完整word版,动名词作主语和动词不定式做主语的区别

动词不定式和动名词作主语和宾语的用法1. 引言1.1 动词不定式和动名词作主语和宾语的概述动词不定式和动名词作主语和宾语是语法中常见的现象，它们在句子中起着重要的作用。

动词不定式是不带人称和数的动词原形，通常由“to”引导，如“to study”；而动名词则是动词+ing形式，如“studying”。

动词不定式和动名词作主语时，常常表示一种抽象的概念或一个具体动作。

例如：“To travel is my dream.”（旅行是我的梦想）和“Studying is important for success.”（学习对成功很重要）。

动词不定式和动名词的选择取决于句子的结构和上下文的需要。

在一些情况下，动词不定式更适合表达某种意义，而在另一些情况下，动名词更为合适。

在使用时需要根据具体情况进行判断和选择。

动词不定式和动名词作主语和宾语在句子中有着各自不同的用法和表达方式，灵活运用可以使句子更加生动丰富。

2. 正文2.1 动词不定式作主语的用法动词不定式作主语是句子中的主语部分被一个动词不定式所替代。

动词不定式作主语的用法可以通过以下几点进行说明：1. 表示一种行为或动作的意图或目的。

例如："学习是成功的关键。

"2. 表示一种抽象的概念或观念。

例如："帮助他人是一种美德。

"3. 在句子中作为主语时，通常放在句首位置。

例如："抽烟会影响健康。

"4. 动词不定式作主语时，动词不定式通常是不带to的形式。

例如："去旅行是我的梦想。

"5. 在某些情况下，动词不定式作主语时可以使用to的形式。

例如："To learn a new language is challenging."动词不定式作主语可以使句子更加简洁明了，同时也可以突出所表达的意思或观点。

在写作中，我们可以适当运用动词不定式作主语来丰富句子结构，提高文章的表达力和逻辑性。

动词不定式和动名词作主语和宾语的用法
动词不定式和动名词作为主语和宾语是英语语法中的重要部分，它们在句子中扮演着非常特殊的角色。

了解动词不定式和动名词的用法，对于学习英语的人来说是非常重要的。

在本文中，我们将详细探讨动词不定式和动名词作为主语和宾语的用法，并提供一些例句来帮助读者更好地理解。

一、动词不定式作为主语的用法
1. 动词不定式作为主语通常位于句子的开头，例如：
To learn English is important for me.（学习英语对我来说很重要）
2. 动词不定式作为主语时，可以用it作为形式主语，真正的不定式主语位于句子的后面，例如：
3. 动词不定式作为主语时，常出现在表示感官、心理活动、发喊活动等动词后面，
例如：
To see is to believe.（眼见为实）
Running is good for your health.（跑步对你的健康有好处）
1. 动词不定式作为宾语通常跟在某些动词后面，如hope, want, need, plan, decide, promise, agree等，例如：
I hope to see you soon.（我希望很快见到你）
She decided to go to the party.（她决定去参加聚会）
I would like to visit Japan.（我想去日本）
He is supposed to finish the report by tomorrow.（他应该在明天之前完成报告）
She avoids making mistakes.（她避免犯错误）
The movie is worth watching.（这部电影值得一看）。

动词不定式与动名词的区别及使用方法动词不定式是一个动词的基本形式，通常由动词原形加上"to"构成，如"to go"。

动名词是动词的现在分词形式，通常由动词原形加上"ing"构成，如"going"。

区别：1. 功能不同：- 动词不定式可以用作句子的主语、宾语、以及补语等，并且可以表示动作的目的、意愿、能力和可能性等。

- 动名词可以用作句子的主语、宾语、介词宾语、以及形容词或副词的补语等，并且可以表示正在进行的动作或抽象的概念。

2. 结构不同：- 动词不定式可以带有自己的主语，而动名词通常没有自己的主语。

- 动词不定式可以与情态动词和助动词一起使用，而动名词通常不能与这些词一起使用。

使用方法：1. 动词不定式的使用：- 作主语：To travel is my dream.- 作宾语：I want to go on a vacation.- 表示目的：I study hard to pass the exam.- 表示意愿：I would like to visit my grandparents.- 表示能力和可能性：He is able to solve the problem.2. 动名词的使用：- 作主语：Swimming is a great exercise.- 作宾语：I enjoy reading books.- 作介词宾语：She is fond of playing the guitar.- 作补语：I am interested in learning new things.总结：动词不定式和动名词虽然在形式上有所区别，但在使用上都有自己独特的功能。

根据句子的需要和语境，我们可以选择合适的形式来表达我们想要表达的意思。

动词不定式、动名词的用法和区别动词不定式：动词不定式是由to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。

1. 动词不定式作主语：To mast a language is not an easy thing. / To teach English is my favorite.动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。

It's very kind of you to have given us much help.2. 动词不定式作宾语：某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask.I like to help others if I can.3. 动词不定式作宾语补语。

We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。

/ Please ask him to come here quickly.请叫他快过来。

4. 动词不定式作表语：What I should do is to finish the task soon. / The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.5. 动词不定式作定语：There are many ways to solve the problem. / I have something important to tell you.6. 不定式作状语：We went to the hospital to see our teacher. / She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.动词不定式的否定形式：not + to + 动词原形The teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。

动名词和不定式动名词和不定式是英语语法中两个常见的非谓语动词形式。

它们在使用方式、功能和结构上有一些共同点，但也存在一些区别。

本文将就动名词和不定式进行详细介绍和比较，并探讨它们在句子中的不同用法。

一、动名词动名词是用动词的-ing形式作为名词使用。

它可以在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语、复合宾语等要素。

下面将从不同的角度来说明动名词的用法。

1. 动名词作主语动名词作主语时，通常表示一种习惯、经验、喜好或普遍现象等。

例如：- Smoking is harmful to your health.（吸烟对健康有害。

）- Dancing gives her joy.（跳舞使她快乐。

）2. 动名词作宾语常见的动词后面可以接动名词作宾语，例如：- He enjoys swimming in the river.（他喜欢在河里游泳。

）- She avoids doing her homework.（她避免做她的功课。

）3. 动名词作表语动名词还可以作表语，表示主语的行为或状态。

例如：- Her favorite activity is hiking.（她最喜欢的活动是远足。

）- The key to success is working hard.（成功的关键是努力工作。

）4. 动名词作介词宾语某些动词后面接介词，再接动名词作宾语。

例如：- She is thinking about going abroad.（她正在考虑出国。

）- He apologized for not attending the meeting.（他为没有参加会议而道歉。

）5. 动名词作复合宾语当动词后面接宾语和动名词时，宾语常常是指一个动作、情感或想法，而动名词则起到具体说明或解释的作用。

例如：- I like playing basketball.（我喜欢打篮球。

）- They hate doing household chores.（他们讨厌做家务。

动词的不定式与动名词的区别动词的不定式（infinitive）和动名词（gerund）是英语中两种常见的非谓语动词形式。

尽管在形式上它们有一些相似之处，但在用法和含义上有明显的区别。

本文将详细介绍动词的不定式和动名词的区别，以便读者更好地理解和运用它们。

一、形式上的区别1. 动词的不定式通常由“to + 动词原形”构成，例如：to learn，to eat，to go等。

2. 动名词则是在动词原形后面直接加上-ing，例如：learning，eating，going等。

二、用法上的区别1. 主语的区别：a) 不定式作为主语：不定式一般用作主语时，表示一种抽象的行为、概念或目的。

例如：- To learn a new language is challenging.（学一门新语言很有挑战性。

）b) 动名词作为主语：动名词用作主语时，表示一种具体的、实际的行为或活动。

例如：- Reading helps expand your vocabulary.（阅读有助于扩大你的词汇量。

）2. 宾语的区别：a) 不定式作为宾语：不定式可以作为及物动词或不及物动词的宾语，常用于某些动词后，例如：want，hope，decide等。

例如： - She wants to learn Chinese.（她想学中文。

）b) 动名词作为宾语：动名词一般用作及物动词的宾语，常用于某些动词后，例如：enjoy，like，dislike等。

例如：- He enjoys swimming in the ocean.（他喜欢在海里游泳。

）3. 表语的区别：a) 不定式作为表语：不定式可以用作表语，通常用于表示完成、未来或可能性等。

例如：- His dream is to become a doctor.（他的梦想是成为一名医生。

）b) 动名词作为表语：动名词不常用作表语。

4. 定语的区别：a) 不定式作为定语：不定式可以用作修饰名词或代词的定语，常用于表示目的、原因或解释等。

非谓语动词用法归纳非谓语动词在英语中，动词不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）可以出现在句子中除谓语以外的任何一个位置上，充当句子的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等成分，这些动词形式称为非谓语动词。

1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。

Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。

(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。

(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。

不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。

(经验)（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。

It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。

2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。

To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。

(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。

不定式和动名词作主语的区别和用法下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

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不定式和动名词的区别和联系1）动名词与不定式的区别：动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的不定式与动名词都可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但用法不尽相同。

一、作主语一般情况下,不定式与动名词作主语可以互换,也常常可以用it充当形式主语,而把不定式和动名词放在句子的后半部分。

但二者也有区别,不定式常常指某次具体的、将要发生的行为;而动名词则表示一般的、抽象的行为。

例如:To save money now is not easy. 现在攒钱不容易。

Saving money is a good habit. 攒钱是个好习惯。

[真题回放]1. ________ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.A. ExposedB. Having exposedC. Being exposedD. After being exposed二、作宾语有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语,不能跟动名词作宾语;有些动词后常跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语;有些动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语皆可,但意思不同，另外还要熟记下面几点:1)下列短语中的to是介词,其后跟动名词,不跟不定式。

be(get) used to习惯于;look forward to盼望;pay attention to注意;get down to开始认真做;lead to通向、导致;prefer doing ... to doing ...宁愿做……而不愿做……;stick to坚持;devote one’s life(time, oneself) to献身于、致力于;object to反对;in addition to ...除……之外;on the way to ...在去……的路上、正要成为……;等等。

2)不定式除可用在except, but, besides等后作宾语之外,一般不用作介词宾语。

动名词作主语和动词不定式做主语的区别?动词不定式与动名词的区别：）to+V 放句首为动词不定式，用法与V+ing差不多，多用于后面所说的事情还没有发生。

例：T o be a author is my dream. V+ing 放句首是动名词，其相当于名词，例：Doing lots of exercise is good for health. 一般来讲，to+ v. 表主动，表将来，表一次行动作。

-ing 表主动，表进行。

动词不定式与动名词的一些用法：）不定式与动名词都可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但用法不尽相同。

1．作主语一般情况下,不定式与动名词作主语可以互换,也常常可以用it充当形式主语,而把不定式和动名词放在句子的后半部分。

但二者也有区别,不定式常常指某次具体的、将要发生的行为;而动名词则表示一般的、抽象的行为。

例如: To save money now is not easy. 现在攒钱不容易。

Saving money is a good habit. 攒钱是个好习惯。

2．作定语不定式多为后置定语,动名词多为前置定语;不定式多表示将来的动作,动名词只能表示事物的属性、用途等。

例如: He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找一间房子去住。

Take these sleeping pills and you\'ll sleep better. 吃了这种安眠药,你会睡得更好。

3．作宾语：有些动词后只能跟不定式作宾语,不能跟动名词作宾语;有些动词后常跟动名词作宾语,不能跟不定式作宾语;有些动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语皆可,1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。

例如：Collectinginform ation about children’s health is his job. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。

动词不定式和动名词作主语和宾语的用法作者：陈玉英来源：《新一代》2019年第07期摘要：非谓语动词是高中三年乃至以后英语学习中非常重要的内容，是整个高中阶段教学中的重点和难点，它是英语语法填空和短文改错的必考知识点。

关键词：非谓语动词；动词不定式；动名词非谓语动词是动词的一种特殊形式，在句子中不能做谓语，而是担任其他语法功能的动词，非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词（现分词和过去分词）和动名词三种形式。

下面就动词不定式，动名词作主语，宾语的用法加以比较。

一、动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别1.动名词作主语往往表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的行为；而动词不定式作主语则表示一次性的或将来的动作。

例如：（1）Swimming is fun in summer.夏天游泳是有趣的事。

（2）To swim in this river is a great pleasure.在这条河里游泳是件非常快乐的事。

注：当然有时这种区别并不很严格。

但要注意：主语和表语要用同一种形式。

例如：（3）To see is to believe=Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

2.有時候动名词和动词不定式作主语，可以用it当形式主语，把真正的主语置后。

（1）It's difficult （important，necessary…） for sb to do。

（2）It's kind（good，friendly，polite，careless，rude，cruel，clever.，foolish brave…） of sb to do（如上例中）。

（3）It's no good （use，fun…）doing。

（4）It's （a） waste of time one's doing二、不定式、动名词作宾语的区别。

1.有些动词只能跟动词不定式作宾语，常见的动词有：help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，learn，pan，manage，agree，fail，offer，happen，seem等等。

不定式和动名词做主语的区别⒈不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首.如:To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如:①It+be+名词+to doIt's our duty to take good care of the old.②It takes sb + some time +to doHow long did it take you to finish the work③It+be+形容词+for sb +to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.④It+be+形容词+of sb +to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.⒉动名词作主语Learning without practice is no good.动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如:①It's +no good(no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing…It's no good reading in dim light.It's no use sitting here waiting.②It's+形容词+doingIt's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.这样用的形容词有expensive, nice, tiring等,但important, necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:It's important for you to keep fit.③There is no + doingThere is no saying what will happen next.在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It's impossible to…"结构.⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如:It's no good eating too much fat.It's no good for you to eat so much fat.②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如:It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。

非谓语动词用法精讲不定式和动名词的区别及用法对比非谓语动词用法精讲: 不定式和动名词的区别及用法对比非谓语动词是指在句子中充当其他成分而不含有谓语动词的动词形式。

非谓语动词分为不定式和动名词两种形式，它们在用法上有一定的区别。

本文将精讲不定式和动名词的区别，并对它们的用法进行对比，帮助读者更好地运用这两种非谓语动词。

一、不定式的用法特点及应用不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，它包含原形动词前加上 "to" 构成。

不定式具有以下几个用法特点：1. 作主语：不定式可以作为句子的主语，常见于 "It + be + 不定式"的句型中，如：It is important to learn English well.（学好英语很重要）2. 作宾语：不定式可以作及物动词的宾语，常见于动词后面，如：I want to go shopping tomorrow.（我明天想去购物）3. 作表语：不定式可以作为系动词的表语，常见于 "be + 不定式" 的句型中，如：My dream is to become a doctor.（我的梦想是成为一名医生）4. 作补语：不定式可以作为及物动词的补语，表示动作的结果或目的，如：He made me laugh.（他让我笑了）二、动名词的用法特点及应用动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，它以动词的ing形式作为基础，可以用作名词的性质。

动名词具有以下几个用法特点：1. 作主语：动名词可以作为句子的主语，表示某个动作、状态或经历，如：Swimming is good for health.（游泳对健康有好处）2. 作宾语：动名词可以作及物动词的宾语，常见于动词后面，如：She enjoys reading books.（她喜欢看书）3. 作表语：动名词可以作为系动词的表语，常见于 "be + 动名词" 的句型中，如：His hobby is playing basketball.（他的爱好是打篮球）4. 作宾补：动名词可以作及物动词的宾语补足语，表示动作的结果或目的，如：I heard him singing in the room.（我听到他在房间里唱歌）三、不定式与动名词的用法对比1. 用作主语时：不定式通常表示普遍的、一般性的动作，动名词通常表示具体的、具体的动作或习惯性的动作。

动词的不定式，\分词\.动名词的区别及其用法、搭配。

答：非谓语动词包括动词不定式.动名词和分词三种形式,分词又包括现在分词和过去分词.这三种形式都是由动词变来的，但在句子中都不能作谓语，故这三种形式被称为非谓语动词。

下面就这三种形式在用法上的区别浅析如下：一、动词不定式和动名词在句子中均可作主语和表语在表示一个具体的。

个别的或将来的动作时,要用动词不定式.如:My job is to teach the first-year students grammar.To study English well is very important。

在表示比较抽象的一般的行为和动作时，二者可以互换。

如：To climb mountains is a good form of exercise。

Climbing mountains is a good form of exercise。

二、动名词、现在分词和动词不定式都可以作定语1.动名词作定语时，和它所修饰的名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,只表示被修饰名词的一般用途,必须位于名词之前。

如:There is a swimming pool in our school.2。

现在分词作定语时，和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系,表示所修饰名词的特征.如:Listen to the singing bird。

Who is the boy running towards us。

3。

动词不定式作定语时,当所修饰的名词指人时，和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。

如:He is always the first to come to school.当所修饰的名词指物时，和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系.如：I have a meeting to attend。

如果作定语的动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词，需加上相应的介词。

如：I have no room to live in。

动词的不定式和动名词的用法动词是语言中的重要组成部分，不定式和动名词是动词的两种形式。

它们在句子中的使用方式和含义都不同。

本文将探讨动词的不定式和动名词的用法，并比较它们之间的异同点。

一、不定式的用法不定式是动词的一种形式，通常由“to”引导。

不定式可以作为动词、形容词或名词的补语，具有以下几种用法：1. 作为动词的定语和表语例句1: The best way to learn a new language is to practice every day.例句2: I have a lot of work to do.2. 作为宾语补语例句3: She wants to become a doctor.例句4: He decided to quit his job.3. 作为介词宾语例句5: I'm looking forward to meeting you.例句6: She's afraid of flying.4. 与情态动词连用例句7: You should study hard to pass the exam.例句8: He must work harder to succeed.二、动名词的用法动名词是动词的一种形式，通常以“-ing”结尾。

动名词可以用作名词、主语、宾语或表语，具有以下几种用法：1. 作为名词例句9: Swimming is his favorite sport.例句10: I enjoy reading books.2. 作为主语例句11: Singing makes her happy.例句12: Running in the morning is good for your health.3. 作为宾语例句13: I like playing basketball.例句14: She avoids eating junk food.4. 作为表语例句15: Her favorite hobby is painting.例句16: The most important thing is learning from your mistakes.三、不定式和动名词的异同点1. 用作主语时的区别不定式作主语时，常放在句首，用来泛指一个动作或概念。

假如一个动词加上了 ing 变为了名词，那么这个词称动名词。

因为动名词是由动词变化而来，它仍保存着动词的某些特点，拥有动词的某些变化形式，用以表达名词所不可以表达的较为复杂的意念。

动名词的名词特点表此刻它可在句子中当名词来用，作主语、宾语、表语、定语。

它也能够被副词修饰或许支配宾语。

一、动名词的作用1、作主语1）、直接位于句首做主语。

比如：Swimming is a good sport in summer.2）、用it作形式主语，把动名词(真切主语)置于句尾作后置主语。

动名词做主语时，不太常用it 作先行主语，常见于某些形容词及名词以后。

例如：It is no use telling him not to worry.3）、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较：动词不定式和动名词都能够用作主语。

在乎义上邻近。

但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或详细动作。

比较：Smoking is not good for health.It is not good for you to smoke so much.2、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或 what 指引的名词性从句。

表语动名词与主语往常是平等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可交换地点。

Your task is cleaning the windows.你的任务就是擦窗户。

(Cleaning the windows is your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最怨恨的就是被他人嘲讽。

(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)3、作定语动名词作定语常常表示被修饰词的某种用途。

如：a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used forwas hing 。

⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如:It's no good eating too much fat.It's no good for you to eat so much fat.②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如:It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.,作宾语⒈不定式作宾语①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如:agree, ask, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句.如:I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I would ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot.When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot.②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式.如:We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.③介词but, except, besides +to do(do)在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to, 带to不带do.如:The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.⒉动名词作宾语①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest, don't mind, give up, insist, on, put off等.如:I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health.②动名词作介词的宾语I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing, have no trouble(in)doing, lose no ti me(in)doing, prevent/stop…(from)doing, there is no use(in)doing等.⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变.如:begin, continue, start, hat e, like, love, need, require, want等.在need, require, want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Your handwriting needs improving (to be improved). hate, love, like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为.在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:①hate, like, love前有would(should)时,如:I'd like to have a cup of coffee.②当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时,如:The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem.③begin, continue, start与know, understand等状态动词连用时,如:I soon began to understand whatwas happening.⒋advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语.如:Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用.①forget, remember, regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生.如:Don't forget fo post the letter for me.Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing AirportRemember to close the windows before you leave.I remember writing him a letter a year ago.We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting.They regretted ordering these books from abroad.②mean to do 打算做某事doing 意味着……I meant to catch up with the early bus.This means wasting a lot of money.③try to do 设法尽力做某事doing 试着做某事You should try to overcome your shortcomings.Try working out the physics problem in another way.④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)doing 停止做某事On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper.You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.⑤can't help doing 禁不住……to do不能帮助干……They couldn't help jumping up at the news.Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I can't help to make up the room for you.⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势.We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world.⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么(目的状语)doing停下某事It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.They left off to go fishing.三,做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为.①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①).当主语是aim, duty, hope, idea, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语的内容.④Our work is serving the people.⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.⑥The story told by Mr. Wang is interesting.④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving the people is out work, 而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质,状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来.四,作定语⒈不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后.如:①The next train to arrive is from Washington.②Have you anything to be taken to your sister③Do you have anything to say on the question④Would you please give me some paper to write on⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:(1)表示将来的动作(例①).(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④).(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②).(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive.⒉动名词作定语①This passage can be used as listening materials.②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.③All moving bodies have energy.①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:用来……的;第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后.如:The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.五,不定式作补足语⒈作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为,状态,特征,这时意思才相对完整.(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive(强迫),encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like(love, hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等.如:①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.(2)部分动词后常接to be+形容词,名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,如:believe, consider, discover, find(=consider), feel(=think), imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose,see(=understand), understand等.①We all believe John(to be)honest.②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:We consider him to have been foolish.(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to.①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.②They make the students do too much homework every day.这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:The students are made to do too much homework every day.(4)help, know后面的"to"可有可无.如:Would you please help me(to) fill in the tax formI've never known her(to)be late before.但:He was known to have been to France before.(5)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:You may depend on them to be there early.The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.常这样用的短语动词有:ask for, care for, call on, count on, depend on, wait for, long for(渴望), prepare for, wish for等.⒉作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系.如:①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.②The young university student is considered to have great promise.六,不定式作状语⒈作目的状语(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor.(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as.如:Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it.有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用.在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that, in order that, 成为目的状语从句,如:I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see what would happen.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词,过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished, glad, happy, laugh , pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等.①We are glad to hear the news.②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语.如:The question raised by the student is difficult to answer.The room is really comfortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有:comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, fit, impossible等.⒉作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中.如:①so…as to; such…as toI'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来.I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.②enough…t oThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner.③only toJane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital.④too…toI'm too tired to stay up longer.但在下列结构中,too…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意.如:①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了.(too修饰glad to have…,相当于very)②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定语).⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首,句中或句末.如:To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome.常见的短语有to be exact(确切地说),to begin with(首先),to do him justice(说句对他公道的话),to be sure(真的)等等.七,动词不定式,动名词的其它用法⒈疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who, what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语,宾语,表语等.如:①When to leave for London has not been decided yet.②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.④The question was where to get the medicine needed.以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式.如:①When we shall leave…③…how Icould learn…经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, hear, know, lea rn, observe, understand, wonder等.⒉动词不定式的时态,语态(1)时态①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生.如:I hope to become a university student this year.(to become发生在hope之后)We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.(play和hear同时发生)②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如:I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.We are too young to have seen the old society.③进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如:The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in.They seemed to be discussing something important.(2)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用）want to do sth 想要做某事want sb to do sth 想要某人做某事turn to sb for help 求助于某人(这算不定式?)help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事It is dangerous to do sth 做……是危险的want to be 希望从事什么职业stop to do sth 停下来去做某事remember to do sth 记得去做某事forget to do sth 忘记去做某事love to do sth 喜爱做某事would like to do sth 想要做某事would like sb to do sth 想要某人做某事（I would= I'd)practice doing sth 练习做某事spend(time/money) in doing sth 花时间或钱做某事spend补充spend...on sth 在某物上花多少钱go to do sth 去做某事watch sb do sth （省略to）看见某人做某事（全过程）It's time to do sth 做……事的时间到了（=It's time for sth)decide to do sth 决定做某事agree to do sth 同意做某事have to do sth 不得不做某事动名词like doing sth 喜欢做某事（经常）enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事be busy doing sth 忙于做某事（=be busy doing sth)be doing sth （现在进行时）thank sb for doing sth 谢某人做了某事（=thank sb for sth)remember doing sth 记得做过某事forget doing sth 忘记去做某事stop doing sth 停止做某事huan fun doing sth 做某事有乐趣do some +V.ing 做某事What about doing sth 做某事怎么样？（=How about doing sth)watch sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事find sb/sth doing sth 发现某人/物在做某事（这个有点疑问，参考书上说强调结果，一般不用进行时态？）discuss doing sth 讨论做某事go doing 去做某事What do you think of doing sth 你认为做某事怎么样？原形let sb do sth 让某人做某事make sb do sth 让某人做某事help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事。

动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较一,作主语⒈不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首.如:To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如:①It+be+名词+to doIt's our duty to take good care of the old.②It takes sb + some time +to doHow long did it take you to finish the work③It+be+形容词+for sb +to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.④It+be+形容词+of sb +to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.⑤It seems(appears)+形容词+to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等;在句型④中,常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise 等表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.⒉动名词作主语Learning without practice is no good.动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如:①It's +no good(no use, fun, a pleasure, a waste of time)+doing…It's no good reading in dim light.It's no use sitting here waiting.②It's+形容词+doingIt's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.这样用的形容词有expensive, nice, tiring等,但important, necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:It's important for you to keep fit.③There is no + doingThere is no saying what will happen next.在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It's impossible to…"结构.⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如:It's no good eating too much fat.It's no good for you to eat so much fat.②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如:It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.二,作宾语⒈不定式作宾语①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如:agree, ask, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail , help, hope, lean, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句.如:I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I would ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot.When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot.②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式.如:We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.③介词but, except, besides +to do(do)在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to, 带to不带do.如:The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.⒉动名词作宾语①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit, appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, imagine, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, save, suggest, don't mind, give up, insist, on, put off等.如:I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health.②动名词作介词的宾语I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:have difficulty(in)doing, have no trouble(in)doing, lose no time(in)doing, prevent/stop…(from)doing, there is no use(in)doi ng等.⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变.如:begin, continue, start, hat e, like, love, need, require, want等.在need, require, want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Your handwriting needs improving (to be improved). hate, love, like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为.在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:①hate, like, love前有would(should)时,如:I'd like to have a cup of coffee.②当谓语动词begin, continue, start等是进行式时,如:The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem.③begin, continue, start与know, understand等状态动词连用时,如:I soon began to understand whatwas happening.⒋advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语.如:Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用.①forget, remember, regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生.如: Don't forget fo post the letter for me.Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing AirportRemember to close the windows before you leave.I remember writing him a letter a year ago.We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting.They regretted ordering these books from abroad.②mean to do 打算做某事doing 意味着……I meant to catch up with the early bus.This means wasting a lot of money.③try to do 设法尽力做某事doing 试着做某事You should try to overcome your shortcomings.Try working out the physics problem in another way.④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)doing 停止做某事On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper.You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.⑤can't help doing 禁不住……to do不能帮助干……They couldn't help jumping up at the news.Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I can't help to make up the room for you.⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势.We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression in the world.⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么(目的状语)doing停下某事It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.They left off to go fishing.三,做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为.①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①).当主语是aim, duty, hope, idea, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语的内容.④Our work is serving the people.⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper.⑥The story told by Mr. Wang is interesting.④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving the people is out work, 而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质,状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来.四,作定语⒈不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后.如:①The next train to arrive is from Washington.②Have you anything to be taken to your sister③Do you have anything to say on the question④Would you please give me some paper to write on⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:(1)表示将来的动作(例①).(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④).(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②).(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive.⒉动名词作定语①This passage can be used as listening materials.②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.③All moving bodies have energy.①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:用来……的;第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后.如:The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.五,不定式作补足语⒈作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为,状态,特征,这时意思才相对完整.(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, drive(强迫),encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, would like(love, hate), order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等.如:①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.(2)部分动词后常接to be+形容词,名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,如:believe, consider, discover, find(=consider), feel(=think), imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, see(=understand), understand等.①We all believe John(to be)honest.②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:We consider him to have been foolish.(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to.①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.②They make the students do too much homework every day.这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:The students are made to do too much homework every day.(4)help, know后面的"to"可有可无.如:Would you please help me(to) fill in the tax formI've never known her(to)be late before.但:He was known to have been to France before.(5)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:You may depend on them to be there early.The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.常这样用的短语动词有:ask for, care for, call on, count on, depend on, wait for, long for(渴望), prepare for, wish for等.⒉作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系.如:①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.②The young university student is considered to have great promise.六,不定式作状语⒈作目的状语(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor.(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as.如:Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it.有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用.在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that, in order that, 成为目的状语从句,如:I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see what would happen.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词,过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished, glad, happy, laugh , pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等.①We are glad to hear the news.②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语.如:The question raised by the student is difficult to answer.The room is really comfortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有:comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, fit, impossible等.⒉作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中.如:①so…as to; such…as toI'm not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来.I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.②enough…toThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner.③only toJane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital.④too…toI'm too tired to stay up longer.但在下列结构中,too…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意.如:①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了.(too修饰glad to have…,相当于very)②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定语).⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首,句中或句末.如:To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome.常见的短语有to be exact(确切地说),to begin with(首先),to do him justice(说句对他公道的话),to be sure(真的)等等.七,动词不定式,动名词的其它用法⒈疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who, what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语,宾语,表语等.如:①When to leave for London has not been decided yet.②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.④The question was where to get the medicine needed.以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式.如:①When we shall leave…③…how I could learn…经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, hear, know, lea rn, observe, understand, wonder等.⒉动词不定式的时态,语态(1)时态①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生.如:I hope to become a university student this year.(to become发生在hope之后)We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.(play和hear同时发生)②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如:I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.We are too young to have seen the old society.③进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如:The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in.They seemed to be discussing something important.(2)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式.如: It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.(不定式作主语)It was impossible for lost time to be made up.(不定式作主语)I wish to be sent to work in the country.(不定式作宾语)Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired (不定式作定语)He went to the hospital to be examined.(不定式作状语)在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动.如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)⒊动名词的时态,语态(1)时态①一般式:动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前,之后.如:We are interested in collecting stamps.I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.We are not afraid of dying.②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前.如:Imagine having travelled on the moon.We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.(2)被动语态①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分.如:The young man came in without being noticed.He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义.如:The bike needs repairing.If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.⒋在口语中,为避免重复,常用"to"代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省略.如:①-Did you go to visit the Great Wall-No, I wanted to, but there wasn't enough time.②-Would you like to come to a party-I'd love to.③-Don't make any mistakes in your homework, will you-I'll try not to.④-Try to be back by 12, won't you-OK, I'll try.另外,be going to, ought to, used to等也常用于这一结构中.⒌在why引起的问句中,省略"to".如:Why spend such a lot of moneyWhy not wait for a couple of days⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加"to".如:It's quite necessary for us to read more and have more practice.⒎"to"在下列短语中是"介词",后接动名词或名词形式.如:devote…to, face up to(勇敢地面对),look forward to(盼望),object to(反对),take to(养成习惯,对……感兴趣;开始从事某种活动),be used to(习惯于)等.。