中山大学2016年《831语言学概论C(用英文考试)》考研专业课真题试卷

1. ________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community A. Langue B. performance C. competence D. parole2. Traditional grammar is ________. A. descriptive B. prescriptive C. non-Latin-based D. wrong3. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn‟t it?” is _______. A. directive B. informative C. performative D. phatic4. ________ speaking, no variety of language is better than or superior to others. A. Generally B. Socially C. Politically D. Linguistically5. Which of the following is a voiced labiodental fricative?201 年 月江苏省高等教育自学考试8801语言学概论（英）一、 选择题（每小题1分，共20分）在下列每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确的答 案，并将其字母标号填入题干的括号内。

A. [s]B. [z]C. [v]D. [f]6. __________ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released.A. Back vowelsB. StopsC. FricativesD. Glides7. Minimal pairs are established to identify ________.A. morphsB. allophonesC. phonesD. phonemes8. The allophones of a phoneme never occur in the same positions. This phenomenon is termed as ______.A. assimilationB. complementary distributionC. phonological processD. coarticulation9. In the sentence 'I took my big brown cat to the vet yesterday', which of the following does notappear? _______.A. AdjectiveB. PrepositionC. AdverbD. Conjunction10. According to their ______, words can classified into closed-class and open-class words.A. variabilityB. membershipC. similaritiesD. functions11. "Classroom" is a _______.A. free morphemeB. derivativeC. compoundD. root.12. Conjunctions, preposition, pronouns and articles can be classified as ____.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. pro-formsD. content words13. The violation of one or more of the conversational _____ (of the CP) can, when the listenerfully understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, and humor sometimes.A. standardsB. principlesC. levelsD. maxims14. The sentence “John likes ice-cream.” Contains ______ arguments.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. none15.______ analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.A. ComponentialB. PredicationC. SyntacticD. None of the above16. A(or An) ______ is a logical participant in a predication.A. argumentB. predicationC. predicateD. agent17. The phrase …time is a commodity‟ is an example of_______.A. The Whorf HypothesisB. A metaphoric systemC. A non-standard varietyD. A rich point18. The Black English sentence “I don't gotta do nothing” is considered incorrect because:A. it contains a double negative and is thus inherently incorrectB. it is impossible to understandC. it is not associated with the upper class use of standard EnglishD. both a and b above19. _______ refers to the use of a native language pattern or rule which leads to an error orinappropriate form in the target language.A. InterlanguageB. Positive transferC. Negative transferD. Overgeneralization20. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal二、填空题（每小题1分，共10分）21. The allophones of a phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. In this case, they arein ______ distribution.22. According to the “semantic triangle” presented by Ogden and Richards, the symbol refers tothe linguistic elements, the ______ refers to the object in the world of experience, and the thought or reference refers to concept.23. A _____ vowel is one produced by holding the tongue towards the center of the mouth.24. ______ phonetics studies how a hearer perceives the speech sounds.25. Suprasegmental features include syllable, stress, tone and ______.26. ______ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.27. Linguistics is a branch of science which takes ______ its object of investigation.28. Compet ence is the ideal language user‟s knowledge of the rules of his language. ______ isthe actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.29. ______ is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.30. Langue is the ide al language user‟s knowledge of the rules. ______ is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.31. Acoustic phonetics studies the way the sounds of speech are perceived. ______________________________________________________________ 32. Synchronic linguistics is the study of a given language at a given period of time. ______________________________________________________________33. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the diversity of language as it relates to various historicalfactors.______________________________________________________________34. The contrast between distinctive sounds can make a difference of meaning between twowords.______________________________________________________________ 35. Free morphemes may be subdivided into derivational and inflectional morphemes.______________________________________________________________36. minimal pair37. duality38. surface structure三、 判断说明题（每小题2分，共10分）在题后的括号内，正确的写“T ”，错误的写“F ”，并在题下空处说明理由。

中山大学历年真题及答案2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码:840科目名称:传播实务及研究方法考试时间:12月28日下午一，名词解释(任选4题，每题10分，共}o分) 1，系统抽样又称其为等距抽样、机械抽样，是一种将总体各个单位按照某一标志顺序排列，按一定间隔距离抽取样本的随机抽样形式。

排列顺序所依据的标志，一般选用与项目目的有关的中立标志，系统抽样所得的样本在总体中分布均匀，具有较之简单随机抽样更高的代表性，使用方便，适用于没有培训和缺乏经验的调查人员。

2，态度{2013}3，媒介融合{2011}【首先，应当解释何谓媒介整合。

】随着信息时代的到来和传播手段的进步，媒介整合（media convergence）与信息传播逐渐成为人类传播行为的重要发展方向。

从发展趋势来看，媒介整合包括两方面--媒介形态整合和媒介资本整合。

媒介形态整合是指新媒体与传统媒体以及传统媒体彼此之间的整合，还包括媒介形态的变化、互融与创新。

资本整合则是通过资产重组，使优势资源互补共存，使跨媒介、跨地区的媒介产业集团在中国成为现实。

【其次，结合我国媒介发展的实际，指出媒介整合对媒介产业的重要意义。

】媒介整合已经成为中国传媒发展的主流趋势，其意义不仅在于媒介个体竞争力的增强和利润最大化的实现，更在于能由此带动其他更多媒体的产业化进程，增强整体竞争力，以迎接WTO的国际化竞争环境。

【再次，结合自己的看法，谈谈媒介整合对社会生活的深刻影响，如对媒介形态发展的影响、对传媒教育的冲击、对人们媒介接触和使用习惯的影响等。

】4，目标受众在市场营销业和广告业里，目标受众又称目标顾客、目标群体和目标客群是一个营销活动所作为目标的人口群体。

目标受众可以是某一个人口群体，如年龄组、性别、婚姻状况、等等。

常见受众有青少年、女性、单身、等等。

目标受众也可以包括几个不同的人口群体，比如所有20到30岁的男性。

营销过程也可以计划如何对待其他非目标群体，决定一个产品或服务的适当受众是市场调查中很重要的一部分。

目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (2)中山大学2006年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (7)中山大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (12)中山大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (16)中山大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (20)中山大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (23)中山大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (26)中山大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (28)中山大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (30)中山大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (32)中山大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (35)中山大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (37)中山大学2017年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (39)中山大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (41)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (42)中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (42)中山大学2006年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (53)中山大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (65)中山大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (75)中山大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (84)中山大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (91)中山大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (99)中山大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (106)中山大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (111)中山大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (118)中山大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (127)中山大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (133)中山大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (139)Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：612科目名称：语言学概论考生须知：全部答案一律写在答题纸上。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22一、填空题1 According to G Leech, ______meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. (北二外2006研)2 According to G Leech, ______meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content. (北二外2005研)3 According to G. Leech, ______meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. (北二外2007研)4 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the______theory. (中山大学2008研)5 ______is the technical name for the sameness relation. (北二外2007研)6 Terms like "apple", "banana" and "pear" are______of the term "fruit". (北二外2007研)7 "Mary gave a book to Jack" is synonymous with "Jack______a book from Mary." (北二外2005研)8 Terms like "rolling pin" and "ladle" are______of the term "kitchen implements." (北二外2005研)9 Antonyms like "husband" v. "wife" are______antonyms. (北二外2003研)10 Terms like "desk" and "stool" are______of the term "furniture". (北二外2003研)11 ______= PARANT(x, y)&MALE(x)(北二外2005研)12 ______= CHILD (x, y) & MALE (x) (北二外2006研)13 In their book______written in 1923, C. K. Ogden and I.A.Richards presented a" representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured. " There are 16 major categories of them, with sub-categories all together, numbering 22. (中山大学2011年研)14 Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents; ______ and______.二、判断题15 In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil", "root" is used in its conceptual meaning. (北二外2007研) （A）真（B）假16 After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor." with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped", you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning. (北二外2006研) （A）真（B）假17 Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of "reference". (北二外2005研)（A）真（B）假18 When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is some- times referred to as speaker's meaning, or contextual meaning. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）真（B）假19 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. (北二外2006研)（A）真（B）假20 Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices. (南开大学2005研)（A）真（B）假21 Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. (南开大学2004研) （A）真（B）假22 "Tulip", "rose" and "violet" are all included in the notion of "flower". Therefore they are superordinates of "flower". (北二外2006研)（A）真（B）假23 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALITY. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）真（B）假24 The two words borrow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences "Jan lent some money to Jack" and "Jack borrowed some money from Jan" are synonymous. (北二外2010研) （A）真（B）假25 All the words in a language can be used to refer, but only some have senses. (北二外2010研)（A）真（B）假三、单项选择题26 When the word "root" means "part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil", the meaning is______meaning. (北二外2004研)（A）connotative（B）conceptual（C）reflected27 ______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience. (西安交大2008研)（A）Reference（B）Concept（C）Semantics（D）Sense28 Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech's seven types of meaning? (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）Connotative meaning.（B）Denotative meaning.（C）Conceptual meaning.29 According to C. Ogden and I. Richards,______is regarded as the crucial intermediary between______and______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）symbol .. . referent ... thought（B）referent . .. thought.. . symbol（C）thought .. . symbol . .. referent30 There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are representedby______respectively. (大连外国语学院2008研)（A）synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy（B）synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy（C）antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy31 Bird and cuckoo have the sense relation of hyponymy. Which of the following pairs of words has the same sense relation? (对外经贸2005研)（A）Vowel and consonant（B）Mouth and tongue（C）Lexicon and word（D）Number and gender32 By componential analysis, BECOME (x, (~ ALIVE(x))) is an explanationof______.(西安外国语学院2006研)（A）die（B）dead（C）kill（D）killed33 The sense relationship between "John plays the piano" and "John plays a musical instrument" is ______.(北二外2004研) （A）synonymy（B）antonymy（C）entailment34 Which of the following are gradable antonyms?（A）good and bad（B）male and female（C）young and old（D）buy and sell35 Conceptual meaning is not______（A）affective（B）cognitive（C）logic（D）denotative36 When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsity of sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that______.（A）sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)（B）sentence (a) entails sentence (b)（C）sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)（D）sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)37 "Socrates is a man" is a case of______.（A）two-place predicate（B）one-place predicate（C）two-place argument（D）one-place argument四、简答题38 What is the referential theory of meaning? (北交大2005研)39 What are the three kinds of antonyms? (武汉大学2004研)40 What is your opinion on "true synonymy is non-existent"? (四川大学2006研)41 How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features? (浙江大学2004研)(a) The television drank my water.(b) His dog writes poetry.42 Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why? (厦门大学2010研)43 What is the difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation?44 What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?五、名词解释45 Conceptual meaning (四川大学2010研；武汉大学2007研；上海交大2006研)46 Contextual meaning (浙江大学2005研)47 Concatenation (四川大学2006研)48 Denotation (南开大学2004研)49 Semantic Triangle (大连外国语学院2008研)50 Lexical relations (上海交大2006研)51 Homonymy (上海交大2007研)52 Relational opposites (武汉大学2005研)53 Synonymy (西安交大2008研)54 Componential analysis (浙江大学2005研；北航2008研)55 Entailment (武汉大学2006研)56 Presupposition(武汉大学2004研)57 Polysemy (北外2010研)58 linguistic variable (北外2011研)六、举例说明题59 Please list and explain the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech. (南开大学2004研)60 The British linguist F. R. Palmer argues that "there is no absolute distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms." Do you believe so? Support your view with examples.(南开大学2007研)61 Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another. Discuss the relationships between words, using examples from the English language. (北外2003研)62 Categorize the following pairs: child - kid, alive - dead, big - small, husband - wife.63 How many semantic relations are there among sentences? Give examples.。

目　录2010年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2010年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2011年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2011年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2012年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2012年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2013年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2013年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2014年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2014年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2015年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2015年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2016年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2016年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2010年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1．以下不属于中国“小学”范畴的是（ ）。

A．文字B．音韵C．语法D．训诂2．下列说法正确的是（ ）。

A．词义的模糊性说明词义是具有社会性的。

B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁”。

C．“grass”本义是“玻璃”，派生义是“玻璃杯”，这是词义的隐喻扩展。

D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可用来突出对立面。

3．方言形成的语言内部原因是（ ）。

A．语言变化的不平衡性。

B．形式和意义对应关系的复杂性。

C．语言符号的任意性D．语言变化的类推作用4．在[p]、[b]、[v]、[h]、[g]、[k]、[d]、[t]、[s]、[f]中，擦音有（ ）。

A．3个。

一、单项选择题（本大题共26小题，每题1分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

错选、多选或未选均无分。

1、关于语言符号的任意性，下列说法不正确的一项是( D )A、复合符号原则上不是任意的，是有理据的B、正是由于语言符号的任意性，语言是可变的C、最基本的单纯初始符号都是任意的D、任意性是指一个符号先由某一个群体约定，继而向周围扩散推广2、关于书面语，下列表述不正确的一项是(A )A、书面语是在口语的基础上产生的，经过加工和提炼，比较规范，所以，语言研究应该首先研究书面语B、书面具有相对的独立性C、任何语言总是先有口语，后有书面语D、书面语和口语的差异主要是风格上差异3、产生与18世纪末叶19世纪初叶的语言学被称为( B)A、结构主义语言学B、历史比较语言学C、社会语言学D、功能语言学4、组合关系现在一般称为(C )A、联想关系B、类聚关系C、句法功能D、语义组合5、语音的四个物理要素中，区别不同的意义起着最为重要的作用的是( D)A、音高B、音强C、音长D、音色6、元音和辅音本质区别是( C)A、元音的发音可以延长，辅音不可以B、元音发音响亮，辅音不响亮C、元音发音时气流不受阻，辅音一定受阻D、发元音时，发音器官的各个部分均衡紧张；辅音则不然7、[ε]的发音特征是( D)A、舌面前高不圆唇B、舌面后高不圆唇C、舌面前半高不圆唇D、舌面前半低不圆唇8、下面各项中，都是浊辅音的一组是(C )A、[t§ ½]B、[d §]C、[b z]D、[p k]9、“升帐”的“帐”和“热胀冷缩”的“胀”，其理据性体现在( B)A、初始性B、同源性C、拟声性D、复合性10、构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型是( B)A、都是成词语素B、都是不成词语素C、“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素D、“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体”是成词语素11、“伟大、美好、性急、霜降”等词的构造方式是( D)A、都是陈述式B、都是并列式C、前两个是陈述式，后两个是并列式D、前两个是并列式，后两个是陈述式12、结构形式大多相当于句子的“语”是( A)A、谚语B、成语C、惯用语D、格言13、正是因为什么样的特性，才是语法规则是一种简明的规则，只需重复使用有限的几条规则就能管住大量的现象( B)A、抽象性B、递归性C、系统性D、稳定性14、下列关于“组合规则、聚合规则”的表述不正确的是( D)A、组合规则关注的是线性搭配问题，聚合规则研究同功能的替换问题B、组合规则是现实的，聚合规则是潜在的C、组合规则和聚合规则是结构主义语法学提出的D、组合规则、聚合规则各自独立15、英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是(A )A、屈折变化B、变换重音的位置C、变化中缀D、异根16、把现代汉语第三人称代词写成“他”、“她” ( D)A、表示性范畴B、表示格范畴C、表示人称范畴D、什么语法范畴都不表示17、下面关于语义模糊性的表述不正确的一项是( D)A、词义反映的对象只有一个大致的范围B、词义的中心是明确的C、有不少词的词义是精确的D、模糊性影响了人们的交际，所以要多造一些专有名词18、“阿Q圆圆地画了一个圈儿”中的“圆圆地”语义指向( C)A、阿QB、画C、圈儿D、没有指向19、“连老王都打了”是一个歧义结构，歧义的原因是(D )A、词汇意义不同造成歧义B、句法结构关系不同造成歧义C、句法结构层次不同造成歧义D、语义结构不同造成歧义20、关于自源文字，下列表述不正确的一项是(C )A、都是意音文字B、都是词语文字C、都是语素文字D、都采用了假借字直接表音21、人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是(A )A、象形的B、会意的C、表音的D、假借的22、语言的发展演变是不平衡的，变化最慢的是( C)A、语音B、词汇C、语法D、修辞23、洋泾浜语和克里奥耳语属于语言的( C)A、语言的借用和吸收B、语言的转用C、语言的混合D、双语现象24、关于语言能力，下列表述正确的一项是( D)A、语言能力指语言表达能力B、语言能力指利用语言进行思考的能力C、语言能力指不同年龄段获得语言的能力D、语言能力指人类的大脑为人类提供了掌握语言的先天基础25、普遍语法的提出者是(C)A、洪堡特B、索绪尔C、乔姆斯基D、布洛卡26、下面对中介语的表述正确的是( A)A、中介语只属于个人的语言系统B、中介语是儿童学习母语过程中的过渡语C、中介语两个母语背景不同的人使用的共知的第三种语言D、中介语是科技语言系统二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)在每小题列出的五个备选项中有二个至五个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编11一、简答题1 The following four sentences present four different usages of the word不过. Please discuss the distinctions and connections among the four usages, illustrating your points with your own examples where necessary.1)不过二年，君必无患。

2)他十七岁就结婚，一年后当了爸爸不过十八岁。

3)这是个乖巧不过的孩子。

4)我也没有长策，不过这种事情，其事已迫，不能计出万全的。

2 Comment on the following observation in about 150 words.(武汉大学2010研)"The meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. "3 When a teacher says "it's so hot in here" during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation.(人大2002研)4 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin's Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory.(北航2008研) Customer; Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.Waiter; Don't worry, there's no extra charge.5 Explain speech act theory and list the different kinds of speech acts with examples for each.(浙江大学2004研)6 Discuss the following sentences in terms of violation of maxims in the cooperative principle.(浙江大学2007研)a. I think he was married and had a lioness at home.b. A: What do you intend to do? B: I have a terrible headache.c. A: Where've you been? B: Out.7 Discuss the following advertisement extensively: "你不理财，财不理你".(浙江大学2007研)8 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said哎，几点了?and the second said不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them?(北外2007研)9 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analyse and explain the phenomenon.(北外2010研)甲：上车请买票。

11．中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2011，2013）中山大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目：语言学概论C（用英文考试）I. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)Example: find —/faind/, beneath —/bi'ni: θ/1. empirical2. plagiarize3. compound4. finite5. clause6. phonemics7. threatened8. epiphenomenon9. beta10. generic【答案】1. empirical — / /2. plagiarize —/ /3. compound —//4. finite — //5. clause — //6. phonemics — //7. threatened — //8. epiphenomenon — //9. beta — //10. generic — //II. Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.【答案】Displacement2. ______ are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.【答案】Consonants3. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.【答案】morphology4. Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc. 【答案】reference5. American Structuralism is a branch of ______ linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.【答案】synchronic6. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.【答案】interlanguage7. ______ found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot. 【答案】Horn8. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of ______.【答案】compositionality9. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.【答案】monistic10. In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness todesignate something in the scene.【答案】deixis11. According to ______ (1996), the speech presentation continuum may have thefollowing possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts and narrator’s representation of speech.【答案】Short12. With the help of ______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area ofexample-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.【答案】computational13. In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.【答案】non-pulmonic14. According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous ______ of ideational,interpersonal, and textual meanings.【答案】realization15. According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language isnot arbitrary at the ______ level.【答案】syntacticIII. Define the following terms. (50 points)1. recreational function【答案】The recreational function of language refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. To take one example, the well-known movie Liu San Jie features a scene of “dui ge” mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.2. pharyngeal【答案】Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue anf the walls of the pharynx. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal fricatives.3. loanshift【答案】It is a process in which the meaning of the words is borrowed, but the form of the words is native. E.g. bridge means 桥牌。

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25一、填空题1 There has been a maxim in______which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)2 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by______. (中山大学2008研)3 ______were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.4 In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the______principle proposed by J. Grice.5 In Austin's How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performativesand______, later on Austin made a flesh start to distinguish ______,______and perlocutionary act.二、单项选择题6 The speech act theory was developed by______. (对外经贸2006研)（A）John Searle（B）John Austin（C）Levinson（D）G. Leech7 ______is using a sentence to perform a function. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）Perlocutionary act（B）An illocutionary act（C）A locutionary act（D）Speech act8 By saying "You have left the door wide open", a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）at the same time（B）one after another（C）two first and then the other（D）one first and then the other two9 The Illocutionary Act was developed by______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）John Austin（B）Levinson（C）John Lyons（D）John Searle10 According to the conversation maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. (西安外国语学院2006研) （A）quantity（B）quality（C）relevance（D）manner11 Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? (对外经济贸易大学2006研) （A）the maxim of quantity（B）the maxim of quality（C）the maxim of manner（D）the maxim of strength12 Four categories of Maxims in Grice's Cooperative Principle include all the following except______.(大连外国语学院2008研) （A）Manner（B）Relation（C）Qualification三、简答题13 What are the major concerns of pragmatics? (人大2006研)14 How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system.Mechanic: I'll be busy with this other car all day. (浙江大学2005研)15 What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about; "Well, to be quite honest, I don't think she is ill today." (北二外2010研；上海交大2006研)16 Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theoryin that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 Chinese. (中山大学2005研)17 Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn. (厦门大学2006研)(1) A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2) A: Let's go to the movies. B: I'll bring the Kleenex.(3) A: Would you drive a Mercedes?B: I wouldn't drive ANY expensive car.18 What's conversational implicature? (西安交大2008研)19 Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice's Cooperative Principle: (北二外2007研)A: Where is X?B: He's gone to the market. He said so where he left.20 In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations? (人大2006研)21 What is your understanding of Relevance Theory? (南开大学2009研)22 Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. (南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.四、名词解释23 Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act(北航2010研；北交大2005研)24 Performatives(中山大学2008研)25 Conversational implicature (川大2010研；武汉大学2004研；北京交通大学2007研)26 Cooperative principle (北二外2010研；北京师范大学2003研)27 Violation of maxims (北交大2006研)28 Applied linguistics(中山大学201 1年研)五、举例说明题29 When a teacher says "It's so hot in here." during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation. (人大2002研)30 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin's Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory. (北航2008研)Customer: Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.Waiter: Don' t worry, there's no extra charge.31 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said:“哎，几点了?”and the second said:“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them? (北外2007研)32 Discuss the following advertisemen t extensively: “你不理财，财不理你”. (浙江大学2007研)33 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analize and explain the phenomenon. (北外2010研)甲：上车请买票。