小城畸人的写作特色剖析

第28卷第1期2008年2月惠州学院学报(社会科学版)JOURNAL OF HU I Z HOU UN I V ERSI TY Vol 1281No 11Feb 12008收稿日期:2007-10-14基金项目:浙江师范大学2006年度校级科研项目(编号SKX2006085)资助。

作者简介:许秋红(1980-),女,浙江嵊州人,助教,硕士,主要从事英美文学方面的研究。

《小城畸人》的写作特色剖析许秋红(浙江师范大学　外语学院,浙江　金华　321004) 摘　要:舍伍德・安德森被认为是二十世纪美国小说创作中最重要的作家之一,他在1919年发表的《小城畸人》奠定了其在美国文学史上的地位。

这部作品没有叱咤风云的人物,也无惊心动魄的情节,但却受到了文学评论家的一致好评。

文本从《小城畸人》的自传色彩、作品形式、象征手法的运用等方面入手,着重探讨该作品的写作特色及其对后世作家的影响。

关键词:《小城畸人》;自传色彩;形式;象征手法中图分类号:I 10614 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1671-5934(2008)01-0054-04 谈到二十世纪二三十年代叱咤美国文坛的巨匠们,人们往往会脱口而出诸如海明威、菲茨杰拉德、福克纳等文学巨匠,却很少有人会提及舍伍德・安德森。

然而他被福克纳视为“我们这一代美国作家之父”[1]58,著名的批评家马尔科姆・考利也称他为“作家的作家,是他那一代讲故事者中对后一代的风格和视野都造成影响的唯一一位”[2]5。

可见,安德森曾对上述所提及的一大批美国现当代重要作家都产生过深刻影响。

在他的整个创作生涯中,虽然也曾写了多部长篇小说,但主要以短篇小说著称于世,《小城畸人》(直译为《俄亥俄州的瓦恩斯堡镇》或《俄亥俄州的温斯堡镇》)便是为他赢得美国文坛一席之地的优秀短篇小说集之一。

在这部由25个短篇小说构成的集子中,作家向我们集中描绘了一幅畸人群像的众生图,深刻揭露了随着工业文明的到来,生活在美国俄亥俄州瓦恩斯堡镇上人们封闭、冷漠心理的形成过程。

摘要：舍伍德·安德森的代表作———《小城畸人》（Winesburg,Ohio）确立了他在美国文坛的地位。

作品由二十五个故事组成，每个故事独立成篇。

同时，各个故事又有内在的联系，互相烘托，形成一个整体。

本文以现代叙述学“故事”和“话语”的二分法作为框架，主要从“话语”形式的分析入手，从美学方面，对《小城畸人》进行多角度阐释。

关键词：话语；瞬间；非理性一、引言美国小说家舍伍德·安德森（Sherwood Anderson1876－1941）的代表作《小城畸人》（Winesburg,Ohio）自1919年结集出版,它在文学史中的“归属”问题至今尚无定论。

根据国内和美国本土对《小城畸人》流派划分的研究，笔者认为二者均存在着共同的问题：轻视从作品本身探讨其文学史的归属。

国内文学史著作一般更关注《小城畸人》“异化”主题的现代主义艺术特性，美国本土注重从“思想、风格和道德上的解放”，以及题材领域解读《小城畸人》，对属于“话语”层面的叙述方式、时间处理、情节处理等的美学探讨则少之又少。

而笔者认为，舍伍德·安德森是一位自觉的现代主义作家，他的艺术探索鲜明地表现在其作品的现代主义艺术特性上，正是他作品的现代主义艺术特性，才使安德森及其作品在美国文学史上占有一席之地。

正是出于这个目的，笔者对舍伍德·安德森的代表作《小城畸人》进行了文本分析，即以现代叙述学“故事”和“话语”的二分法作为框架，主要从“话语”形式的分析入手，从美学方面，对《小城畸人》的现代主义艺术进行多角度阐释。

在西方现代叙述学中，“故事”和“话语”是较为常见的描述叙事作品两个对应层次的概念。

“故事”指与叙述者、叙述的接受者或相关事件发生的情境（situation）无关的客观事件；而“话语”则指创作中的“主观”形式，它突出的是叙述者和接受者的相互关系。

实际上，“故事”与“话语”的区分是以传统叙事作品“内容”与“形式”的二分法为基础的。

文学评论·外国文学建构“孤独”——试析《小城畸人》中的孤独感吕健 集美大学摘 要：《小城畸人》（又译《俄亥俄，温斯堡》）是美国现代文学先驱者舍伍德•安德森的代表作，安德森一生中的作品数量有限，但是仅凭《小城畸人》这本书就声名鹊起，被海明威、福克纳、菲茨杰拉德等在美国文学史上有着举足轻重的人奉为文学导师，福克纳更称其为：我们这一代的美国作家之父，开创了即使我们后人也必将承袭的美国式的写作传统。

原因便在于，安德森以那个时代不曾出现的文学手法，描绘出了美国在工业文明时代的社会特征。

安德森深入人的灵魂，将人的心灵世界展现在世人面前，表现人的异化和畸形，开创了现代主义在美国文学史上的新纪元。

在这部作品中，安德森使用了诸多文学手法，本文将分析安德森在这部作品中所建构的孤独意象，分析这种孤独感出现的原因及形式。

关键词：畸人；孤独；现代主义；建构作者简介：吕健（1993-），男，集美大学研究生，研究方向：比较文学与世界文学。

[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2017)-08-112-03引言：《小城畸人》这部作品的副标题是“俄亥俄州小镇生活的故事”，正如这题目所显示的那样，这部作品想要呈现的便是那些世代居住在“温斯堡小镇”的居民在20世纪初期，工业浪潮席卷下的美国中西部人民的精神、思想和心理状态。

安德森怀揣着对美国中西部地区朴素而平静生活的眷恋之情以及对资本主义物质文明对这些地区侵袭的厌恶之感来创作这部作品。

《小城畸人》这部作品共有25个分篇，各个分篇都是独立的，分别写小镇中一两个人物以及他的故事；而将其合在一起，各篇又有内在联系，互相烘托，形成一个整体，安德森说过：这部故事集的作品是相互联结在一起的，我认为，应该看成作品本身把它们联结起来的。

它在某些地方像一部长篇小说，一个完整的长篇。

《小城畸人》便是以这样的结构和短小精悍的形式，表现了一个个生动鲜活的畸人形象，也诉说了他们的经历与故事。

第6期四川师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)1997年11月No.6Jour nal of Sichuan T eachers Colleg e(Philosophy and Social Sciences)N ov.1997畸人心态录)))5小城畸人6的思想内涵与艺术特色杜平内容提要5小城畸人6深刻地揭示了生活在美国乡村小镇的一群/畸人0的心态,反映出了当时人们普遍具有的一种失落感。

安德森用抒情、深沉的笔调描摹出一幅幅凄恻动人的画面,使作品在思想性和艺术性上达到了高度统一。

关键词5小城畸人6畸人失落扭曲异化舍伍德#安德森(Sherwood A nderson)在美国文学史上是一个具有特殊地位和贡献的作家。

尽管他一生留下的传世佳作寥寥无几,但他却以一部独辟蹊径的短篇小说集5小城畸人6¹俘获了几代读者的心,至今该书仍被视为美国文学园地里的一块瑰宝。

5小城畸人6的问世开创了美国文学的一个新时代,安德森本人也因此声誉鹤起。

1920年,一本有名的杂志5日昝6在颁发年度文学奖时,第一名的桂冠落在了安德森头上,T# S#爱略特为第二名,当时的安德森被捧为/反叛的乡村0文学流派的重要代表人物,是继德莱塞以后,美国文学的又一巅峰。

安德森生活在十九世纪末和二十世纪初,正当美国由农业社会迈入工业社会的年代。

1876年,安德森出生于俄亥俄州的卡姆登一家马具制造商家中。

幼年时期的安德森由于家境欠佳,曾随家辗转迁徒多处,直到1889年他们一家才在莱达乡村小镇安顿下来。

安德森就在中西部的这个小镇里长大成人,中西部的乡村生活陶冶了他,使他一生对乡村小镇生活情有独钟,而对工业城市抱有先天性的厌恶情绪,这对他后来的文学创作产生过重要影响。

安德森弃商从文的轶事颇具传奇色彩,历来被世人传为佳话。

1912年的一天,已过上旧式中产阶级生活的安德森一时心血来潮,抛弃经营的油漆厂和妻室儿女,从办公室突然出去,只身一人去了芝加哥,开始了他的创作生涯。

舍伍德安德森的《手》是其小说集《俄亥俄州的温斯堡镇》中的一篇很有代表性的短篇小说．在这篇小说中作者深入人物的精神层面．塑造了一位孤独远离人群的怪诞人——飞翼比德鲍尔。

本文试图通过分析这篇小说中的写作风格，来阐释作者如何运用这些技巧来反应文章的主题。

Abstract：Sherwood Anderson＇s short story ＂hands＂ is one of the best stories in the book Winesburg, Ohio. This paper wants to analyze the writing styles in the story and try to explain how Anderson expresses the theme of the story through these techniques.y Sherwood Andersonreviewed by Karen BernardoThe thematic inspiration for Winesburg, Ohio may have been the novels of D.H. Lawrence, although Anderson used Lawrence’s ideas more as a jumping-off point than as gospel. Lawrence, taking his own inspiration from the works of Sigmund Freud, thought that all psychological problems could be cured through the power of physical touch. Anderson turned this theory on its ear in the story "Hands."The central figure of this story is a middle-aged, homely, balding man known to all the residents of Winesburg as "Wing Biddlebaum." The most distinctive characteristic about Wing is his hands; they seem to have a mind of their own. In season, Wing picks strawberries for a living, as many as a hundred and forty quarts a day, and his fingers fly over the berries faster than the flutter of wings. When he’s not working with his hands, he tries to keep them quiet and out of sight by stuffing them into his pockets, but every time he starts to talk, they dart upwards and into motion. Consequently, he talks as little as possible, which is easy because most of the townspeople think he’s a little weird.But he is befriended by George Willard, the young boy-reporter for the local paper, and in George’s company Wing lets his hands free to express themselves. One day George and Wing go out into the fields to talk, and Wing begins to tell George earnestly that he needs to worry less about what people think of him and concentrate more on fulfilling his own dreams. Without really meaning to, Wing’s hands move to George’s shoulders and begin caressing him. George doesn’t seem to be really aware that Wing is doing anything strange at all, but suddenly "a look of horror swept over [Wing’s] face. With a convulsive movement of his body, Wing Biddlebaum sprang to his feet and thrust his hands deep into his trouser pockets."At this point Anderson-as-narrator steps into the story and tells us the reason for Wing’s reaction. Wing was once a schoolteacher in Pennsylvania; his name then was Adolph Myers. He loved his students and he expressed this love by touching them -- not, as far as Anderson tells us, in any inappropriate places, but simply caressing their hair and their shoulders in an affirmative way. However, a "half-witted boy" started an allegation of molestation. Parents began asking their children whether Mr. Myers had ever touched them, and when told that he had, the parents drove the teacher from town; they very nearly lynched him, but seeing "his figure, so small, white, and pitiful", they let him escape -- tossing balls of soft mud at him as he ran weeping through the darkness.He wound up in Winesburg, Ohio, still unable to control the fluttering movements of his hands, and amazed and somewhat hurt that other people could. He is so frightened of ever having this happen to him again that he avoids human contact for twenty years -- until George Willard. After realizing on that sunny afternoon with George that he isn’t cured, that it can happen again, he returns home, seemingly resolved to stay removed from any form of emotional intimacy from then on. Of course, this also condemns him to an unremittingly lonely life -- a tragedy, since he really hasn’t done anything wrong except talk with his hands.Hands, Paper Pills, Mother"Hands" Summary"Hands" is the story of a fat, old, little man named Wing Biddlebaum who lives mainly isolated from the town life of Winesburg, Ohio. He remained a mystery to the majority of the town after moving there twenty years before. Often frightened, he would hear ghostly voices personifying his doubts. He would sit on the outskirts of the town in his little house and watch the youth. He spoke closely only with George Willard, the boy reporter of the Winesburg Eagle. George would occasionally walk to his house in the evenings and Wing looked forward to these times. Only with George would Wing become alive, walking into town or talking loudly and feverishly above the whisper he normally used.He spoke mainly with his hands which flew in excitement. Their movement was fidgety and restless, compared by a poet to the wings of a bird, giving him his name. Normally, Wing attempted to keep his hands hidden. He looked at others' calm hands in amazement. When he spoke with George, he would harness their energy by making fists and beating them against walls or fences. The town was proud of Wing's hands like one is of any novelty. George wished to know why Wing restrained his hands and why he seemed almost frightened by their power. He nearly asked one day when Wing was very excitedly talking to him about George's propensity for being too easily influenced by the townspeople. Wing wanted him to think and act for himself, and not to be afraid to dream. Wing's involvement with his lecture led him to reveal his hands without noticing. While talking in earnest, they touched George's shoulders and caressed him. Fear suddenly crossed Wing's face and he ran quickly back home.Wing had previously lived in Pennsylvania as a school teacher named Adolf Myers who was loved by the boys he taught because of his gentle power. He spoke dreamily and with his hands and voice tried to convey that dream into the hearts of the young boys. He caressed their shoulders and tousled their hair. Through his hands, he expressed himself and the boys began to dream instead of doubt. One boy came along who yearned for the teacher and dreamt of unspeakable things at night, spreading his dreams through the town as truth. Fears of Adolph were substantiated. The boys confirmed that he had played with their hair and touched their shoulders. One father beat Adolph and at night, the town came forth to drive him from it, nearly hanging him. He gathered a new last name from a box of goods and lived in Winesburg with an aunt until she died.Wing was only forty-five but looked much older. He felt ashamed for his hands, though unsure of what he had done wrong. He paced on his veranda after leaving George until the sun set and then ate and prepared for bed. George acted as his medium of expression and Wing missed his presence. Crumbs of white bread littered the floor. He picked them up nimbly and rapidly, appearing in the low light like a priest with his rosary beads."Hands" AnalysisWing provides us with the first in-depth look at the character as a grotesque. The young thing inside the old writer created the figures, one of which is Wing Biddlebaum. As is ordinary in Anderson's short stories, the grotesque figure has become old before his time due to the tiring and stressful circumstances which he has endured in life. Most of the figures share the similar history of a failed passion in life, of some kind or another. Many are lonely introverts who struggle with a burning fire which still smolders inside of them. The moments described by the short stories are usually the moments when the passion tries to resurface but no longer has the strength. The stories are brief glimpses of people failing.Wing's hands are a manifestation of his being grotesque. They are a form of metonymy if one understands grotesque as awkward and strange. But Anderson more largely explored the figure of the grotesque. According to his theories, a grotesque was one who grasped a truth of the world too independently and too completely and thus failed. Anderson's grotesque is one who is ineffectual in communication, one who fails at expression. Wing's hands CAN express Wing's feelings, he just does not allow them to. Moreover, the hands are a symbol of the old writer from the prologue. Wing's hands had once been his medium of expression like a pen or typewriter is writer's medium of expression. We are told that Wing's hands are quick and skillful; he is talented. But his skill is tainted and feared - grotesque - giving the reader another perspective through which to view the act of writing itself and through which to understand the hand of the book's author.The reader understands Wing as a harmless, sensitive man who is frightened by his own passions. He tends to be misunderstood by the people around him. We are endeared to Wing especially after learning about the circumstances which brought him to Winesburg. He urges George to dream and follow his own heart without giving into the influence of the townspeople. This parallels the life he had led as a school teacher before the scandal. The similarity of circumstances leads to his fear arising and his need to flee from George. But, we are soothed by the fact that the passion, the young woman inside of Wing, is still alive even though it has been chased out of one town and lives in fear in another.Still, Wing has failed. He had lived a content life as a school teacher until his dreams had been dashed. Then, he was unable to fight back and nearly was killed. The moment with George Willard which is highlighted in the short story occurs as a result. Wing comes close to finding that life within himself again. With George, Wing can act openly. George's role as the medium will reoccur throughout the collection of stories. He will be the link between reader and grotesque figure, allowing us to see inside of each for oneglaring instant and to view the living passion which had once driven them. When Adolph Myers flees to Winesburg and becomes Wing Biddlebaum, he is afraid to express himself through his hands and gestures as he once had with the boys he taught. This all changes when Wing is around George. In George's presence, Wing is feels freer to be himself. George makes whole the ineffectual attempts at communication with which Wing struggles."Hands" is the lead story (after an introductory piece called "The Book of the Grotesque") of a collection of stories that used to be a staple in many high schools but has fallen out of use of late. The collection, Winesburg, Ohio, came out in 1919 and was admired by writers as diverse as H.L. Mencken, Ray Bradbury, Henry Miller, William Faulkner, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ernest Hemingway. Although a collection of short stories, the book is sometimes called a novel because of common characters, chiefly the coming-of-age p理與「畸人」《小城畸人》(Winesburg, Ohio)，又譯為《小鎮故事》或《俄亥俄州的溫士堡》，是安德森最重要的一部小說。

浅析《小城畸人》创作的现代性摘要:舍伍德·安德森(Sherwood Anderson1876-1941),是美国文学史上有特殊贡献的作家,《小城畸人》是一部充斥着浓郁的现代意识的精神心理研究集。

通过分析小说运用的心理分析、象征等多种创作手法,我们可以从中深刻领悟到安德森小说创作中的现代性。

关键词:小城畸人;象征;心理分析;现代性舍伍德·安德森(1876-1941)的《小城畸人》以其艺术形态上十分鲜明的现代性,开一代新风,奠定了他在现代美国短篇小说史上一代宗师的地位。

安德森作品的最大特色就是能够让读者通过他描述的真实情景,用朴实、简洁的文体风格,纯净的口语化语言,心理分析技巧,将小人物孤独、痛苦的挣扎,心灵与行为不可理解的怪僻活动,真实地呈现在读者面前,从而唤醒人们去理解,觉醒,帮助那些失落的灵魂找回心理上的平衡,去努力寻找更有意义的生活形式。

本文分析了小说创作中运用的心理描写、潜意识、象征等多种现代主义创作手法,这些手法使小说达到了内容和形式的完美统一,深刻体现了安德森小说创作中的现代性。

一、创作意识的现代性舍伍德·安德森的现代短篇小说的清新,别致,依赖于他创作的现代意识,在创作思想上,安德森厌恶资本主义现代文明,他目睹了现代生活中的机器造成的僵死局面,为生存而痛苦挣扎的人们,围着机器转,抢时间、争饭碗、赶速度,犹如行尸走肉,机械化的现代社会破坏了人们的生活节奏,剥夺了人们的个性发展。

《小城畸人》深刻揭示了工业化浪潮冲击下失去旧有生活基础的乡镇普通居民的彷徨与苦闷,以及小城居民的寂寞与失意,他们在现代社会中感到压抑,相互不能理解,甚至发生心理变态。

在本书的献辞中,作者写到:“母亲对周围生活的锐利的观察,首先在我心中唤起了透视生活表层下的渴望。

这种“渴望”即是作者所提倡的一种创作原则:透视畸人所表现出的病态意识。

小说艺术地再现了那些由于孤独与挫折而心理畸形、行为怪诞的“小城畸人”的日常生活图景,新人耳目,影响巨大,堪称20世纪美国短篇小说史上的里程碑。