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考研英语阅读理解B题型复习指导〔整理10篇〕篇1：考研英语阅读理解B题型复习指导考研英语阅读理解B题型复习指导｜新题型即阅读理解B局部主要考察考生对诸如连接性、一致性等语段特征以及文章构造的理解。
其出题形式有四种，根据段落选标题和根据标题选段落最简单，七选五难度适中，排序题难度最大。
事实上，新题型看似很难，但并不可怕，掌握了各个段落中的关联特征(包括指代关联、转承关联、词义关联、数字关联等)，读懂几个关键点的句子(重点是首末句，带有转承关系的句子，带有特殊标点的句子等)，即使读不懂全文，也能顺利解决问题，重点在于做题步骤和方法。
对于根据段落选标题和根据标题选段落的题目，可以先快速略读全文，不包括选项，力图对文章内容有一个大概理解。
然后略读选项，理解各选项的意思。
最后详读需要选标题的段落，对于不确定的选项可以跳过。
随着比拟容易题目的做完，所剩选项越来越少，再用排除法排除最不可能的`选项，剩余的选项自然就是正确答案了。
对于七选五，也是建议考生先阅读全文，再看选项。
要注意首段和要点句，通过它们判断文章的意思。
当然，由于文章空缺了五处，读完一遍后可能仍然不知道文章的意思，这时也不要惊慌，边做题边阅读即可。
做题时重点阅读空白处附近的句子，考察选择项与前后内容的逻辑关系，圈定线索【关键词】：^p ，最后从各选项中寻找在内容和逻辑上都合理的选项。
对于最难的排序题，考生要先把握各段的大意。
但有时既使读懂了各段的主要意思，仍然很难正确排出顺序，这时就要考虑文章整体的形式和语境，同时借助一些【关键词】：^p ，代词、名词、连词、动词等信号词的帮助以及文章中已给的详细段落，最后确定相关段落顺序。
排序过程中，很有可能排出几组不同序号，这时候就要通过检查进展排除。
检查时要考虑文章整体是否符合语篇构造，文章内容是否是一个有机整体，各段落之间是否符合一定的逻辑顺序等。
新题型今后的复习主要是集中时间进展专项训练，应按照新大纲的要求，对几种题型进展全面的复习和准备。
考研英语阅读理解B节(新题型)分类精讲社会伦理类-(一)(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：100.00)Throughout history and through a cross-section of cultures, women have transformed their appearance to conform to a beauty ideal. American and European women lived in the 1800s cinched in their waists so tightly that some suffered internal damage. The North American ideal of beauty has continually focused on women's bodies: the tiny waist of the Victorian period, and the voluptuous curves that were the measure of beauty between the 1930s and 1950s.(1)However, this relentless pursuit of thinness is not just an example of women trying to look their best; it is also a struggle for control, acceptance and success.(2)One of the negative psychological side effects associated with eating disorders is the patient's distortion of their own body image, body image being defined as the picture a person has in his mind of his own body, that is, the way his body appears to him. Many women who are caught up in the relentless pursuit of thinness also experience some degree of disturbed body image.(3)(4) . Women with perfectly normal bodies see themselves as being heavy; so that the definition of "normal" becomes inaccurate and this perceived normalcy is represented by a very small percentage of women. It follows that if body image is so closely linked to self-image, it is important for women to learn to feel comfortable with the body they live in, despite any "imperfections".(5) . Advertising is a major vehicle for presenting images and forming attitudes. The majority of ads incorporate young, beautiful, slender models to present their products and services. While individual ads may not be seen as a big issue, it is the cumulative, unconscious impact that has an effect on attitudes toward women, and in women's attitudes toward themselves. As women are consistently exposed to these feminine forms through both print and television, it becomes difficult to distinguish what is normal, and even more difficult not to compare themselves to this form.A. The experiences and practices of women who "simply diet" are not radically different from those who are diagnosed with eating disorders. For some women, achieving the "perfect" body form becomes the most important goal in life.B. Current standards emphasize a toned, slender look, one that exudes fitness, youth, and health. According to psychologist Eva Szekely, "Having to be attractive at this time means unequivocally having to be thin. In North America today, thinness is a precondition for being perceived by others and oneself as healthy".C. The images that are presented in advertising are designed to create an illusion, a fantasy ideal that will keep women continually consuming. Advertisers are well aware of the insecurities that most women feel about their own bodies.D. So why during this process of development so many women become dissatisfied, self-critical, and judgmental about their own bodies? One of the reasons may have to do with the media and various forms of advertising. Ads sell more than just products; they present an idea of normalcy, who we are and who we should be.E. While women continue to struggle for equality on an economic scale and within their relationships, they still maintain control over their own bodies. It is important that women begin to accept themselves for who they are, regardless of their body type, and to feel comfortable with the body they live in.F. In attempting to mould their appearance to meet the current ideal, numerous women are literally starving themselves to death. The incidence of eating disorders has doubled during the last two decades. This increase is no longer limited to women in their teens and twenties, but is increasingly diagnosed in patients in their thirties and forties.G. Feelings about body are closely related to a woman's sense of self; the body is perceived as acceptable or unacceptable, providing a foundation for self-concept. It is alarming, then, that almost 80% of women think they're overweight. Body image has very little to do with the way a person actually looks; many women who appear to fit the ideal body type are actually dissatisfied with their appearance.（分数：20.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：B）解析：[解析] 文章开头提到了女人对美丽形象认识的历史发展过程，随后，举例说明了维多利亚时期，美丽的标准是细腰、性感。
2022年考研英语一真题答案之阅读理解真题新题型（附完整版答案）2022年考研英语一阅读理解真题Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41~45, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees: Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, “41. _______________” One company that’s doing this iscalled Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. 42. _______________ These are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. Domingos says, “43. _______________”Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” 44. _______________Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. “If they fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,” says Domingos. “45. _______________”[A] AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.[B] One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.[C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.[D] You want to pred ict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.[E] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.[F]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.[G] AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.答案：F、C、A、B、G。
考研英语一阅读B新题型实战解题技巧英语一阅读b新题型实战解题技巧一、解决问题的步骤(1)通读全文。
完成此类题型的第一步就是通读全文。
考生在第一次阅读的时候无需过于关注文章的细枝末节，只要迅速浏览一下，争取对文章有个大概了解。
为了节省时间，考生可以把重点放在首段和尾段，以及个个段落的首句和尾句，从常理上讲，文章的大意和段落大意即主题应该在这两部分有充分的提示。
在阅读过程中，尤其要注意文章中的黑体字部分，这样在头脑中就可以形成对作者重点强调内容的一个初步印象为了防止在阅读过程中遗忘，考生可以用简单的词语对各个分论点进行概括总结。
（2）仔细阅读选项。
在今年为期13年的研究生入学考试中，我们调查了七分之五的学生。
因此，每个选项都不能被忽略。
考生应注意比较各种选项的异同，尤其是相似选项。
必要时，候选人可以根据自己的理解标记关键点。
(3)再阅读。
这里所说的再阅读指的是对文章的第二次阅读，并在这次阅读的过程中结合文章和选项做出答案。
考生可以根据头脑中对文章和选项的初步了解和自己的笔记，给要填充的文章部分和选项的关系作出一个假定的模式，将选项按这一模式放回到文章中。
因为各个分论点之间大多是并列关系，这时候就可以锁定某一个具体的分论点，着重阅读与此分论点相关的解释和说明。
既然选项内容是用来证明或者阐释分论点的，那么它与文章中已经给出的解释和说明部分在内容上和意义上应该具有很大的一致性，考生可以凭此确定答案选项。
（4）检查更正。
无论是否有足够的时间，考生在回答后都应该花时间再次检查。
这是第三次阅读全文。
这一次，候选人只能专注于选项和与选项相关的内容，并检查它们是否正确匹配。
2、解决问题的技巧和需要注意的问题(1)缩小范围，划定重点。
这类题型的阅读量包括文章和选项两部分，信息量特别大。
如果考生分不清侧重点，会浪费很多的时间和精力。
因此考生要先找出重点，即首段尾段，首句尾句，以及文章中的黑体字等。
第1页，共1页(2)寻找同义或相似词汇。
考研英语阅读理解B节(新题型)分类精讲文化教育类分类模拟(一)Reading ComprehensionDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1-5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. Paragraphs C and G have been correctly placed.A. Indeed, such collaborations at the institutional level must begin with stronger interaction between the offices that have oversight of research and international affairs. University research and international offices can partner on incentives and procedural changes (e.g. international travel awards, promotion and tenure guidelines that encourage outreach, etc.) as well as lobby federal agencies to provide more funding for multi-institutional collaborative projects. These offices can also help strategically map and forecast emerging research fields; identify gaps in expertise, instrumentation, and resources; find foreign partners that can complement institutional priorities and strengths, including sharing of high-technology equipment; facilitate interdisciplinary connections; and promote targeted domestic and international institutional, multidisciplinary, and multilateral linkages.B. For example, new generation influenza vaccines arose from collaborations between US and Japanese pharmaceutical companies; information technology and cybersecurity tools were developed by the US Department of Defense with international allies; and clean energy and low carbon technologies from joint work by a consortium of US and Chinese universities, national laboratories, and private sector companies.C. In order for US research universities to remain competitive in today'sknowledge-and-innovation-driven global economy, it is essential to expand research and scholarly collaborations and forge partnerships internationally. In recent years, the value of international collaboration has been increasingly emphasized by federal agencies, including the National Science Foundation(NSF), which now encourages more cross-border cooperation in science, technology, and education.D. The decrease in US-based global collaborations should concern our science and technology policymakers and institutional leaders. Such worldly partnerships are essential for producing the bestscience and remaining competitive in the global scientific community. Any one university cannot sustain broad expertise and infrastructure in all disciplinary areas. In addition to domestic collaborations, transnational partnerships can also provide opportunities for greater research synergies and complementarities. These collaborations also increase the breadth of scientific inquiry and have accelerated the commercialization of research around the globe.E. Some universities already offer such services, and the support has resulted in new international research travel awards, targeted workshops, intra-institutional and transnational interdisciplinary collaborations. Clearly, new university organizational and operational institutions that promote international collaboration can help advance research productivity and impact, and are needed to complement national and international initiatives.F. However, the 2012 NSF report highlighted some concerns. As indicated in the report, two direct measures of international collaboration are coauthorship of research publications with foreign researchers and co-patents with foreign inventors. Over the past decade, the number of papers published by US researchers with international collaborators has remained relatively fiat, increasing only at 1-2 percent each year. Furthermore, the total number of patents filed jointly under the Patent Cooperation Treaty by US and foreign inventors in 2010 was 5, 440, a 6 percent decrease over the previous 3 years.G. Without a doubt, strong relationships between individual researchers are the most common and strongest indicator of productivity. Scientists identify colleagues with whom they would like to work, and these friendships translate into long-term collaborations, student exchanges, and scientific and creative outputs. For example, among WSU's top 20 researchers, 16 have extensive international collaborations, with 32 percent of their peer-reviewed publications being internationally coauthored. But universities can also play a bigger role in promoting international research partnerships.Order:1.答案：F[解答] 首段指出，研究型大学要想保持竞争力必须扩大国际合作，而NSF等联邦机构正在鼓励更多跨国合作。
考研英语阅读理解A节(传统题型)分类精讲科学技术类-(一)(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：100.00)Imagine browsing a website when an attractive ad for lingerie catches your eye. You don't click on it, merely smile and go to another page. Yet it follows you, putting up more racy pictures, perhaps even the offer of a discount. Finally, annoyed by its persistence, you frown. "Sorry for taking up your time," says the ad, and promptly stops further disturbance. Creepy. But making online ads that not only know you are looking at them but also respond to your emotions will soon be possible, thanks to the power of image-processing software and the common existence of tiny cameras in computers and mobile devices.Uses for this technology would not, of course, be confined to advertising. There is ample scope to apply it in areas like security, computer gaming, education and health care. But advertisers are among the first to embrace the idea in earnest. Advertising firms already film how people react to ads, usually in an artificial setting. The participants' faces are studied for positive or negative feelings. A lot of research has been done into ways of categorizing the emotions behind facial expressions. Some consumer-research companies also employ cameras to track eye movements so they can be sure what their subjects are looking at. This can help determine which ads attract the most attention and where they might be placed for the best effect on a web page.One of the companies doing such work, Realeyes, which is based in London, has been developing a system that combines eye-spying webcams with emotional analysis. Mihkel Jaatma, who founded the company in 2007, says that his system is able to detect a person's mood by plotting the position of facial features, such as eyebrows, mouth and nostrils, and employing clever programs to interpret changes in their alignment—as when eyebrows are raised in surprise, say. Addeye-movement tracking, hinting at which display ads were overlooked and which were studied for any period of time, and the approach offers precisely the sort of quantitative data brand managers yearn for.At present the system is being used on purpose-built websites with, for instance, online research groups testing the effect of various display ads. The next step is to make interactive ads. Because they can spot the visual attention given to them, as well as the emotional state of the viewer, these ads could change their responses.As similar technologies become widespread, privacy concerns will invariably increase. People would need to give consent to their webcams being used in this way, Mr. Jaatma admits. One way to persuade Internet users to grant access to their images would be to offer them discounts on goods or subscriptions to websites.（分数：20.00）(1).The imagined situation in Paragraph 1 introducesA. an effective way of displaying advertisements.B. a method of getting rid of annoying commercials.C. an image-processing software used in promotion.D. an innovative technology tracking people's emotions.（分数：4.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 推断题。
考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(1)阅读是考研英语的重要题型之一，也是保障英语成绩的关键题目。
因此，考研学子们要充分重视英语阅读，除了平时多多阅读英语杂志、报纸外，还需要针对阅读进行专项训练。
小编整理了关于考研英语阅读题源的系列文章考研英语阅读材料汇编之科技类(1)，请参考!Is Snuppy the Puppy for Real?With Hwang s scientific credibility in shambles, the status of the world s most famous dog hangs in the balance. The embattled scientist maintains that Snuppy is the world s first canine clone, and he even hired an independent Korean DNA lab, Human Pass Inc, to verify that assertion. The verdict: Human Pass CEO Seung Jae Rhee told TIME last week, There is no dispute about these results, and so I am 100% certain on Snuppy s authenticity. But since Human Pass is in essence working for Hwang, that s hardly good enough for the investigative panel at Seoul National University, which is carrying out independent tests, or for the editors of Nature, who have ordered an investigation.If Snuppy really was cloned from the ear cell of a 3-year-old male Afghan named Tai, itshouldn t be tough to prove, even to those outside investigators. As long as they have tissue samples from both the clone and the parent, they should be able to determine whetherDNA in the nuclei of both animals cells is identical-the first hallmark of a true clone.Ian Wilmut, the Scottish scientist who created Dolly the sheep in 1996, had to provide such samples to prove to skeptics that he had created history s first mammalian clone.Even with the controversy raging over his stem-cell paper, Hwang could have forestalledsome of the questions about Snuppy if he had offered one additional bit of confirmingproof in his original paper in Nature. That piece of critical evidence comes from the animals mitochondria, tiny energy-producing structures within each cell. While most of a mammal s DNA resides in the nucleus, there s also some in the mitochondria. (Nuclear DNA formsthe animal s basic genetic blueprint; mitochondrial DNA contains instructions for making proteins involved in various metabolic functions within the cell. )Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother as gart of the egg s genetic contribution. Identical twins, for example, have the same nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, since they re produced when a single egg is fertilized and the resulting embryo splits in two. With a clone, the situation is different. Because the cloning process that Hwang says he used to create Snuppy involves two dogs-one for the nucleus and another for the egg-Snuppy s mitochondrial DNA should not match Tai s. That s what Rhee s scientists say they ve found and what Hwang undoubtedly hopes the university and Nature will find as well. Final, ironclad proof of Snuppy s provenance would involve showing that the dog s mitochondrial DNA matches that of his egg donor .It s not clear, however, whether that test is being done.词汇注解重点单词credibility /;kredi biliti/【文中释义】n. 可信用，确实性，可靠【大纲全义】n. 可信用，确实性，可靠balance / b ləns/【文中释义】n.天平，平衡【大纲全义】v. 称，(使)平衡;权衡n.天平; 平衡，均衡;差领，余放; 结存maintain /men tein/【文中释义】v. 坚特【大纲全义】v. 维修，保养，维持，供养，坚持，主张，支持verify / verifai/【文中释义】v. 查证，核实【大纲全义】v. 证实，查证;证明panel / p nl/【文中释义】n. 专门问题小组【大纲全义】n. 面板，嵌板，座谈小组，专门问题小组v. 嵌镶tissue / tisju:/【文中释义】n. (动、植物的)组织【大纲全义】n. 织物，薄娟，纸巾;(劝，位物的)组织nuclei / nju:kliai/【文中释义】n. (nucleus的复数形式)细胞核【大纲全义】n. (nucleus的复数形式)核，核心，原子核;细胞核additional /ə diʃənl/【文中释义】adj. 附加的，另外的【大纲全义】adj. 额外的，附加的，另外的nucleus / nju:kliəs/【文中释义】n. 细胞核【大纲全义】n. 核，核心，原子核;细胞核blueprint / blu:,print/【文中释义】n. 蓝图【大纲全义】n. 蓝图，设计图，计划v. 制成蓝图，计划超纲单词shamble n. 满跚，摇羌embattled adj. 陷入重围的canine adj. 犬的，犬科的hallmark n. 品质证明，标志mammalian adj. 哺乳劝物的mitochondria n. 线粒体metabolic adj. 新陈代谢的embryo n. 胚胎重点段落译文随着黄禹锡的科学信用的动摇，这个世界上最著名的狗的身份也悬而未定。
考研英语阅读理解B节(新题型)分类精讲科学技术类-(一)(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Section Ⅱ Reading Co(总题数：5，分数：100.00)When we compare men with animals, we must remember that a man is also an animal. But in making this comparison, it is sometimes more convenient to refer to the rest of the animal kingdom as "animals".(1) .Many animals are intelligent in the sense that they can explore their surroundings or acquire new skills by learning from their parents. Animal organisms have organs whose physical power exceeds the power of men. The bodies of men have no wings and cannot fly. Men cannot imitate fish and spend long periods under water unless they carry breathing apparatus with them.(2) . But it is very uncommon for animals to go mad or destroy their own kind. Animals, left to themselves, do not disturb the balance of nature. They do not turn grassland into desert or make water undrinkable by filling whole lakes and rivers with waste materials. Compared with most other organisms—if we see him as a part of nature—man is wasteful and destructive. Though he is more intelligent than animals, he often uses his intelligence for strange purposes.(3) . This power is possessed by the rich businessman in Chicago and the poor, primitive Bushman of the Kalahari Desert in Africa. It may indeed show itself more obviously in the Bushman, whose environment does not provide him with security and whose entire food supply is acquired by facing new situations. It is a power which can be wasted or misused or be weakened through neglect. But it is a power which belongs to every human being.(4) .Language gives depth to human communities in time. It enables one generation to hand on its experience to another, by means of stories, which are the origin of human history. It is only human beings who recognize a past and future, and who feel that they stand at a certain point in the development of their community.(5) .This brings us to another aspect of human intelligence. Man is more adaptable than animals, but in the ages of civilization he has used this power in a special way. A few communities, like the African Bushman, still manage to survive in a primitive way. But other men wish to make their future more secure and try to find a way of doing this, which is typical of civilized communities.A. We call this capacity intelligence. Its chief instrument or weapon is human language, a system of symbols (spoken or written) which enables men to communicate information and purpose, and see one situation in terms of another. The ability to use symbols is not possessed by animals, and it is a major aspect of human intelligence.B. Like animals, men are adapted to a certain environment. They require food and water; they can digest only certain kinds of food. They require warmth; they can survive only within certain limits of temperature.C. Man's sense of future leads him to provide for the future. He accumulates food, clothes, useful objects, raw materials, buildings, information and in modern times he accumulates money—the means of exchange and therefore an important means of power over other men.D. Different from an animal, man is able to convert a natural environment into a human, social environment—an environment which represents the accumulated labor of many generations.E. We cannot say that men are superior to animals. But they differ from animals in several important ways. And all these differences are really aspects of one and the same difference. This central difference is man's unusual mental flexibility, his ability to meet a new situation in a new way and his capacity to learn from his experience and the experience of others.F. It is very doubtful whether men are "superior" to animals. It is true that their responses are more complex.G. Man is concerned about his living environment. The discoveries of science and the inventions of technology have produced an environment which is almost equivalent to a second, outer shell of body and is adapted not only to local conditions but also to a very wide range of variations in climate, altitude and other features of the geographical surroundings.（分数：20.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________Rain forest structure is distinct from most other forest types because of its many layers of vegetation, referred to as strata. The lowest stratum is the understory, composed of palms, herbaceous plants (such as wild ginger), and tree seedlings and saplings. (1) . Many have deep red coloring on the underside of their leaves to capture some of the scarce light that does manage to reach the forest understory. This red coloring enables understory plants to absorb light of different wavelengths than do the plants with rich, green-foliaged canopy, the umbrella-shaped upper structure of trees. Above the forest floor but below the canopy are one or more midstory strata, made up of woody plants, such as large shrubs and midsized trees.The overstory is the canopy, in which the tree crowns form a continuous layer that captures the major part of the rainwater and sunlight hitting the forest. The height of the canopy varies from region to region and forest to forest, ranging from 20 to 50 m (65 to 165 ft). (2) . Researchers use hot air balloons, cables, catwalks, towers, sophisticated tree-climbing gear, and even robots to study the millions of plants and animals that make their home high up in the forest canopy. Canopy researchers also use huge cranes that are dropped into the heart of the forest by helicopters. Suspended from the crane's long, movable arm is a large cabin that functions as a mobile treetop laboratory. Moving from tree to tree, forest researchers collect specimens, conduct experiments, and observe life in the canopy frontier.The highest stratum of the rain forest is made up of the emergent trees, those individuals that stick up above the forest canopy. Emergents, which do not form a continuous layer, are usually the giants of the forest, reaching heights of 35 to 70 m (115 to 230 It) or more, and trunk sizes of over 2 m (6.6 It) in diameter. (3) . However, these trees tend to be so large that they collectively account for the vast majority of the woody mass, or biomass, of the forest.The nicely ordered strata of the rain forest, including the continuous layer of the canopy, are regularly disturbed by naturally occurring events, such as falling trees. Trees in a rain forest canopy are often interconnected by vines, and a falling tree may pull as well as push other trees down with it, producing a domino effect of falling trees. The resulting opening in the forest canopy enables light to pour onto the forest floor. (4) .Other natural disturbances create even larger openings in the forest canopies. For example, along the hurricane belt in the Caribbean and the typhoon belt along the western Pacific, some forests are substantially altered when high winds and storms blow down hundreds of trees every few decades.(5) . Scientists have found that these natural disturbances and the subsequent forest regeneration are a vital process that leads to healthy and diverse forests.A. New plants and animals then move into the area and begin to grow.B. Just 2 percent of the sunlight goes through the many layers of leaves and branches above, so understory plant species have developed special traits to cope with low light levels.C. On a smaller scale, large mammals, such as elephants, regularly destroy rain forest vegetationin the Congo River Basin in Africa.D. An understory of shorter trees and a lacework of woody vines, or lianas, produce a forest of such complex internal architecture that many animals, including some sizable ones, rarely or never descend to the ground.E. Less than one percent of the trees in the forest reside in the canopy and emergent layers.F. Because more light penetrates the canopy, however, the vegetation of the understory and forest floor is better developed than in the tropics.G. The rich, green canopy is teeming with life, and forest researchers have developed ingenious methods for accessing this mysterious ecosystem.（分数：20.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________A. The culprit is climate change, caused by society's burning of fossil fuels. When it comes to global warming, farmers who are more attuned to weather patterns than most people—may be the proverbial canaries in the coalmine. The weather, of course, has never been exactly dependable —farmers have always been at the mercy of the vagaries of sun and rain. General weather patterns have at least been broadly predictable, allowing farmers to know when to sow their seeds, when to transplant, when to harvest. As weather patterns become less reliable, growers will be tested to develop new rhythms and systems for growing crops.B. Most keyboard jockeys would die for the view from Orin Martin's office window: apple trees in blossom, lines of citrus, dozens of varieties of flowers and neat rows of peppers and potatoes. Martin is a farmer in Santa Cruz, Cali~, where for the last 30 years he has been an instructor at the University of California's agro-ecology program, one of the nation's oldest organic agriculture curriculums.C. What all agriculture experts agree on is that farmers need to start preparing today for climate change. Growers ought to be thinking about what warmer temperatures, fluctuations in precipitation, and an increase in extreme weather events will mean for their farms, and how they can respond. "This is change; it's not necessarily disaster," says Grubinger. "The disaster will come if people aren't prepared."D. In recent years, however, something has been wrong in his idyllic setting. The weather is changing in strange ways. From New England to the Midwest to California, farmers and scientists are noticing that once-dependable weather patterns are shifting.E. Among farmers and researchers, there is disagreement about which types of growers climate change will impact most—large agribusiness growing operations, or smaller, family-run farms. Some agriculture industry observers say that the bigger farmers will have an advantage in coping with weather changes, as they will have more resources to switch to new crops. Others say that since family farms usually grow a wider range of crops, their biological diversity will make it easier to cope with whatever changes occur.F. Too much rain at the wrong time can make it difficult to plant or harvest crops. Above-average rainfall also contributes to fungi and insects that can dramatically reduce crop yields. Too much warmth is equally problematic. Some plants require a certain number of frost days each year in order to thrive the following spring. As temperatures warm, farmers may find themselves having to either shift to different crops or actually move their operations to new locales. Unreliable weather will make it harder for farmers to be as productive as we have come to expect.Order:（分数：20.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________Life, at least for a seed, is better out in the world. (1) . Seeds know how to get around. (2) . But they all have the same goal: to take root and give rise to the next generation. Scientists can understand what type of dispersal strategy a plant employs by looking at its environment. For example, dispersal by sea currents is important for plants that grow on seashores, and wind is important in open grasslands. And for each type of dispersal, there is a type of design. (3) . "Among species with seeds dispersed internally by animals, the size of the seed or fruit, its color, and the presence of protective husks will reflect the swallowing, visual, and processing abilities of the seed disperser," Birkinshaw said. For example, seeds spread by small birds will be small in size, covered with plant flesh (to give the birds a reward for eating it), huskless (since most birds are ill equipped to remove such an outer shell), and brightly colored (since birds have good color vision).Some seeds have no specific dispersal strategy, like the coco-de-mer, a palm tree that only grows in the Seychelles, an island chain in the Indian Ocean. These palms have the largest seeds of any plant and lack any seed dispersal method other than gravity, Birkinshaw said. In other cases, as with the rare Madagascan palms Satranala decussilvae and Voanioala gerardii, the seeds collect in piles beneath their parent trees. (4) .According to John Dransfield, an expert on Madagascan palms with the United Kingdom's Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, both of these palms have very large seeds that animals alive today are incapable of moving. "You start dreaming up stories that it could have been distributed by a now extinct animal", he said.Possible extinct dispersers of the palms are large lemurs that once roamed Madagascar or flightless elephant birds, which were the largest birds known to have lived in Madagascar.There are only a few of these Madagascan palms left standing. (5) . Donald Drake is a botanist with the University of Hawaii in Honolulu who studies how plant and animal interaction affects reproduction of native plants and food for native animals in the Pacific Ocean islands. He said loss of animals to disperse seeds certainly impacts a plant's viability, but "hard, conclusive data are difficult to come by."He and colleague Kim McConkey are currently engaged in research that suggests animals may stop performing ecological functions such as seed dispersal long before they go extinct. "We found this to be the case with flying foxes", Drake said. Flying foxes are among the few remaining large animals that disperse seeds on islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. "Many flying foxes are either rare or extinct", Drake said, "If they cease to be effective dispersers long before reaching that stage, there is a possibility that the results we found are of wide applicability."A. Wind-dispersed seeds are generally lightweight and have adaptations such as wings and parachutes so they can catch a ride on the breeze. Water-dispersed seeds, such as coconuts, are buoyant. Seeds dispersed by animals usually offer a nutritional reward so that they are eaten, or they are sticky or barbed so they can latch on to passing bodies.B. If researchers can confirm that indeed the animal disperser of the palms, seeds are extinct, then the only way to prevent the trees themselves from becoming extinct may be to reintroduce seedlings into the forest with a controlled program of replanting, Dransfield said.C. In order to maintain effective seed-dispersing populations, the researchers say it is importantto take conservation actions before seed-dispersing animal species drop below this threshold.D. Some fly with the wind, others go with the flow. Many hitch a ride with unsuspecting animals.E. Some animals cease being effective seed dispersers when their population densities fall below a point that induces them to compete over food resources—they stop bothering to scatter and hide their food stores.F. In general, seed dispersal away from the parent plant increases the chances that a seed will reach maturity.G. Researchers believe that perhaps their animal dispersers are long extinct.（分数：20.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________A. Get movingB. Follow your interestC. Explore other perspectivesD. Reduce screen timeE. Forget brainstormingF. Allow for more flexibilityBrainstorming in a group became popular in 1953 with the publication of a business book, Applied Imagination. But it's been proven not to work since 1958, when Yale researchers found that the technique actually reduced a team's creative output: the same number of people generate more and better ideas separately than together. In fact, according to University of Oklahoma professor Michael Mumford, half of he commonly used techniques intended to spur creativity don't work, or even have a negative impact. As for most commercially available creativity training, Mumford doesn't mince words: it's "garbage". Whether for adults or kids, the worst of these programs focus solely on imagination exercises, expression of feelings, or imagery. They pander to an easy, unchallenging notion that all you have to do is let your natural creativity out of its shell. However, there are some techniques that do boost the creative process.(1) .Almost every dimension of cognition improves from 30 minutes of aerobic exercise, and creativity is no exception. The type of exercise doesn't matter, and the boost lasts for at least two hours afterward. However, there's a catch: this is the case only for the physically fit. For those who rarely exercise, the fatigue from aerobic activity counteracts the short-term benefits.(2) .Those who study multi-tasking, report that you can't work on two projects simultaneously, but the dynamic is different when you have more than one creative project to complete. In that situation, more projects get completed on time when you allow yourself to switch between them if solutions don't come immediately. This corroborates surveys showing that professors who set papers aside to brew ultimately publish more papers. Similarly, preeminent mathematicians usually work on more than one proof at a time.(3) .According to University of Texas professor Elizabeth Vandewater, for every hour a kid regularly watches television, his overall time in creative activities—from fantasy play to arts projects —dr0ps as much as 11 percent. With kids spending about three hours in front of televisions each day, that could be a one-third reduction in creative time—less time to develop a sense of creative self-efficacy through play.(4) .Five experiments by Northwestern's Adam Galinsky showed that those who have lived abroad outperform others on creativity tasks. Creativity is also higher on average for first or second generation immigrants and bilinguals. The theory is that cross-cultural experiences force people to adapt and be more flexible. Just studying another culture can help. In Galinsky's lab, people were more creative after watching a slide show about China: a 45-minute session increased creativity scores for a week.(5) .Rena Subotnik, a researcher with the American Psychological Association, has studied children's progression into adult creative careers. Kids do best when they are allowed to develop deep passions and pursue them wholeheartedly at the expense ofwell-roundedness. "Kids who have deep identification with a field have better discipline and handle setbacks better," she noted. By contrast, kids given superficial exposure to many activities don't have the same centeredness to overcome periods of difficulty.If you want to increase innovation within an organization, one of the first things to do is tear out the suggestion box, advises Isaac Getz, professor at ESCP Europe Business School in Paris. Formalized suggestion protocols, whether a box on the wall, an e-mailed form, or an internal Web site, actually stifle innovation because employees feel that their ideas go into a black hole of bureaucracy. Instead, employees need to be able to put their own ideas into practice. One of the reasons that Toyota's manufacturing plant in Georgetown, Ky., is so successful is that it implements up to 99 percent of employees' ideas.（分数：20.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________。
