0810 -- Traiteur v. Abbott, 327NE2d130 (Ill. App. 1975) - for lesson 4

EU Customs Trader Portal for BTIeLearning moduleThis easy-to-use eLearning module is one of the courses from an extensive UCC EU eLearning programme.This course guides you through the EU Customs Trader Portal with special attention to the specific functionalities for BTI applications and BTI decisions.Upon completion of the course, you will be able to confidently work with the EU Customs Trader Portal and carry out all the traders’ actions within the BTI process flow.To fully benefit of the potential of this course, we recommend to integrate the course in your own training programme and to develop a full blended learning programme. The course will remember you some of the main BTI related notions; you can skip this part through the course map or use it to refresh your knowledge.Target audienceTraders from Members States that do not use a national Trader Portal and who want to apply for an BTI decision or consult their current ones.Learning objectivesBy the end of this course, you will understand and learn how to:- The basic principles of the use of the EU CustomsTrader Portal for BTI ,- the general functionalities of the portal, - the benefits of using this portal.Course durationThe course takes 1,5 to 1 hours depending on your previous knowledge on the BTI concept.Available languages The course is available in English.Consult the table on the EUROPA website for the availability of further EU languages versions.Particularities of this courseThis course is designed to address the needs of the traders in the EU Customs Trader Portal for BTI after the release in October 2019.You can experience real examples with “hands-on” activities, real exercises in the system, which can be played during the course.Further functionalities of the next releases of the portal will be included in future updates of the eLearning module.General FeaturesYou may interrupt your course at any time. When reopening the course you can resume where you have left the course off.Beside the menu, a course map allows you to quickly access to the sections and subsections. The course map is placed in the upper toolbar of the course.A course summary of the most relevant information is available in a printable format in the course. You can also print any screen of the course with the print option. How to start and use these eLearning courses?-Select the version you wish to download.-You have the choice between 'no-SCORM' (iso, exe, html/html5) and 'SCORM' (for LMS systems).-Read the Quick Start Guide available in the downloaded zip folder. It explains how to install the courses to your system.-Using the course does not require a high level of information technology skills from the learners.-In case of technical issues, contact first your local administrator. If the problem persists, send the description (including screenshots) to *************************.euContact: DG TAXUD /E3Management of Programmes & EU training*************************.euhttps://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/eu-training_en。

RVN4126 3.59100-386-9100-386/T DEVICERVN41772-CD2-3.5MCS/MTSRVN41821-CD2-3.5XTS3000/SABER PORTABLE YES RKN4046KHVN9085 3.51-20 R NO HLN9359 PROG. STAND RVN4057 3.532 X 8 CODEPLUG NO3080385B23 & 5880385B30 MDVN4965 3.59100-WS/T CONFIG KITRVN4053 3.5ASTRO DIGITAL INTERFACE NO3080385B23RVN41842-CD RKN4046A (Portable) 2-3.5ASTRO PORTABLE /MOBILE YES3080369B73 or0180300B10 (Mobile) RVN41831-CD3080369B732-3.5ASTRO SPECTRA MOBILE YES(Low / Mid Power)0180300B10 (High Power) RVN4185CD ASTRO SPECTRA PLUS MOBILE NO MANY OPTIONS; SEESERVICE BRIEF#SB-MO-0101RVN4186CD ASTRO SPECTRA PLUS MANY OPTIONS;MOBILE/PORTABLE COMB SEE SERVICE BRIEF#SB-MO-0101RVN4154 3.5ASTROTAC 3000 COMPAR.3080385B23RVN5003 3.5ASTROTAC COMPARATORS NO3080399E31 Adpt.5880385B34RVN4083 3.5BSC II NO FKN5836ARVN4171 3.5C200RVN4029 3.5CENTRACOM SERIES II NO VARIOUS-SEE MANUAL6881121E49RVN4112 3.5COMMAND PLUS NORVN4149 3.5COMTEGRA YES3082056X02HVN6053CD CT250, 450, 450LS YES AAPMKN4004RVN4079 3.5DESKTRAC CONVENTIONAL YES3080070N01RVN4093 3.5DESKTRAC TRUNKED YES3080070N01RVN4091 3.5DGT 9000 DESKSET YES0180358A22RVN4114 3.5GLOBAL POSITIONING SYS.NO RKN4021AHVN8177 3.5GM/GR300/GR500/GR400M10/M120/130YES3080070N01RVN4159 3.5GP60 SERIES YES PMLN4074AHVN9128 3.5GP300 & GP350RVN4152 3.5GP350 AVSRVN4150 3.5GTX YES HKN9857 (Portable)3080070N01(Mobile) HVN9025CD HT CDM/MTX/EX SERIES YES AARKN4083/AARKN4081RiblessAARKN4075RIBLESS NON-USA RKN4074RVN4098H 3.5HT1000/JT1000-VISAR YES3080371E46(VISAR CONV)RVN4151 3.5HT1000 AVSRVN4098 3.5HT1000/ VISAR CONV’L.YES RKN4035B (HT1000) HVN9084 3.5i750YES HLN-9102ARVN4156 3.5LCS/LTS 2000YES HKN9857(Portable)3080070N01(Mobile) RVN4087 3.5LORAN C LOC. RECV’R.NO RKN4021ARVN4135 3.5M100/M200,M110,M400,R100 includesHVN9173,9177,9646,9774YES3080070N01RVN4023 3.5MARATRAC YES3080070N01RVN4019 3.5MAXTRAC CONVENTIONAL YES3080070N01RVN4139 3.5MAXTRAC LS YES3080070N01RVN4043 3.5MAXTRAC TRK DUPLEX YES3080070N01RVN4178CD MC SERIES, MC2000/2500DDN6124AW/DB25 CONNECTORDDN6367AW/DB9 CONNECTOR RVN41751-CD Rib to MIC connector 1-3.5MCS2000 RKN4062BRVN41131-3.5MCS2000RVN4011 3.5MCX1000YES3000056M01RVN4063 3.5MCX1000 MARINE YES3000056M01RVN4117 3.5MDC/RDLAP DEVICESRVN4105 3.5MOBILE PROG. TOOLRVN4119 3.5MOBITEX DEVICESRVN4128 3.5MPT1327-1200 SERIES YES SEE MANUALRVN4025 3.5MSF5000/PURC/ANALOG YES0180355A30RVN4077 3.5MSF5000/10000FLD YES0180355A30RVN4017K 3.5MT 1000YES RTK4205CRVN4148 3.5MTR 2000YES3082056X02RVN4140 3.5MTRI 2000NORVN41761-CD MTS2000, MT2000*, MTX8000, MTX90001-3.5*programmed by DOS which is included in the RVN4176RVN4131 3.5MTVA CODE PLUG FIXRVN4142 3.5MTVA DOCTOR YES3080070N01RVN4131 3.5MTVA3.EXERVN4013 3.5MTX800 & MTX800S YES RTK4205CRVN4097 1-CD MTX8000/MTX9000,MTS2000,MT2000*,* programmed by DOS which is included in the RVN4176HVN9067CD MTX850/MTX8250MTX950,MTX925RVN4138 3.5MTX-LS YES RKN4035DRVN4035 3.5MX 1000YES RTK4203CRVN4073 3.5MX 800YES RKN4006BHVN9395 P100, P200 LB, P50+, P210, P500, PR3000RVN4134 3.5P100 (HVN9175)P200 LB (HVN9794)P50+ (HVN9395)P210 (HVN9763)P500 (HVN9941)PR3000 (HVN9586)YES RTK4205HVN9852 3.5P110YES HKN9755A/REX1143 HVN9262 3.5P200 UHF/VHF YES RTK4205RVN4129 3.5PDT220YVN4051 3.5PORTABLE REPEATER Portable rptr.P1820/P1821AXRVN4061C 3.5PP 1000/500NO3080385B23 & 5880385B30 RVN5002 3.5QUANTAR/QUANTRO NO3O80369E31RVN4135 3.5R100 (HVN9177)M100/M200/M110/M400YES0180358A52RVN4146 3.5RPM500/660RVN4002 3.5SABER YES RTK4203CRVN4131 3.5SETTLET.EXEHVN9007 3.5SM50 & SM120YESRVN4039 3.5SMART STATUS YES FKN5825AHVN9054 3.5SOFTWARE R03.2 P1225YES3080070N01HVN9001 3.5SOFTWARE R05.00.00 1225LS YES HLN9359AHVN9012 3.5SP50RVN4001N 3.5SPECTRA YES3080369B73 (STANDARD)0180300B10 (HIGH POWER) RVN4099 3.5SPECTRA RAILROAD YES3080369B73RVN4110 3.5STATION ACCESS MODULE NO3080369E31RVN4089A 3.5STX TRANSIT YES0180357A54RVN4051 3.5SYSTEMS SABER YES RTK4203BRVN4075 3.5T5600/T5620 SERIES NO3080385B23HVN9060CD TC3000, TS3000, TR3000RVN4123 3.5VISAR PRIVACY PLUS YES3080371E46FVN4333 3.5VRM 100 TOOLBOX FKN4486A CABLE &ADAPTORRVN4133 3.5VRM 500/600/650/850NORVN4181CD XTS 2500/5000 PORTABLES RKN4105A/RKN4106A RVN41002- 3.5XTS3000 ASTRO PORTABLE/MOBILERVN4170 3.5XTS3500YES RKN4035DRIB SET UPRLN4008E RADIO INTERFACE BOX (RIB)0180357A57RIB AC POWER PACK 120V0180358A56RIB AC POWER PACK 220V3080369B71IBM TO RIB CABLE (25 PIN) (USE WITH XT & PS2)3080369B72IBM TO RIB CABLE (9 PIN)RLN443825 PIN (F) TO 9 PIN (M) ADAPTOR (USE W/3080369B72 FOR AT APPLICATION) 5880385B308 PIN MODULAR TO 25 PIN ”D” ADAPTOR (FOR T5600 ONLY)0180359A29DUPLEX ADAPTOR (MOSTAR/TRAXAR TRNK’D ONLY)Item Disk Radio RIB Cable Number Size Product Required Number Item Disk Radio RIB Cable Number Size Product Required NumberUtilizing your personal computer, Radio Service Software (RSS)/Customer Programming Software (CPS)/CustomerConfiguration Software (CCS) enables you to add or reprogram features/parameters as your requirements change. RSS/CPS/CCS is compatible with IBM XT, AT, PS/2 models 30, 50, 60 and 80.Requires 640K RAM. DOS 3.1 or later. Consult the RSS users guide for the computer configuration and DOS requirements. (ForHT1000, MT/MTS2000, MTX838/8000/9000, Visar and some newer products —IBM model 386, 4 MEG RAM and DOS 5.0 or higher are recommended.) A Radio Interface Box (RIB) may be required as well as the appropriate cables. The RIB and cables must be ordered separately.Licensing:A license is required before a software (RVN) order is placed. The software license is site specific (customer number and ultimate destination tag). All sites/locations must purchase their own software.Be sure to place subsequent orders using the original customer number and ship-to-tag or other licensed sites; ordering software without a licensed customer number and ultimate tag may result in unnecessary delays. To obtain a no charge license agreement kit, order RPX4719. To place an order in the U.S. call 1-800-422-4210. Outside the U.S., FAX 847-576-3023.Subscription Program:The purchase of Radio ServiceSoftware/Customer Programming/Customer ConfigurationSoftware (RVN & HVN kits) entitles the buyer/subscriber to three years of free upgrades. At the end of these three years, the sub-scriber must purchase the same Radio Service Software kit to receive an additional three years of free upgrades. If the sub-scriber does not elect to purchase the same Radio Service Software kit, no upgrades will be sent. Annually a subscription status report is mailed to inform subscribers of the RSS/CPS/CCS items on our database and their expiration dates.Notes:1)A subscription service is offered on “RVN”-Radio Service Software/Customer Programming/Customer Configuration Software kits only.2)“RVN” software must only be procured through Radio Products and Services Division (RPSD). Software not procured through the RPSD will not be recorded on the subscription database; upgrades will not be mailed.3)Upgrades are mailed to the original buyer (customer number & ultimate tag).4)SP software is available through the radio product groups.The Motorola General Radio Service Software Agreement is now available on Motorola Online. If you need assistance please feel free to submit a “Contact Us” or call 800-422-4210.SMART RIB SET UPRLN1015D SMART RIB0180302E27 AC POWER PACK 120V 2580373E86 AC POWER PACK 220V3080390B49SMARTRIB CABLE (9 PIN (F) TO 9 PIN (M) (USE WITH AT)3080390B48SMARTRIB CABLE (25 PIN (F) TO 9 PIN (M) (USE WITH XT)RLN4488ASMART RIB BATTERY PACKWIRELESS DATA GROUP PRODUTS SOFTWARERVN4126 3.59100-386/9100T DEVICES MDVN4965 3.59100-WS/T CONFIG’TN RVN41173.5MDC/RDLAP DEVICESPAGING PRODUCTS MANUALS6881011B54 3.5ADVISOR6881029B90 3.5ADVISOR ELITE 6881023B20 3.5ADVISOR GOLD 6881020B35 3.5ADVISOR PRO FLX 6881032B30 3.5BR8506881032B30 3.5LS3506881032B30 3.5LS5506881032B30 3.5LS7506881033B10 3.5LS9506881035B20 3.5MINITOR III8262947A15 3.5PAGEWRITER 20008262947A15 3.5PAGEWRITER 2000X 6881028B10 3.5TALKABOUT T3406881029B35 3.5TIMEPORT P7308262947A15 3.5TIMEPORT P930NLN3548BUNIVERSAL INTERFACE KITItem Disk Radio NumberSize Product。

Get ready for a new generation of Daikin innovations…VRV IV sets the standard all over againDaikin sets the standard yet again with the 4th generation of VRV. VRV IV achieves a new benchmark for efficiency, as it features major enhancements to the already industry-leading VRV solution. VRV IV offers three revolutionary innovations: variable refrigerant temperature, continuous heating on heat pump and the VRV configurator for simplified commissioning.The new VRV IV heat pump units are being launched officially in May 2012 and will be available to buy from October 2012, with the heat recovery units becoming available in March 2013.Variable refrigerant technology allows the installer to customise the system using a choice of presets, to optimise the energy and comfort balance for the individual project. In automatic mode, the system is configured for the highest efficiency levels throughout the year, while allowing rapid response on the hottest days,ensuring comfort at all times.This technology delivers a 25% increase in seasonal efficiency,because the system continually adjusts the refrigerant temperature according to the total required capacity and the external weather conditions.For example, in mid season when little cooling is needed, the room temperature is already close to the setpoint.So a small difference between room and refrigeranttemperature is sufficient for the system to operate effectively. Therefore, the system will change its refrigerant temperature from 6° (the current standard in the market) to a higher temperature. As a result, less energy is needed and seasonal efficiency is improved significantly.Continuous heating during defrost is another revolutionary innovation that sets a new standard in heating comfort, making VRV IV the best heat pump alternative to traditional heating systems. Continuous heating finally overcomes any perceived disadvantages of specifying a heat pump, because the heat pump continues to provide heating even when in defrost mode.Daikin Europe N.V. (Naamloz e Vennootschap) - Zandvoordestraat 300 - 8400 Oostende (Belgium)Why is this important? All heat pumps accumulate ice during heating operation, which must be melted periodically. Previously,defrost operationsreverse the refrigeration cycle, causing a temporary temperature drop within the room. VRV IV features aunique heat accumulating element, which provides dedicated energy for the defrost function, so the indoor units continue to provide heatingand a comfortable indoor climate is maintained at all times.The new VRV configurator completes the trio of innovations and offers an advanced software solution which simplifies commissioning and customisation. This means less time is required on the roof configuring the outdoor unit. Ongoing maintenance is easier too, thanks to a graphical interface that allows engineers to evaluate operational data and errors. The VRV configurator also allows multiple systems within multiple sites to be managed all in exactly the same way, thus offering simplified commissioning for key accounts.VRV IV integrates with intelligent solutionsTo complement the VRV IV system, Daikin’s new Intelligent touch manager offers an intuitive user interface with a visible floorplan, which can manage up to 2560 groups of indoor units and provides energy management tools to maximise efficiency.The VRV IV system can be used together with a wide range of ventilation units, hot water hydroboxes, Biddle air curtains and Daikin’s latest roundflow cassettes, which feature a daily auto-cleaning filter that reduces energy consumption over the year by up to 49%1. The roundflow cassette is also available with a presence sensor that adjusts the set point or switches off the unit when nobody is in the room, saving a further 27% in energy consumption.Daikin’s track record for innovationDaikin has continually set the standard for innovation in the air conditioning industry. In 1958 it developed the first Japanese rotary compressor. Then in 1969 it went on to create the first multi split air conditioning system and, more recently in 2009, the first heat pump obtaining the European Eco label: Daikin Altherma. Daikin was also the first to market heat pumps with new refrigerants such as R-407C, R-410A and R-744 (CO2).1Taken from case study of Coral in Wolverhampton during 12 month trial of auto-cleaning cassettes, installed in July 2010.Daikin Europe N.V. (Naamloz e Vennootschap) - Zandvoordestraat 300 - 8400 Oostende (Belgium)However, one of the greatest breakthroughs came in 1982, when Daikin created the first ever Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) system. This major innovation created a whole new category in the air conditioning market for Variable Refrigerant Flow systems. Next came the first heat recovery VRV, the water cooled VRV solution in 2005 and more recently the VRV replacement solution for systems originally designed using R-22 refrigerant. Today, VRV IVsets the standard again for efficiency and innovation.www.daikin.euEditor’s notes:Daikin is renowned for its pioneering approach to product development and the unrivalled quality and versatility of its integrated solutions. W ith more than 50 years’ experience in the design and manufacture of heating and cooling technologies, Daikin is a market leader in heat pump technology. Today Daikin VRV and Daikin Althermaare the most sold heat pump systems throughout Europe, with over 500,000 systems delivered to date.Daikin Europe N.V. (Naamloz e Vennootschap) - Zandvoordestraat 300 - 8400 Oostende (Belgium)Get ready for a new generation of Daikin innovations…VRV IV sets the standard all over againDaikin sets the standard yet again with the 4th generation of VRV. VRV IV offers three revolutionary innovations: variable refrigerant temperature, continuous heating on heat pump and the VRV configurator for simplified commissioning.The new VRV IV heat pump units are being launched officially in May 2012 and will be available to buy from October 2012, with the heat recovery units becoming available in March 2013.Variable refrigerant temperature technology allows the installer to customise the system using a choice of presets, to optimize the energy and comfort balance for the individual project. In automatic mode, the system is configured for the highest efficiency levels throughout the year, while allowing rapid response on the hottest days, ensuring comfort at all times. This technology delivers a 25% increase in seasonal efficiency, because the system continually adjusts the refrigerant temperature according to the total required capacity and the external weather conditions.Continuous heating during defrost is another revolutionary innovation that sets a new standard in heating comfort, making VRV IV the best heat pump alternative to traditional heating systems. Continuous heating finally overcomes any perceived disadvantages of specifying a heat pump, because the heat pump continues to provide heating even when in defrost mode.The new VRV configurator completes the trio of innovations and offers an advanced software solution which simplifies commissioning and customisation. This means less time is required on the roof configuring the outdoor unit. Ongoing maintenance is easier too, thanks to a graphical interface that allows engineers to evaluate operational data and errors. The VRV configurator also allows multiple systems within multiple sites to be managed all in exactly the same way, thus offering simplified commissioning for key accounts.VRV IV integrates with intelligent solutionsDaikin Europe N.V. (Naamloz e Vennootschap) - Zandvoordestraat 300 - 8400 Oostende (Belgium)The VRV IV system integrates with as Daikin’s new Intelligent touch manager, an intuitive user interface that offers energy management tools to maximise efficiency. It can be used together with a wide range of ventilation units, hot water hydroboxes, Biddle air curtains and Daik in’s latest roundflow cassettes, which feature a daily auto-cleaning filter that reduces energy consumption by up to 49%2 and a presence sensor that saves a further 27% in energy.www.daikin.euEditor’s notes:Daikin is renowned for its pioneering approach to product development and the unrivalled quality and versatility of its integrated solutions. W ith more than 50 years’ experience in the design and manufacture of heating and cooling technologies, Daikin is a market leader in heat pump technology. Today Daikin VRV and Daikin Altherma are the most sold heat pump systems throughout Europe, with over 500,000 systems delivered to date.2Taken from case study of Coral in Wolverhampton during 12 month trial of auto-cleaning cassettes, installed in July 2010.Daikin Europe N.V. (Naamloz e Vennootschap) - Zandvoordestraat 300 - 8400 Oostende (Belgium)。

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A wide range kinetic modeling study of pyrolysis and oxidation of methyl butanoate and methyl decanoate –Note II:Lumped kinetic modelof decomposition and combustion of methyl esters up to methyl decanoateRoberto Grana,Alessio Frassoldati,Chiara Saggese,Tiziano Faravelli,Eliseo Ranzi ⇑Dipartimento di Chimica,Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica ‘‘G.Natta’’,Politecnico di Milano,Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32,20133Milano,Italya r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 14December 2011Received in revised form 22February 2012Accepted 29February 2012Available online 23March 2012Keywords:Bio-fuelPyrolysis and combustion kinetics Methyl decanoateLumped kinetic modela b s t r a c tThe aim of this work is to develop and discuss a lumped kinetic model to simulate the pyrolysis and com-bustion behavior of methyl decanoate.Validation of the lumped kinetic model of methyl decanoate in a very wide range of conditions,with temperature ranging from 500to more than 2000K,pressures up to 16bar and equivalent ratios from lean to pyrolysis conditions,proved that,despite the drastic simplifi-cations,the model can properly reproduce the experimental measurements in pyrolysis as well as in an oxidation environment,in both the low temperature regime and in flame conditions.This model is an extension of the lumped model of methyl butanoate developed and discussed in the first part of this work [1].Thus,the lumped kinetic model of methyl butanoate and methyl decanoate is also quite simply applied to simulating the combustion behavior of intermediate methyl esters,by using the lever rule between the two reference components.The overall agreement with experimental measurements is very encouraging and lays the basis for the extension to the lumped kinetic scheme to soy and rapeseed bio-diesel fuels.Ó2012The Combustion Institute.Published by Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionEnergy demands are growing constantly and are predicted to increase still further in the coming years especially because of the growing needs of developing countries.More energy,which mostly comes from combustion,means more greenhouse gases,particularly carbon dioxide.However,while emissions of the latter are expected to increase in the developed world,they will mainly do so in the developing ones.Consequently,the use of alternative energy sources will growth relatively faster compared to tradi-tional ones.In fact,the use of renewable fuels is expected to double in the next 20years [2].Several countries have already adopted strategies to boost production of renewable fuels.In February 2009,a European Parliament resolution set out a range of measures required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25–40%by 2020and by at least 80%by 2050.The resolution also states that EU Member States should invest in research on sustainable advanced bio-fuels [3].Great attention is being devoted to transportation fuels and possible mixtures with alcohols and biodiesel fuels.Biodiesels are complex mixtures of multi-component alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids,generally made by trans-esterification of soy and rapeseed oil with methanol.Biodiesel fuels can be effectively used both as alone or blended with fossil diesel fuels [4–10].As already mentioned in the Note I of this work [1],extensive research has gone into experimental and kinetic modeling of pyro-lysis and combustion of fatty-acid methyl esters (FAME)[11–35].As a result of this,we now have a good understanding of the intrin-sic kinetics and reaction classes of pyrolysis and oxidation of methyl esters.Detailed kinetic models of pyrolysis and combustion of large methyl esters involve a huge amount of species and reac-tions.Thus,Herbinet et al.[6]presented a methyl decanoate mech-anism including 3012species and 8820reactions.Very recently,Westbrook et al.[7]reported a detailed kinetic scheme of the five major components of soy and rapeseed biodiesel fuels with $5000chemical species and $20,000elementary reactions.In some cases,however,these dimensions may prevent the use of the mechanism for flame simulations.The Note I of this work focused on the kinetic modeling of methyl butanoate (MB)with the identification of the main reaction classes of small saturated and unsaturated methyl esters,at both low and high temperatures.The second part of this work aims to extend the kinetic mechanism up to methyl decanoate (MD).The peculiarity of this kinetic mechanism lies in the lumping approach,which allows to extend and describe the primary oxidation reac-tions of MD using only a few new lumped molecules and radicals involved in less than 100new reactions,correctly describing the0010-2180/$-see front matter Ó2012The Combustion Institute.Published by Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved./10.1016/bustflame.2012.02.027Corresponding author.E-mail address:eliseo.ranzi@polimi.it (E.Ranzi).system reactivity and the product distribution of major and minor intermediates.The whole kinetic mechanism of pyrolysis and oxidation of hydrocarbons and oxygenated up to heavy liquid fuels is made up of$350species involved in$10,000reactions.This kinetic model,which is available online(http://creckmodeling. chem.polimi.it/),allows to the study not only of the combustion of methyl esters at low and high temperatures in ideal systems, but also to the analysis of their combustion behavior in premixed and diffusionflames,without the need to deduce skeletal mecha-nisms from very detailed ones[36].Similarly,the autoignition of methyl heptanoate and methyl nonanoate studied in motored CFR engines[37,38]can be directly simulated with the lumped kinetic scheme without any need for more empirical‘global reac-tions’[39].Moreover,the lumped kinetic scheme allows to the study of methyl ester mixed with hydrocarbons and oxygenated species. This makes the kinetic modeling of blends of biodiesel and surro-gate mixtures of real transportation fuels in internal combustion engines more feasible,without unnecessary reduction techniques.Finally,methyl butanoate and methyl decanoate are used and assumed as reference compounds useful to describe the pyrolysis and oxidation behavior of intermediate methyl esters[21,22]. The lever rule allows the description of the intermediate methyl esters as a mixture of the reference components.This approach has proved very effective,with good results for methyl esters from pentanoate up to octanoate.2.Lumped kinetic schemeBecause of the lack of symmetry in the molecular structure of ester molecules,the detailed kinetic scheme of the pyrolysis and oxidation of MD and larger methyl esters becomes very large. Lumped or simplified approaches are therefore necessary and al-low to the number of species and reactions to be controlled.The regularity of long alkyl chains,as well as the similarities of heavy species of the same family,has already been clearly explained and verified,not only for the series of n-alkanes[40]but,more extensively,for the different hydrocarbon fractions in the liquid feedstocks of the steam cracking process[41].On very simple basis,the lumped kinetic scheme of MD pyroly-sis is derived byfirst analyzing the initiation and then the H-abstraction reactions and successive decomposition reactions of primary MD radicals.2.1.Initiation reactionsAs already discussed by El-Nahas et al.[11]and Glaude et al.[16],the activation energies of unimolecular initiation reactions, involving the C–C bonds located in a-and b-positions from the es-ter function,demand to overcome the bond dissociation energies (BDE)of$92and$84kcal/mol,respectively.The long alkyl chain of MD consists of7C–C bonds between secondary C atoms with BDE of82–84kcal/mol and one C–C bond with the terminal methyl group of$86kcal/mol.The C–C bond dissociations in the alkyl chain form the alkyl radicals from methyl up to nonyl and methyl ester radicals,from methyl formate up to radicals with 10C atoms.Instead of including all the possible alkyl and methyl ester radicals in the kinetic scheme,we refer to the alkyl radicals already contained in the existing kinetic scheme(C2H5,C3H7, C4H9,C5H11,and C7H15),and to four lumped radicals of methyl esters(C4H7O2,C5H9O2,C8H15O2,and C11H21O2).Referring to the previous kinetic scheme of methyl butanoate[1],we include only two new radicals of ester species(RME7:C8H15O2,and RMDX: C11H21O2).The intermediate radicals,not directly accounted for in the kinetic scheme,are split between the two adjacent reference radicals,using the lever rule.Thus,hexyl radicals are equally split between pentyl and heptyl radicals,while octyl radicals are split between heptyl and decyl radicals with the ratio2/1.The lumped initiation reactions of MD,involving both the breaking of C–C bonds on the alkyl chain and the different bonds of the ester group, are reported in Table1.The fractional stoichiometry of the reac-tion R1is derived on the basis of a C balance.Once CH3and CO2 are formed from MD(C11H22O2),then C9H19completes the bal-ance.We simply split C9H19between C10H21and C7H15according to the lever rule.2.2.H-abstraction and b-decomposition reactionsH abstraction reactions on MD give rise to10different C11H21O2 radicals.The initial selectivity of the different radicals depends on the different H atoms to be removed.There are three primary H atoms in the ester group,three primary H atoms in the terminal methyl group,14secondary H atoms,andfinally two secondary H atoms close to the methyl ester group,with a BDE of94.2kcal/ mol.Thus,the radicals corresponding to these secondary H atoms are the favored ones.We consider a single,lumped radical(RMDX: C11H21O2)with an internal distribution derived from the relative weight of the H abstraction reactions to form the different isomers. The successive b-decomposition reaction forms either an alkene (C k H2k)and a radical of a methyl ester(RME9Àk:C9Àk H2(9Àk)+1-COOCH3),or an unsaturated smaller methyl ester(UME9Àk: C9Àk H2(9Àk)COOCH3)and an alkyl radical(C k H2k+1).Formaldehyde is formed directly from the b-decomposition of the isomer C9H19COOCH2.The A-factors of the b-decomposition reactions (R9–R15)in Table1reflect the initial distribution of the C11H21O2 radicals formed in the H-abstraction reaction R8.Only two new unsaturated methyl esters:methyl heptenoate(UME7)and methyl decenoate(UME10)are included in the kinetic scheme(aside from the methyl acrylate and methyl crotonate already involved).The remaining intermediate species are again split between the two adjacent unsaturated esters,using the lever rule.Table1reports the full detail of the pyrolysis reactions,involved in the high tem-perature oxidation mechanism.The rate of H abstraction reactions are systematically obtained as reported in Ranzi et al.[42].Accord-ing to the BDE of the H atoms,the rate of H-abstraction from differ-ent sites are simply obtained by using the reference kinetic parameters of the removal of primary H atoms and the specific cor-rection factor of the H atoms to be removed.Thus,the primary H atoms in the methyl of ester group are assumed to be1.5times more reactive than the primary H atoms in alkanes.Similarly,the rate parameters to abstract the secondary H atoms in the a position to the ester group are assumed twice as reactive as the usual sec-ondary H atoms in alkanes.Of course,the primary propagation reactions of methyl heptenoate and methyl decenoate(relevant intermediates of the primary MD decomposition)are also included in the lumped kinetic model.These successive reactions,including H and OH addition reactions,are obtained by analogy with similar initiation and propagation reactions of methyl acrylate and methyl crotonate.3.Pyrolysis of methyl decanoate3.1.JSR experimental data of Herbinet et al.[18]The thermal decomposition of methyl decanoate in a jet-stirred reactor in the temperature range773–1123K and106.6kPa(fuel inlet mole fraction of0.0218in N2)was recently reported and dis-cussed by Herbinet et al.[18].They also developed a detailed ki-netic model for the thermal decomposition of methyl decanoate containing324species and3231reactions,generated using anR.Grana et al./Combustion and Flame159(2012)2280–22942281updated version of the software EXGAS.The model compares suc-cessfully with detailed experimental measurements of reaction products from hydrogen,carbon oxides and small hydrocarbons up to large alkenes,and unsaturated esters with one terminal dou-ble bond from methyl2-propenoate up to methyl8-nonenoate.Of course,the development of the lumped kinetic scheme took great advantage of and was largely derived from this detailed scheme. Hierarchically,the pyrolysis experiments are thefirst thorough validation test of the lumped kinetic model.Figures1a–1d report the detailed comparisons.The good agreement between the model predictions and exper-imental measurements once again confirms the validity of the lumped approach,which was already well established in the ki-netic modeling of not only combustion processes[43],but also of the steam cracking process to produce ethylene several years ago [41,44].Here we limit our comments to the main features of the lumped kinetic scheme.The work of Herbinet et al.[18]is also excellent regarding the discussion of the relevant sources of differ-ent species.For instance,the source of acetaldehyde is due to the addition of methyl radicals on formaldehyde:CH3þCH2O$CH3CHOþHThis reaction is of limited importance in the usual combustion environment,and we assume the following kinetic parameters: k=108.3exp(À7600/RT)[l/mole/s],which are in line with the typi-cal rate constants of methyl addition to a CC double bond.This reactionfirst leads to CH3CH2O(ethoxy radical)and not to acetal-dehyde and a H atom.This implies that,in our estimation,the total rate of the CH3addition to a CO bond is faster than the correspond-ing addition to a CC double bond.The model also accurately predicts several secondary products. At the highest temperatures and severities,there is indeed a signif-icant formation of unsaturated and aromatic species.Thus,Fig.1c shows the comparisons of experimental and model predictions of benzene,toluene,indene,and naphthalene,always at the different reactor temperatures.The role of addition and condensation reac-tions of unsaturated radicals in explaining benzene formation at 1000K and$60%MD conversion is clear.Benzene is mostly formed(60–70%)via cyclopentadiene and methyl cyclopentadiene as well as via the allyl and methyl allyl radical recombination andTable1High temperature decomposition mechanism of methyl decanoate.Reactions a A E aMethyl decanoate(MD)and lumped radical of methyl decanoate(RMDX)1MD?CH3+CO2+.6667n C10H21+.3333n C7H15 2.0Â101686,800 2MD?CH3O+CH2CO+.3333Án C10H21+.6667n C7H15 2.0Â101685,200 3MD?CH3OCOCH2CH2+n C7H15 2.0Â101685,000 4MD?CH3OCO+.6667n C10H21+.3333n C7H15 2.0Â101689,900 5MD?.125n C7H15+.375n C5H11+.25n C4H9+.25n C3H7+.5RME7+.5RMBX 6.0Â101683,000 6MD?.7C2H5+.3CH3+.5667RME7+.4333RMDX 2.0Â101683,000 7H+RMDX?MD 1.0Â101108R+MD?RH+RMDX3H Pþ14H Secþ2H a EstSec þ3H a OP9RMDX?.45C2H4+.25C3H6+.25n C4H8+.25n C5H10+.7RME7+.3RMBX7.0Â101230,000 10RMDX?.45C2H5+.25n C3H7+.15n C4H9+.15n C5H11+UME7 6.0Â101230,000 11RMDX?C2H4+.8C3H6+.4n C7H14+.13n C10H20+.5CH2CO+.5CH3O+.5CH3OCO7.0Â101230,000 12RMDX?.5C2H4+.4n C4H8+.1n C5H10+.5n C7H14+.6CH3OCOCH2CH2+.4RMBX 2.0Â101230,000 13RMDX?.2C2H4+.7n C5H11+.3n C7H15+.6MA+.2MC+.2UME77.0Â101230,000 14RMDX?.3333n C7H15+.6667n C10H21+CH2O+CO 2.0Â101230,000 15RMDX?.1C2H4+.4n C7H14+.6n C10H20+CH3O+CO 1.5Â101230,000 15H+MD?MF+2/3n C10H21+1/3n C7H15 1.0Â10104000 16O2+RMDX?HO2+UME10 1.0Â1092000 17RMDX?H+UME101Â101441,000Methyl decenoate(UME10)and lumped radicals of methyl decenoate(RUME10)18UME10?.5aC3H5+.5aC4H7+.8C2H4+.16C3H6+.16RME7+.84RMBX 1.0Â101672,000 19UME10?.6aC3H5+.4aC4H7+.4n C4H8+.6n C5H10+CH3O+CH2CO0.5Â101672,000 20UME10?.5C4H6+.5C5H8+.5n C4H9+.5n C3H7+CH3O+CH2CO0.5Â101672,000 21H+UME10?RMDX 2.0Â10103000 22OH+UME10?CH3CHO+CH2CO+CH3O+.5n C5H10+.5n C7H14 2.0Â109023R+UME10?RH+RUME103H a OP þ10H Secþ2H a EstSecþ2H allylSec24RUME10?.65C4H6+.35C5H8+.55RME7+.45RMBX 1.8Â101329,000 25RUME10?.5aC3H5+.5aC4H7+.6C2H4+.5C3H6+.2n C4H8+MA 1.5Â101329,000 26RUME10?aC3H5+.85C2H4+.3C3H6+.1n C4H8+MC0.6Â101329,000Methyl heptenoate(UME7)and lumped radicals of methyl heptenoate(RUME7)and heptanoate(RME7)27O2+RME7?HO2+UME7 1.0Â1092000 28RME7?H+UME7 1.0Â101441,000 29RME7?C2H5+.6667MC+.3333UME7 1.0Â101330,000 30RME7?.5n C3H7+.5n C4H9+.5MC+.5MA 2.0Â101330,000 31RME7?.5n C5H10+.5n C7H14+CH3O+CO0.5Â101330,000 32UME7?.5aC3H5+.5aC4H7+.5CH3OCOCH2CH2+.5RMBX 1.0Â101672,000 33UME7?aC3H5+C2H4+CH2CO+CH3O 1.0Â101672,000 34H+UME7?RME70.15Â10113000 35H+UME7?CH3O+.5n C4H8+.5C4H6+.5C2H5CHO+.5C2H3CHO0.2Â10113000 36OH+UME7?CH3O+CH3CHO+CH2CO+C3H6 2.0Â109037R+UME7?RH+RUME73H a OP þ4H Secþ2H a EstSecþ2H allylSec38RUME7?C4H6+CH3OCOCH2CH2 2.1Â101329,000 39RUME7?.5aC3H5+.5aC4H7+.5MA+.5MC0.6Â101329,000 40RUME7?aC4H7+C2H4+CH2O+CO0.9Â101329,000MF=methyl formate,MA=methyl acrylate,MC=methyl crotonate,MB=methyl butanoate,RMBX=lumped radical of methyl butanoate.H a EstSec =secondary H atoms in a position to the ester group,H a O P=primary H atoms in a position to the ester group,H allylSec=allylic secondary H atoms.a k=A exp(ÀEa /RT).Units are:mole,l,s,K and cal.2282R.Grana et al./Combustion and Flame159(2012)2280–2294R.Grana et al./Combustion and Flame159(2012)2280–22942283interactions with propylene and butadiene,with the successive dehydrogenation:aC3H5þi C4H7!CH3þHþBenzeneþH2aC3H5þaC3H4!HþBenzeneþH2aC3H5þpC3H4!HþBenzeneþH2aC3H5þC4H6!CH3þBenzeneþH2aC4H7þC3H6!CH3þBenzeneþ2H2At the intermediate temperatures(1000–1100K)and pyrolytic conditions,the dehydrogenation reactions are not very favored. The acetylene,allene,and propyne yields are largely lower than the ethylene and propylene ones.Thus,allyl radicals are more effective than propargyl radicals in forming thefirst aromatic ring.Only a minor role($15%)is played by the C2/C4interactions: C2H2þC4H6!BenzeneþH2pC4H5þC2H4!HþBenzeneþH2C2H3þC4H6!HþBenzeneþH22284R.Grana et al./Combustion and Flame159(2012)2280–2294Similarly,toluene is mostly formed via the interactions of C4 unsaturated species,while indene and naphthalene are formed mainly via cyclopentadiene and cyclopentadienyl radical:C4H7sþC4H6!C7H8þH2þCH3C y C5H5þC y C5H6!IndeneþCH3C y C5H5þC y C5H5!C10H8þ2HC y C5H5þC y C5H6!C10H8þH2þHThese cyclopentadiene reactions were recently revised and dis-cussed on the basis of‘ab initio’calculations[45]complemented by comparisons with experimental data[46,47].The lumped kinetic model refers to methyl crotonate(also rep-resentative of methyl pentenoate and hexenoate)and methyl hept-enoate,UME7,(representative of unsaturated methyl esters from pentenoate up to nonenoate).Similarly,pentenes,heptenes and decenes are lumped species that are also representative of inter-mediate heavy alkenes.Figure1d shows a comparison of the lumped species and the equivalent experimental information. Lumped species need to be compared with the sum of the corre-sponding species.That is why thisfigure reports not only the mea-sured data of the true components but also the corresponding experimental value of the lumped species.As an example,methyl pentenoate and methyl hexenoate,not included in the kinetic mechanism,are split between the two adjacent reference species (MC and UME7).Thus the corresponding experimental‘lumped’methyl crotonate(circles in Fig.1d)also includes2/3of methyl pentenoate and1/3of methyl hexenoate.minarflow reactor data of Pyl et al.[48]New experimental data at high and moderate N2dilutions of methyl decanoate pyrolysis from a bench scale laminarflow reac-tor were presented only very recently[48].The electrically-heated reactor($1.5m long and6mm internal diameter)was operated near-isothermally with a negligible pressure drop.The tempera-ture was varied from850to1100K,covering the entire conversion experimental temperature profiles along the reactor.As already established by Van Geem et al.[49]and Harper et al.[50],because the length-to-diameter ratio is greater than200,entrance effects can be neglected.The calculated Peclet number is in the order of 103;hence back-mixing is not important.Finally,the use of a plug flow reactor model for this reactor is indeed a valid assumption be-cause of the presence of only very small radial concentration and temperature gradients.Figure3compares the experimental and predicted yields of ma-jor products as a function of MD conversion,at high N2dilution. The good agreement for all the species confirms the validity not only of the primary decomposition reactions,but also of the sec-ondary and successive reactions.Again lumped species are com-pared with the corresponding experimental information,and the predictions of heavy alkenes and unsaturated methyl esters are also satisfactory.While there is a consistency with the JSR data [18]in the underprediction of ethane yield,the overprediction of butadiene and toluene is not systematic in the same way.A similar general agreement is also obtained at low N2dilution.Figure4 shows the comparisons of model and experimental yields of ethyl-ene and ethane at both dilutions,confirming the model’s ability to predict these experimental measurements properly.4.Oxidation of methyl decanoate and low temperature mechanismGlaude et al.[16]systematically revised the general rules for the automatic generation of all the elementary reactions,including the low temperature mechanism.Figure5shows the structure of the lumped scheme of MD.Fol-lowing from previous experience of the low temperature mecha-nism of large alkanes,the scheme simply refers to four intermediate radicals,and three lumped components with11C atoms.There is one alkyl radical(RMDX),one peroxy(RMDOOX), one alkyl-hydroperoxy(QMDOOH)and,finally,one peroxy-alkyl-hydroperoxy radical(OOQMDOOH).The lumped species are a methyl decenoate(UME10),a cyclic-ether with the ester group (MDETH)and a ketohydroperoxide(KEHYMD)which is the branching agent in the chain radical path.We assumed the same kinetic parameters already applied to n-alkanes heavier than n-heptane.A previous kinetic analysis[40]demonstrated that n-alkanes heavier than n C7H16display the same kinetic behavior in both the high and the low temperature regions,thus allowing a direct extension of the overall kinetic scheme up to n-cetane.This analysis was further supported by the extensive work of West-brook et al.[51].Due to the presence of a long alkyl chain and also due to the limited low temperature reactivity of the ester group, the kinetics of large methyl esters is similar to the one of n-alkanes. This similarity between large methyl esters and heavy n-alkanes was also observed and discussed by Glaude et al.[16],when com-paring the reactionflux analysis of n-dodecane and MD oxidation at650K.It was indeed useful to slightly increase the decomposi-tion of peroxy radicals thus reducing the overall effect of the low temperature mechanism.This reduction also fully agrees with the experimentalfindings of Wang and Oehlschlaeger[52].The ignition delay times of methyl decanoate and n-decane are very similar at high temperatures,while methyl decanoate shows somewhat longer ignition delay times at low -parison of experimental ignition delay times of the two fuels con-firms the importance of the long alkyl chain in controlling methyl decanoate reactivity at high temperatures and the partial inhibit-ing role of the methyl ester group at low temperatures.Moreover, in line with thefindings of Herbinet et al.[14]the activation energy of the decomposition reaction of the ketohydroperoxide was reduced to41.5kcal/mol.2.Pyrolysis of methyl decanoate in the laminarflow reactor at high(circles)moderate(squares)N2dilutions 1.7atm and$0.5s as a function ofparison of model predictions(lines with small symbols)withexperimental measurements[48].R.Grana et al./Combustion and Flame159(2012)2280–229422852286R.Grana et al./Combustion and Flame159(2012)2280–2294Only one intermediate keto-aldehyde species(C9H16O2)and its relating lumped radical(RC9H15O2)are considered in the succes-sive decomposition of the ketohydroperoxide.This lumped species can be well represented by C6H13COCH2CHO(3-oxo-nonanal)and/ or similar isomers(see Table2).4.1.Methyl decanoate oxidation in a JSR[16]The oxidation of methyl decanoate was investigated in a jet-stirred reactor at temperatures from500to1100K,including the negative temperature coefficient region,under stoichiometric con-ditions,at a pressure of1.06bar and for a residence time of1.5s. More than30reaction products,including alkenes,unsaturated es-ters,and cyclic ethers,were quantified by Glaude et al.[16]. Figures6and7show the comparisons between experimental measurements and the predictions of the lumped model.To better analyze these results,Fig.8highlights the differences between the low temperature mechanism with respect to the intermediate and high temperature ones.At700K,more than50%of the overall MD decomposition moves through the branching reaction path(R50 and R52)with the formation of the very reactive ketohydroperox-ides.At900K,the lumped alkyl-hydroperoxy radical(QMDOOH) largely decomposes with the formation of etherocyclic compo-nents(R47),aldehydes and unsaturated methylR49)and methyl decenoate with R45.The highdecomposition reactions of the lumped radical RMDXready account for more than60%of MD decomposition. temperatures,the oxidation reaction of alkylcomes ineffective and the RMDX radical mostlythrough reactions R9–R15and also forms methylreactions R17and R45.4.2.Ignition delay time of methyl decanoate oxidationperature ignition delay times are slightly but systematically over-estimated.At least a part of these deviations could be also attributed to the simulation conditions,which do not take into ac-count the non ideal behavior of the shock tube device,as already noted by[52].4.3.Ignition delay time of very diluted methyl decanoate oxidation [53]Very recently,Haylett et al.[53]demonstrated the potential of aerosol shock tubes in investigating ignition delay times for differ-ent low-vapor-pressure fuels.The data obtained for methyl decan-oate provide a further useful kinetic target for testing the behavior of the lumped kinetic mechanisms.MD has a low vapor pressure (37mtorr),and hence it is a good candidate for measurements in the aerosol shock tube.Figure10shows the comparisons of mea-sured and predicted ignition delay times of MD at a low equiva-lence ratio(U=0.1),at8atm and21%O2in Ar.In contrast with the previous comparisons[52],the model now underpredicts the high temperature ignition delay times by a factor of2.The sensitiv-ity analysis on these delay times performed at1250K shows that the same reactions,mainly relating to the chemistry of small spe-cies,are the sensitive ones in both the conditions analyzed.There-fore,the model attains a reasonable compromise between the two sets of experiments.methyl decanoate in the laminarflow reactor at high(circles)and low(squares)N2dilutions.Yields of C2H4and C2H6as a function predictions(lines with small symbols)with the experimental measurements[48].and low temperature lumped oxidation mechanism。

Ch3 Etude des circuits logiques combinatoires.1)Etude d’un comparateur binaire.2.1) Principe de base2.2) Présentation du circuit intégré HEF 4585 B2.3) Réalisation d’un comparateur 12 bits.2) Codeur - Décodeur.2.1) Etude d'un codeur ou Encodeur.2.2) Etude d'un décodeur. (sélecteur de sortie).2.3 Application :2.4) Capteurs codés.2,4,1) Claviers.2.4.3) Capteurs de position par codeurs rotatifs ou linéaires.2,4,2) Roues codeuses (commutateurs rotatifs).III) Etude d'un transcodeur binaire réfléchi / binaire naturel.IV) Etude des multiplexeurs et des démultiplexeurs.I ) Etude d’un comparateur binaire.1.1) Principe de base Le principe consiste à comparer d’abord les bits les plus significatifs ( Most S ignificant Bit ou M S B) . S’ils sont différents, il est inutile de continuer la comparaison. Par contre s’ils sont égaux, il faut comparer les bits de poids immédiatement inférieur et ainsi de suite. Organigramme pour deux mots de deux bits.Tableau d’analyse.Pour A = B : E = a b + a b = b a ⊕Pour A > B : S = a bPour A < B : I = a b E = I S + = b a b a ∙+∙ = b a ⊕Remarque : On peut donc réaliser un comparateur à l’aide de circuits logiques. 1.2) Présentation du circuit intégré HEF 4585 B Le circuit intégré HEF 4585B permet de comparer deux mots de 4 bits ( A3à A0 et B3à B0).Ce circuit possède trois sorties : - A supérieur à B : O A>B - A inférieur à B : O A<B- A égal à B : O A=B Trois entrée d’extension ( I A>B , I A<B , I A=B ) permettent la mise en cascade de plusieurs circuits afin d’effectuer un comparaison sur des mots plus grands.Montage de base et fonctionnement.A ⊕B = 0 → → A + B = 1 → A ⊕ B = 1 → A ! B → A + B = 0 → 1.3) Réalisation d’un comparateur 12 bits . La réalisation d’un comparateur 12 bits nécessite l’emploi de trois comparateurs montés en cascade. La mise en cascade est conditionnée par la lecture de la table de vérité qui indique quelles sont les entrées prioritaires. Montage :Explications :Pour permettre les comparaisons, les entrées d’extension des positions de plusfaible poids doivent être connectées comme suit : I A=B et I A>B = 1 , I A<B = 0 . Pour des mots supérieurs à quatre bits, les circuits peuvent être mis en cascade en connectant I A<B à O A<B , I A=B à O A=B et I A>B à 1.A >B A = B A < BII) Codeur - Décodeur . 2,1) Etude d'un codeur ou Encodeur. C'est un circuit à N entrées dont une seulement est active et qui délivre sur n sorties (en code binaire ou autre) le numéro de l'entrée.N < 2nA = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9. .B = 2 + 3 + 6 + 7. .C = 4 + 5 + 6 + 7. . .D = 8 + 9. .2.2) Etude d'un décodeur. (sélecteur de sortie).C'est un circuit à n entrées qui permet de sélectionner une sortie parmi N ( avec N ≤ 2n ).Exemple : n = 2 → N < 4S0 = A B υ S0 = A + B S1 = A B υ S0 = A + BS2 = A B υ S0 = A + B S3 = A B υ S0 = A + B2.3) Application : a) Réalisation d’un décodeur 1 parmi 32 :On dispose de décodeurs 3 vers 8 du type 74 LS 138, donner le montage. b) Réalisation d’un décodeur 1 parmi 256 :On dispose de décodeur 4 vers 16 du type 74 LS 154, donner le montage.Codeur0 9 D CB A2.4) Capteurs codés.Il s'agit de capteurs fournissant en sortie des informations binaires sous forme de mots binaires de plusieurs bits.2,4,1) Claviers.Ensemble d'interrupteurs commandés manuellement pour communiquer des informations ou des ordres à une machine.a) Disposition matricielle.On pourrait concevoir des claviers comme un ensemble de touches commandant autantd'interrupteurs qui seraient traités individuellement.On réalise une économie de connexions en adoptant Y5la disposition ci-contre dite : "matricielle".Y4X + Y fils suffisent pour connecter X . Y fils.Y3Ex : X = 4, Y = 5 9 fils pour 20 touches Y2A partir de cette disposition, différentes méthodes Y1ont été proposées pour générer un code binairedifférent pour chacune des touches :c'est ce qu'on appelle le "codage du clavier". x1 x2 x3 x4b) Codage binaire.Lorsque les touches du clavier sont destinées à entrer des chiffres, (ex : portier à code) on fait suivre le clavier, à disposition matricielle, d'un codeur binaire dont le rôle consiste à délivrer en sortie, le code binaire du nombre correspondant à la touche enfoncée.Ce code est verrouillé sur les sorties du codeur, ce qui signifie qu'il reste stable jusqu'à ce qu'une nouvelle touche soit enfoncée.Chaque fois qu'une nouvelle touche est pressée, le codeur envoie un signal dit de "STROBE", afin d'inviter le système auquel le code est destiné à venir le prendre en compte. (Ce signal peut être aussi désigné par "DA : Data Available", ou par "signal d'invitation").Exemple : Voir codeur de clavier 74 C 922.c) Code ASCII. (American Standard Code for Interchange of Informations)On appelle claviers ALPHANUMERIQUES, les claviers dont les touches représentent des nombres et des chiffres sur les machines à écrire ou les ordinateurs ...Pour représenter l'ensemble des caractères graphiques, un code est quasiment universellement adopté, c'est le code ASCII. Il utilise 7 bits pour représenter l'ensemble des caractères et commandes.2,4,2) Roues codeuses (commutateurs rotatifs).Ce sont des commutateurs actionnés à la main qui permettent :- de générer le code binaire de tout nombre * entre 0 et 9 en BCD;* entre 0 et F en hexa.- d'afficher le nombre correspondant sur leur face avant.Un élément comporte 5 broches : 4 pour les bits 1-2-4-8 et un pour le commun. Il existe deux types de roues codeuses.à ouverture à fermetureChacun des montages peut être connecté de 2 manières.Avec le commun au O volt avec le commun à + VCes deux montages fournissent des codes complémentaires.On peut associer plusieurs roues codeuses afin de pouvoir coder des nombres plus importants. Exemple : Heures, Minutes, Secondes.Des butées empêchent les chiffres des dizaines de dépasser 5.L'ensemble de 2 roues codeusesdécimales fournit une informationbinaire sur 8 bits :00 à 99 décimalIl existe des roues codeuseshéxadécimales (0 à F).Deux roues fourniront, en sortie, tous les octets de 00 à FF soit de 0 à 2552.4.3) Capteurs de position par codeurs rotatifs ou linéaires. Ce sont des systèmes permettant de repérer avec précision la position d'un objet sur un déplacement linéaire (capteurs de translation) ; ou circulaire (capteurs de rotation ou rotatifs).Dans chacun de ces deux types on distingue : - les capteurs incrémentaux.- les capteurs absolus;a) Capteur de rotation incrémental. Le principe consiste à rendre solidaire de l'objet en déplacement, une gravure en noir et blanc, éclairée par un faisceau visible ou invisible (infra-rouge) et dont la réflexion est lue par un photo-transistor. Les transitions noir-blanc et blanc-noir créent des signaux permettant le repérage.Le système de lecture possède trois capteurs optiques (photo-diodes et photo-transistors) qui permettent d’obtenir : - un top Zéro (repère unique sur un tour)-2 signaux décalés de 90°, voies A et B et éventuellement leurs complémentsb) Codeurs absolus.Système delectureIII) Etude d'un transcodeur binaire réfléchi / binaire naturel. Ce type de circuit permet de convertir une position codée en binaire réfléchi (voir codeur de position) en un nombre binaire correspondant à cette position. x X Binaire y Y Binaire Réfléchi z Z naturel t T Tables de vérité.Tableaux de KARNAUGH.Equations :X = x Y = x y + y x = x ⊕ y Z = x y z + x y z + x y z + x y zz (x y + x y ) + z (x y + x y ) = z ⊕ ( x ⊕ y )T = x y z t + x y z t + x y z t + x y z t + x y z t + x y z t + x y z t + x y z t T =t ⊕ ( z ⊕ ( x ⊕ y ) )TRANSCODEURLogigrammes:x y z tRemarque : Nous voyons apparaître une structure répétitive qui permet d’étendre à n bits ce système de transcodage . Application sur le transcodage: Décodeur DCB / 7 segments.X Y ZTIV) Etude des multiplexeurs et des démultiplexeurs. Multiplexeur : → Sélecteur de donnéesDemultiplexeur :→Répartiteur de donnéesLe sélecteur de données est un circuit qui à partir d'une adresse binaire (n bits) vasélectionner l'une des 2nentrées pour la mettre en communication avec la sortie. Le répartiteur est un circuit qui à partir d'une adresse binaire (n bits) va aiguiller l'entrée versl'une des 2nsorties. Multiplexeur DémultiplexeurStructure interne.0 1 234 5 6 7Application : Voltmètre numérique.Analyse du fonctionnement.Lorsque l'adresse 0 1 est envoyée sur les multiplexeurs, ceux-ci dirigent vers les afficheurs 7 segments les quatres sorties du compteur des unités et le démultiplexeur commande le transistor Tu, ceci permet de valider l'afficheur des unités, le décodeur DCB / 7 segments n'agira donc que sur cet afficheur.Ensuite, l'adresse 1 0 apparaissant, ce sont les dizaines qui s'affichent puis les centaines avec l'adresse 1 1. Si la succession des adresses est suffisament rapide, l'utilisateur à l'impression que tous les afficheurs sont allumés simultanément.Intérêts de ce système.- 7 broches du circuit sont utilisées au lieu de 1 2 sous forme parallèle.- 1 décodeur, 7 résistances et 3 transistors sont utilisés au lieu de 3 décodeurs, et21 résistances sous forme parallèle.- Un seul afficheur est allumé au lieu de 3, ce qui limite légèrement la consommation. FIN。