真正的宾语后置。
语法填空中如何识别谓语动词和非谓语动词一、概念在句子中担任谓语的动词,叫做谓语动词;顾名思义,在句子中不能作谓语,而是担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动词,叫做非谓语动词。
We should serve the people heart and soul.(谓语)I am reading a novel.(谓语)She found English hard to learn.(状语)Seeing is believing.(主语和表语)The results obtained are quite satisfactory.(定语)Please stop speaking.(宾语)二、识别方法1.利用并列连词[典例](2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method.This included digging up the road,________(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.[分析]laying and前后为三个并列成分,根据“digging”“building”可知用laying,这三个动名词短语作included的宾语。
2.利用固定结构[典例](2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself,ducking my head to avoid ________ (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel challenged.[分析]looking动词avoid后用动词的-ing形式。
[点拨]复习备考时,要积累使用非谓语动词的结构,这样能起到事半功倍的效果。
3.分析句子成分[典例1](2019·全国卷Ⅰ) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut ________ (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.[分析]have reported分析句子成分可知该句为复合句,主句的主语为some Inuit people,空格处作主句的谓语,根据句中时间状语“In recent years”可知,应用现在完成时。
故填have reported。
[点拨]若句子中没有谓语,或者有并列连词连接两个谓语,则需要填动词的谓语形式时,此时应根据语境判断动词的时态、语态,以及使谓语动词与主语保持单复数一致。
[典例2](2019·全国卷Ⅲ) On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited toattend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,________ (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.[分析]listening考查非谓语动词。
分析句子成分可知,句子中已经出现了谓语动词,且句子中没有连词,故所填词为非谓语动词形式,且与其逻辑主语we之间为主动关系,故用现在分词形式作伴随状语,故填listening。
此题也可根据后面meeting可知此处所填词与meeting之间构成并列的伴随状语。
[点拨]作伴随状语,通常用分词,若与逻辑主语是主动关系,用现在分词;若是被动关系,用过去分词。
[典例3](2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might be made of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ________(create) special designs.[分析]to create分析句子成分可知,skilled workers为主语;combine作谓语动词,various hardwoods and metal作宾语,此处表示combine ...and ...的目的,故用不定式作目的状语,应填to create。
[点拨]若句子中已经有了谓语动词,且此空不作并列谓语,则需要填动词的非谓语形式。
动词的非谓语形式包括动名词、现在分词、过去分词和不定式。
此时考生应判断非谓语动词在句中作什么成分。
作目的状语或在形容词后作状语,一般用不定式。
三、单句语法填空1.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Modern methods for tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ________ (perform) consistently over a large area.2.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Scientists have responded by ________ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements, leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.3.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)A 90yearold has been awarded“Woman Of The Year”for ________ (be) Britain's oldest full-time employee — still working 40 hours a week.4.(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call ________ (say)she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.5.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take ________ (get) there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.6.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ________ (die)early by running.7.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My ambassadorial duties will include ________(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains ofBifengxia.8.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ________ (stay) and watch.9.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal,runners live three years longer than non-runners.You don't have to run fast or for long ________ (see) the benefit.10.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)China's approach to protecting its environment while ________ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,” says the bank's Juergen Voegele.11.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required ________(process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.12.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food is full of fat and salt; by ________(eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.13.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ________(rest).Instead, she is earning £6,500 a day as a model in New York. 四、单句改错1.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)If I succeed in manage one, I will open more.2.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)All the football players on the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football.3.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.4.(全国卷Ⅱ)After looks at the toy for some time,he turned around and found his parents were missing.5.(四川高考)We've been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.6.(浙江高考)I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.7.(陕西高考)One evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue.8.(全国卷Ⅱ)Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner, which might not be served until 8 o'clock at night.The key:三、1. to perform 2. Noting 3. being 4. saying 5. to get 6. dying7. introducing 8. to stay9. to see10. feeding11. to process12. eating 13.resting四、1.manage→managing 2. say→saying 3. wear→wearing 4. looks→looking5. sing→singing6. sit→sitting7. have→having8. Have→Having。