灌溉工程中英文对照表

专业术语解释与说明答案1.节水灌溉是根据作物需水规律及当地供水条件，为了有效地利用降水和灌溉水获取农业的最佳经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益而采取的多种灌溉措施，如喷灌、滴灌、膜上灌等。

9.蒸腾作用是指水分以气态状态，通过植物的叶片，从体内散失到体外的现象13.水从土壤经作物而到大气保持着连续状态，并构成一个完整的系统，称SPAC 系统。

14.对不良环境的适应性和抵抗力，称为植物的抗性生理。

植物的抗性生理就是研究不良环境对植物生命活动的影响以及植物对不良环境的抗御能力15.对植物产生伤害的环境称为逆境，又称胁迫 22.植物常受到的有害环境之一是缺水，当植物耗水大于根系吸水时，就使植物体内组织水分亏缺。

过度的水分亏缺的现象，称为干旱23.以投入与产出的微观经济学的观点出发，描述物作产量(干物质或籽粒产量)与其主要影响因素(或投入资源)之间的数学关系称为生产函数24.作物产量与水分因子之间的数学关系称水分生产函数。

()a ETa W f Y θ//=25.由各生育阶段(i)的相对腾发量或相对缺水量作自变量，用各阶段连乘的数学式构成阶段效应对产量(相对产量)总的影响数学模型，称为乘法模型，最常应用的是Jensen 模型 26.由各生育阶段(i)的相对腾发量或相对缺水量作自变量，用各自分别影响相加的数学式构成对产量(相对产量)总影响的数学模型，称加法模型，最常用的是Blank 模型27.喷灌即喷洒灌溉，用压力管道输水，再由喷头将水喷洒到空中，形成细小雨滴，均匀地洒落在地面，湿润土壤并满足作物需水要求的一种灌水方式28.喷灌系统是把水源，喷灌设备和田间工程有机地结合起来，使他成为为一个相对独立的整体，以达到将灌溉用水均匀地喷灌到农田，来满足农作物生长对水分的要求30.单位时间内喷洒降落在田间的水深，称为喷灌强度。

喷灌强度在概念上与降雨强度一致，喷灌强度的单位常用：毫米/小时mm/h 。

31. 喷灌均匀度是指喷灌水量在喷洒面积上分布的均匀程度 32.喷灌均匀系数是一个表示一定面积上水量分布均匀程度的指标33.水滴打击强度是指单位受水面积获得水滴撞击能量的大小，包括作物和地表土壤，具体说就是1mm 水深的水滴落在田面上的动能。

水利水电工程专业英语——灌溉与排水篇1. Consumptive Use of Water1. 消耗性用水Consumptive use of water involves problems of water supply, both surface and underground, as well as problems of management and economics of irrigation projects. Consumptive use has become a highly important factor in the arbitration of controversies over major stream systems where the public welfare of valleys, states, and nations is involved. Before available water resources of a drainage basin in arid and semiarid regions can be satisfactorily ascertained, careful consideration must be given to consumptive use requirements for water in various subbasins.消耗性用水涉及到地表和地下供水问题，也包括管理和灌溉工程的经济性问题。

消耗性使用已经成为一个评判包含河谷、州和国家公共福利的主要河流系统争议的重要因素。

在干旱和半干旱地区流域的可利用水资源被确定之前，必须仔细考虑各个子流域内对消耗性用水的需求。

1.1 Definition of Consumptive Use1.1 消耗性用水的定义Consumptive use, or evapotranspiration, is the sum of two terms: (1) transpiration, which is water entering plant roots and used to build plant tissue or being passed through leaves of plant into the atmosphere, (2) evaporation, which is water evaporation from adjacent soil, water surfaces, or from the surfaces of leaves of the plant. Water deposited by dew, rainfall, or sprinkler irrigation and subsequently evaporating without entering the plant system is part of consumptive use.消耗性用水，或者说腾发量，是两项的总和：（1）蒸腾，即水分进入植物的根系用来构建植物体或者通过植物叶片被传输到大气中；（2）蒸发，即水分从邻近的土壤、水面或者从植物叶面蒸发的过程。

水利系统英语水利系统是指用来管理、控制和利用水资源的系统，包括水库、水电站、水坝、渠道、泵站等设施。

在水利工程领域，英语是一种重要的工作语言。

本文将介绍与水利系统相关的英语词汇以及常用的表达方式。

水资源•Water resources: 水资源•Surface water: 地表水•Groundwater: 地下水•Water conservation: 水资源保护•Water management: 水资源管理•Water scarcity: 水资源短缺•Water cycle: 水循环水利设施•Reservoir: 水库•Dam: 水坝•Canal: 渠道•Pumping station: 泵站•Irrigation system: 灌溉系统•Flood control system: 防洪系统•Hydropower station: 水电站•Water treatment plant: 水处理厂水利工程•Hydrology: 水文学•Hydraulic engineering: 水利工程•Dam construction: 水坝建设•Irrigation management: 灌溉管理•Flood forecasting: 洪水预报•Water quality monitoring: 水质监测•Sedimentation control: 沉积物控制•Water distribution: 供水相关表达方式•Release water: 放水•Flood control measures: 防洪措施•Water supply and demand: 供需关系•Water storage capacity: 蓄水能力•Water diversion: 调水•Water reuse: 水资源再利用•Water pollution prevention: 水污染防治•Water allocation: 水资源配置实际应用•Water system design: 水系统设计•Water resource planning: 水资源规划•Water project management: 水利工程管理•Hydraulic modeling: 水力模型•Water testing and analysis: 水质测试与分析•Hydroelectric power generation: 水力发电•Drainage system construction: 排水系统建设•Water supply network: 供水网络以上是关于水利系统英语的一些常用词汇和表达方式。

Words and Expressions (2)Hydroelectric power generation 水力发电Shipping 航运Aquiculture 水产养殖River dry‐up 河道断流Lake shrinkage 湖泊萎缩Traditional water resources 传统水资源: surface water and groundwater. Nontraditional water resources 非传统水资源: water resources that differ from traditional water resources, such as rainwater, seawater, reclaimed water etc.Water storage project 蓄水工程Water transfer project 引水工程Water pumping project 提水工程Gate dam 闸坝Total reservoir/storage capacity 总库容: the amount of water the reservoir can hold upon the water level for check flood 校核洪水位.Storage capacity for flood control 防洪库容: the total water storage between upper water level for flood control 防洪高水位 and flood control water level 汛限水位. Diversion irrigation 引水灌溉: irrigation engineering that diverts water from waterhead area to irrigation district.Intra‐basin water transfer 流域内调水: water transfer within a river basin, e.g. from one tributary to another.Inter‐basin water transfer 跨流域调水: water transfer between different drainage basins, e.g. from the Yangtze River to the Yellow River.South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project 南水北调工程Eastern/central/western route 东/中/西线Pumping station 泵站: facilities including pumps and equipment for pumping water from one place to another.Pumping well 机井: facilities including pumps and equipment for pumping groundwater from a well.Exploitation rate of water resources 水资源开发利用率: the ratio of water supply to total amount of water resources.Rainwater‐harvesting project 集雨工程: a project that accumulates and deposits rainwater for reuse on‐site, rather than allowing it to run off.Reclaimed water 中水/再生水: former wastewater that is treated to remove solids and pollutants to a certain water‐quality standard for reuse purposes.Brackish water 微咸水: water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater.Seawater desalination 海水淡化: a process that removes minerals and salts from seawater.Water‐saving irrigation 节水灌溉: way of irrigation that tries to achieve highest production/yields out of lowest water consumption.Flood irrigation 大水漫灌: a type of irrigation that normally results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land.Sprinkler irrigation 喷灌: a type of irrigation system in which water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high‐pressure sprinklers.Drip irrigation 滴灌: a type of irrigation system in which water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop.Industry restructuring 产业结构调整Highly water‐consuming industries 高耗水产业Water‐saving devices 节水器具Water right exchange 水权交易: water right in water law refers to the right of a user to use water from a water source. Transactions can be made on water right in the trade market.。

灌溉系统设计标准水源1水必须运到现场在足够的压力和流量，提供最大的性能，如下图所示：压力要求:- 55 psi工作压力在现场位置和海拔高度- 40 PSI AT BASE OF SPRINKLER HEADFLOW REQUIREMENT - 22 GPM MAXIMUM FLOW RATE- 16 GPM MINIMUM FLOW RATEDIFFERENCES IN AVAILABLE FLOW AND OR PRESSURE WILL REQUIRE DESIGN CHANGES.2.WATER SERVICE LINE, WATER METER, BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICE, PRESSURE CONTROLS, CHECK VALVES,SURGE PROTECTION, ETC., AND PERFORMANCE OF THE WATER SOURCE ARE NOT A PART OF THESE DRAWINGS.HEAD LAY-OUT1.HEAD LAY-OUT AND SPACING IS BASED ON FIELD DIMENSIONS. ALL HEADS OF EACH ROW ARE EQUALLY SPACEDACROSS FIELD. ALL HEADS WITHIN A ROW ARE EQUALLY SPACED ALONG LENGTH OF FIELD. IN GENERAL HEADSPACING IS AS FOLLOWS: HEAD SPACING = 41.25', LATERAL SPACING = 40'.2.HEAD AND LATERAL SPACING WILL VARY WITH DIMENSIONS OF FIELD.ALL SPRINKLERS AND NOZZLES SHOULD BE SELECTED BASED ON SPRINKLER PERFORMANCE, SPACING, AND ARC OF COVERAGE, AND ACCORDING TO FIELD DIMENSIONS. PERFORMANCE STATISTICS1.THE FOLLOWING PERFORMANCE STATISTICS WERE CALCULATED BASED ON INFORMATION SHOWN ON THIS PLAN.CHANGES IN OPERATING PRESSURE, HEAD SPACING AND OR NOZZLE SELECTION WILL EFFECT RESULTS.AVG. PRECIPITATION RATE - AVG. Pr. 360°= .22 in./hr., 180°= .43 in./hr., 90°= .86 in./hr. RUN TIME FOR 1" OF WATER - 360°LARGE ROTOR ZONES: 4 HR, 38 MIN. PER STATION (BASED ON AVG. PRECIP.)- 180°LARGE ROTOR ZONES: 2 HR, 19 MIN. PER STATION (BASED ON AVG. PRECIP.)- 90°LARGE ROTOR ZONES: 1 HR, 10 MIN. PER STATION (BASED ON AVG. PRECIP.) IRRIGATION LEGENDDESCRIPTION PSI GPM RADIUS ARC UNITS HUNTER I-20 ULTRA 36S-4.0 FULL CIRCLE灌溉传奇描述PSI GPM弧半径单位PSI GPM RADIUS ARC UNITSHUNTER I-20 ULTRA 36S-4.0 FULL CIRCLE 40 3.7 40 FT. 360°24HUNTER I-20 ULTRA ADS-4.0 PART CIRCLE 40 3.7 40 FT. 180°22HUNTER I-20 ULTRA ADS-4.0 PART CIRCLE 40 3.7 40 FT. 90°4HUNTER ICV-xxx-FS-AS REMOTE CONTROL VALVE or HUNTER HBV-xxx-EP REMOTE CONTROL VALVE 10QUICK COUPLER VALVE - (OPTIONAL) 4GATE VALVE FOR MAINLINE ISOLATION (LINE SIZE) 3NON-PRESSURE PIPE (PVC CLASS 160 RECOMMENDED)PRESSURE PIPE (PVC CLASS 200 RECOMMENDED)BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICE - (NOT SHOWN)(AS REQUIRED PER CODE AND/OR ORDINANCE - AND FOR SAFETY) 1HUNTER ICC IRRIGATION CONTROLLER (8-48 STATION AS NEEDED)(NOT SHOWN - LOCATION AS NEEDED)Hunter Industries offers this plan as a general guide for estimating purposes, and offersno indemnity, expressed or implied for projects installed from this plan. Because of the many variables of every system and of every site, we recommend that a qualified irrigation designer be consulted.灌溉系统设计标准水源1水必须运到现场在足够的压力和流量，提供最大的性能，如下图所示：压力要求:- 55 psi工作压力在现场位置和海拔高度-流量需求的最大流量为22加仑流需求- 22流量最大流量- 16流量最小流量可用流量或压力的差异需要设计变更。

1一般术语1.1农田水利1.1.0.1农田水利irrigation and drainage为防治干旱、渍、涝和盐碱灾害，对农田实施灌溉、排水等人工措施的总称。

1.1.0.2灌溉irrigation按照作物生长的需要，利用水利工程设施将水送到田间，以补充农田水分的人工措施。

1.1.0.3农田排水farmland drainage将农田中过多的地面水、土壤水和地下水排除，改善土壤的水、肥、气、热关系，以利于作物生长的人工措施。

1.1.0.4机电排灌pumping drainage and irrigation利用水泵抽水对农田进行排水或灌溉的措施。

1.1.0.5农田水利基本建设capital construction of farmland water conservancy；capital construction of irrigation and drainage为建设旱涝保收、高产稳产基本农田所采取的工程技术措施。

1.1.0.6旱涝碱综合治理comprehensive harness of drought，waterlogging，salinization and alkalization为防治旱、涝、渍、碱等灾害，改善农业生态环境所采取的水利、农业、林业、生物和化学等综合措施。

1.1.0.7小流域综合治理comprehensive harness of small basin为保持小流域的水土，减轻自然灾害，改善农业生态环境，合理开发和保护水、土资源而采取的工程和生物等措施。

1.1.0.8水利土壤环境soil environment and water conservancy project施行水利措施，使农业土壤性状发生变化的现象。

1.1.0.9农业水利区划zoning of agricultural water conservancy为合理开发利用区域水土资源，按照各地区的自然条件、农业生产条件及水利条件划分不同区域进行综合开发治理的规划工作。

水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙 land wall 坝顶 dam crest，dam top 坝踵 dam heel 坝趾 dam toe 板桩sheet pile 边墩side pier，land pier 变形模量deformation modulus 鼻坎bucket lip 毕肖普法 Bishop method 冰压力 ice pressure 剥离 desquamation 侧槽式溢洪道 side channel Spillway 沉降settlement 齿墙cut-off trench 冲沙闸（排沙闸）silt-releasing Sluice 纯拱法independent arch method 刺墙 key-wall 大头坝 massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量 discharge per unit width 单曲拱坝 single-curvature arch dam 挡潮闸 tidal sluice 导流隧洞river diversion tunnel 倒悬度Overhang degree 底流消能energy dissipation by underflow 地震作用earthquake action 垫座 cushion abutment 动水压力hydrodynamic pressure 断层 fault 堆石坝 rock-fill dam 多拱梁法 multi-arch beam method 阀门 valve gate 防浪墙 wave wall 防渗铺盖impervious blanket 非常溢洪道emergency spillway 分洪闸 flood diversion sluice 副坝 auxiliary dam 刚体极限平衡法 limit equilibrium method for rigid block 拱坝 arch dam 拱冠梁 crown cantilever 拱冠粱法 crown cantilever method 工作桥 service bridge 固结灌浆 consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel 灌浆帷幕grout curtain 管涌piping 海漫 apron extension 横缝 transverse joint 虹吸式溢洪道 siphon spillway 蝴蝶阀butterfly valve 护坡slope protection 护坦apron 弧形闸门radial gate 滑雪道式溢洪道ski-jump spillway 化学管涌chemical piping 混凝土防渗墙concrete cut-off wall 混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam 基本断面primary section 简化毕肖普法 simplified Bishop method 浆砌石拱坝 stone masonry arch dam 浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam 交通桥traffic bridge 接触冲刷 contact scouring 接触灌浆 contact grouting 接缝灌浆 joint grouting 截水槽cut-off trench 节制闸check sluice 进水口water inlet 进水闸 inlet sluice 井式溢洪道 shaft spillway 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure 均质坝homogeneous earth dam 抗滑稳定分析 analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性 stability against sliding 空腹重力坝 hollow gravity dam 空化 cavitation 空蚀 cavitation erosion 空注阀 hollow jet valve 宽缝重力坝 slotted gravity dam 宽尾墩 flaring pier 廊道gallery 浪压力wave force 理论计算theoretical computation 拦河闸 river sluice 沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete 连拱坝 multiple-arch dam 流土soil flow流网法 flow net method 锚杆 anchor rod 面板 face slab 面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow 模型试验model experiment 泥沙压力 silt pressure 碾压混凝土坝 Roller Compacted Concrete Dam 牛腿 Corbel 排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel 排水 drainage 排水闸 outlet sluice 喷混凝土sprayed concrete 平板坝 flat slab buttress dam 平面闸门 plane gate 破碎带crushed zone 铺盖 blanket 砌石护坡 stone pitching 人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam 人工材料心墙坝 artificial material-core dam 溶洞 solution cavern 软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation 软弱夹层soft intercalated layer 实用断面practical section 试载法 trial-load method 双曲拱坝 double-curvature arch dam 水工建筑物 hydraulic structure 水工隧洞 hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel 水力发电隧洞 hydropower tunnel 水利枢纽 hydro-complex 水力学方法hydraulics method 水平施工缝horizontal joint 水闸 sluice 弹性模量 elastic modulus 挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet 土工膜 geomembrane 土石坝 earth-rock dam 土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core 帷幕灌浆curtain grouting 温度荷载temperature load 温度控制temperature control 温度应力 temperature stress 温度作用 temperature action无压隧洞 free level tunnel 消力池 stilling pool 消力戽 roller bucket 消能工energy dissipater 泄洪隧洞 spillway tunnel 泄水建筑物discharge structure 泄水孔 outlet hole 新奥法 NATM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙breast wall 扬压力uplift 溢洪道spillway 水垫塘plunge pool 溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙 wing wall 应力分析 stress analysis 优化设计optimization design 有限单元法finite element method 有压隧洞pressure tunnel 闸墩 pier 闸门 gate 闸门槽 gate slot 正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway 整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam 趾板 toe slab 支墩坝buttress dam 重力坝gravity dam 重力墩gravity abutment 周边缝peripheral joint 驻波 standing wave 锥形阀 cone valve 自由跌流 free drop 自重 dead weight 纵缝longitudinal joint 键槽 key strench 伸缩缝contraction joint 施工缝 construction joint 反弧段 flip bucket 拦污栅 trash rack 渐变段 transition 泄槽 chute 发电进水口power intake 通气管 air vent 检修门 bulkhead gate 事故门 emergency gate工作门 service gate 堰 weir 通气管air vent 胸墙breast wall 梁beam 柱column 回填混凝土backfill concrete 接地 earth 一期混凝土primary concrete 二期混凝土secondary concrete 叠梁门stoplog 门机gantry crane 止水waterstop 钢筋reinforcement 模板formwork 围堰cofferdam 马道bench；berm 蜗壳 volute 水轮机 turbine 电站 power house 车间 workshop 发电机 generator 变电站 transformer station 副厂房 auxiliary power house 安装间erection bay 尾水闸门tail lock 尾水渠 tailrace 引水渠approach channel 前池 fore bay 导墙 lead wall 隔墙 partition wall 接触灌浆contact grouting 回填混凝土backfill concrete 帷幕灌浆curtain grouting 挡墙retaining wall 港口 harbour 港口建筑物 port structure 船闸 navigation lock 船闸充水 lock filling。

第四部分：相关术语表Acid 酸pH 低于7.0 的一种物质, 它含有的H+ 多于OH- 。

Acid-forming fertilizer 酸性肥料施入土壤后降低土壤pH 和提高土壤酸度的肥料。

Aeration 通风性土壤空气和大气中的空气交换的过程。

通风性差的土壤，通常CO2 含量较高，氧气含量较低。

Anion 阴离子一种带负电荷离子（如, SO42-, NO3- 和Cl-）.Application rate 肥料用量单位面积肥料的用量（kg/ha）Available nutrient 有效养分能被植物吸收的土壤营养元素或成份的量。

BBackflow Prevention Device 回流保护装置用来防止污染物进入饮用水系统的装置，例如：减压真空闸、气压真空闸、防倒虹吸阀门、真空闸等。

回流保护装置应在所有的灌溉系统中，特别是在加肥灌溉装置中得到应用。

Base 碱一种pH 超过7.0 的物质，它含有的OH- 要多于H+。

Buffering capacity 缓冲能力指一种介质对pH 变化的忍耐能力。

Bulk density 容重单位容积的干燥土壤的质量，通常用克每立方厘米表示（g/cm 3）。

Cation 阳离子一种带正电的离子（如：铵离子、钙离子、镁离子、钠离子、钾离子和氢离子）.Cation exchange capacity （CEC）阳离子交换量一种土壤吸收和保持阳离子的能力。

它与土壤结构、粘土类型以及在土壤中的有机质数量有关，通常用m.eq/100 gr. 表示。

土壤的阳离子交换量越高，对土壤保持营养元素的阻碍就越大。

Cation exchange sites 阳离子交换点位于带负电的粘土颗粒表面吸附阳离子的地方。

Chelate 螯合物一种性质稳定的有机物质具有降低离子沉淀速度的作用，这些化学物质一般有一个环来环绕着高价（大于一价）的金属阳离子。

Chemigation 加肥灌溉通过灌溉来施用化学物质（如化肥、农药）的过程。

灌溉英文单词irrigationIrrigation is the process of applying water to land or soil for the purpose of agriculture, landscaping, and other uses. It is used to provide water for crops, to replenish soil moisture, prevent soil erosion, and to maintain adequate soil moisture for plant growth and reproduction. Irrigation systems are generally classified according to the type of water source they use: surface and subsurface irrigation, or a combination of the two.drainageDrainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from an area. It is used to remove excess water and reduce the risk of flooding and soil erosion. Drainage systems are used to improve water quality by removing pollutants, increase soil fertility, and reduce soil compaction. Drainage can be achieved through surface water drainage, subsurface drainage, and a combination of the two. hydraulicHydraulic engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to the design, construction and operation of machinery, structures, and systems that use wateror other fluids as their means of energy and power. Hydraulic engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering, and is concerned with the planning, development, management, and control of water resources, including the study of watersheds, river basins, dams, canals, aqueducts, irrigation systems, water quality, hydropower, water supply, and river navigation works.fertilizationFertilization is the application of nutrients in the form of fertilizers to soil or land to stimulate plant growth. It is used to replenish soil nutrient levels that have been depleted due to crop harvesting or other activities. Fertilizers are available in many forms, including organic, inorganic, liquid, and dry forms. They can be applied in various ways, including by hand, in a broadcast spreader, or with an automated system.evapotranspirationEvapotranspiration is the process by which water is lost from the soil and surface water to the atmosphere as a result of evaporation and transpiration. It is the sum of all the water that evaporates from the soil and water bodies, and is released from plants through transpiration. Evapotranspiration occursin all climates, and is essential for the maintenance of soil and water resources.。

construction joint 施工缝contamination /pollution 污染conversion(reconstruction) 改建coverage 覆盖范围curing agent 养护剂delivery sheet 运料单direct discharge 直接入仓elevation 高程、正视图epoxy mortar application 环氧砂浆抹面existing 现有（存）的expansion joint 伸缩缝facilitate 使容易（便利）gabion 纤丝笼humidity 湿度identity 识别、标记ingredient 成分、配料inspection 检查、验收preliminary inspection 初验final inspection 终验appearance inspection 外观检查intact完整的、未被触动的inter-tower joint 塔间缝introduce into 将……穿入isolate 隔离laitance 浮浆皮layer(lift)height 层高meet design requirement 满足设计要求moment of inertia 惯性距Pocket (box out/preset hole) 预留孔post-cooling 后冷却post tensioning 后张拉pre-cooling 预冷却pre-stressing 预应力pre-tensioning 先张拉pull-off test 扒拉试验reinforcement cover 钢筋保护层remark 备注section area 截面面积shearkey 抗剪键key groove 键槽shotcrete dry-mix process 干喷砼生产shotcrete wet-mix process 湿喷砼生产simplify 简化simultaneously 同时地spacer 水泥垫块spacing 间距stress concentration 应力集中symmetry 对称technical data 技术参数temperature control 温度控制temperature difference 温差temperature rise(gain) 温度升高theoretical elongation 理论延长量unloading 卸载water stop 止水PVC water stop PVC止水rubber water stop 橡皮止水copper water stop 铜止水watertightness 闭水性winter protection 冬季保温◆模板（Formwok/Shutteringform)erecting(setting up/fixing)formwork 立模Stripping (removing/dismantling)formwork 拆模bond breaker 脱模剂climbing cone 爬升锥dam bracket 大坝支架distance piece 横支撑double-curvature formwork 双曲模板flat formwork 平面模板formwork oil 模板油pigtail anchor 猪尾筋retractable formwork 进退式模板shearkey box 键槽盒sliding formwork 滑模steel form carrier 钢模台车steel formwork 钢模steel waling 钢围令、钢支撑stopend 堵头、封堵模板temporary formwork 临时模板tie rod(form tie) 拉杆tiltable formwork 倾斜式模板vault and invert formwork 顶拱及底拱模板wood formwork 木模◆钢筋（Reinforcement Rebar）distribution bar 分布筋dowel 插筋horizontal bar 水平筋lap length 搭接长度main stress bar 主应力筋overlap 搭接shear bar 剪力筋splice welding 绑条焊接starter bar 起始筋、苗子锦stirrup 箍筋support bar 架立筋vertical bar 竖直筋◆灌浆（Grouting）backfill grouting 回填灌浆consolidation grouting 固结灌浆contact grouting 接触灌浆curtain grouting 帷幕灌浆gap grouting 接缝灌浆gravity grouting 自重灌浆jet grouting 旋喷灌浆multi-stage grouting 多次灌浆pressure grouting 压力灌浆ring grouting 环行灌浆single-stage grouting 一次灌浆工艺过程（Activity）air test 通风试验backfilling of hole 封孔flushing test 通水试验joint washing 洗缝seal 密封soak 浸泡water pressure test 压水试验管路及组件（Circuit andElements）air supply 风包arising pipe 升降管circuit 回路clamp 卡子cock 旋塞coil 蛇形管cylinder 缸套double nipple 对丝连接套expansion coupling 伸缩节female-quick coupling 内丝快接头fixed clamp 死卡flow rate meter 测量计galvanized elbow 镀锌弯头grout cap 灌浆帽grout cell 出浆盒grout stop plate 止浆片grout valve 灌浆阀inlet pipe 进浆管large radius elbow 大弧弯头main pipe 总管male-quick coupling 外丝快接头outlet pipe 出浆管packer 灌浆塞piston 活塞plug 堵头reducer socket 变径管套return pipe 回浆管tee piece 三通管reduce tee piece 变径三通管swivel-clamp 转卡U-bend U弯头union 活接头ventilation pipe 排气管water supply 水包参数及指标（Parameter and Indexes）consistency 稠度fineness 细度grout take 吃浆量high take 吃浆量大grouting pressure 灌浆压力leakage rate 漏水率Lugeon 吕容mix proportion 浆比pumping rate 泵浆率refusal criteria 排浆标准refusal time 抽浆时间water aborptin 吸水率仪器设备（Plant andInstrument）agitator 搅拌站automatic recorder 自动记录仪chiller plant(cooling plant) 制冷站displancement point 位移点electronic grout flow meter 电子流量计extensometer 变位计flow transmitter 流量传感器foundation displacementindicator 基础位移指示器grout pump 灌浆泵hydrometer 比重计joint meter 测缝计mixing plant 制浆站monitor 监测器osmometer 渗压计pendulum 钟摆portable instrument 便携式仪器pressure gauge 压力表pressure sensor 压力传感器reinforcement meter 钢筋计steel basin 搅拌槽。

水圈hydrosphere水体water body水科学water science水文学hydrology陆地水文学land hydrology应用水文学applied hydrology工程水文学engineering hydrology水汽water vapour水文要素hydrologic elements积雪snow cover终雪latest snow融雪snowmelt冰雹hail截留interception填洼depression detention地面滞留surface detention陆面蒸发evaporation of land水面蒸发evaporation of water surface 土壤蒸发evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾）transpiration蒸发能力evaporation capability下渗（入渗）infiltration稳渗steady infiltration下渗能力infiltration capability河川径流river runoff降雨径流rainfall runoff暴雨径流storm runoff融雪径流snowmelt runoff枯季径流dry season runoff基流base flow阴塞高压blocking high低空急流low－level jet低涡vortex反气旋（高压）anticyclone气旋（低压）cyclone热带气旋tropic cyclone热带低压tropic depression热带风暴tropic storm强热带风暴severe tropic storm气团air mass锋（锋面）front气象meteorology气候区划climatic regionalization气候带climatic zone 小气候microclimate副热带（亚热带）subtropic zone比湿specific humidity蒲福风级Beaufort wind scale霜点frost point霜冻frostbite无霜期frost－free period流域watershed (basin)闭合流域enclosed basin不闭合流域non－enclosed basin闭流区（内流区）bling drainage area分水线（分水岭）divide流域几何特征basin geometric characteristics 河道复流（河道再生）resurgence常年河perennial stream间歇河intermittent stream悬河（地上河）elevated stream夺流河（断头河）captured river盈水河gaining stream亏水河losing stream暴洪河流flashy stream界河boundary river废河道（古河道）dead river凹岸concave bank凸岸convex bank岸壁land wall水边线（岸线）water line堤防levee河长river length河弯river bend弯曲率tortuosity航道navigable channel河段reach潜洲submerged bar水利学hydraulics明渠水力学open channel hydraulics水静力学hydrostatics水动力学hydrodynamics明渠水流open channel flow恒定流steady flow非恒定流unsteady flow均匀流（等速流）uniform flow非均匀流（变速流）non－uniform flow急流supercritical flow缓流subcritical flow异重流density current临界流critical flow临界水深critical depth临界流速critical velocity临界流量critical discharge水头head位置水头（位能）elevation head低强水头（压能）pressure head流速水头（动能）velocity head雷诺数Reymold number韦伯数Weber number水力因素hydraulic factor湿周wetted perimeter水力半径hydraulic radius宽深比width－depth ratio落差fall驻波standing wave移动波translation wave河流动力学river dynamics山洪侵蚀torrential erosion流域产沙量watershed sediment yield溶解性总固体total dissolved solids离子含量ion concentration离子总量total ion concentration离子流量ion discharge矿化度mineral content盐度salinity碱度alkalinity酸度acidity电导率electric conductivity混浊度（浊度）turbidity总需氧量total oxygen demand溶解氧dissolved oxygen需氧量oxygen demand生化需氧量biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量chemical oxygen demand硬度hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度）non－carbonate hardness浮冰floating ice锚冰anchor ice封冻期freeze－up period封冻（封河）freeze－up 平封flat freeze－up立封upright freeze－up冰盖ice cover连底冻grounded ice cover冰丘ice mound封冻冰缘ice edge of freeze－up清沟lead初生清沟primary lead再生清沟secondary lead冰花路毡sludge road felt冰上覆雪snow cover over ice冰脊ice ridge冰缝crack悬冰suspended ice cover冰堆ice pack冰塞ice jam冰上结冰aufeis解冻期break－up period冰变色color change of ice cover冰上有水accumulation of melt water 月中天lunar transit引潮力tidal generation force天文潮astronomic tide气象潮metorologic tide潮汐周期tidal cycle半日潮semidiurnal tide全日潮diurnal tide混合潮mixed tide大潮spring tide小潮neap tide中潮moderate tide太阴月lunar day潮期duration of tide涨潮历时duration of tidal rise落潮历时duration of tidal fall潮流tidal current涨潮流flood tidal current落潮流ebb tidal current憩流slack tide潮流速tidal velocity往复流reversing current旋转流rotary current潮流期duration of tidal current涨潮流历时duration of flood current地下水流速velocity of groundwater flow地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度）hydraulic gradient of groundwater地下水等水位线图water－table contour map 含水层aquifer含水岩系water－content rock series含水岩组water－content rock formation含水岩性water－content rock property含水介质water－hearing medium均匀介质homogeneous medium非均匀介质inhomogeneous medium含水层边界aquifer boundary透水边界permeable boundary隔水边界confining boundary弱透水边界acquitted boundary透水层permeable bed隔水层confining bed弱透水层acquitter水文地质参数hydrogeological parameters渗透系数permeability coefficient导水系数(释水系数）coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity压力传导系数coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度water－holding capacity土壤水分常数soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数wilting coefficient田间持水量field capacity毛管断裂含水量moisture content at capillary rupture最大水分吸水量maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法zero flux plane method潜水phreatic water降水入渗补给precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给surface water recharge凝结水补给condensation recharge 侧向补给lateral recharge越流补给leakage recharge灌溉补给系数irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater潜水蒸发phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度critical depth of phreatic water evaporation潜水溢出量phreatic water overflow to surface 潜水位phreatic water level潜水埋深buried depth of phreatic water level 潜水含水层厚度thickness of phreatic water aquifer内流湖endorheic lake淡水湖fresh lake咸水湖salt lake盐湖saline lake季节性湖泊seasonal lake富营养湖泊eutrophic lake贫营养湖泊poornutrient lake湖流lake current梯度流gradient current漂流current of friction湖泊波漾（假湖）lake seiche湖泊增减水lake wind denivellation湖泊率lake ratio湖泊补给系数recharge coefficient of lake湖泊换水周期lake residence period湖盆lake basin湖面高程elevation of water level in lake岛屿率insulosity湖泊分层lake layering正温层direct thermal stratification逆温层inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数morphometric parameter of lake 高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽）main level mire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽）medium level mire 沼泽水量平衡water balance of mire沼泽水mire water沼泽蒸发mire evaporation沼泽径流mire runoff沼泽表面流surface flow of mire沼泽表层流surface layer flow of mire沼泽含水性moisture property of mire沼泽持水性water retention of mire沼泽透水性perviousness of mire沼泽率mire ratio冰川glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川）mountain glacier 谷冰川valley glacier宽尾冰川broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川cirque glacier悬冰川hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川）penetrating glacier 冰原ice field冰川平衡线equilibrium line of glacier委托观测entrust gauging水文仪器hydrologic instrument直读仪器direct－reading instrument自记仪器automatic－recording instrument 遥测仪器remote telemetry unit固态存贮器solid storage计数器counter记录器recorder显示器display unit平均无故障工作时间mean time between failures相应水位equivalent stage水文测站hydrometric station基本站basic station辅助站auxiliary station专用站special station水文试验站hydraulic experimental station 基准水文站bench mark hydrologic station 水文气象站hydrometeorology station巡测站tour gauging station水文站gauging station雨量站网rain gauging network水面蒸发站网water surface evaporation network水位站网stage gauging network泥沙站网sediment gauging network水质站网water quality network地下水观测井网groundwater voservation well network站网规划hydrologic network planning水文分区hydrologic regionalization站网布设network layout容许最稀站网minimum network 设站年限station required age基面datum临时水准点temporary benchmark测验断面measuring cross－section基本水尺断面basic gauge cross－section流速仪测流断面current－meter measuring cross－section浮标测流断面float measuring cross－section 比降水尺断面slope measuring cross－section 辅助水尺断面secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道hydrometric cableway悬索缆道suspended cableway悬杆缆道suspended rod cableway机动缆道motorized cableway手动缆道hand－operating cableway循环索loop cable起重索suspension cable水文缆车hydrometric cable car吊船过河索cableway for anchoring boat缆道测验仪cableway measuring device水文测船hydrometric boat水文测桥hydrometric bridge桥测车gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry雨量器raingauge承水器raingauge receiver量杯measuring glass渠积雨量器accumulative raingauge雨量计rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计long－term rainfall recorder遥测雨量计telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线snow gauge雨雪量计rain and snow recorder蒸发量evaporation蒸发量观测evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数reduction coefficient of evaporation遮挡率screen ratio蒸发器evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿）small evaporation pan E－601型蒸发器evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器floating evaporation pan蒸发计evaporimeter遇测蒸发计telemetering evaporimeter钩形水尺hook gauge最高水位水尺crest stage gauge校核水尺check gauge基本水尺断面basic gauge辅助水尺断面auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面slope gauge临时水尺temporary gauge水位计stage gauge自记水位计stage recorder浮子式水位计float－type stage recorder压力式水位计pressure－type stage recorder 超声波水位计ultrasonic stage recorder遥测水位计telemetering stage recorder接触试水位计contact－type stage recorder远传水位计telecontrol stage recorder自记水位计台stage recorder installation静水井stilling well测得水深measured depth有效水深effective depth相对水深relative depth断面平均水深mean depth at a cross－section 干绳改正air line correction湿绳改正wet line correction测点流速velocity measurement测速垂线surface velocity水面流速velocity at a point测点流速maximum point velocity最大测点流速velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速mean velocity at a vertical部分平均流速mean velocity at a segment断面平均流速cross－section velocity distribution浮标流速point velocity coefficient中泓流速surface velocity coefficient流速分布velocity distribution 流速梯度velocity gradient垂线流速分布vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布cross－section velocity distribution水面流速分布surface velocity coefficient顺流downstream flow逆流upstream flow流速脉动velocity pulsation中泓流速midstream流向测量flow－direction measurement体积法cubature流速仪current－meter转子式流速仪rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪cup－type current－meter旋桨式流速仪propeller－type current－meter 电波流速仪electric wave current－meter超声波剖面流速仪ultrasonic profile current－meter多普勒流速仪Doppler current－meter参证流速仪reference current－meter流量计flow meter文杜里水流计Venturi flow meter毕托管Pitot tube流速仪检定current－meter calibration检定槽calibration tank检定车calibration carriage水面浮标surface float小浮标small float双浮标double float浮杆float－rod堰顶高程elevation of weir crest堰顶水头weir head水工建筑物测流flow measurement by hydraulic structure闸门开启高度gate opening行近河槽approach channel行近流速approach velocity堰流weir flow流态flow regime自由流free flow淹没流submerged flow半淹没流half－submerged flow孔流sluice flow射流jet flow淹没比submergence ratio淹没系数submergence coefficient流速系数velocity coefficient流量系数discharge coefficient稀释法测流dilution method for discharge measurement示踪剂tracer标准溶液standard solution背景浓度background concentration solution 稀释比dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验bed load discharge measurement器策法sampling method坑测法pit method沙波法dune tracking method床沙测验bed material measurement照相法photographic method打印法stamp pad method床沙采样器bed material sampler悬移质采样器suspended sediment sampler瞬时式采样器instantaneous sampler积时式采样器time－integrating sampler瓶式采样器bottled sampler皮囊式采样器collapsible sample泵式采样器pumping sampler调压式采样器pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪radioisotope sediment concentration meter光电测沙仪photoelectric sediment concentration meter振动式测沙仪vibrational sediment concentration meter推移质采样器bed load sampler网式采样器basket－type sampler吸管pipet光电颗分仪photoelectric particle size meter 比重计（密度计）hydrometer泥沙沉降sediment settling沉降速度settling velocity平均沉速mean settling velocity絮凝flocculation反凝剂defloeculant粒径particle diameter 中数粒径median particle diameter平均粒径mean particle diameter等容粒径nominal diameter投影粒径projected diameter三轴平均粒径triaxial mean particle diameter 几何平均粒径geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径sieve diameter沉降粒径settling diameter粒径组fraction of particle size颗粒级配grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线grain－size distribution curve 单样颗粒级配index sample grain－size distribution垂线平均颗粒级配mean grain－size distribution in a vertical对照断面check cross－section控制断面control cross－section消减断面attenuation cross－section水样保存water－sample preservation检出率detected ratio超标率over－limit ratio痕迹量trace未检出nonreadout回收率recovery ratio溶解气体采样器dissolved gases sampler冰情观测ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址fixed－point ice thickness measurement冰情目测visual observation of ice regime冰情符号ice code冰情图ice－regime charta初冰日期first－ice date封冰日期freeze－up date解冻日期break－up date终冰日期end ice date封冻历时freeze－up duration水浸冰厚thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽open－water width冰流量ice discharge等深点流速改正法revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法revised velocity－hydrograph method有效潮差significant tidal range负波高negative wave height水库水文测验hygrometry of reservoir入库水量reservoir inflow出库水量reservoir outflow水库供水reservoir water supply水库弃水surplus water released frome reservoir水库渗漏量reservoir seepage volume水库蓄水变量variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率rate of reservoir storage change 坝上水位stage behind dam库区水位stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量reservoir sedimentation survey 水库淤积量reservoir sedimentation volume地形法method of topographic survey断面法method of cross－section survey淤积形态morphology of reservoir deposition 淤积三角洲sedimentation delta淤积物密度dry density of reservoir deposition 岩溶地区水文调查hydrologic investigation in karst areas实际地表集水面积actual surface colleting area水文实验研究experimental research in hydrology代表流域representative basin实验流域experimental basin相似流域similar basin径流实验研究experimental research in runoff 径流场runoff plot人工降雨装置artificial rainfall device蒸发实验研究experimental research in evaporation蒸发池evaporation tank土壤蒸发器soil evaporator蒸散器evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪lysimeter地下水均衡场groundwater balance plot合理性检查rational examination电算整编processing by computer水文年鉴water year－book测站考证station examination 站年station year极值extreme value加权平均法weighted mean method断流水位stage of zero flow河干river of zero flow水文过程线hydrograph水文综合过程线synthetic hydrograph等值线isopleth分布曲线distribution curve水文特征值hydrologic characteristic value径流总量total runoff径流模数runoff modulus径流系数runoff coefficient洪峰flood peak洪水流量peak discharge洪水总量flood volume输沙模数modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系stage－discharge relation连时序法chronological method绳套曲线loop curve流量过程线法discharge hydrograph method 潮汐要素法tidal factor relation method定潮汐要素法constant tidal factor relation method合轴相关法coaxial correlation method一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a single tide水位流量关系single－valued processing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长extension of relation curve流率表rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation单断沙关系曲线法index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法stage versus ratio of index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation curve method单断沙比过程线法hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法hydrograph method of index sediment concentration真值true value测量值（实测值）measured value最或然值most probable value绝对误差absolute error相对误差relative error插机误差（偶然误差）random error允许误差permissible error伪误差（粗差）spurious方差variance标准差standard deviation相对标准差relative standard deviation离差（偏差）deviation闭合差closure error平差adjustment精密度precision准确度correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差）measuring vertical sampling error分布式数据库distributed type data base集中式数据库concentrated type data base网络式数据库network type data base层次数据库laminarization data base层次数据模型laminarization data model网状数据模型network data model数据量data bulk结点node水文数据库hydrologic data base水文基本数据库hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报hydrologic firecasting of lake 施工水文预报hydrologic forecasting for construction period 潮汐预报tidal prediction旱情预报soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报groundwater regime forecasting预见期forecast lead time超长期水文预报extended long－term hydrologic forecasting作业预报operational forecasting预报方案forecast scheme评定标准accuracy standard方案合格率qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数deterministic coefficient汛seasonal flood 伏汛summer flood汛期flood season防汛flood defence报汛站flood－reporting station报汛站网flook－reporting network常年水情站perennial hydrologic reporting station汛期水情站hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网auxiliary hydrologic reporting network洪水警报flood warning点雨量point rainfall面雨量areal rainfall泰森多边形Thiessen polygon等雨量线法isohyetal method产流runoff yield蓄满产流runoff yield at natural storage超渗产流runoff yield in excess of infiltration 产流面积area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流）direct runoff地面流（坡面流）surface flow of mire壤中流prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线）infiltration capability curve初损initial losses后损（后渗）continuing losses坡面汇流overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流）river network flow concentration地下汇流groundwater flow concentration汇流曲线flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线basin flow concentration curve 坡面汇流曲线overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线river network flow concentration curve地下汇流曲线groundwater flow concentration curve流域汇流时间basin flow concentration time 洪峰滞时peak time lag流域滞时basin time lag等流滞时isochrone单位线unit hydrograph经验单位线empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph 坡地单位线slope unit hydrograph河网单位线river network unit hydrographS－曲线S－curve无因次单位线dimensionless unit hydrograph 退水曲线recession curve水文模型hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型）hydrophysical model比尺模型scale model比拟模型analogue model水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model 水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型stochastic hydrologic model 分散式模型distributed model集总式模型lumped model线性水温模型linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型nonlinear hydrologic model 时不变水文模型time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型time－variant hydrologic model 流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构model structure模型参数model parameter模型误差model error模型率定model calibration模型检验model verification水文模拟hydrologic simulation遥测终端机telemetry terminal meter中继机relay meter前置通信控制机preset communication controller自报式系统self－reporting system查询－应答式系统polling－answerback system混合式系统mix system时分制遥测系统time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统frequency－division telemetry system误码率probability of word error接受率receiving probability设计站design station设计流域design watershed代表站representative station参证站bench－mark station典型年（代表年）typicyear水文系列hydrologic series同步系列synchronous series系列代表性series representativeness柱状图histogram诺谟图monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算）computation of sediment runoff水库回水计算computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算computation of reservoir sedimentation水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation below reservoir溃坝洪水计算evaluation of dam break flood 感潮河段水力计算hydraulic calculation for tidal reach样本容量sample size随机变量random variable随机系列random series累计频率（频率）cumulative frequency经验频率empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve皮尔逊分布Pearson distribution对数正态分布log normal distribution频率分析frequency analysis随机模拟stochastic simulation时间序列time series随机水文分析hydrologic stochastic analysis 趋势项trend term周期项cycle term随机项stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析）harmonic analysis潜分析spectrum analysis回归分析（相关分析）regression analysis 相关系数correlation coefficient自回归分析autoregression analysis逐步回归分析stepwise regression analysis设计供水design flood溢洪道设计洪水spillway design flood分期设计洪水stage design flood施工设计洪水design flood for construction period校核洪水check flood实测洪水observed flood调查洪水investigated flood古洪水paleoflood坝址洪水dam－site flood入库洪水reservoir inflow flood分项调查法item－by－item investigation method降雨径流模型法rainfall－runoff model method蒸发差值法evaporation difference method径流年内分配annual distribution of runoff径流多年变化multiyear variation of runoff丰水期high－water period平水期normal－water period枯水期（枯季）low－flow period丰水年wet year平水年（中水年）normal year枯水年dry year特枯水年extraordinary dry year连续丰水年continuous wet years连续枯水年continuous dry years水文年鉴water year设计雨型design storm pattern暴雨路径storm track暴雨时程分配time distribution of storm暴雨地区分布special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线storm parametric isoline map 点面换算系数point－area conversion coefficient定点定面关系fixed point－fixed area relationship 可能最大露点probable maximum dew point 暴雨移置改正storm transposition correction 流域形状改正watershed shape correction水汽改正moisture correction入流障碍改正inflow obstacle correction综合改正synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量convergence component of storm地形增强因子topographic increasing factor等百分数法isopercental method可能最大洪水probable maximum flood涝surface water logging渍subsurface waterlogging排涝surface waterlogging control排渍subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划waterlogging control planning排涝标准standard for waterlogging control排涝计算computation of waterlogging control 设计排涝流量design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量design drainage discharge of subsurface waterlogging control设计排涝水位design water level for surface drainage水荒water famine水资源评价water resources assessment水资源基础评价water resources basic assessment水量评价water quantity assessment水质评价water quality assessment地表水资源评价surface water resources assessment水资源评价指标indexes of water resources assessment水资源总量total amount of water resources地表水资源量surface water resources amount 地下水资源量groundwater resources amount 可利用量utilizable water地下水可开采量groundwater available yield 可供水量available water supply径流调节runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization水库调洪reservoir flood routing水库供水调节reservoir regulation for water supply水电站径流调节runoff regulation of hydropower regulation水库反调节reregulating reservoir水库群调节multi－reservoir regulation径流调节计算computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法）chronological series method概率法（数理统计法）probability method随机模拟法stochastic simulation method调节周期regulating period目标函数objective function约束方程constraint equation状态变量state variable决策变量decision variable数学规划mathematic programming线性规划linear programming非线性规划nonlinear programming水库防洪调度flood control scheduling of reservoir水库实时调度real－time reservoir scheduling 水库群调度multi－reservoir scheduling水库预报调度reservoir scheduling based on forecast抽水蓄能pumped storage水沙调度scheduling of water and sediment水环境water environment水环境要素（水环境基质）water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统aquatic ecosystem化学径流chemical runoff环境用水environmental water环境水文学environmental hydrology环境水力学environmental hydraulics环境水化学environmental hydrochemistry地下水超量开采groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌）artificial recharge地下水降落漏斗groundwater depression cone 化学水污染chemical water pollution 无机物水污染water pollution by inorganic substances有机物水污染water pollution by organic substances有毒物质水污染water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染radioactive water pollution热污染thermal pollution生物水污染water pollution by organism富营养化eutrophication次生水污染secondary water pollution地下水污染groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution 污染物pollutant污染物迁移transport of pollutant机械迁移physical transport物理－化学迁移physicochemical transport人为污染源artificial pollution source天然污染源natural pollution source污染源调查investigation of pollution sources 污染源控制pollution source control水质参数water quality parameters水质模型water quality model水温模型water temperature model水质生物评价biologic assessment of water quality水环境效益water environmental effect水污染环境效应environmental effect of water pollution水环境保护water environmental protection水质规划water quality planning河流水质规划river water quality planning水库水质规划reservoir water quality planning 水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control水源保护区protection zone of water source蒸发evaporation水位stage流速velocity流量discharge含沙量sediment concentration输沙率sediment discharge水温模型water temperature冰凌ice run水质water quality下垫面underlying surface水文情势hydrologic regime水文效应hydrologic effect水文循环（水循环）hydrologic cycle水量平衡water balance热量平衡heat balance盐量平衡salt balance大气水汽含量atmospheric water vapour content大气水汽输送atmospheric water vapour transport水汽输送通量atmospheric water vapour flux 降雨面积rainfall area降雨分布rainfall distribution暴雨洪水storm flood冰凌洪水（凌讯）ice flood冰雪洪水ice－snow melt flood雨雪混合洪水rain and snowmelt flood山洪flash flood溃坝洪水dam－break flood大气环流atmospheric circulation行星尺度天气系统planetary scale weather system天气尺度天气系统synoptic scale weather system中小尺度天气系统meso and micro－scale weather风暴潮storm surge风暴中心storm center西风槽westerly trough东风波easterly wave低压槽trough高压脊ridge副热带高压subtropic high温带extratropic zone寒带frigid zone季风monsoon梅雨（霉雨）plum rains阵雨showery rain地形雨aerographic rain 热带气旋雨rainfall in tropic cyclone卫星云图satellite cloud picture气压（大气压强）atmospheric pressure海平面气压sea－level pressure湿球温度wet－bulb temperature水汽压vapour pressure饱和水汽压saturation vapour pressure绝对湿度absolute humidity相对湿度relative humidity饱和差saturation deficit流域长度basin length流域平均高程basin elevation mean流域平均宽度basin width mean流域平均坡度basin slope mean流域不对称系数coefficient of basin nonsymmetric流域面积增长率growth ratio of drainage area 流域自然地理特征physiographic characteristics of basin水系（河系）hydrographic net人工河网artificial drainage network河网密度drainage density明渠open channel河源headwaters冲沟gully溪流brook分支fork串沟bifurcation channel外流河exoreic river内陆河endothecia river减河relief channel控制河段control reach顺流河段straight reach弯曲河段bent reach扩散河段expanding reach收缩河段converging reach游荡河段wandering reach感潮河段tidal reach裁弯河段channel cutoff稳定河槽stable channel不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽）unstable channel 主槽main channel单式河槽single channel复式河槽compound channel河道横断面river cross－section河道纵断面river longitudinal profile断面特性cross－section characteristics河床形态channel morphology浅滩thoal急潭cataract河漫滩flood plain江心湖channel island有效水头effective head水头损失head loss沿程水头损失frictional head loss局部水头损失local head loss能面比降energy slope水面比降surface slope摩阻比降friction slope附加比降（加速比降）add slope河道比降（河床比降）channel slope水面横比降transverse slope of water surface 倒比降inverse slope总水头线total head line水面线water surface profile糙率roughness谢才系数Chezy coefficient谢才公式Chezy formula曼宁公式Manning formula输水因数（输水率）conveyance factor水跃hydraulic jump水舌nappe回水曲线（壅水曲线）hackwater curve弗汝德数Froude number悬移质suspended load推移质bed load床沙bed material床沙质bed material load冲泻质wash load河流泥沙运动sediment transport in river泥沙起动incipient motion of sediment起动流速competent velocity造床流址dominant discharge泥沙密度density of sediment高含沙水流flow with hypereoncentration of sediment泥石流debris flow水流挟沙能力sediment transport capacity of flow河床演变fluvial process冲刷scar淤积sedimentation沙量平衡sediment balance泥沙输移sediment transport泥沙输移比sediment delivery ratio浆河现象clogging of river sediment flow揭河底现象tearing of river bed天然水质natural water quality水化学hydrochemistry冰清ice regime结冰河流ice－frozen stream封冻河流freeze－up stream稳定封冻河流stable freeze－up stream非稳定封冻河流unstable freeze－up stream 结冰期ice－frozen period初生冰initial ice冰针ice specula冰凇rime ice圆扁冰pan－cake ice冰花frazil slush岸冰border ice初生岸冰initial border ice固定岸冰fixed border ice冲击岸冰agglomerated border ice再生岸冰regenerative border ice残余岸冰residual border ice雪冰slush ice水内冰underwater ice冰屑shuga冰底边ice base boundary冰礁ice reef冰桥ice bridge流冰花slush ice run冰上流水water flow over ice层冰层水ice cover with intercalated water layers融冰thawing冰层塌陷ice sheet depression冰层浮起floating ice cover冰滑动dislodging of ice cover解冻（开河）break－up文开河tranquil break－up。

给排水常用名词中英文对照【建筑工程类独家文档首发】给水工程中系统和水量方面的术语1、直流水系统 once through system 水经过一次使用后即行排放或处理后排放的给水系统。

2、复用水系统 water reuse system 水经重复利用后再行排放或处理后排放的给水系统。

3、循环水系统 recirculation system 水经使用后不予排放而循环利用或处理后循环利用的给水系统。

4、生活用水domestic water 人类日常生活所需用的水。

5、生产用水 process water 生产过程所需用的水。

6、消防用水 fire demand 扑灭火灾所需用的水。

7、浇洒道路用水 street flushing demand ,road watering 对城镇道路进行保养、清洗、降温和消尘等所需用水。

8、绿化用水 green belt sprinkling ,green plot sprinkling 对市政绿地等所需用的水。

给水工程取水构筑物的术语1、管井 deep well ,drilled well 井管从地面打到含水层，抽取地下水的井。

2、管井滤水管 deep well screen 设置在管井动水位以下，用以从含水层中集水的有缝隙或孔隙的管段。

3、管井沉淀管 grit compartment 位于管井最下部，用以容纳进入井内的沙粒和从水中析出的沉淀物的管段。

4、大口井 dug well ,open well 由人工开挖或沉井法施工，设置井筒，以截取浅层地下水的构筑物。

5、井群 batter of wells 数个井组成的群体。

6、渗渠 infiltration gallery 壁上开孔，以集取浅层地下水的水平管渠。

7、地下水取水构筑物反滤层 inverted layer 在大口井或渗渠进水处铺设的粒径沿水流方向由细到粗的级配砾层(简称反滤层)8、泉室 spring chamber 集取泉水的构筑物。

AA/A/O法 anaerobic-anoxic-oxic process(厌氧-缺氧-好氧法)A/O法(厌氧-好氧法) anaerobic-oxic processA-A-O生物脱氮除磷工艺 A-A-O biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal processAB法 Adsorption Biodegradation process(吸附生物降解法)A-O除磷工艺 A-O phosphorus removal processA-O脱氮工艺 A-O nitrogen removal processBMTS型一体化氧化沟 BMTS intrachannel clarifier oxidation ditchBOD-污泥负荷 BOD-sludge loadK型叶轮曝气机 K type impeller aeratorLMPPhoredox nitrogen and phosphorus removal processr射线 gamma rayswater into groundwater aquifer氨氮 ammonia-nitrogen氨化反应 Nitragen氨基酸 amino acid铵盐 ammonium salt奥贝尔(Orbal)型氧化沟 Orbal oxidation ditch巴登福脱氮除磷工艺　Bardenpho nitrogen and phosphorus removal process白水(漂洗废水) white water(bleaching water)板框压滤 plate pressure filtration半渗透膜 semi-permeable membrane棒状杆菌属 corynebacterium薄膜式淋水材料 film packing 能使水流在填料表面形成连续薄水膜的淋水填料。

饱和常数(Ks) saturation constant饱和指数 saturation index,Langelier index 由理论推导公式得出一个指数，以定性地预测水中碳酸钙沉淀或暴雨公式 storm flow formula暴雨径流 storm runoff暴雨溢流井（截留井）storm overflow well, intercepting well 合流制排水系统中，用来截留、控制合流水量苯 benzene苯胺 aniline泵型叶轮暴气器 paddle impeller aerator泵站 pumping house 设置水泵机组、电气设备和管道、闸阀等的房屋。

农业技术英语词汇大全了解农业技术的专业术语农业技术英语词汇大全：了解农业技术的专业术语农业是人类社会发展的重要支柱，农业技术的不断进步和应用，对于提高农业生产力、保障粮食安全以及促进农村经济发展具有重要意义。

而要了解和学习农业技术，熟悉其中的专业术语是必不可少的。

下面将为大家介绍一些农业技术的英语词汇，帮助大家进一步了解农业技术领域的专业术语。

一、农田与土壤1. Crops：作物2. Field：田地3. Soil：土壤4. Plow：翻土5. Irrigation：灌溉6. Fertilizer：肥料7. Organic farming：有机耕作8. Crop rotation：轮作二、植物保护1. Pest control：害虫防治2. Weed management：杂草管理3. Pesticide：农药4. Insecticide：杀虫剂5. Herbicide：除草剂6. Fungicide：杀真菌剂7. Biological control：生物防治8. Resistance breeding：抗性育种三、养殖业1. Livestock farming：畜牧业2. Poultry farming：养鸡业3. Dairy farming：养牛业4. Aquaculture：水产养殖业5. Feed：饲料6. Veterinary medicine：兽药7. Animal welfare：动物福利8. Genetic improvement：遗传改良四、农产品加工1. Food processing：食品加工2. Quality control：质量控制3. Storage：储存4. Packaging：包装5. Preservation：保鲜6. Fermentation：发酵7. Frozen food：冷冻食品8. Food safety：食品安全五、农业机械与设备1. Tractor：拖拉机2. Harvester：收割机3. Sprayer：喷雾机4. Seeder：播种机5. Irrigation system：灌溉系统6. Greenhouse：温室7. Agricultural drone：农业无人机8. Precision agriculture：精准农业六、农业政策与市场1. Agricultural policy：农业政策2. Subsidy：补贴3. Agricultural insurance：农业保险4. Market demand：市场需求5. Price fluctuation：价格波动6. Sustainable agriculture：可持续农业7. Agricultural trade：农产品贸易8. Food security：粮食安全以上只是农业技术中的一小部分专业术语，但已经包括了农田、植物保护、养殖业、农产品加工、农业机械与设备、农业政策与市场等方面的内容。

专业英语词汇水利水电工程专业施工总平面布置(施工总体布置) construction general layout施工组织Consruction Programming施工组织设计construction planning施工坐标系（建筑坐标系）construction coordinate system湿化变形soaking deformation湿润比percentage of wetted area湿润灌溉wetting irrigation湿室型泵房wet-pit type pump house湿陷变形系数soaking deformation coefficient湿陷起始压力initial collapse pressure湿陷系数(湿陷变形系数) coefficient of collapsibility湿周wetted perimeter十字板剪切试验vane shear test石袋honeycomb时均流速time average velocity时均能量time average energy时效硬化(老化) age hardening (ageing)时针式喷灌系统(中心支轴自走式系统) central pivot sprinkler system 实测放大图surveyed amplification map实腹柱solid column实际材料图primitive data map实时接线分析real time connection analysis实时控制real-time control实时数据和实时信息real time data and real time information实体坝solid dike实体重力坝solid gravity dam实物工程量real work quantity实验站experimental station实用堰practical weir示流信号器liquid-flow annunciator示坡线slope indication line示误三角形error triangle示踪模型tracer model事故failure (accident)事故备用容量reserve capacity for accident事故低油压tripping lower oil pressure事故音响信号emergency signal (alarmsignal)事故运行方式accident operation mode事故闸门emergency gate事故照明accident lighting事故照明切换屏accident lighting change-over panel势波potential wave势流potential flow势能potential energy势涡(自由涡) potential vortex视差parallax视差法测距（基线横尺视差法）subtense method with horizontal staff 视差角parallactic angle视准线法collimation line method视准轴（照准轴）coolimation axis试验处理treatment of experiment试验端子test terminal试验项目Testing item试验小区experimental block试运行test run试运行test run收敛测量convergence measurement收敛约束法convergence-confinement method收缩断面vena-contracta收缩缝(温度缝) contraction joint (temperature joint)收缩水深contracted depth手动[自动]复归manual [automatic] reset手动[自动]准同期manual [automatic] precise synchronization手动调节manual regulation手动控制manual control手动运行manual operation手工电弧焊manual arc welding首曲线（基本等高线）standard contour首子午线（本初子午线，起始子午线）prime meridian受油器oil head枢纽布置layout of hydroproject疏浚dredging输电系统transmission system输电线transmission line输入功率试验input test输沙量sediment runoff输沙率sediment discharge输水钢管steel pipe for water conveyance输水沟conveyance ditch输水建筑物water conveyance structure输水渠道water conveyance canal鼠道mole drains鼠道犁mole plough鼠笼型感应电动机squirrel cage induction motor竖井定向测量shaft orientation survey竖井贯流式水轮机pit turbine竖井联系测量shaft connection survey竖井排水drainage well竖井式进水口shaf tintake竖轴弧形闸门radial gate with vertic alaxes数字地面模型digital terrain model（DTM）数字化测图digitized mapping数字通信digital communication数字图像处理digital image processing数字仪表digital instrument甩负荷load dump (load rejection,load shutdown)甩负荷试验load-rejection test (load-shutdowntest)双层布置double storey layout双调节调速器dual-regulation governor双扉闸门double-leaf gate双回线double-circuit line双击式水轮机cross flow turbine,Banki turbine双极高压直流系统bipolar HVDC system双金属标bimetal bench mark双列布置double row layout双母线接线double-bus connection双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam双曲拱渡槽double curvature arch aqueduct双室式调压室double-chamber surge shaft双吸式离心泵double-suction pump双向挡水人字闸门bidirectional retaining mitre gate水泵[水泵水轮机的水泵工况]的反向最大稳态飞逸转速steady state reverse runaway speed of pump水泵比转速specific speed of pump水泵并联扬程曲线head curve of parallel pumping system水泵参数与特性Parameters and characteristics of pump水泵串联扬程曲线head curve of series pumping system水泵的最大[最小]输入功率maximum[minimum] input power of pump 水泵电动机机组Motor-pump unit水泵反常运行pump abnormal operating水泵工况(抽水工况) pump operation水泵工作点(水泵工况点) pump operating point水泵供水water feed by pump水泵机械效率mechanical efficiency of pump水泵机组pump unit水泵类型Classification of pumps水泵零部件Components of pumps水泵流量pump discharge水泵容积效率volumetric efficiency of pump水泵输出功率output power of pump水泵输入功率(水泵轴功率) input power of pump水泵水力效率hydraulic efficiency of pump水泵水轮机Pump-turbine水泵无流量输入功率no-discharge power of pump水泵效率pump efficiency水泵扬程(水泵总扬程) total head of pump水泵站Pumping Station水泵装置pump system水锤(水击) water hammer水锤泵站hydrauli cram pump station水锤波(水击波) wave of water hammer水锤波波速wave velocity of water hammer水电站Hydroelectric Station水电站(水力发电站) Hydroelectric station (hydroelectric power station) 水电站保证出力firm power, firm output水电站厂房(发电厂房) power house水电站厂房的类型Types of power house of hydroelectric station水电站出力power output of hydropower station水电站出力和发电量Power and energy output of hydropower station水电站的水头、流量、水位Waterhead, discharge, water lever of hydropower station水电站发电成本generation cost of hydropower station水电站发电量energy output of hydropower station水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure水电站经济指标Economie index of hydropower station水电站类型Types of hydroelectric station水电站引用流量quotative discharge of hydropower station水电站装机容量installed capacity of hydropower station水电站自动化automation of hydroelectric station水跌hydraulic drop水动力学Hydrodynamics水斗bucket水斗式水轮机(贝尔顿式水轮机) pelton turbine水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工建筑物的类别及荷载Classification and load of hydraulic structures水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure水工金属结构及安装Metal Structures and Their Installation水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞Hydraulic tunnels水工隧洞构造Components of hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞类型Classification of hydraulic tunnels水管冷却pipe cooling水柜water pool水环真空泵liquid ring pump水灰比water-cement ratio水窖(旱井) water callar(dry wall)水静力学Hydrostatics水库并联运用operation of parallel-connected resertvoir水库测量reservoir survey水库串联运用operation of serial-connected reservoirs水库调度reservoir operation水库调度图graph of reservoir operation水库回水变动区fluctuating back water zone of reservoir水库浸没reservoir immersion水库控制缓洪controlled flood retarding水库库底清理cleaning of reservoir zone水库泥沙Reservoir sediment水库泥沙防治Prevention of sediment水库年限ultimate life of reservoir水库渗漏reservoir leakage水库水文测验reservoir hydrometry水库塌岸bank ruin of reservoir水库特征库容Characteristic capacity of reservoir水库特征水位Characteristic level of reservoir水库泄空排沙sediment releasing by emptying reservoir水库蓄清排浑clear water impounding and muddy flow releasing水库淹没补偿compensation for reservoir inundation水库淹没处理Treatment of reservoir inundation水库淹没处理范围treatment zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没界线测量reservoir inundation line survey水库淹没区zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没实物指标material index of reservoir inundation水库异重流density current in reservoir水库异重流排沙sediment releasing by density current水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake水库淤积Sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积测量reservoir accretion survey水库淤积极限limit state of sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积平衡比降equilibrium slope of sediment deposition in reservoir 水库淤积上延(翘尾巴) upward extension of reservoir deposition水库淤积纵剖面longitudinal profile of deposit in reservoir水库滞洪排沙flood retarding and sediment releasing水库自然滞洪free flood retarding水冷式空压机water-cooled compressor水力半径hydraulic radius水力冲填hydraulic excavation and filling水力冲填坝hydraulic fill dam水力冲洗式沉沙池hydraulic flushing sedimentation basin水力粗糙度hydraulic roughness水力粗糙区hydraulic roughness region水力共振hydraulic resonance水力光滑区hydraulic smooth水力机械Hydraulic Machinery水力机械与电气设备HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT 水力机组hydropower unit水力机组测试Measurement and test for hydropower unit水力机组的安装和试运行Installation and starting operation of hydropower unit水力机组调节系统Regulating system of hydropower unit水力机组辅助系统Auxiliary system for hydropower unit水力开挖hydraulic excavation水力坡降(水力比降) hydraulic slope (energy gradient)水力破裂法(水力致裂法) hydro fracturing method水力侵蚀(水蚀) water erosion水力学Hydraulics水力要素(水力参数) hydraulic elements水力指数hydraulic exponent水力自动闸门hydraulic operating gate水力最优断面optimal hydraulic cross section水利工程经营管理management and administration of water project水利计算Computation of water conservancy水利区划zoning of water conservancy水利枢纽hydroproject水利水电工程等别rank of hydroproject水利水电工程规划PLANNING OF HYDROENGINEERING水利水电工程技术术语标准Standard of Technical Terms on Hydroengineering水利水电工程勘测SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION FOR HYDROENGINEERING 水利水电工程施工CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING水量分布曲线water distribution curve水流动力轴线(主流线) dynamic axis of flow水流连续方程continuity equation of flow水流流态State of flow水流阻力和能头损失Flow resistance and head loss水轮泵站turbine-pump station水轮发电机Hydraulic generator水轮发电机hydraulic turbine-driven synchronous generator(hydro-generator)水轮发电机组Hydraulic turbine-generator unit水轮发电机组hydraulic turbine-generator unit水轮机hydraulic turbine,water turbine水轮机[水泵]额定流量rated discharge of turbine[pump]水轮机安装Installation of hydraulic turbine水轮机安装高程setting of turbine水轮机保证出力guaranteed output of turbine水轮机比转速specific speed of turbine水轮机参数和特性Turbine parameters and turbine characteristics水轮机层turbine storey (turbine floor)水轮机的机械效率mechanical efficiency of turbine水轮机的容积效率volumetric efficiency of turbine水轮机的水力效率hydraulic efficiency of turbine水轮机调节系统turbine regulating system水轮机调节系统静特性试验static characteristic test of regulation system of hydraulic turbine水轮机调速器turbine governor水轮机额定输出功率(水轮机额定出力) rated output of turbine水轮机飞逸转速runaway speed of turbine水轮机工况(发电工况) turbine operation水轮机空载流量no-load discharge of turbine水轮机类型Classification of turbines水轮机零、部件Components of hydraulic turbine水轮机流量turbine discharge水轮机模型试验model test of turbine水轮机磨蚀与振动Erosion and vibration of hydraulic turbine水轮机气蚀系数cavitation factor of turbine,cavitation coefficient of turbine 水轮机设计水头design head of turbine水轮机试运行Test runof hydraulic turbine水轮机室turbine casing水轮机输出功率(水轮机出力) turbine output水轮机输入功率turbine input power水轮机水头(水轮机净水头) turbine net head水轮机吸出水头损失suction head loss of turbine水轮机效率turbine efficiency水轮机压力管道(高压管道) penstock水轮机引水室turbine flume水轮机主轴turbine main shaft水轮机最大输出功率(水轮机最大出力) maximum output of turbine水轮机最高效率maximum efficiency of turbine水面曲线water surface profile水面蒸发量evaporation from water surface水能waterpower, hydropower水能计算hydropower computation水能开发方式Types of hydropower development水能利用Water power utilization水能利用规划waterpower utilization planning水能资源(水力资源) waterpower resources, hydropower resources水泥比表面积specific surface of cement水泥罐cement silo水泥水化热hydration heat of cement水泥体积安定性soundness of cement水平底坡horizontal slope水平地质剖面图geological plan水平度levelness水平沟horizontal ditches水平阶地horizontal terraces水平位移工作点operative mark of horizontal displacement水平位移观测horizontal displacement observation水平位移基点datum mark of horizontal displacement水生态学hydrobiology水头water head水头损失head loss水头预想出力expected power, expected output水土保持soil and water conservation水土保持工程措施Soil and water conservation works水土保持规划Planning of soil and water conservation水土保持林业措施Afforestation measures for soil and water conservation 水土流失Soilandwaterloss水土流失(土壤侵蚀) soil erosion(soil and waterloss)水位water stage (water level)水位、流速、流量Water stage, flow velocity, flow discharge水位传导系数coefficient of water level conductivity水位调节装置water level regulator水位计water-level gauge水位流量关系曲线stage-discharge relation curve水位信号water-level indicating signal水位站water stage gauging station水文测验hydrometry水文测站hydrometrical station水文测站和站网Hydrometrical station and network水文地质Hydrogeology水文地质基础Basichydrogeology水文地质试验Hydrogeologicaltest水文地质图hydrogeological map水文调查hydrological investigation水文分析计算Hydrological analysis and computation水文观测hydrological observation水文观测Hydrological observation and measurement水文过程线hydrograph水文核技术nuclear technology in hydrology水文计算Hydrologic computation水文计算及水文预报Hydrological Computation and Forecasing水文空间技术space technology in hydrology水文模型hydrological model水文年鉴hydrological almanac(hydrological yearbook)水文频率曲线hydrological frequency curve水文手册hydrological handbook水文统计hydrological statistics水文图集hydrological atlas水文遥测技术hydrological telemetering technology水文要素hydrological data水文预报Hydrological forecast水文站hydrometrical station水文站网hydrological network水文资料整编hydrological data processing水系(河系,河网) hydrographic net(river system)水下爆破under water blasting水下地形测量underground topographic survey水下混凝土浇筑underwater concreting水下接地网under water earthed network水压力hydraulic pressure水跃hydraulic jump水跃长度length of hydraulic jump水跃高度height of hydraulic jump水跃函数hydraulic jump function水跃消能率coefficient of energy dissipation of hydraulic jump 水运动学Hydrokinematics水运动学及水动力学Hydrokinematics and hydrodynamics水闸sluice (barrage)水闸类型Classification of sluices水闸组成部分Components of sluice水质water quality水质标准water quality standard水质监测站water quality monitoring station水质评价water quality assessment水质污染Water quality pollution水质预报water quality forecast水中起动starting in water水中起动力矩starting torque in water水柱water column水坠坝sluicing siltation earth dam水准测量leveling水准点benchmark水准路线leveling line水准器分划值（水准器角值，水准器格值）scale value of level水准网平差adjustment of leveling network水准仪（水平仪）level水准仪与经纬仪Leveland theodolite水资源water resources水资源规划water resources planning水资源开发利用Development and utilization of water resources水资源开发利用water resources development税金tax顺坝longitudinal dike (training dike)顺坡(正坡) positive slope顺行波advancing downstream wave顺序控制系统sequential control system顺直型河流straight river瞬动电流instantaneous acting current瞬发雷管(即发雷管) instantaneous blasting cap瞬时沉降(弹性沉降,初始沉降,形变沉降) initial settlement瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph瞬时电流速断保护(无时限电流速断保护) instantaneous over current cut-off protection瞬时流速instantaneous velocity瞬态法finite increment method死库容(垫底库容) dead storage死区dead band死水位minimum pool level(dead water level)松动爆破loosening blasting (crumbling blasting)松方loose measure松散系数bulk factor素混凝土(无筋混凝土) plain concrete素图simple map速动时间常数promptitude time constant速度环量velocity circulation速度三角形velocity triangle速凝(瞬时凝结) quick set (flash set)速凝剂accelerator塑料导爆管(传爆管) plastic primacord tube塑限(塑性限度,塑性界限含水量) plastic limit塑性铰plastic hinge塑性指数plasticity index溯源冲刷[淤积] backward erosion[deposition]算术平均粒径arithmetic mean diameter算术平均水头arithmetic average head算术平均效率arithmetic average efficiency随动系统servo system随动系统不准确度inaccuracy of servosystem随机波random wave随机性水文模型(非确定性水文模型) stochastic hydrological model 碎部点（地形特征点）detail point碎裂结构clastic structure碎屑结构clastic texture隧洞衬砌tunnel lining隧洞导流tunnel diversion隧洞渐变段tunnel transition section隧洞开挖tunnel excavation隧洞排水tunnel drainage隧洞钻孔爆破法(隧洞钻爆法) drill-blast tunneling method损失容积(死容积) lost volume缩限(收缩界限) shrinkage limit锁坝closure dike锁定装置dog device (latch device,gate lock device)锁锭装置locking device (checking device)它励(它激) separate excitation塔式进水口tower intake踏面rolling face台车式启闭机platform hoist台阶结构面step structural plane台阶掘进法heading and bench method坍落度slump坍落拱collapse arch探槽exploratoryt rench探洞exploratory adit探井exploratory shaft探坑exploratory pit碳素钢(碳钢) carbon steel塘堰pond掏槽孔(掏槽眼) cut hole套管casing pipe套闸(双埝船闸) double dike lock特大暴雨extraordinary rainstorm特大洪水extraordinary flood特高压(特高电压) ultra-high voltage (U.H.V.)特类钢(C类钢) type C steel特殊地区施工增加费additional cost for special condition特殊荷载specia lload (unusual load)特殊荷载组合special load combination特性和参数Characteristics and parameters特性阻抗(波阻抗) characteristic impedance (wave impedance) 特征线法characteristics method特征斜率characteristic slope梯段爆破bench blasting梯级水电站cascade hydroelectric station梯形堰trapezoidal weir锑恩锑(三硝基甲苯) TNT (trinitroto luene)提升式升船机lifting type ship lift提水灌溉pumping irrigation提水排水pumping drainage体积模量bulk modulus体积压缩系数coefficient of volume compressibility天然骨料natural aggregate天然密度(天然容重) natural density(naturalunitweight)天文潮astronomical tide田间持水量field capacity田间工程farml and works田间排水沟(墒沟) field ditch田间排水试验experiment for farm land drainage田间渠系farm canal system田间水利用系数water efficiency in field田间需水量(田间耗水量) water consumption on farmland填埋式管(上埋式管) buried pipe line填石笼gabion填筑filling填筑含水量placement water content(placement moisture content) 挑坎(挑流鼻坎) flip bucket。