case history

The Flow of HistoryGrowing up, I was always fascinated by the stories of the past. The tales of ancient civilizations, the rise and fall of empires, and the lives of great leaders captivated my imagination. It was as if history was a grand tapestry, woven with threads of time, and I was eager to explore every inch of it.My journey into the depths of history began with a simple book from the school library. It was a biography of Cleopatra, the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. The book painted a vivid picture of her life, from her struggles for power to her tragic end. I was mesmerized by her intelligence, her charisma, and her indomitable spirit. She was a woman who defied the odds and stood against the might of Rome, and her story inspired me to learn more about the world that she lived in.As I delved deeper into history, I discovered the rich tapestry of human experience. I learned about the great civilizations that shaped the world, from the Egyptians and the Greeks to the Romans and the Chinese. I marveled at their achievements in art, science, and philosophy, and I was humbled by their struggles and failures.One of the most intriguing periods in history for me is the Renaissance. It was a time of great change and innovation, when artists, scientists, and thinkers challenged the status quo and pushed the boundaries of human knowledge. The works of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Galileo Galilei were not just artistic masterpieces, but also testaments to the human spirits boundless curiosity and creativity.History is also a record of human folly and conflict. The two World Wars, for instance, were devastating events that claimed millions of lives and reshaped the world in profound ways. The Holocaust, a dark chapter in human history, is a stark reminder of the horrors that can arise from hatred and prejudice. These events, though painful, serve as important lessons for future generations, urging us to strive for peace and understanding.In my exploration of history, I have come to appreciate the interconnectedness of our world. The Silk Road, for example, was a network of trade routes that connected the East and the West, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures. The impact of this ancient trade route can still be felt today, as it laid the foundation for globalization and cultural diversity.Moreover, history has shown me the power of resilience and perseverance. The story of Nelson Mandela, who fought against apartheid and became the first black president of South Africa, is a testament to the human spirits ability to overcome adversity andinjustice. His life serves as an inspiration for people around the world to stand up for what is right, no matter the odds.In conclusion, history is a rich and complex narrative that offers valuable insights into the human experience. It is a mirror that reflects our past, present, and future, and it is a guide that helps us navigate the complexities of our world. As I continue to explore the flow of history, I am reminded of the words of the philosopher George Santayana: Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. Let us learn from history, so that we may build a better future for all.。

医学英语病历书写重点Case History 病史In-Patient Case History 住院病历Items of Case History1. General Data, Biographical Data 一般项目2. Chief Complaints (C. C.) 主诉3. Present Illness (P. I.) 现病史4. Past (Medical) History (P. H.) 既往病史5. Personal History (Per. H.)/ Social History 个人史/社会史6. Family History (F. H.) 家族史7. Medications 曾用药物8. Allergies 过敏史9. System Review, Review of Systems 系统回顾10. Physical Examination (P. E.) 体格检查/查体11. Laboratory Data 实验室与其他检查/检查资料12. Impression (Imp.) (Diagnosis) 诊断13. Hospital Course 住院治疗情况记录14. Discharge Instructions/ Recommendations出院医嘱15. Discharge Medications 出院后用药General Data, Biographical Data 一般项目Reliability (病历可靠性):Reliable(可靠)/ Not Entirely(不完全可靠)/Not Clearly Defined (不够准确)/Confused and Uncertain (混乱不清)/ Unobtainable (无法获得) Supplier/ Complainer of History (供史者/病史陈述者):Patient/ Husband/ Wife/ Father/ Mother/ Colleague/ NeighborChief Complaints (C. C.) 主诉: 病例重要部分之一，通常包括患者年龄、简要的相关的既往史、患者的就诊原因及目前症状持续的时间等。

如何写case brief~早看了这个上课就不至于那么迷茫了 555~~case brief writing 在英美法的学习中可谓是最常用的基本功了，由于面对的经常是洋洋洒洒的万言判决书，如何抓住case的重点，比如案件事实（facts）、争议点(issues)、法院认定(holding)、推理过程或者判决理由（reasoning），一个简明扼要的case brief 就非常重要了。

那怎如何写呢总结起来差不多有这样几种：一、FPIHRC写法（如下所述）Title . Roe v. Wade)Citation . 410 . 113 (1973))Facts: Summarize the facts of the case. List only the essential facts that you need to understand the holding and reasoning of the case.Procedure: Most of the cases that you'll read in law school will be appellate c ourt decisions. In this section, you want to list what happened in the lower co urt(s). Do not go into too much detail. One or two sentences are sufficient for this section.Issue(s): What is/are the question(s) facing the court Form the issue questions in a way that they can be answered by yes or no.Holding: How did the court answer the issue question(s) YES/NOReasoning: This is the most important section of your case brief. Here you want to list the reasoning of the majority in reaching its decision. You can actual ly be quite detailed in this section. List what the law was before this case wa s decided and how the law has changed after this decision. Law professors love to discuss the reasoning of a case in class discussions.Concurring/dissenting opinions: Even though I read the concurring and dissentin g opinions, I rarely brief them. However, there are some cases . Youngstown She et & Tube Co. v. Sawyer) where the concurring or dissenting opinions end up bec oming more important than the majority's opinions. In such cases, you should ad d this section to your case brief.二、FIHRQ写法（注意：下面第一条的citation是每个case brief都必须要有的，另外还应当包含the case's title）I. CITATIONFrom what specific source is the case taken？For example, was the case reported in the . Supreme Court ReportsII. THE FACTSA. Material· What materially happened· Was there, for example, a collision on the high seas A dispute over terr itoryB. Legal· From what legal circumstances did the case originate· Did two states agree, for example, to submit their dispute to an arbitra l tribunal Was an opinion sought from theIII. LEGAL ISSUESA. Specific· What specific legal questions does this case raise· For example, does the proximity of Ruritania to Zombie Island give Rurit ania a legal basis for making a territorial claim for Zombie IslandB. General· What more general legal questions does this case raise· For example, is "proximity" a legitimate basis under international law f or making a territorial claim for an islandIV. THE HOLDING· What decision was made That is, in support of which side did the court h old· For example, in Missouri v. Holland, did the court decide in favor of "M issouri" or "Holland"V. LEGAL RATIONALE· What legal reasoning informed the court's decision· What rules of law, for example, did it apply· How did it interpret legal principles, documents· How did it construe the factsVI. QUESTIONS· What existing legal questions, if any, are unresolved by this case· What new questions, if any, does it raise三、FIHR写法四、FIRAC写法Writing a Case Brief Case briefs are documents prepared by students as a study aid when trying to capture the essence and importance of appellate court decisi ons. A case brief summarizes a court decision by outlining, at a minimum, the f acts of the case, the legal issues raised, and the rationale for the court’s d ecision.There are many ways to organize a case brief and each structure may include and exclude items different than those requested here. The references listed at th e end of this handout show the variation in how a case might be briefed, but th ey also provide additional information to help you complete a brief. So, in add ition to the items and explanations below, you should consult the references fo r additional clarity. For purposes of the assignment, follow the structure prov ided here in preparing your case brief.Case Name and RolesAs you learned in the citing cases assignment, the case name will typically sho w two parties. In a criminal case the first party is invariably the government (probably state or federal) and the second party is the defendant. However, a c ase before an appellate court (which are the cases you will brief) may result i n a switch when a defendant (now the appellant or petitioner) seeks action agai nst the state (now the appellee or respondent). See Ferdico (p. viii) for a rev iew of determining who’s who in a case name. So, in addition to providing the proper case citation, this section of the brief will also specify the role of e ach party.Procedural BackgroundAppellate cases have, by definition, already had a trial stage. In fact, depend ing on what appeal level the case now being briefed is at, it may already have been to several appellate courts. The case brief should identify the courts tha t have dealt with the case and indicate the decisions those courts have made. (See Ferdico’s example (bottom of p. viii and top of p. ix) using Bond v. Unit ed States.) The sections of the court opinion that help identify the procedural background will also provide information for the “roles” section above. As a warning—based on briefs provided in other classes—some students confuse the c ourt opinion for the case now being briefed with opinions from earlier courts. This is another good reason to include the procedural background as part of a c ase brief since it helps you clarify how your case got to the . Supreme Court (the court for all briefs in this assignment). Remember, the brief you are writ ing summarizes the facts, issues, holding, and rationale in the . Supreme Courtopinion for the case name you have identified at the start of the brief. Don’t confuse those items (especially the court’s holding, rationale, and dispositi on) with ones relevant to court opinions on this case at earlier stages.FactsIn one or two paragraphs, provide a concise summary of the incident that brough t the case before the court. This will include a description of the crime and t he circumstances causing the earlier c ourt’s decision to be appealed. This is actually one of the more difficult parts of the brief since requires you to cle arly identify and concisely state ONLY that information needed to understand th e case. The decision itself usually includes a lot more information than is nee ded for the brief.The issues being addressed in the case (see the following section) will help yo u determine what facts are especially important for your brief. In fact, some a uthors suggest you write the issues section first to help you more clearly iden tify the facts.Ferdico (bottom of column A and top of column B on p. ix) suggests the type of questions that should be answered in this section. As he notes, the behavior of the police during their investigation, confrontation, apprehension, detention, etc. of the defendant will probably constitute important facts in most of the cases you are briefing. It is important for you to remember, however, that beha vior by magistrates, prosecutors, defense attorneys, trial judges, wardens, etc.can also be claimed to have violated right of the defendant (appellant/petitio ner).Legal IssuePhrase, in your own words, the legal question the court has tried to answer in this case. State the issue as a question ., “Can a police officer. . .”). Som etimes the issue is made very clear in the opinion ., “This case presents the question. . .”, “The issue in this case is . . .”) but at other times it is not quite so “in your face.” Even when the issue is blatantly presented in th e opinion, you should still phrase it in your own words. There are several reas ons for this. First, court opinions often address several legal issues. In this class we are concentrating on procedural issues so you need to identify the sp ecific issue related to the procedure followed by the police (in most of your c ases). Second, court opinions are often long, wordy, and filled with terms unfa miliar to undergraduates. As a result, putting the issue in your own words (use the Ferdico’s glossary to help understand some of the court’s legal terminol ogy) will help all of us understand it better.Decision or HoldingHow has this court resolved the issue What was the outcome What action did the court take Like the legal issue, the court’s decision or holding is probably c learly st ated in the opinion ., “We hold . . .”).This should be a brief summary of the court’s decision (see Ferdico’s example s in the various “Key Holdings” at the end of Chapters 3-14) and will, of cou rse, resemble aspects of the legal issue statement. In this sense, the holding tells the answer to the question phrased as the legal issue. One could even cla im the decision is a one-word or simple-sentence response to the legal question. For example, Ferdico (p. ix) uses this quote from Chief Justice Rehnquist:Obviously, your case brief needs to provide more information than “it did.” A s Ferdico explains, you will probably find a more complete statement of the cou rt’s “holding further along in the opinion or at the end, after discussing it s reasoning” (p. ix).ReasoningWhy did the court reach the decision it did What arguments justify the holding Because judges often write many pages when justifying and explaining their deci sions, this can be a difficult section for student’s to write. The doctrine of stare decisis requires judges to align their decision with legal principles est ablished in previously decided cases. As a result, court opinions take consider able space to show how the current decision is consistent with the established principles. Your job is to state, as succinctly as possible, the rationale prov ided by the court’s majority in support of their decision.DispositionSo, what happened as a result of the court’s decision You will find a specific disposition somewhere in the opinion. Ferdico (p. x) highlights the three most common dispositions:Affirmed —The appellate court agree wit h the opinion of the lower court from which the appeal came.Reversed —The appellate court disagrees with the opinion of the lower court from which the appeal came and sets aside or invalidates that opinion. Reversals are often accompanied by a remand.Remanded —The case is sent back to the cour t from which it came for further action consistent with the appellate court opi nion. Remand often accompanies a reversal.How to Brief a Case"by John M. Scheb IIfor Political Science 430, 431 (“. Constitutional Law”)Most instructors of constitutional law require students to prepare "briefs" of a number of assigned cases. Even in the absence of such a requirement, students may find that briefing a case helps one "digest" its contents. Preparing bri efs is also an excellent means of studying for an examination that covers court cases. Below is an example of a case brief prepared in the style that we rec ommend to students. Students will note that the "brief" below is exactly that: a very brief summary of the case. It highlights the basic issue, the essential facts, the decision of the Court, and the arguments set forth in the majority and dissenting opinions. We also encourage students to include a brief commen t on the significance of the case.Sample Case BriefPlessy v. Ferguson (1896)Issue: Is a state law requiring "equal but separate" facilities for whites an d blacks a violation of the Thirteenth and/or Fourteenth Amendment。

Case ReportCase report can divided into three parts, namely, Introduction, Case History, and Discussion.1, INTRODUCTION is used to tell content, its purpose and significance. It should be as brief, and concise as possible and in present tense.Sample 1,Isolated false aneurysms of the innominate artery resulting from penetrating trauma are rare. We present one such case that was successful managed by resection and interposition grafting and emphasize the importance of arch aortography in the management of penetrating thoracic trauma.Sample 2,Malignant disease should be remembered in the differential diagnosis of common rheumtological disorders. We present a patient whose pain proved to be due to malignant disorder and not to simple trochanteric bursitis.2, CASE HISTORY consists of the patient’s gender, age, history, symptoms, tests, diagnosis as well as treatment. Details of the normal test results, the clinical process of post-operational and medication treatment should be recorded when necessary. If more cases are to be reported they should be numbered respectively “case 1”,” case 2”…2-1, General Introduction of Case History consists of the name, sex, general conditions and complaints of the patient as well as occupation and race if necessary. The real name and residential number shouldn’t be referred to. The language should be brief and in past tense.Sample 1, a 37-year-old woman with the previously uncomplicated pregnancies was seen 5 months into her third pregnancy with a two-week history of severe lower back pain.Sample 2, two women, aged 17 and 22 years, came to the accident and emergency department early in the afternoon. They described the acute on set of a diffuse rash 15 to 30 minutes after they had lunched together in a local pub.2-2 Symptoms and Clinical treatment;1), to tell about the typical symptoms, complications, diagnosis and treatment instead of other irrelevant materials.2), to tell about special examining method as well as its result.3), to tell about medication dosage; either smaller one or bigger one should be marked.4), to tell about effects of treatment: Are the symptoms relieved? Are there any complications? Are these in expectation?5), to tell about the result of treatment: Is the patient alive or dead? What are the current conditions? What treatment is the patient to be given?Sample 1 (description of symptoms), They described the acute onset of a diffuse rash 15 to 30minutes after they had lunched together in a local pub. Both felt hot and had passed two or three bowel motions. They had no respiratory symptoms and were otherwise systematically well. Neither had ever experienced an allergic reaction and the only medical history of note was that both used occasional salbutamol for mild asthma.Sample 2 (exanimation); On examination, both had diffuse erythematous rash widely spread over the face, torso and limbs. When symptoms did not resolve she was refereed to hospital where clinical examination revealed saddle anesthesia, reduced anal tone and absent ankle reflexes bilaterally.Sample 3 (treatment); They were given intravenous chlorpheniramine, hydrocortisone and fluids. After that, they were observed for a few hours and discharged when improved. Note: passive voice should be used in this description.3, DISCUSSIONTo focus on the case and to sum up the special experience and new views from the process of diagnosis and treatment. Present tense is used to show the objectivenessSample 1; Intravenous chlorpheniramine and hydrocortisone are helpful in treatment of diffuse erythematous rash.Sample 2, Many factors contribute to back pain during pregnancy.Sample 3, Diagnosis of midlife prolapse of a disc causing cauda equine compression is particularly important since a delay in surgical intervention can lead to permanent neurological deficits.Sample 4, We recommend that in pregnant and postpartum women back pain should not be looked upon merely as a normal occurrence. Detailed history and neurological examination are essential to identify the danger signs.(from “Back Pain During Pregnancy and After Childbirth: an Unusual Cause Not to Miss）。

CASEMedical Number: General informationName:NanWu Occupation:businessmanAge: thrity five Nationality:ChinaSex: Male Race:HanComplainer of history: the patientherself Reliability: ReliableMarital status: Married Date of admission:Dec 20, 2016 19:00Address:Shenzhen City,Guangdong Province Date of record: Dec 20, 2016 19:10Chief complaint: Suddenlyheadache 6 hoursPresent illness: Six hours ago, the patient suddenly felt acuteheadachewithnoinducement,rightparietalbadly,with n ausea,butnovomitting,withleftlegweakness ,nouncoucience〃nomouthdistortion,onglossolalia.Withoutobviousrelieveafterfeverminutesrest.For the further treatment, then come to our hospital, emergencyCTindicatesubarachniodhematoma.Emegency revenue to "Sbarachniodhematoma" to our department. Since the onset, the patients private prosecution spiritedness, appetite, sleep obviouly less,no urination、defecation, no significant changes in physical weight.Past historyOperative history: No history of surgery.Infectious history: No history of severe infectious disease.Allergic history: She was not allergic to penicillin or sulfamide.Respiratory system: No history of respiratory disease.Circulatory system: HypertensionDiease 3 years,themaxbloodpressureis 165/110mmHg,regularly takehypotensivedrugs ,bloodpressurecontrolstableandno of precordial painno.Alimentary system: No history of regurgitation.Genitourinary system: No history of genitourinary disease.Hematopoietic system:No history of anemia and mucocutaneous bleeding.Endocrine system: No acromegaly. No excessive sweats.Kinetic system: No history of confinement of limbs.Personal history :He was born in Shenzhen County and almost always lived in Shenzhen county. His living conditions werewell. No bad personal habits and customs.Marital history: Married 30years,bringup 2children.Contraceptive history: Not clear.Family history: Her parents are still alive.Physical examinationT 36.7℃, P 89/min, R28/min, BP 166/106mmHg.Heissober , answerfluently,examinationcooperatively.He is well developed and moderately nourished. Active position. The skin was not stained yellow. No cyanosis. So me pigmentation.No skin eruption. Spider angioma was not seen. No pitting edema. Superficial lymph nodes were not enlarged. Respiratory movementwas bilaterally symmetric with the frequency of 18/min. No pleural friction fre mitus. Resonance was heard during percussion. No abnormal breath sound was heard. No wheezes. No rales. Bord er of the heart was normal. Heart sounds were strong and no splitting. Rate 89/min. Cardiacrhythm was regular. N o pathological murmurs. Abdomen was flat and soft. No bulge or depression. No abdominal wall varices. Gastralin testinal type or peristalses were not seen. Tenderness was obvious around the navel and in upper abdominal. There was norebound tenderness on renal region. Liver and spleen was untouched. No masses. Shifting dullness is negati ve.No vascular murmurs. No edema. Physiological reflexes were existent without any pathological ones.HeadCranium: Hair was black and well distributed. No deformities. No scars. No masses. No tenderness.Ear: Bilateral auricles were symmetric and of no masses. No discharges were found in external auditory canals. No tenderness in mastoid area. Auditory acuity was normal.Nose: No abnormal discharges were found in vetibulum nasi. Septum nasi was in midline. No nares flaring. No t enderness in nasal sinuses.Eye: Bilateral eyelids were not swelling. No ptosis. No entropion. Conjunctiva was not congestive. Sclera was a nicteric. Eyeballs were not projected or depressed. Movement was normal. Bilateral pupils were round and equal i n size. Direct and indirect pupillary reactions to light were existent.Mouth: Oral mucous membrane was smooth, and of no ulcer or erosion. Tongue was in midline. Pharynx was no t congestive. Tonsils were not enlarged.Neck: Symmetric and of no deformities. No masses. Thyroid was not enlarged. Trachea was in midline.ChestChestwall: Veins could not be seen easily. No subcutaneous emphysema. Intercostal space was neither narrowed nor widened. No tenderness.Thorax: Symmetric bilaterally. No deformities.Breast: Symmetric bilaterally. Neither nipples nor skin were retracted. Elasticity was fine.Lungs: Respiratory movement was bilaterally symmetric with the frequency of 28/min. Thoracic expansion and t actile fremitus were symmetric bilaterally. No pleural friction fremitus. Resonance was heard during percussion. N o abnormal breath sound was heard. No wheezes. No rales.Heart: No bulge and no abnormal impulse or thrills in precordial area. The point of maximum impulse was in 5th left intercostal space inside of the mid clavicular line and not diffuse. No pericardial friction sound. Border of the heart was normal. Heart sounds were strong and no splitting. Rate 89/min. Cardiac rhythm was regular. No patholo gical murmurs.Abdomen: Flat and soft. No bulge or depression. No abdominal wall varicosis. Gastralintestinal type or peristalses were not seen. There were tenderness and rebound tenderness on renal region. Liver was not reached. Spleen was not enlarged. No masses. Fluidthrill negative. Shifting dullness negative. Borhorygmus 5/min. No vascular murmu rs.Extremities: No articular swelling. Free movements of all limbs. Neural system: Physiological reflexes were exist ent without any pathological ones.Genitourinary system: Not examed.Rectum: not exaned。

英文病历示例患者，李华，男，69岁，退休教师，因心悸一年，加重5个月于1989年6月6日入院。

一年前患者健康。

1988年5月感到轻微心悸，在工作劳累，快走及上楼时感气短，傍晚下肢浮肿，休息后则减轻。

近5个月来，心悸气短明显加重。

以致不能行走，亦不能平卧，不得不坐着度过整夜，有时咳嗽，咳少量白色粘液，无血。

患者无寒战、发热、胸痛或关节疼痛，排尿正常。

系统复习无特殊，1949年曾患“大叶肺炎”，无药物过敏史。

个人史：生在西安，曾去过中国南方，但无疫水接触史，抽烟一天10支，1945年结婚，其妻健康，有一女孩亦健康，其父死于胃癌，其母健在。

查体：体温36.8℃，脉搏90次/分，呼吸28次/分，BP23.5/13.3kPa，发育良好，营养中等，体胖、半卧位，颜面苍白，全身浮肿，神智清楚，查体合作。

皮肤无红斑、黄疸、紫瘢。

淋巴结未触及。

头部、眼、鼻、耳、口正常，但口唇紫绀。

颈软，颈静脉无充盈，甲状腺未触及，无细震颤或搏动，气管正中。

胸廓两侧对称，呼吸动度对称，无异常浊音区，但在两肺底部可闻一些湿罗音。

心尖搏动所见，触诊时在第5肋间，距正中线14cm处，无细震颤，心浊音界如图：心率90次/分，律齐，心尖部可闻Ⅱ级柔和的吹风样收缩期杂音，P2＞A2，无胸膜磨擦音，腹软，无压痛及反跳痛，肝可触及，在肋下2cm，轻度压痛，脾未触及；无移动性浊音，其他正常。

正中线至左锁骨中线距离10cm初步诊断：1.高血压心脏病2.Ⅲ度心衰AN EXAMPLE OF IN-PATIENT′S MEDICAL CASE HISTORY IN ENGLISHPatient Li Hua, mate,69 years old, a retired teacher, was admitted on June 6,1989,because of palpitation for one year and becoming worse in recent 5 months.The patient was quite well until one year before May,1988, He felt slight palpitation and dyspnia during hard work, fast walk , or climbing stairs, There was swelling of legs in the evening but he felt better after having a rest. In recent 5months, palpitation and dyspnia became so serious that he could neither walk nor lie down.He had to sit up during the whole night, Sometimes he coughed with small amounts of sputum, but without blood. He had no chill, fever, chest pain or sore joints. The urinating was normal.There was nothing else abnormal in the case history review except a cured lobor pneumonia in 1949. He had no history of drug allergy.Personal history：The patient was born in Xi’an in 1923. He had been to the south of China but did not contact contaminated water. He smoked about 10 cigarettes daily. He got married in 1945. His wife was healthy .They had a daughter who was also healthy. His father died of stomach cancer.His mather was well.Physical Examination：T.36.8C, P. 96/min, R. 28/min, BP.23.5/13.3kPa. The patient, an old fatty man who developed well and moderately nourished, was lying in bed with a semifallous position. He looked pale and suffered from general edima. He was mentally normal and cooperative in the examination.There was no eruption, no jaundice, no purpura on the skin, and the lymphnodes were not palpable. The head, eyes, nose, ears, mouth were normal while the lips were cyanotic. The neck was soft, there was no venous engorgement. Thyroid glands were not palpable, there were no thrill or brunt. The trachea was in midline. The chest and respiratory movements were symmetrical. There was no abnormal dullness but some moist rales were heard in the base areas of the both lungs. The points of maximal impulse (PMI) were not visible but palpable in the 6thcostal interspace, 14cm form the middle line, there was no thrill. The cardiac dullness, 14cm from the middle line, there was no thrill. The cardiac dullness were as follows;The distance from midsternal line to midclavicular line was 10cm. The heart rate was 96/min, regular. There was a grade Ⅱsoft blowinglikesystolic murmurat the apex,P2>A2, but no pericardium friction sound washeard. Abdominal wall was soft without tenderness. The liver was palpable 2cm below the costal margin with slight tenderness. The spleen was not palpable and there was no shifting dull ness. The rest was normal.Impression：disease withdegreeⅢ heart failureSignature ×××。

C factor C 因素C fibre C 纤维C light source C 光源C reaction C 反应C score C 分数C value C 值CA 实足年龄cacesthesia 感觉异常cachectic 恶病质的cachexia 恶病质cachexia 衰弱期cachinnate 狂笑cachinnation 痴笑cacodemonomania 魔附妄想cacoepy 发音不准cacoethes operandi 手术癖cacogenesis 畸形cacogenesis 劣生cacogenic 种族退化的cacogenics 劣生学cacogenics 种族退化学cacogeusia 恶味cacography 拼写错误cacology 发音不准cacoplastic 成形不良的cacoplastic 构造异常的cacosmia 恶臭cacothenics 种族衰退cacothymia 心情恶劣cacotrophia 营养不良cacotrophy 营养不良CAD 计算机辅助设计caddish 缺乏教养的cadger 乞丐caducity 暂时性caecitas 盲caecum vestibulare 前庭盲端cafeteria feeding 自选食cafeteria feeding 自助式喂儿法caffeine 咖啡因caffeinism 咖啡因中毒cage 笼cage apparatus 笼状仪器CAI 计算机辅助教学Cain complex 凯因情结Cain complex 兄弟敌对情结cainotophobia 新事恐怖症Cain Levine Social Competency Scale 凯莱二氏社会能力量表cairophobia 临场恐怖症caitiff 卑鄙的人Cajal method 卡捷法cake of custom 反变现象CAL 计算机辅助学习calcarine fissure 距状裂calcium pump 钙棒calculate 计算calculated error 计算误差calculated value 计算值calculating card 计算卡片calculating chart 计算图calculating data 计算数据calculating inspection 计算检查calculating machine 计算机calculating sorting machine 分类计算机calculation 计算calculation chart 计算图calculative skill 计算技能calculative strategy 计算策略calculus 演算calculus of observation 观测演算calculus of proposition 命题演算calf love 雏恋calibration 刻度calibration 校准calibration instrument 校准仪器California Achievement Tests 加州成就测验California Infant Scale 加州婴儿量表California Occupational Preference Survey 加州职业偏好调查表California Personality Inventory 加州人格量表California Psychological Inventory 加州心理测验量表California Test of Mental Maturity 加州心理成熟测验California Test of Personality 加州人格测验caliper 测径器call 喊叫callback 复查calligraphy 笔迹calling 感召calling sequence 引入序列callipedia 美婴欲callomania 美貌狂callosal apraxia 胼胝体运用不能callosum 胼胝体calm type 沉静型calmative 镇静的caloric nystagmus 温度性眼震calorie 卡(热量单位）caloriemeter 热量计calque 仿照calvaria 颅盖calvarium 颅盖Cal 大卡CAM 计算机辅助制造camaraderie 同志感camera lucida 投影描图器camera obscure 暗箱camouflage 伪装cAMP 环 磷酸腺苷Campbell chart 坎贝尔图campimeter 视野测量器Canadian Psychological Association 加拿大心理学会canalis facialis 面神经管canalis semicircularis anterior 前半规管canalis semicircularis anterior 上半规管canalis semicircularis posterior 后半规管canalis semicircularis posterior 下半规管canalization 定型化canalization 疏引作用cancel 删去cancellation 废除cancellation 划消cancellation ability 消字能力cancellation method 划消法cancellation test 划消测验cancer 癌症cancer cells 癌细胞cancerogenic 致癌的cancerophobia 癌症恐怖症candela 坎德拉candela per square foot 坎每平方英尺candela per square meter 坎每平方米candid 公正的candle 烛candle power 烛光candle problem 腊烛问题candor 坦率canine madness 狂犬病cannabiomania 大麻癖cannabis 大麻cannabism 大麻依赖cannabism 大麻中毒canned data 存储的信息cannibalism 同类相残canniness 精明Cannon emergency function 嘉农应急机能Cannon theory of emotion 嘉龙情绪理论Cannon s theory 嘉农氏理论Cannon Bard theory of emotion 嘉龙 巴特情绪说canon 准则canonic form 典型形式canonical analysis 双复式分析canonical correlation 双复式相关canonical correlation analysis 典型相关分析canonical correlation coefficient 典型相关系数canonical order 双复式次序canonist 经院派canvasser 推销员CAPcapability 能力capacitation 获得能力capacity 能力capacity 容量capacity of bearing legal responsibility 法律责任能力capacity of resisting disturbance 抗干扰能力capacity test 能量测验Capgras syndrome 卡氏综合症capillarectasia 毛细管扩张capillaritis 毛细管炎capillary 毛细管caprice 任性caprice 突发capsicism 辣椒癖capsula auditus 耳软骨囊capsula externa 外囊capsula interna 内囊capsule 囊caption 题目captious 吹毛求疵的captivate 迷住captivation 吸引力captivator 有吸引力的人captive 被控制的capture 引起注意captured audience 被吸引的听众carbachol 碳酰胆碱carbamate 氨基甲酸酯carbamic acid 氨基甲酸carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbon monoxide 一氧化碳carbon monoxide poisoning 一氧化碳中毒carcinogen 致癌物carcinoma 癌carcinomatosis 癌病carcinophobia 恐癌症card 卡片card index 卡片索引card reader 卡片读出器cardiac 心脏的cardiac activity 心博cardiac center 心博中枢cardiac cost 心脏的负担cardiac cycle 心博周期cardiac efficiency 心效率cardiac impulse 心冲动cardiac index 心脏指标cardiac neurosis 心脏神经官能症cardiac output 心脏输出量cardiac plexus 心神经丛cardiac rate 心率cardiac reflex 心反射cardiac rhythm 心节律cardiac wave 心波cardiagraphy 心动描记法cardiant 心兴奋药cardiasthenia 心衰弱cardiataxia 心博失调cardinal disposition 首要性格cardinal point 基点cardinal points reflex 基本方位反射cardinal trait 首要特质cardinal utility 基数效用cardiochronograph 心脏计时器cardiocinetic 促心动的cardiocybernetics 心脏控制论cardioexcitatory 兴奋心脏的cardiogram 心动图cardiograph 心动仪cardiographic 心动描记的cardiographic curve 心动描记曲线cardiography 心动描记术cardioinhibitor 心动抑制剂cardiology 心脏学cardiomotility 心脏活动cardioneurosis 心脏神经症cardiopalmus 心悸cardiophobia 心脏病恐怖症cardiophonogram 心音图cardiophonography 心音描记法cardiopneumograph 心肺运动描记器cardioregulatory center 心脏调节中枢cardiosphygmogram 心动脉博图cardiosphygmograph 心动脉博描记器cardiosphygmography 心动脉博描记法cardiotachometer 心动频率计cardiotachometry 心率记录法cardiovascular disorder 心血管障碍cardiovascular system 心血管系统cardio accelerator 心动加速剂cardio acceleratory 心动加速的cardio acceleratory center 心动加速中枢cardio acceleratory mechanism 心动加速机制cardio inhibitory 心动抑制的cardio inhibitory center 心动抑制中枢cardio inhibitory mechanism 心动抑制机制cardio respiratory ratio 心博呼吸比率cardi accelerator 心动加速剂card sorting test 卡片分类测验care 小心care of young 护幼career 职业经历Career Adjustment and Development Inventory 职业调适和发展问卷career anchors 事业定位career appraisal 事业评价Career Assessment Inventory 职业评估测验career change 职业变换career choice 事业选择career commitment 事业承诺career counseling 事业咨询career cycle 事业周期Career Decision Making Self efficacy Scale 职业决策自我效能感量表career development 事业发展career development for woman 妇女职业发展Career Development Inventory 事业发展问卷career development program 职业发展制度career education 事业教育career field 事业领域career goal 事业目标career guidance 就业辅导career identity 职业认同career insight 职业洞察力career management 事业管理career maturity 事业成熟性Career Maturity Inventory 事业成熟度量表career planning 职业计划career policy 职业政策career quidance 事业辅导career resilience 事业活力career stages 事业阶段career woman 职业妇女careerism 野心careerist 野心家carefree 无忧无虑careful 小心的careful reflection 慎思careless 粗心的caress 爱抚caretaker 看管人caretaker government 看守政府caretaking 看管careworn 受忧虑折磨的care laden 忧心忡忡的carinal cavity 背腔carking 烦恼的carnage 残杀carnality 肉欲carney 哄骗carnivore 食肉动物carotid artery 颈动脉carotid sinus baroreceptor 颈动脉窦压力感受器carp 挑剔carpal 腕关节的carpal bone age 腕骨年龄carpale 腕骨carphology 摸空carriertheory 载体学说carrier free 无载体的carry away 兴奋carry back 使回想起carry initiating signal 进位起始信号carry on 行动失常carry propagation 进位传递carrying 负载力carry over effect 延续效应Cartesian coordinate 笛卡儿坐标Cartesian coordinate 正坐标Cartesian linguistics 笛卡儿语言学cartilagines laryngis 喉软骨cartilago cranialis 脑软骨cartilago septi nasi 鼻隔软骨cartogram 统计图cartography 制图法cartoon test 漫画测验cartridge weight 重量盒cascade control 级联控制cascaded carry 逐位进位case 病例case 个案case analysis 个案分析case grammar 格语法case history 病历case history 个案史case history interview 个案史访谈case history method 个案史法case method 个案法case record 个案记录case report 个案报告case study 个案研究case study method 个案研究法case work 个案工作casebook 病例本casebook 个案资料caseworker 个案工作者case control study 个案控制研究case group method 个案分组法case study interview 个案研究面谈cast away 抛弃cast back 追溯cast off 释放caste 社会等级caste system 等级制Castellani Low symptom 卡斯特拉尼 洛症状castigate 惩罚castle builder 空想家castrate 阉割castrated person 去势者castrated person 阉人castration 阉割castration anxiety 阉割焦虑castration complex 阉割情结castration fear 阉割恐惧castroid 类去势者casual path model 因径模式casual ward 临时收容所casual comparative study 原因比较研究casuistics 病案讨论CAT 计算机轴断层摄影术cat 猫CAT scanner 电脑断层扫描仪catabasis 缓解期catabiosis 分解代谢catabiosis 老化现象catabolic phase 分解阶段catabolic process 分解过程catabolism 分解代谢catabythismomania 自溺狂cataclysm 灾变catadioptric 反射折射的catagenesis 退化catagenetic 退化的catalepsis 木僵catalepsy 木僵cataleptic 僵住症的catalepticform 僵住症样的catalexia 重读症catalog 目录catalog method 目录法catalog technique 目录法catalogia 言语重复cataloging 目录catalogue 目录catalogue cards 目录卡片catalysis 催化作用catalyst 催化剂catalyze 催化catamnesis 诊后病历cataphasia 重复语言cataphora 嗜睡样昏迷cataphoria 下隐斜视cataphrenia 可逆性痴呆cataplasia 退化cataplexis 猝倒cataplexy 猝倒cataract 白内障catastaltic 抑制的catastaltica 抑制剂catastrophe 灾变catastrophe model 激变模型catastrophic reaction 灾害性反应catathermometer 干湿球温度计catathymic amnesia 情综性遗忘catathymic amnesia 选择性失忆症catatonia 肌肉紧张症catatonia 紧张症catatonic 紧张症的catatonic dementia 紧张症型痴呆catatonic excitement 紧张症兴奋catatonic rage 紧张症愤怒catatonic schizophrenia 紧张型精神分裂症catatonic stupor紧张性木僵紧张性僵呆catatonic syndrome 紧张综合症catatonic type 僵直型catatonosis 张力减退catatony 紧张症catch test 捕捉测验catching 捕捉catechetic method 问答法catechetical method 问答法catechism 问答教学法catecholamine 儿茶酚胺catechol o methyltransferase 儿茶酚氧位甲基移位酶categorematic 范畴性的categorical 分类的categorical attitude 归类心态categorical behavior 归类行为categorical clustering 范畴群集categorical data 分类数据categorical data analysis 分类数据分析categorical distinction范畴特征范畴特徵categorical distribution 类别分布categorical form 范畴形式categorical frequency 组限频次categorical judgment 范畴判断categorical measure 类别测量categorical perception 类别知觉categorical perception of speech 语言范畴知觉categorical rating 分类评定categorical rule 范畴规则categorical scale 分类量表categorical variable 类别变项categories of organization communication 组织沟通分类categorization 分类categorizing process 分类过程category 范畴category clustering 范畴群集category limen 范畴阈限category method 范畴法category object 范畴对象category observation 范畴观察category of being 存在范畴category of relation 关系范畴category of speech 言语范畴category of unthought 非思想范畴category scales 范畴量表category system 范畴系统category test 范畴实验category width 范畴幅度catharsis 宣泄catharsis hypothesis 宣泄假说catharsis method 宣泄法catharsis theory 宣泄论catharsis theory of play 游戏宣泄论cathartic 导泄的cathartic hypnosis 宣泄催眠法cathartic method 宣泄法cathartic method of emotion 情绪宣泄法cathartic play 宣泄性游戏cathected energy 投附的能量cathectic 投注catheresis 虚弱cathexis 情感投注cathexis 性力投注cathisophobia 静坐恐怖症cathode 阴极cathode ray 阴极射线cathode ray displays 阴极射线显示器cathode ray oscillograph 阴极射线示波器cathode ray tube 示波器catholicity 普遍性CATI 计算机辅助电话访谈cation 阳离子catophoria 下隐斜视catoptric 反射光的catoptrical 反射光的catoptrics 反射光学catoptrophobia 恐镜子症catoptroscope 反光检查镜Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale 卡特尔婴儿智力量表Cattell Infant Scale 卡特尔婴儿量表Cattell s factor theory 卡特尔因素论Cattell s trait theory 卡特尔特质论Cattell s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire 卡氏cattishness 敏捷cat s cry syndrome 猫叫综合症caudal 尾部caudate 有尾的caudate nucleus 尾状核caudex drosalis 延髓caudex encephalic pontilis 脑桥caumesthesia 触冷感热causal 原因的causal analysis 因果分析causal anomaly 异常的因果分析causal association 因果联想causal attribution 因果归因causal connection 因果联系causal efficacy 因果功效causal explanation 因果性解释causal inference 因果性推断causal investigation 因果调查causal model 因果模式causal path 因果路径causal path analysis 因果路径分析causal path model 因径模式causal relation 因果关系causal research 因果研究causal schema 因果图式causal theory of perception 知觉因果论causalgia 灼痛causality 因果关系causality 缘由causality concept 因果概念causality condition 因果条件causal comparative study 原因比较研究causation 因果作用causation 原因causationism 因果律causationism of crime 犯罪原因论causationist 因果律cause 原因cause and effect 因果cause of trouble 事故原因causeless 无原因的cause and effect test 因果测验cause effect relation 因果关系caution 小心caution device 警告装置caution signals 警告信号cautionary 警告的cautious shift 谨慎偏移cautious style 谨慎型cautious shift effect 谨慎偏移效应CAVD 抽象智力CAVD Test 抽象智力测验cave 洞穴caveman 穴居人cavil 挑剔cavity of skull 颅腔cavum 腔cavum craniale 颅腔cavum laryngis 喉腔cavum medullare 髓腔cavum nasi ossei 骨鼻腔cavum oris 口腔cavum tympani 鼓室CBE 能力本位教育CBF 脑血流量CBI 能力本位教学CBS 慢性脑综合症CBT 能力本位训练CBTE 能力本位师资教育CCFF 颜色临界融合频率CCS 计算机控制系统CD form 概念从属形式CD ratio 控制 显示比CD ratio 控制 显示比CDMSEcease 停息ceiling 上限ceiling age 上限年龄ceiling and floor effect 上限下限效应ceiling effect 上限效应celerity 迅速celestial 天空的celestial body 天体celestial illusion 天空错视celibacy 禁欲celibatarian 独身主义者cell 单元cell 细胞cell aggregation 细胞集合cell assembly 细胞结集cell body 细胞体cell death 细胞坏死cell division 细胞分裂cell frequency 格内频次cell membrane 细胞膜cell nucleus 细胞核cell theory 细胞学说cellophane slide 透明纸幻灯片cellular 细胞的cellularity 细胞结构cellule 细胞celluloneuritis 神经细胞炎Celsius 摄氏的Celsius scale 摄氏温标Celsius temperature 摄氏温度Celsius thermometer 摄氏温度计CEM 中心兴奋机制cenesthesia 一般机体觉cenesthesiopathy 体觉违合cenesthesiopathy 一般感觉紊乱cenesthesis 一般机体觉cenesthetic 普通感觉cenesthetic hallucination 机体统觉性幻觉cenesthopathy 体感幻觉cenophobia 恐荒野症cenotoxin 疲劳毒素censor 潜意识压抑censorship 潜意识稽查censure 指责census 人口调查census data 人口资料center 中枢center 中心center clipping 中部削波center clipping distortion 中心削波失真中心削波失真center for creative leadership 创造性领导中心Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale 流行病学研究中心抑郁量表center of body temperature regulation 体温调节中心center of equilibrium平衡中心平衡中心center of gravity 重心center of interest 兴趣中心center of rotation 旋转中心center of Wernicke 韦尼克中心centered thought 中心化思考centibar 厘巴centigrade degree 摄氏温度centile 百分位等级central 中心的central aphasia 中枢性失语症central artery 中央动膜central body 中心体central body temperature 中心体温central canal 中心管central conflict 中心冲突central control room 中央控制室central deafness 中枢性聋central difference notation 中央差分记法central disposition 中心气质central excitatory mechanism 中心兴奋机制central excitatory state 中心兴奋状态central fatigue 中枢性疲劳central field of view 中心视野central fissure 中央沟central gray 中灰质central gray matter 中灰质层central inhibition 中枢抑制central lesion 中枢神经系统损伤central limit theorem 中央极限定理central lobe 大脑中叶central motive state 中枢动机状态central nerve trunk 中枢神经干central nervous system 中枢神经系统central nervous system disorder 中枢神经系统失调central nucleus 中央核central operation board 中央操纵台central processor 中央处理装置central processor model 中央处理器模式central projection 中央突central scotoma 中心盲central stimulants 中枢兴奋药central sulcus 中央沟central tendency 集中趋势central tendency measure 集中趋势测量central tendency of judgment 集中趋势判断central theory 中枢论central tissue 中心组织central trait 中心特质central type 中间型central value 代表值central vision 中央视觉central vision field 中央视野centralism 中枢机能论centrality 向心性centrality index 向心性指标centralization 集权化centralization 中央集权centralized data processing 数据集中处理centralized management 集权管理centraphose 中枢性暗觉centration 向心性centre 中心centrifugal 传出的centrifugal 离心的centrifugal fiber 传出纤维centrifugal fiber 离心纤维centrifugal force 离心力centrifugal nerve 传出神经centrifugal swing 离心摇摆centrifugal centripetal migration model 离心 向心迁移模式centripetal 向心的centripetal fiber 传入纤维centripetal fiber 向心纤维centripetal force 向心力centripetal nerve 向心神经centrocinesia 中枢性运动centrocinetic 中枢性运动的centroid analysis 图心分析centroid factor analysis 形心因子分析centroid method 重心法centromere 着丝点centronervin 中枢神经素centrophose 中枢性暗觉centrophose 中枢性光幻觉centrostaltic 运动中心的centrotherapy 中枢疗法centrum 中枢cephalalgia 头痛cephalic 头的cephalic index 头颅指数cephalic neuromere 头部神经元节cephalin 脑磷脂cephalin flocculation 脑磷脂絮状反应cephalitis 脑炎cephalization 头向集中cephalocaudal development 首到尾的发展cephalocaudal direction 首尾方向cephalocele 脑膨出cephalodynia 头痛cephalogenesis 头部形成cephalograph 头描记器cephalometer 头颅测量器cephalometry 测颅法cephalone 大头白痴cephalonia 巨头症cephalotropic 向脑的ceptor 受体CER 条件性情绪反应cerebellar 小脑的cerebellar ataxia 小脑运动失调cerebellar cortex 小脑皮质cerebellar gait 小脑步态cerebellar hemispheres 小脑半球cerebellar lobe 小脑叶cerebellar nuclei 小脑核cerebellar peduncle 小脑脚cerebellifugal 离小脑的cerebellipetal 向小脑的cerebellitis 小脑炎cerebellofugal 小脑传出的cerebellopontile 小脑脑桥的cerebellospinal 小脑脊髓的cerebellospinal tract 小脑脊髓径cerebello olivary 小脑橄榄体的cerebellum 小脑cerebell bulbar tract 小脑延髓束cerebral 大脑的cerebral achromatopsia 皮质性色盲cerebral activity 大脑活动cerebral akinesia 大脑性运动不能cerebral anesthesia 大脑性感觉缺失cerebral apoplexy 大脑卒中cerebral aqueduct 大脑导水管cerebral arteriosclerosis 大脑动脉硬化cerebral basal ganglia 大脑基底核cerebral biocurrent 脑生物电流cerebral blindness 中枢性盲cerebral blood flow 脑血流量cerebral concussion 脑震荡cerebral connectionism 皮质纤维连接主义cerebral contusion 脑挫伤cerebral convolution 脑回cerebral cortex 大脑皮质cerebral cranium 脑颅cerebral dominance 大脑优势cerebral dura mater 硬脑膜cerebral dysrhythmia 脑波节律障碍cerebral electro therapy 大脑电疗法cerebral embolism 脑栓塞cerebral ganglion 丘脑cerebral gyri 大脑回cerebral haemorrhage 脑溢血cerebral hemisphere activity 大脑半球活动cerebral hemispheres 大脑半球cerebral hemispheric dominance 大脑半球优势cerebral hemorrhage 大脑出血cerebral hyperplasia 大脑发育过速cerebral hypoplasia 大脑发育不全cerebral hypoxia 大脑低氧病cerebral infarction 脑梗塞cerebral integration 大脑整合作用cerebral laceration 大脑裂伤cerebral lesion 大脑损伤cerebral limbic system 大脑边缘系统cerebral localization 大脑定位作用cerebral metabolic rate 大脑代谢率cerebral neocortex 大脑新皮层cerebral nerve 脑神经cerebral palsied child 脑性麻痹儿cerebral palsy 大脑麻痹cerebral palsy 脑性瘫痪cerebral peduncle 大脑脚cerebral sulci 大脑沟cerebral thrombosis 脑血栓cerebral trauma 脑外伤cerebral trigone 大脑穹窿cerebral tumor 脑瘤cerebral ventricle 脑室cerebrale 脑病性cerebrate 用脑cerebration 大脑作用cerebrifugal 离大脑的cerebripetal 向大脑的cerebritis 大脑炎cerebrocentric 大脑中枢的cerebrology 脑学cerebromedullary 脑脊髓的cerebromeningeal 脑膜的cerebromeningitis 脑膜炎cerebropathia 脑病cerebropathy 脑病cerebrophysiology 大脑生理学cerebropontile 大脑脑桥的cerebrorachidian 脑脊髓的cerebrosclerosis 脑硬化cerebroscopy 脑病检眼镜cerebrosis 脑病cerebrospinal 脑脊的cerebrospinal fluid 脑脊液cerebrospinal ganglion 脑脊神经节cerebrospinal nervous system 脑脊神经系统cerebrospinal system 脑脊髓系统cerebrotomy 脑切开术cerebrotonia 大脑紧张症cerebrotonia 头脑型cerebrotonia type 大脑紧张型cerebrovascular 脑血管的cerebrovascular accident 脑血管伤害cerebrovascular disease 脑血管病cerebrovascular stroke 脑血发作cerebrovascular system 脑血系统cerebrums 大脑ceremony 仪式certain 确凿的certain knowledge 准确的知识certainty 必然性certainty of thinking 思维的确定性certes 必然的certifiable 可证明的certificate of safety inspection 安全合格证certificate of safety operation 安全操作合格证certification 证明certitude 必然性cervical nerve 颈神经Cestan Chenais syndrome 塞思丹 舍奈茨综合症CET 大脑电疗法CFA 验证性因素分析CFF 临界闪烁频率CG 对照组CG 控制组CGR 皮电反应Chaddock s reflex sign 查多克反射症chafe 惹怒chagrin 懊恼chain 链锁chain communication network 链形联络网chain complex 链锁情结chain index number 链指数chain learning 链锁学习chain of association 联想链chain of command 命令链chain reflex 链锁反射chained equipercentile equating 链接百分位数等化法chained reflex 链锁反射chained response 链锁反应chaining 链锁化chaining of responses 反应链锁作用chainless 无束缚的chain association task 链锁联想任务chair warmer 闲荡汉Chaldean 占星者chalk talk 注入式教学法chalk up 记下chalk and talk 注入式教学法challenge 挑战challenge suggestion 查问暗示chalone 抑制素chameleon 反复无常的人champ 焦急chance 机遇chance cause 偶发原因chance concept 机率概念chance contingency of reinforcement 机遇随因强化chance difference 机差chance error 机误chance event 随机事件chance fluctuation 机遇波动chance form 随意图形chance success 偶遇成功chance variation 偶然变异chance halves correlation 机因折半相关chance medley 过失杀人change 变化change agent 促变者change in consumption 消费变化change in human view 人的观念变化change in value 数值变化change induction group 变化感应群体change of character 性格变换change of consumption 消费变化change of live 更年期change of live 绝经期change of state 状态变化changeability 易变性changeable 易变的changeableness 易变性changeably 易变地changeful 易变的changefully 易变地changefulness 不确定性changeless 不变的changelessness 不变性changeling 低能者changer 变换器channel 频道channel 通道channel capacity 通道容量channel capacity of vision 视觉通道容量channel richness 通道丰富性channel switching 通道开关channeled 槽形的channeller theory of motivation 激励的主导理论chaos 混乱chapfallen 沮丧Chapin Social Insight Test 查平社会领悟测验character 特征character 性格character analysis 性格分析character analysis system 性格分析系统character building 性格培养character classification by age 年龄分类character classification by body types 体型分类character classification by mind and will 心志分类character classification by will and motive 志意分类character defense 性格型防卫character development 品格发展character diagnosis 性格诊断character discipline 性格锻炼character disorder 性格障碍character displacement 品质置换character education 品格教育Character Education Inquiry 品格教育测验character enchantment 品格魅力character formation 性格形成character gradient 性状变异梯度character neurosis 性格神经症character of sports collective 运动集体性格character of volitional type 意志型性格character orientation 性格倾向Character Performance Maintenance Scale 品德绩效维系量表character performance main tenance theory品德绩效维系理论品德绩效维系理论character rating 品格分等character recognition 特征辨别character representation 特征表示character resistance 性格抵抗character structure 品格结构character test 品行测验character training 品格训练character trait 品格特质character type 性格类型characteristic 特征的characteristic curve 特征曲线characteristic curve method 特征曲线法特徵曲 法characteristic delay 特征延迟characteristic equation 特征公式characteristic factor 特性因素characteristic frequency 特征频率characteristic number 特征数characteristic point 特性点characteristic value 特征值characteristics 特征characteristics of man 人的特征characteristics of mentality 心理特征characteristics of self actualization 自我实现的特征characteristics of wrongly written words 错别字特征characterization 性格化characterization in art 艺术中的性格化characterless 无特征的characterology 性格学Charcot s triad 沙可三症charge 电荷chariness 谨慎charisma 号召力charisma 魅力charismatic authority 魅力型权威charismatic leadership 魅力型领袖charitable 慈善的charlatan 庸医charm 魅力Charpentier effect 沙蓬特效应Charpentier illusion 沙蓬特错觉Charpentier s band 沙蓬特光带Charpentier s law 沙蓬特定律查氏定律Charpentier Koseleff illusion 沙 柯大小重量错觉chart 图表chartography 制图法chase 跟踪chaste 贞洁的chasten 惩戒chastener 惩戒者chastise 惩罚chastisement 惩罚chat 闲谈chatter 震颤chatter 喋喋不休chatterbox 唠叨的人Chauvinism 排他主义Chauvinism 沙文主义CHD 冠心病ChE 胆碱脂酶cheapen 变得粗俗cheat 欺诈cheating 作弊check 核查check by sampling 抽查check coding 核查编码check error 校对check experiment 核查实验check list 检核清单check list method 检核表法check list rating scale 检核表式评定量表check point 检核点check reading display 核读显示器check test 对照试验check work 检核工作checklist 检核表cheeky 无耻的cheer 振奋cheerless 缺乏欢乐的cheimaphobia 恐冷症cheirocinesthesia 手运动觉cheirognomy 手相术cheirognostic 能辨别左右侧的cheirology 手势语chemaesthesis 物质感觉chemasthenia 化学过程减弱chemical 化学的chemical blocking 化学阻塞chemical brain stimulation 化学脑刺激chemical code 化学编码chemical evolution 化学进化chemical irritation 化学性刺激chemical mediator 化学介质chemical receptor 化学感受器chemical sensation 化学感觉chemical sense 化学感官chemical sympathectomy 化学性交感神经切断术chemical synapse 化学突触chemical transmitter substance 化学传递物质chemical transmitting synapse 化学传递突触chemicobiological 化学生物学的chemiluminescence 化学发光chemistry of learning 学习的化学作用chemokinesis 化学增活现象chemomorphosis 化学性变态chemophysiology 化学生理学chemopsychiatry 化学精神病学chemoreception 化学感受作用chemoreceptor 化学感受器chemoreflex 化学反射chemosensing system 化学感受系统chemosensitive 化学敏感的chemosensitivity 化学敏感性chemosensory 化学感觉的chemostat 化学恒定器chemosterilant 化学绝育剂chemotaxis 趋化性chemotaxis 向药性chemotherapy 化学疗法chemotropism 向药性cherish 爱护cherophobia 恐欢乐症cherub 可爱的Chervin s treatment method 舍万疗法chess board illusion 棋盘错觉chest breath 胸式呼吸chest circumference 胸围chest depth 胸厚chest lead 胸部导出chew 深思Cheyne Stokes nystagmus 节律性眼球震颤Cheyne Stokes psychosis 陈 施二氏精神病CHI 舒适健康指数chiaroscuro 明暗对比chiasm 神经交叉chiasm formation 交叉形成chiasm interference 交叉干涉chiasm opticum 视束交叉chiasma 交叉chiasma opticum 视交叉chiasmal 交叉的chiasmatic 交叉的chiasmatypy 交换染色体chiasmic 交叉的chiastometer 视轴偏歪测量器Chicago school 芝加哥学派Chicago Test of Primary Mental Abilities 芝加哥心理能力测验Chicago University Test of Creativity 芝加哥大学创造力测验chicane 诈骗chicken hearted 胆怯的chief complaint 主诉child 儿童child abuse 儿童虐待child adjustment 儿童适应child aphasia 儿童失语症Child Behavior Checklist 儿童行为检核表child birth training 分娩训练child care worker 儿童护理员child centered education 儿童中心教育child custody 儿童监护Child Development 儿童发展child discipline 儿童管教child drawing 儿童绘画child grammar 儿童语法child guidance 儿童指导child guidance centre 儿童指导中心child guidance clinic 儿童辅导诊所child guidance movement 儿童指导运动child hygiene 儿童卫生child labor 童工child literature 儿童文学child neglect 儿童照管不良child neurosis 儿童神经官能症Child Personality Scale 儿童人格量表child prodigy 天才儿童child psychiatry 儿童精神病学child psychology 儿童心理学child psychosis 儿童精神病child rearing 育儿child schizophrenia 儿童精神分裂症child social psychology 儿童社会心理学child study 儿童研究child therapy 儿童治疗法child welfare 儿童福利child welfare institution 儿童福利机构childbearing attitude 育儿态度childhood 儿童期childhood development 儿童期发展childhood education 儿童期教育childhood neurosis 儿童神经官能症childhood period 儿童期childhood play behavior 儿童期游戏行为childhood play development 儿童期游戏发展childhood psychosis 儿童期精神病childhood schizophrenia 儿童期精神分裂症childish 孩子的childless 无子女的childlike 孩子般的childlike dementia 童样痴呆Children Apperception Test 儿童统觉测验children behavior developmental stages 儿童行为发展阶段Children Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale 儿童催眠易感性量表Children Manifest Anxiety Scale 儿童外显焦虑量表children of school age 学龄儿童Children Personality Questionnaire 儿童人格问卷children recreation game 儿童娱乐游戏children s attention 儿童注意children s behavior 儿童行为children s calendar 儿童日历children s character 儿童性格children s fantasy 儿童幻想children s fears 儿童恐惧children s home 儿童教养院children s intelligence 儿童智力children s play 儿童游戏children s poems 儿童诗歌children s publications 儿童读物children s songs and rhymes 儿歌children s songs and rhymes 童谣child centered education 儿童中心教育child centered family 儿童中心家庭child child interaction 儿童间的相互作用child experience approach 儿童经验教学法child focused family 儿童焦点家庭child guidance clinic 儿童指导所child parent fixation 亲子固着child parent fixation 子亲情结child rearing 儿童养育child rearing practice 儿童养育方式child study movement 儿童研究运动chill 寒冷chimera 幻想chimerical 空想的chimpanzee 黑猩猩chinablepsia 雪盲Chinese Association for Mental Hygiene 中国心理卫生协会Chinese Ergonomics Association 中国工效学会Chinese implicit ladership theory 中国人的内隐领导理论Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory 中国人格评定量表Chinese Psychological Society 中国心理学会Chinese Social Psychological Association 中国社会心理学会chionophobia 恐雪症chipper 快乐的chirk 高兴的chirobrachialgia 手臂痛chirognomy 手相术chirognosy 手相学chirography 书法chirology 手相学chirospasm 书写痉挛chirpy 快活的chisel 欺骗chitchat 闲谈chi square 卡方chi square criterion 卡方准则chi square distribution 卡方分配。