2012-2013-1复习资料

电路基础复习题（一）一、简答题1、什么叫基尔霍夫电流定律？什么叫基尔霍夫电压定律？答：电流定律：任一时刻在电路的任一结点上，所有支路电流的代数和恒等于零。

电压定律：在任一时刻，沿任一回路各段电压的代数和恒等于零。

2、什么是电路的开路状态、短路状态、空载状态、过载状态、满载状态？答;电源与负载未构成闭合电路，即电路处于开路状态；短路是指电路中电位不等的两点，由于某种原因而短接在一起的现象。

当电源没接负载时称为空载；当电源输出的电压为额定值时：电流等于额定电流，称为满载，电流小于额定电流，称为轻载，电流超过额定电流，称为过载。

3、什么是谐振现象？答：如果电源的频率和电路参数满足一定的条件，使电路中的总电压和总电流的相位相等，则整个电路呈现纯电阻性，这种现象称为谐振现象。

4、电路产生动态过程的原因有哪些？答：电路产生动态过程有内、外两种原因，内因是电路中纯在储能元件L和C；外因是电路的结构或参数发生改变。

5、什么叫叠加定理？答：线性电阻电路中，任一电压或电流都是电路中各个独立电源单独作用时，在该处产生的电压或电流的叠加。

6、什么叫等效变换？答：选取电路中的某一部分电路作为研究对象，这部分电路与其他部分电路通过端子进行连接，当被选取的部分电路变换成另一种连接形式时，各个端子处的电压和电流与变换前一致，则称选取电路部分的变换为等效变换。

二、填空题1、为了分析方便，常把电路分为内电路和外电路；从电源一端经过负载再回到电源另一端的这部分电路称为（外电路）；电源内部的通路称为（内电路）。

2、电流的实际方向规定为（正电荷）的运动方向；衡量电流大小的物理量是（电流强度）；电流的国际单位是（安培）。

3、在电压电流参考方向关联时，直流W电路功率的计算公式为（P=t或P=UI），若电压电流的参考方向非关联，功率的计算公式应为（P=-UI）。

4、电阻元件是一种对电流表现“阻碍”作用的（电路元件），它的主要参数是电阻，用字母（R）表示，单位为(Ω或欧姆)。

2012-2013年上学期高职英语1期末复习一，考试题型1.Listening 听力（10题，20分）2.V ocabulary and Structure.词汇与结构（20题，20分）3. Reading Comprehension.阅读理解（2篇，10题，20分）4. Translation. 翻译（10题，20分）Translate the following into English. 中翻英（5题，10分）Translate the following into Chinese. 英翻中（5题，10分）5.Writing写作（20分）二．单项选择复习题1. She ___________ to music since 11 a.m.A. listenedB. has been listeningC.is listeningD. listens2. A good ______ is the first step to a good job.A. educationB. untilC. textD. subject3. Sixty-five miles _____ a great distance to cover in the past.A.isB. wasC. areD. were4. He had a ______ to his wife who gave him the money to start his business.A. jobB. debtC. chanceD. career5. Y ou have to make a decision by yourself because you are ______ for your life.A. preparedB. honestC. responsibleD. decided6. I can't find the ______ word to express my feelings.A. exactB. justC. trueD. obvious7. Try to have a real ______ of the course. Havi ng it on your record doesn’t mean much.A. understandingB. understandC. knowingD. know8. The scientists wanted to keep people ________ about the breakthrough in their experiment.A. informB. informedC. informingD. to inform.9. The boy said he was quite ______ that he had made a careless mistake.A. knownB. awareC. knowingD. understanding10. Mary enjoys a (n) _________ ability to sing well.A. styleB. unfortunateC. fluentD. natural11. Joanne left there hours ago. She ______ home by now.A. must has arrivedB. must arriveC. must have arrivedD. can have arrived12. I don’t have the time and ______ to disagree with her, as I have a lot of work to do.A. responsibilityB. decisionC. accountD. energy13. It is important to provide an environment ________ people are encouraged to makesuggestions at all levels of the company.A. from whichB. on whichC. in whichD. for which14.The sales manager had his secretary ______ a press conference for their new products.A. arrangeB. to arrangeC. have arrangedD. arranged15. Don’t be afraid of ______ mistakes when you learn to speak English.A. doingB. havingC. makingD. showing16. It’s a great honor to ______ the dinner.A. be invited toB. invited toC. invite toD. inviting to17. Have you discovered that the two cultures have a lot in ______.A. spiritB. effortC. commonD. fact18. I was speaking so loudly. I was ______ that he didn't hear me.A. supposedB. expectedC. affectedD. amazed19. It is all right to borrow money sometimes, but don’t let it become a (n) ______.A. habitB. traditionC. spiritD. action20. Allan is looking forward to______ the trade fair.A. meetB. meetingC. be meetingD. having met21. I have heard ______ children tell me that they want to be doctors when they grow up.A. many too farB. too far manyC. far too manyD. many too far22. Please wait here until I ______ you.A. callB. calledC. will callD. calling23. College education provides more ______ for a bright future.A. lessonsB. coursesC. opportunitiesD. subjects24. To be honest with yourself is to ________ yourself.A. look atB.doC. refuseD. respect25. At the beginning he refused to take any responsibility but he had to end up by ________.A. to apologizeB. apologizingC. apologizedD. apologize26. I owe a ________ of thanks to George because his support helped me overcome that difficulty.A. respectB. responsibilityC. dutyD. debt27. They teach you the ______ you need to become a successful journalist.A. conversationB. skillsC. detailD. headline28. I hope you’ll have ______ during your stay here.A. great timeB. great timesC. a great timeD. greater time29. Ann is wearing a beautiful dress, and Mary a ______ one.A. similarB. realC. fluentD. rude30. Farmers always ______ a good harvest every year.A. explainB. excuseC. expectD. exercise31. The children ______ many times not to play with fire.A. have been toldB. was toldC. were toldD. is told32. Ever since she was young, she has ______ herself a goal to become a doctor.A. setB. madeC. decidedD. had33. They decided to teach these people a good _______.A. thingB. taskC. lessonD. class34. His new book ______ to the top as the bestseller.A. rocketedB. raisedC. stayedD. arrived35. My plane __________ at 9 o' clock tomorrow morning. Will you come to see me off?A. will be leaveB. leavesC. will have leftD. is left36. The baby ______ an attempt to stand up, but failed.A. didB. tookC. wantedD. made37. The fact that he didn’t say “ No ” immediately is a good ______.A. activityB. experienceC. signD. design38. She didn’t have the ________ to walk any further.A. qualityB. strengthC. experienceD. attitude39. Please ______ the light before you leave the room.A. work outB. turn offC. set aboutD. watch over40. This book gives all kinds of useful ___________ on how to repair bikes.A. senseB. savingC. informationD. comfort41. The message ______ Mr. Black was elected chairman of the committee arrived just in time.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. how42. He must have heard of the bad news, ________ can be perceived in his expression.A. asB. whatC. whileD. that43. Many people are ready to help you, but, to some _______, you have to be on your own in mostcases.A. reasonB. extentC. amountD. goal44. It is clear ______ we can’t go on with the project like this.A. thatB. howC. whatD. whether45. ______ you are proud of your work, it will be very difficult for you to respect yourself.A. IfB. WhenC. WhileD. Unless46. If V era keeps drinking, she ______ her job.A. loseB. will loseC. losesD. lost47. Were you ______ that something was wrong?A. awareB. realizedC. knownD. expected48. The country is experiencing fast ______ in science and technology.A. movingB. speedC. developingD. making49. ______ the boss arrived, everyone in the office was busy working.A. ForB. HoweverC. IfD. When50. Karen loves her cats. She ______ killed them.A. must haveB. might notC. might haveD. can’t have51. Kathy suggested that Jack ______ the lecture a card with all of our names on it.A. sendB. sendsC. sendingD. to send52. The Chinese government has set up Dragon Boat Festival(端午节) as a (n) ______ holiday.A. longB. springC. officialD. universal53. “Can I speak to Dorothy?” ”She ______ a shower. Can I take a message?”A. takesB. tookC. was takingD. is taking54. Peop le often end their letters with “ Y ours ______”.A. trulyB. trueC. veryD. real55. With the development of artificial intelligence, robots will do some mental work in office________ some manual work on the production line.A. in additionB. exceptC.as well asD.as well56. I like to live in this village because the ______ of life here is slow and easy.A. speedB. rateC. paceD. step57. The same is ______ of how the Japanese live.A. realB. rightC. trueD. correct58. She doesn’t hav e the ______ to move that table alone.A. scheduleB. strengthC. teammateD. attitude59. When I was in the hotel, all my money______.A. stolenB. was stolenC.is stolenD. were stolen60. Y ou have to make a decision by yourself because you are ______ for your life.A. preparedB. honestC. responsibleD. decided61. ________ his appearance, he comes from a well-off family.A. Judged fromB. To judge fromC. Judging fromD. Having been judging from62. To know what is good and ________ are two different things.A. doing what is rightB.to do what is rightC. did what was rightD. to do what was right63. If you think getting a certificate means getting a job, you are ______ yourself.A. keepingB. havingC. cheatingD. doing term paper64. When I first arrived in Japan, I was surprised ________ the way people greeted each other.A. ofB. toC. withD. at65. In learning English, many students _________ an e-dictionary to a traditional paper one.A. likeB. expectC. preferD. respect66. I first ______ my wife when we were both working in Beijing.A. metB. meetingC. to meetD. be met67. Tom isn’t answering his phone. He ______ shopping, or perhaps he’s asleep.A. can have goneB. might have goneC. has goneD. might have gone68. A ______ is helpful in looking for a job, but it doesn’t mean a job.A. certificateB. gradeC. recordD. debt69. As teachers we often tell our students that they should have a (n) ______ of responsibility.A. meaningB. senseC. certificateD. opportunity70. When he wants to smoke, he forgets the fact that smoking ______ his health.A. educatesB. cheatsC. affectsD. respects71. Not until that day ________ the importance of good manners in a job interview.A. did I realizeB. I did realizeC. I have realizedD. have I realized72. Time is limited and you must ______ your plan in no time.A. come aboutB. take upC. care forD. carry out73. It’s a dangerous city; people won’t go out after dark because they are afra id of ______.A. attackingB. being attackedC. having been attackedD. attacked74. Furthermore, every assignment has to ______ in on time.A. be turnedB. turnC. turnsD. turning75. The word ____________ that a new model of cell phones would soon come onto the market.A. communicatedB. issuedC. spokeD. spread76. He ______ and built his own house.A. designedB. involvedC. determinedD. put77. The house was just as what she had ______.A. thoughtB. believedC. consideredD. imagined78. I wonder why Tom isn’t at work today. I suppose he ______ ill.A. must beB. mustn’t beC. can beD. needn’t be79. By the time next month, I ______ yourself.A. have completedB. completeC. am completingD. will have completed80. The first step you have to ______ is to decide what courses you are going to choose.A. doB. makeC. takeD. get81. How I spend my money is my own ______, not yours.A. businessB. opportunityC. reasonD. understanding82. As a teacher, I always tell my students ______ hard and keep up from day one.A. to workB. workedC. workingD. work83. I have a computer but I ______ it very often.A. didn’t useB. don’t useC. is usingD. am using84. I didn't seen her for 20 years, but I ______ her immediately as soon as I saw her.A. metB. knewC. recognizedD. realized85. She was deeply _______ by the news of the accident.A. affectedB. changeC. expectedD. effected86. The teacher ________ Tom's homework with Mike's and found little difference.A. comparedB. experiencedC. sensedD. decided87. He is unable to make himself ______ at the coming meeting, which makes him worried.A. to be understoodB. understandingC. understoodD. understand88. The _____________ of this country comes from its oil.A. wealthB. viewC. sympathyD. tale89. Laptops are now so expensive ________ beyond the reach of almost everyone.A. that beB. as to beC. as beD.as being90. Each July Ann ______ to Seattle for a holiday.A. is goingB. goesC. was goingD. go91. You might as well ________ your money as spend it in gambling.A. to throwB. throwingC. throwD. to be thrown92. We are all for your suggestion that the trip ________.A. is to put off B .was put off C. should put off D. be put off93. The city has changed a lot because many old narrow streets ______ since last year.A. have been widenedB. widenedC. widenD. widening94. They have to adjust in ________ way that they don' t make a loss.A. a suchB. suchC. such aD. so95. They ________ me 50 dollars for fixing the computer.A. costB. tookC. chargedD. spent96. The phone rang, but I didn’t hear it. I ______ asleep.A. must beB. might beC. must have beD. can’t be97. They had talked only for a few minutes ________ they found they were of different opinions.A. unlessB. whileC. beforeD. once98. The situation is serious. Something must ______ before it is too late.A. be doneB. doC. have been doneD. be doing99. On sunny days the ______ of the lake is often calm.A. faceB. lookC. surfaceD. appearance100. The market economy is quickly changing people’s idea on ________ is accepted.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. how三，阅读理解Passage 1Welcome to our small business set-up guide, providing all the information you need to start your business on a healthy, solid basis.From choosing the right ne for you company and making your first business plan, through to up-to-te taxation(税务) advice, banking and insurance tips, each subject is discussed in the guide.We also look at the vital characteristics you'll need to survive in business. Determination and originality(原创性) are key. Equally, so is the ability to organize your time and to put in the required effort during the early ys.As with any new business, success can never be guaranteed, but our aim is to reduce the difficulties involved in setting up a business on your own. We’ll forewarn you of the most common problems, including failure to research your market in sufficient detail and not setting aside enough funds for tougher financial times.Starting up even the smallest business can be challenging. But take comfort in the fact that you are not alone. In fact, of the four million businesses currently in operation in the UK, more than 99.3％are classified as“small, ”with fewer than 50 employees.In order to keep this guide as brief as possible, where we’ve not had enough room to include every detail, you’ll find a link taking you to the most relevant(相关的) articles.Good luck with your business idea!1. This guide is intended to help people to ____ .A) cope with an economic crisisB) start a new small businessC) raise funds for a new firmD) build up public relations2. What are most important for a business to survive?A) Banking and insurance services.B) Research and business plannin9.C) Organization and management.D) Determination and originality.3. What does the word“forewarn”(Line 2, Para 4) mean?A) Deal with.B) Argue with.C) Advise beforehand.D) Give instructions to.4. What kind of businesses are regarded as“small”in the UK?A) Those with fewer than 50 employees.B) Those with only two or three owners.C) Those with a loan of 99.3％in their capital.D) Those with an output value less than ￡4 million.5. More information about how to start a small business is available by ____ .A) contacting the writer in personB) linking to other relevant articlesC) reading the advertising brochuresD) Life Goals and Academic DevelopmentPassage 2Google, the Internet search-engine company, has announced it will give more than twenty-five million dollars in money and investments to help the poor. The company says the effort involves using the power of information and technology to help people improve their lives.Aleem Walji works for -- the part of the company that gives money to good causes. He said the company’s first project will help identify where infectious (传染性的) diseases are developing. In Southeast Asia and Africa, for example, will work with partners to strengthen early-warning systems and take action against growing health threats.’s second project will invest in ways to help small and medium-sized businesses grow. Walji says microfinance (小额信贷) is generally small, short-term loans that create few jobs. Instead, he says wants to develop ways to bring investors and business owners together to create jobs and improve economic growth. will also give money to help two climate-change programs announced earlier this year. One of these programs studies ways to make renewable (再生的) energy less costly than coal-based energy. The other is examining the efforts being made to increase the use of electric cars.The creators of Google have promised to give about one percent of company profits and one percent of its total stock value every year. Aleem Walji says this amount may increase in the future.1. The purpose of Google’s inve stments is to ________.A) help poor people B) develop new technologyC) expand its own business D) increase the power of information2. According to Aleem Walji, the company’s first project is to ________.A) set up a new system to warn people of infectious diseasesB) find out where infectious diseases developC) identify the causes of infectious diseasesD) cure patients of infectious diseases3. What kind of businesses will benefit from ’s second project?A) large enterprises B) cross-national companiesC) foreign-funded corporations D) small and medium-sized businesses4. From the fourth paragraph, we learn that Google’s money is also invested to help ________.A) start more research programs B) make more advanced electric carsC) develop renewable and coal-based energy D) conduct studies related to climate changes5. From the last paragraph we learn that the investments by come from ________.A) Goog le’s profits and stock value B) some international IT companiesC) the company’s own interests D) local commercial banksPassag 3The iMOVE database（数据库）information platform for persons interested in job opportunities offered by German companies. The information can be obtained in seven languages: German, English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and Arabic.All programs in the area of professional training are carried out by German training providers. All these programs have a clear content to meet your special needs.Programs which take place in Germany are carried out in English. Many of the German training providers have started their training activities towards the international market. Therefore, they also offer courses abroad. These courses are taught in English or the language of the target country. Providers will be glad to supply you with additional information on these courses. Y ou can contact the provider directly to find out more about a program and the training provider.To guarantee high standards in the database, iMOVE has developed quality standards for training providers and their services. All of the training facilities in the iMOVE database have to follow these quality criteria (标准). All training providers who publish their international training programs in the iMOVE database have recognized our General Terms and Conditions.1. The iMOVE database is intended for persons who ________.A) seek a job as a language translatorB) are interested in the German languageC) want to be employed by German companiesD) wish to work for professional training providers2. The iMOVE programs are carried out by ________.A) language training centers B) German training providersC) special service developers D) overseas employment advisers3. held in Germany are taught in _________.A) German B) English C) French D ) Chinese4. Which of the following measures has iMOVE taken to guarantee its high standards?A) Offering different language courses.B) Providing modern training facilities.C) Starting training courses overseas.D) Developing quality standards.5. The purpose of the passage is to ________.A) advertise the iMOVE databaseB) make German companies more popularC) hire overseas employees to work in GermanyD) encourage people to learn more foreign languagesPassage 4Everybody telecommuting(远程办公) .“It won’t work in most jobs”，“It costs too much”，“It reduces air pollution”，“It helps people balance family and work responsibilities”，and “Most people are doing it”.In reality researchers continue to find strong growth and acceptance of telecommuting. Nearly two-thirds of the top 1000 companies in the world have a telecommuting program，and 92 percent say it reduces cost and improves worker productivity(生产力) .The days of everyone commuting to the office five days a week are quickly disappearing.Telecommuting involves a non-traditional work arrangement enabling workers to work at home or elsewhere，some or all of the time. This is not a new，novel，or untested way of working.But is it for you? Telecommuting is not a panacea(万能药) .Whether you are a manager，or an HR(Human Resources) specialist，there are decisions to make and actions to take before you begin a telecommuting arrangement.Join us for any or all of the following meetings to get answers，information，and resources to develop and carry out a successful telecommuting arrangement. Each meeting offers you an informative presentation followed by the opportunity for a discussion with a panel of “experts” who have made telecommuting work for them.1. How do people look at telecommuting according to the first paragraph?A) They are against it. B) They don’t care about it.C) They share the same view. D) They differ in their opinions.2. According to the response of most of the top 1000 companies, telecommuting_________.A) increases worker productivity B) will disappear in the near futureC) cannot be accepted by the public D) is practiced in all the top companies3. Which of the following statements is TRUE of telecommuting?A) It is up to the employees to accept it or not.B) It is getting popular in different companies.C) It is a new untested way of working.D) It is a traditional work arrangement.4. Before beginning a telecommuting arrangement，the management should______.A) appoint a new HR specialistB) provide the facilities and conditionsC) improve the company’s productivity firstD) decide whether it is suitable for the company5. According to the last paragraph，meetings are held to___________.A) appreciate the efforts of the telecommuting companiesB) discuss the employment of telecommuting expertsC) help introduce the practice of telecommutingD) train people beforePassage 5Some cities have planned their transportation systems for car owners. That is what Los Angeles did. Los Angeles decided to rather than spending money on public transportation.This decision was suitable for Los Angeles. The city grew outward instead of upward. Los Angeles never built many tall apartment buildings. Instead，people live in houses with gardens.In Los Angeles，most people drive cars to work. And every car has to have a parking space. So many buildings where people work also have parking lots.Los Angeles also became a city without a Central Business District(CBD) .If a city has a CBD，crowds of people rush into it every day to work. If people drive to work，they need lots of road space.So Los Angeles developed several business districts and built homes and other buildings in between the districts. This required more roads and parking spaces.Some people defend this growth pattern. They say Los Angeles is the city of the future.1. According to the passage，Los Angeles is a city where_________.A) there is no public transportation system B) more money is spent on highways for carsC) more money is spent on public transportation systemsD) more developed than in other cities2. “The city grew outward instead of upward”(Line 1，Para.2) means_________.A) the city became more spread out instead of growing tallerB) there were fewer small houses than tall buildingsC) rapid development took place in the city centerD) many tall buildings could be found in the city3. According to the passage，if a city has several business districts，_________.A) people won’t have to drive to work every dayB) there have to be more roads and parking spacesC) companies would be located in between the districtsD) there would be no need to build parking spaces within the districts4. According to the growth pattern of Los Angeles，homes were mainly built_________.A) in the city center B) along the main roadsC) around business districts D) within the business districts5. The passage is mainly about_________.A) the construction of parking spaces in Los AngelesB) the new growth pattern of the city of Los AngelesC) the public transportation system in Los AngelesD) the problem of traffic jams in Los AngelesPassage 6Cars are lots of fun, dangerous. We have to be careful when we drive them or ride in them.It’s always a good idea to put on your seat belt when you’re in a car. Why? Think about this example：Y ou put an egg on a skateboard(滑板) and give it a push. If the skateboard hits a stone, it will stop, but the egg won’t. It will fly through the air, hit the ground and break.Now, think what would happen if you tied the egg to the skateboard. When the skateboard hits a stone, the egg won’t go flyi ng. It will stay safely on the skateboard.V olvo, a famous Swedish carmaker, was the first to use seat belts in 1 949.Air bags are also very important for car safety because sometimes a seat belt isn’t enough. If the car is going really fast and runs into something, seat belts could even hurt the people who wear them.Most newer cars have air bags in front of and next to the seats. When a car hits something, its airbags will come out quickly in less than one second—to keep the people inside safe.1. We have to be careful in driving a car mainly because it could be___________.A) little funB) a pleasureC) a lot of troubleD) a great danger2. The example of an egg on a skateboard is used to show that__________.A) eggs break easily on a moving skateboardB) cars suddenlyC) seat belts are important to safetyD) driving is a dangerous act3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A) People with seat belts tied will always be safe in cars.B) V olvo was the first carmaker to use seat belts in cars.C) Air bags will come out before the cars hit something.D) All cars have air bags in front of the seats.4. According to the passage, air bags are another device that__________.A) adds safety to car drivingB) is going to replace seat beltsC) comes out slowly to functionD) prevents cars from running too fast5. The best title for this passage is__________.A) Buy a V olvo with AirbagsB) Make a Car Safe InsideC) Fasten Y our Seat BeltsD) Add Air Bags to CarsPassage 7It is so easy to earn rewards!A wide range of partners wherever you go to make traveling even easier, Air France offers you Frequency Plus (常旅客里程奖励计划) through an extensive network of our partners. Together, they give you endless opportunities to earn Miles and a wide choice of Rewards, from airline tickets, hotel room-nights, car rentals and more.Partners in ChinaIf you are a Frequency Plus member registered in China, you have even more choices with rewards from our local partners. For more information, please contact your local Air France office.First rewards start as low as 20,000 Miles!Y our Temporary Card that will make you get your first Reward, now.a) Show your Temporary Card and simply give your Card number when making a reservation and at check-in for your flight. In this way, you will begin to earn Miles even before receiving your Permanent Card. b) Fill in and return your personal membership (会员) application today.Y our application must be received within 3 weeks of your first flight.Remember, you will enjoy an extra 3,000 Bonus Miles (额外奖励里程) for your first trip with Air France within 6 months of joining. Fly today and earn Rewards sooner!1. Air France carries out its Frequency Plus ________.A) through its reduced ticket pricesB) through its extensive network of partnersC) by providing convenient flight schedulesD) by offering excellent services on board2. In order to get the first reward, passengers must fly at least ________.A) for 6 months。

政治篇第一章马克思主义基本原理1、哲学的基本问题是思维与存在的关系问题。

思维和存在的关系问题又可以表述为意识与物质的关系问题，或精神与物质的关系问题。

2、思维与存在谁为第一性问题的不同回答，是划分唯物主义和唯心主义的唯一标准。

凡是承认物质第一性，精神第二性，则为唯物主义哲学；凡是主张精神第一性，物质第二性，则为唯心主义哲学。

3、唯心主义有两种基本形式：一种是客观唯心主义(存在即合理)，一种是主观唯心主义（心外无物，我思故我在）。

4、党性原则：旗帜鲜明地坚持唯物主义，反对唯物主义，主张物质第一性，意识第二性。

5、哲学的基本问题归根到底，是世界的本原或世界的本质是什么的问题。

一．物质和意识（一）物质1、列宁的物质定义划清了辩证唯物主义与唯心主义，二元论，不可知论以及旧唯物主义的界限区。

2、运动是标志宇宙间一切事物，现象和过程变化的哲学范畴。

3、恩格斯按照从低级到高级，从简单到复杂的顺序，把物质运动区分为机械运动、物理运动、化学运动、生物运动和社会运动这五种形式。

4、空间的特点是三维性：任何物体都具有一定的长、宽、高。

（二）意识1、意识的含义从内容上看，人的意识是知、情、意三者的统一。

2、意识的本质-----意识是人脑对物质的反映。

3、实践是意识与物质相互转化的基础和途径。

4、世界的统一性在于物质性。

5、世界的物质统一性原理，是马克思主义哲学全部理论的基石。

二．唯物辩证法1、联系的特征是：普遍性，客观性和多样性。

2、发展是运动变化的总趋势，新生事物是不可战胜的。

3、事发展的基本规律：对立统一规律、质量互变规律和否定之否定规律。

其中，对立统一规律揭示了事物变化发展的源泉和动力，质量互变规律揭示了事物变化发展的过程和形式，否定之否定规律揭示了事物变化发展的方向和道路。

4、在这三条基本规律当中，对立统一规律是唯物辩证法的实质和核心。

5、质和量的同意就是事物的度。

6、否定既是区分新旧事物的界限，又是联系新旧事物的桥梁。

------2012-2013学年度第一学期高二期中财会试题姓名：得分：一、单选题：(每题4分，共80分)1。

税收按（）可分为流转税、所得税、资源税、行为税和财产税A税收管理和使用权限Ｂ按征税对象性质Ｃ按计税标准为依据 D 按税负是否可以转嫁2.下列税种中( ）是价外税A 营业税B 增值税Ｃ消费税Ｄ资源税3。

下列消费品不应征消费税的是（）A 酒 B煤气 C 化妆品 D 摩托车4.企业所得税法规定，国家需要重点扶持的高新技术企业适用的优惠税率是（）A 5％B 10%C 15%D 20%5。

某地规定某税的免征额为收入800元，某纳税人的收入为1000元,计税收入为( )A 1000B 800元C 400元D 200元6.土地增值税的税率形式是( )。

A。

全额累进税率B。

超额累进税率 C。

超倍累进税率D。

超率累进税率7.房产税的计算依据是房产原值一次减除（）后的房产余值或房产租金收入。

A。

5%～10％ B.10％～20％ C.10％~30% D.20%~50%8。

我国营业税采用（ )税率。

A.定额税率 B。

累进税率 C.超额累进税率 D.比例税率9。

对于因税务机关的责任造成未缴或少缴税款的,一般情况下,税务机关的追征期是（ ).A.3年B. 5年C.2年D.7年10.现行增值税一般纳税人购进或销售应税货物支付的运输费用的扣除率为（ )。

A。

17% B.13％ C.7% D.4％11.根据税收征管法及细则的规定如果由于不可抗力或者财务会计处理上的特殊情况等原因,纳税人不能按期进行纳税申报的，经税务机关核准，可以延期申报，但最长不得超过（）。

---------------------------------------------------------精品文档---------------------------------------------------------------------------A.1个月B.3个月C.半年 D。

sd《网络安全与管理》期末考试复习题（2012-2013）声明：该文档是我无意在机房找的，有任何风险概不负责任何责任。

一、单选题：1、信息安全的基本属性是（D）。

A、机密性B、可用性C、完整性D、上面3项都是2、“会话侦听和劫持技术”是属于（B）的技术。

A、密码分析还原B、协议漏洞渗透C、应用漏洞分析与渗透D、DOS攻击3、对攻击可能性的分析在很大程度上带有（B）。

A、客观性B、主观性C、盲目性D、上面3项都不是4、从安全属性对各种网络攻击进行分类，阻断攻击是针对（B）的攻击。

A、机密性B、可用性C、完整性D、真实性5、从安全属性对各种网络攻击进行分类，截获攻击是针对（A）的攻击。

A、机密性B、可用性C、完整性D、真实性6、从攻击方式区分攻击类型，可分为被动攻击和主动攻击。

被动攻击难以（C），然而（C）这些攻击是可行的；主动攻击难以（C），然而（C）这些攻击是可行的。

A、阻止,检测,阻止,检测B、检测,阻止,检测,阻止C、检测,阻止,阻止,检测D、上面3项都不是7、窃听是一种（A）攻击，攻击者（A）将自己的系统插入到发送站和接收站之间。

截获是一种（A）攻击，攻击者（A）将自己的系统插入到发送站和接受站之间。

A、被动,无须,主动,必须B、主动,必须,被动,无须C、主动,无须,被动,必须D、被动,必须,主动,无须8、拒绝服务攻击的后果是（E）。

A、信息不可用B、应用程序不可用C、系统宕机D、阻止通信E、上面几项都是9、机密性服务提供信息的保密，机密性服务包括（D）。

A、文件机密性B、信息传输机密性C、通信流的机密性D、以上3项都是10．最新的研究和统计表明，安全攻击主要来自（B）。

A、接入网B、企业内部网C、公用IP网D、个人网11．攻击者用传输数据来冲击网络接口，使服务器过于繁忙以至于不能应答请求的攻击方式是（A）。

A、拒绝服务攻击B、地址欺骗攻击C、会话劫持D、信号包探测程序攻击12．攻击者截获并记录了从A到B的数据，然后又从早些时候所截获的数据中提取出信息重新发往B称为（D）。

《电控汽油机故障诊断和检修》复习题一、名词解释1、同时喷射——将各缸的喷油器并联，所有喷油器有电脑的同一个指令控制，同时喷油，同时断油。

2、顺序喷射——喷油器由电脑分别控制，按发动机各缸的工作顺序喷油。

3、开环控制系统——通过实验室确定的发动机各工况的最佳供油参数预先存入电脑，在发动机工作时，电脑根据系统中各传感器的输入信号，判断自身所处的运行工况，并计算出最佳喷油量。

4、闭环控制系统——在系统中，发动机排气管上加装了氧传感器，根据排气中含氧量的变化，判断实际进入汽缸的混合气空燃比，在通过电脑和设定的目标空燃比进行比较，并根据误差修正喷油量。

5、同步喷油——是指发动机各缸工作循环，在既定的曲轴位置进行喷油，同步喷油有规律性。

6、间歇喷射——在发动机运转期间，将汽油间歇地喷入进气道中。

7、点火提前角——从火花塞开始跳火到活塞运行到压缩上止点这段时间内，曲轴所转过的角度。

8、最佳点火提前角——发动机发出较大功率、油耗较低时的点火提前角。

9、击穿电压——火花塞电极被击穿产生电火花所需要的电压10、Ｇ信号——指活塞运行到上止点位置的判别信号，是根据凸轮轴位置传感器产生的信号经过整形和转换而获得的脉冲信号。

11、实际点火提前角——实际点火提前角＝初始点火提前角＋基本点火提前角＋修正点火提前角。

12、占空比——是指脉冲信号的通电时间和通电周期之比。

13、EVAP——是汽油蒸汽排放控制系统，是为防止汽油箱内的汽油蒸汽排入大气而产生污染。

14、汽车故障——指汽车部分或完全丧失工作能力的现象。

15、摩擦——指相互接触的两个零件在发生相对运动或具有相对运动趋势时，在接触面上产生阻止相对运动的现象。

16、汽车故障诊断——指在汽车不解体（或仅卸下个别小件）的条件下，确定汽车技术状况或查明故障的部位及原因而进行的检测、分析和判断。

17、汽车维护——为了维持汽车完好技术状况或工作能力而进行的作业，包括清洁、检查、补给、润滑、紧固、调整等作业。

厦门大学网络教育2012-2013学年第一学期《管理信息系统》课程复习题一、选择题1、数据的关系模型是由若干（ A ）组成的集合。

A．关系框架 B.网络框架 C. 层次框架 D.其他框架2、目前最广泛使用的网络拓扑是（ B ）。

A.环形网络B.星形网络P78C.总线网络D.无线网络3、知识是指信息之间的结构化关联关系。

知识可以分为（ A ）。

A.事实规则规律B.事实规则方法C.事实模型方法D. 数据信息规律4、C/S模式中，网络中的计算机被分为两大类（ A ）。

P82A.服务器/客户机B.客户机/浏览器C.工作站/服务器D.个人电脑/HPC5、系统分析报告的主要作用是（ C ）。

A.系统规划的依据B.系统实施的依据C.系统设计的依据D.系统评价的依据6、在结构化程序设计的逻辑结构中，最基本的结构是（ A ）。

A．顺序结构B．层次结构C．循环结构 D．选择结构7、按照数据的动态特性划分，具有随机变动属性的数据应放在（ A ）中。

A.处理文件B.主文件C.周转文件D.后备文件8、字母缩写“CRM”代表（ A ）。

P93A.客户关系管理B.物流管理C.供应链管理D.物料管理9、对称加密技术的特点有( B )。

A.加密解密效率高B.破译困难C.密钥管理容易D.解决了身份认证问题10、系统设计的主要任务不包括（ D ）。

A.代码设计B.输入输出设计C.程序设计D.系统分析11、构成信息资源的最关键因素是( A )。

A.数据集中统一B.应用数据模型C.具有预测和控制能力D.能够面向决策12、SCM是（ B ）缩写。

P142Customer Management Chain Management供应链管理Client Management Change Management13、将数据模型在设备上选定合适的存储结构和存取方法的设计称（ C ）。

A．概念结构设计 B.逻辑结构设计C．物理结构设计 D.数据结构设计14、以下哪一项的内聚性最弱（ A ）。