西南交通大学2009年考博英语试卷1

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to besmarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with anowner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. Theywould try to decide what intelligence in humans i s really 17 , not merely how much o f it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D]Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D]threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D]dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D]priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D]backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far[D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosingA, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting ourbrains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century,even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered thatwhen w e consciously develop new habits, we c reate parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thoughtonto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead,the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallelpathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”　says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open M ind”　and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we a re taught instead to ‘decide,’　just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploringthe many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. Atpuberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes o f thought that have seemed m ost valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative andcollaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in theAmerican belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. K nowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing n ew habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments s uggest that the practice of standard testing A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man c an boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK)at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs s ince they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public ,ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouthand sending it to the company f or testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some o bservers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ance stry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inh erited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA canreveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six othergreat-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as goodas the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some c ompanies don’t rely on dat a collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This meansthat a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processesthe results. In addition, the computer programs a company u ses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alikeprogress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however,the conventional view that education should be one of the very highestpriorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performancewould require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the UnitedStates. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The . workforce was derided as poorly educated andone of primary cause of the poor . economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet theresearch revealed that the . factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that . workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers inHouston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotesthe development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were huntersand gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much a bout anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its foodin a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level ofeducation is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition forthe complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may b e possible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal educat ion, however, doesn’t constrain the ability ofthe developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivityfor the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new e ducation system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor forcemajor difference between the Japanese and workforces is that__________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the workforce has a better education[D] ]the workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that educationemerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are theministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere elsein colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectualpursuits ”　According to many books and articles, New E ngland’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean t o start with the Puritans’　theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may n ot neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New w orld circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of importantepisodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility andvirtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressiveeducation and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learnedministers who came t o Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were lesswell educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, whoemigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leavingEngland that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name t ogether in a decisive moment when h e opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settlehis fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touchno unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”　One w onders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments thanDane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in MassachusettsBay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanderswere often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-Gto fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, whichdo not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolutionproposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. .American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, wasone of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted toshow how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist FranzBoas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as theresult of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging toa broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. .Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study ofculture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of manystudents of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to theinventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. .Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheimproposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society andculture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such asinventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle hecalled the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced racesand societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve apeople’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formallysignify children’s entrance into adultho od.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structureof families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership ofproperty, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated partsthat work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J.Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egyptand diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these culturaldevelopments occurred separately at different times in many p arts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully onANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets fromliving with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former casethe education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institutionis its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a partof its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desireto secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; familylife in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematiclabor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only graduallywas the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today,in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift,the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human a ssociation under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediatehuman fact, gains in While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in theirattitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common lifewe cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human e ffect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process whichwe have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of directtuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formalteaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal totheir group.Sectio n Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful insome regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter tothe editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at theend of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write theaddress.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

2009年考研英语真题和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 thefruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taugh t instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through p roblems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.B ut some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because neweducational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the carefu l sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They al so focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案Section I Use of English1—5 BADBC 6—10 ADCBD11—15 DBCDA 16—20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21—25 ABCAA 26—30 ACDAB31—35 DBBAC 36—40 BBDACPart B41—45 CEABGPart C46. 可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。

2009年考研英语真题（英一二通用）-高清版含答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly2to live shorter lives.This suggests that3bulbs burn longer,that there is a(n)4in not being too bright.Intelligence,it5,is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep,burns more fuel and is slow6the starting line because it depends on learning–a(n) 7process–instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn,and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence?That’s the question behind this new research.Instead of casting a wistful glance10at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real11of our own intelligence might be.This is12the mind of every animal we’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would13on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner,14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning.We believe that15animals ran the labs,they would test us to16the limits of our patience,our faithfulness, our memory for locations.They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really17,not merely how much of it there is.18,they would hope to study a(n)19question:Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20the results are inconclusive.1.[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D]priority5.[A]insists on[B]sums up[C]turns out[D]puts forward6.[A]off[B]behind[C]over[D]along7.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D]gradual8.[A]fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think9.[A]invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D]different10.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D]backward11.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs12.[A]outside[B]on[C]by[D]across13.[A]deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D]apply14.[A]by chance[B]in contrast[C]as usual[D]for instance15.[A]if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest16.[A]moderate[B]overcome[C]determine[D]reach17.[A]at[B]for[C]after[D]with18.[A]Above all[B]After all[C]However[D]Otherwise19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile20.[A]By accident[B]In time[C]So far[D]Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the19th century.In the ever-changing21st century,even the word“habit”carries a negative implication.So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit,we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact,the more new things we try–the more we step outside our comfort zone–the more inherently creative we become,both in the workplace and in our personal lives.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain,they’re there to stay.Instead,the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova,author of The Open Mind.“But we are taught instead to‘decide’,just as our president calls himself‘the Decider’.”She adds,however,that“to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware,she says. Researchers in the late1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively.At the end of adolescence,however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.“This breaks the major rule in the American belief system–that anyone can do anything,”explains M.J.Ryan,author of the2006book This Year I Will...and Ms. Markova’s business partner.“That’s a lie that we have perpetuated,and it fosters commonness.Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”This is where developing new habits comes in.21.In Wordsworth’s view,“habits”is characterized by being[A]casual.[B]familiar.[C]mechanical.[D]changeable.22.Brain researchers have discovered that the formation of new habits can be[A]predicted.[B]regulated.[C]traced.[D]guided.23.The word“ruts”(Para.4)is closest in meaning to[A]tracks.[B]series.[C]characteristics.[D]connections.24.Dawna Markova would most probably agree that[A]ideas are born of a relaxing mind.[B]innovativeness could be taught.[C]decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.[D]curiosity activates creative minds.25.Ryan’s comments suggest that the practice of standardized testing[A]prevents new habits from being formed.[B]no longer emphasizes commonness.[C]maintains the inherent American thinking mode.[D]complies with the American belief system.Text2It is a wise father that knows his own child,but today a man can boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdom–or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad.All he needs to do is shell out$30for a paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore–and another $120to get the results.More than60,000people have purchased the PTKs since they first became available without prescriptions last year,according to Doug Fogg,chief operating officer of Identigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public,ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than$2,500.Among the most popular:paternity and kinship testing,which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists–and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical.“There’s a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,”says Troy Duster,a New York University sociologist.He notes that each individual has many ancestors–numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage,either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA,which is passed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors,even though, for example,just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or,four generations back,14other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others,so a person’s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results.In addition,the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In Paragraphs1and2,the text shows PTK’s[A]easy availability.[B]flexibility in pricing.[C]successful promotion.[D]popularity with households.27.PTK is used to[A]locate one’s birth place.[B]promote genetic research.[C]identify parent-child kinship.[D]choose children for adoption.28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to[A]trace distant ancestors.[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines.[C]fully use genetic information.[D]achieve the claimed accuracy.29.In the last paragraph,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is[A]disorganized data collection.[B]overlapping database building.[C]excessive sample comparison.[D]lack of patent evaluation.30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing.[B]DNA Testing and Its Problems.[C]DNA Testing Outside the Lab.[D]Lies Behind DNA Testing.Ironically,the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States.Not long ago,with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak,the U.S.workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor U.S.economic performance.Japan was,and remains,the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.Yet the research revealed that the U.S.factories of Honda,Nissan,and Toyota achieved about 95percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts –a result of the training that U.S.workers received on the job.More recently,while examining housing construction,the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston,Texas,consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development?We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it.After all,that’s how education got started.When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000years ago,they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food.Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved,humanity’s productivity potential increased as well.When the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential,they could in turn afford more education.This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary,but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education.A lack of formal education,however,doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future.On the contrary,constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.Text 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike.Progress inboth areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social,political,and intellectualdevelopment of these and all other societies;however,the conventional view thateducation should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.We are fortunate that it is,because buildingnew educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations.The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and,as a result,radicallyhigher standards of living.31.The author holds in Paragraph1that the importance of education in poorcountries[A]is subject to groundless doubts.[B]has fallen victim of bias.[C]is conventionally downgraded.[D]has been overestimated.32.It is stated in Paragraph1that the construction of a new educational system[A]challenges economists and politicians.[B]takes efforts of generations.[C]demands priority from the government.[D]requires sufficient labor force.33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S.workforces is that[A]the Japanese workforce is better disciplined.[B]the Japanese workforce is more productive.[C]the U.S.workforce has a better education.[D]the U.S.workforce is more organized.34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged[A]when people had enough time.[B]prior to better ways of finding food.[C]when people no longer went hungry.[D]as a result of pressure on government.35.According to the last paragraph,development of education[A]results directly from competitive environments.[B]does not depend on economic performance.[C]follows improved productivity.[D]cannot afford political changes.Text4The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England.According to the standard history of American philosophy,nowhere else in colonial America was“so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits.”According to many books and articles,New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding,dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church–important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life,we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture,adjusting to New World circumstances.The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after1629,there were political leaders like John Winthrop,an educated gentleman,lawyer,and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston.These men wrote and published extensively,reaching both New World and Old World audiences,and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget,however,that most New Englanders were less well educated.While few craftsmen or farmers,let alone dependents and servants,left literary compositions to be analyzed,it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized.Their thinking often had a traditional superstitious quality.A tailor named John Dane,who emigrated in the late1630s,left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs.Sexual confusion,economic frustrations,and religious hope–all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate,and read the magical words:“Come out from among them,touch no unclean thing,and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches.Meanwhile,many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s,as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion.“Our main end was to catch fish.”36.The author holds that in the seventeenth-century New England[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.[C]politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37.It is suggested in Paragraph2that New Englanders[A]experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World.[C]paid little attention to southern intellectual life.[D]were obsessed with religious innovations.38.The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay[A]were famous in the New World for their writings.[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs.[C]abandoned high positions before coming to the New World.[D]created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England.39.The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders wereoften[A]influenced by superstitions.[B]troubled with religious beliefs.[C]puzzled by church sermons.[D]frustrated with family earnings.40.The text suggests that early settlers in New England[A]were mostly engaged in political activities.[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect.[C]came from different intellectual backgrounds.[D]left few formal records for later reference.Part BDirections:In the following text,some segments have been removed.For Questions41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the1860s,British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution.Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena,including human societies,changed over time, advancing toward perfection.(41)American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late1800s.Morgan helped found modern anthropology–the scientific study of human societies,customs and beliefs–thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists.In his work,he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.(42)In the early1900s in North America,German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism,which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures,gave new direction to anthropology.(43)Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.(44)Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology,largely through the influence of many students of Boas.But a number of anthropologists in the early1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few,especially gifted peoples that,according to diffusionists,then spread to other cultures.(45)Also in the early1900s,French sociologistÉmile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology.Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity.An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European,and especially British,anthropology.[A]Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations,such as inventions,hada single origin and passed from society to society.This theory was known asdiffusionism.[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible,he becameskilled in linguistics,the study of languages,and in physical anthropology,the study of human biology and anatomy.[C]He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the“survival of the fittest,”in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger,more advanced races and societies.[D]They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’ssocial structure,such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E]Thus,in his view,diverse aspects of culture,such as the structure of families,forms of marriage,categories of kinship,ownership of property,forms of government,technology,and systems of food production,all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts thatwork together to keep a society functioning.[G]For example,British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J.Perryincorrectly suggested,on the basis of inadequate information,that farming, pottery making,and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world.In fact,all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young.In the former case the education is incidental;it is natural and important,but it is not the express reason of the association.(46)It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience,but this effect is not a part of its original motive.Religious associations began,for example,in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences;family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity;systematic labor,for the most part,because of enslavement to others,etc.(47)Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.Even today,in our industrial life,apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift,the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young,the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact,gains in importance.(48)While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.The need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.(49)Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50)We are thus led to distinguish,within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering,a more formal kind of education–that of direct tuition or schooling.In undeveloped social groups,we find very little formal teaching and training.These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps adults loyal to their group.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions.“White Pollution”is still going on.Write a letter to the editor(s)of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly,and2)make two or three suggestions.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2009年全真试题答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1.B2.A3.D4.B5.C6.A7.D8.C9.B 10.D 11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.C Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.C 22.D 23.A 24.D 25.AText 2 26.A 27.C 28.D 29.A 30.BText 3 31.D 32.B 33.B 34.C 35.CText 4 36.B 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.CPart B41.C 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.GPart C46.虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是共在丰富和完善人生(经验)方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I U se of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns morefuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7— instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence? That's the question behind this newresearch. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10 at all the species we'veleft in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11of our own intelligencemight be. This is12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14, is running asmall-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15animals ran the labs,they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 1819 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being ________.A. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be ________A. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. "ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to ________A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ________?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's ___________.[A] easy availability[B] flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one's birth place[B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A] trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A] disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building[C] excessive sample comparison[D] lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C] DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts -- a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A] challenges economists and politicians[B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S workforce has a better education[D] the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection.41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had asingle origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilledin linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survivalof the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's socialstructure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, formsof marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work togetherto keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectlysuggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.(46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effectin enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. "White pollution "is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper togive your opinions briefly andmake two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Part B (10 points)Part C (10 points)46. 虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。

2009英语阅读真题试卷# 2009英语阅读真题试卷一、阅读理解（共40分）# 阅读A篇文章文章摘要：随着科技的飞速发展，教育领域也经历了巨大的变革。

本文探讨了科技对教育的积极影响，包括提供更丰富的学习资源、促进个性化学习、以及提高教育的可及性。

问题1：根据文章，科技对教育有哪些积极影响？答案：科技使学习资源更加丰富，支持个性化学习，并使教育更加普及。

问题2：文章提到了哪些具体的科技工具？答案：文章提到了在线课程、电子书籍和互动软件等。

# 阅读B篇文章标题： The Benefits of Bilingualism文章摘要：双语能力在现代社会越来越受到重视。

本文分析了双语能力对个人认知发展、职业机会以及跨文化交流的益处。

问题3：为什么双语能力对个人的认知发展有益？答案：双语能力可以提高注意力、记忆力和解决问题的能力。

问题4：文章中提到了哪些职业领域可能受益于双语能力？答案：文章提到了国际贸易、外交和教育等领域。

# 阅读C篇文章标题： Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development文章摘要：环境保护和可持续发展是全球性议题。

本文讨论了环境保护的重要性以及如何实现可持续发展。

问题5：文章是如何定义可持续发展的？答案：可持续发展是指在满足当代人需求的同时，不损害后代人满足其需求的能力。

问题6：文章提到了哪些环境保护措施？答案：文章提到了减少污染、保护生物多样性和推广可再生能源等措施。

二、完形填空（共20分）文章标题： A Journey of Self-Discovery文章摘要：本文讲述了作者在一次独自旅行中，如何通过面对困难和挑战，实现了自我发现和成长的故事。

问题7-12：根据上下文，选择最合适的词填入空白处。

三、语法填空（共20分）文章标题： The Power of Teamwork文章摘要：团队合作的力量是巨大的。

本文通过几个实际案例，展示了团队合作如何帮助人们克服困难，实现目标。

2009年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Did you hear that John has passed the Step One United States Medical Licensing Examination? W: Finally.Q: What does the woman imply?1．A．John failed the exam.B．John didn’t take the exam.C．John passed the exam, but scored low.D．It took John a long time to pass the exam.正确答案：D解析：女士的话Finally(终于通过了)说明John用了很长时间才通过这门考试。

听力原文：M: It’ s a one day trip. It must be pretty close. W: It’ s about four hours by train.M: Ha, OK. How else we can get there?W: Well, I think, by taxi, it’s only about two hours.M: I’ m up for that.Q: What does the man prefer to do?2．A．To travel by train.B．To go by Taxi.C．To go hiking.D．To rent a car.正确答案：B解析：男士听到乘出租只要两小时后说“I’m up for that”，意思是我愿意这样做，即乐意乘出租车。

up for sth．意思是愿意做某件事。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re ther e to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thi nker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ”According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritan s’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking oftenhad a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He arg ued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals tha t appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt anddiffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

二零零九年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案必须答在专用答题纸上，答在题签上无效。

Part IVocabulary (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked.A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. The manager gave her his ________ that her complaint would be investigated.A. consentB. assuranceC. conceptionD. insurance2. The lady in this strange tale very obviously suffers from a serious mental illness. Her plot against a completely innocent old man is a clear sign of .A. impulseB. insanityC. inspirationD. disposition3. The Prime Minister was followed by five or six _________ when he got off the plane.A. laymanB. servantsC. directorsD. attendants4. There is no doubt that the ______ of these goods to the others is easy to see.A. prestigeB. superiorityC. priorityD. publicity5. All the guests were invited to attend the wedding _________ and had a very good time.A. feastB. congratulationsC. festival 'D. recreation6. The price of the coal will vary according to how far it has to be transported and how expensive the freightare.A. paymentsB. chargesC. fundsD. prices7. There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the from fall to winter.A. transmissionB. transformationC. transitionD. transfer8. John had a rude answer _______ the tip of his tongue, but he remembered his manners just in time.A. toB. onC. forD. in9. I think we need to see an investment before we make an expensive mistake.A. guideB. entrepreneurC. consultantD. assessor10. The _____ on this apartment expires in a year’s time.A. treatyB. leaseC. engagementD. subside11. The elderly Russians find it to live on their state ____________ .A. pensionsB. earningsC. salariesD. donations12. There is supposed to be a safety which makes it impossible for trains to collide.A. applianceB.accessoryC. machineD. mechanism13 Inflation refers to an __________ rapid increase in prices.A. absurdlyB. abruptlyC. abnormallyD. abundantly14. Xie Jun not only _______ the intelligence and talent of the Chinese youth but also shows the course of the tenacious struggle of our younger generation.A. embodiesB. symbolizesC. conveysD. personifies15. He is an apprentice a carpenter.A. forB. toC. ofD. at16. Although the model looks good on the surface, it will not bear close .A. temperamentB. contaminationC. scrutinyD. symmetry17. He asks me to drink a few ________ of brandy.A. sipsB.hopsC.tubsD. tips18. The old building is in good state of except for the wooden floors.A. compensationB. preservationC. complexionD. conversion19. there’s a good reason for her absence, as she doesn’t usually stay away from work.A. IdeallyB. PrincipallyC. PresumablyD. Originally20. There’s a whole ________ of bills waiting to be paid.A. stockB. stackC. numberD. sequencePart IIReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four dunces marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.What lies behind American arrogance? An ideology that proclaims the country’s innocence, argues Ziauddin Sarda. America is an imperial power unlike any other in history. Its military, economic and technological pre-eminence unprecedented in its planetary reach. No corner of the globe is unaffected by the outpourings of its mass culture. Everything America does now has global consequences.Yet, unlike previous imperial powers, the U.S. does not have a physical empire. It rules by proxy while remaining sufficient onto self. It has vital national interests everywhere, but is untouched by eventualities anywhere. It is involved everywhere, but is ultimately unanswerable, unaccountable and unconcerned about the consequences to anyone except U.S. citizens. The political logic of American engagement is simple: the rest of the world is not worth one American body bag.Like black hole, the U.S. sucks in most of the energy of the planet. Americans consume more than half the world’s goods and services; they spend more than $ 17bn annually on pet food alone, $ 4bn more than is needed to provide basic health and nutrition for the world’s entire human population; and $ 8bn annually on cosmetics, $ 2bn more than is needed to provide basic education worldwide.All this is sustained by the ideology of Americana, a distillation from the general flow of ordinary American life, history experiences and ideas. As a global ideology, Americana is a successor to westernization. The purpose of westernization, the dominant theme of the second half of the 20th century, was to transform the world into the image of the west. But whereas westernization was like a bacterium that could be fought with the antibodies of tradition, Americana is like a virus that has no cure. It attacks the immune system not just of the U.S. itself, but all the rest of us.The ideology of Americana has three simple and completely simplistic tenets. The first is the notion that America is the world, so the world had better shape up and be more like America. This dumb certitude manifests itself in everything that America does. America’s approach to corporations, markets, drugs, patents and accounting, its notion of freedom, democracy and justice—all must become the world’s standard. Every American takes it as a self-evident truth that the American way of life is the best devised in the history of humanity; that America, in Abraham Lincoln’s phrase, is “the last, best hope of earth”.But there is another level on which America is the world. As the Statue of Liberty proclaims: “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free”. It is a nation created as a refuge for all the world, a nation made up of immigrants. What immigrants know is that wherever their parents or grandparents came from was nasty, brutish and tyrannical—that’s why they made their way to America. So the rest of the world is, by definition, flawed, unable to compare with America and fundamentally, not worth knowing. This belief is in no way dented by the histories of liberated slaves, conquered Mexicans and slaughtered Native American nations.21. The U. S. is different from previous imperial powers in that ______________ .A. the U. S. doesn’t get mixed up in other countries’ internal affairsB. the U. S. has more national interests in other countries than previous imperial powers didC. the U. S. isn’t a physical empire which previous imperial powers wereD. previous imperial powers did22. It can be inferred from the article that ______________ .A. American consumers help to promote the world marketB. the whole world should go to the U. S. for bettermentC. there will be no stopping to worldwide AmericanizationD. the U. S. has the best political system in the world23. The word “dent” (last paragraph) can best be replaced by .A. supportB. confirmC. removeD. affect24. Which of the following statements is true according to the article?A. Americana is much more superior to westernization.B. The world started to follow the example of the U. S. in the second half of the 20th century.C. American influence permeates every corner of the earth.D. The U. S. is the last place on earth where people won’t feel oppressed.25. According to the article, the U. S. can be described as a nation .A. that has defeated all the western countries combinedB. that believes it speaks for the worldC. that upholds equal opportunity for everybodyD. that is untouched by globalizationQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.The term food “recovery” refers to the collection, or recovery, of healthy food from farmers’ fields, retail stores, or foodservice establishments for distribution to the poor and hungry. Food recovery programs operate across the United States and target many different levels of the food marketing system. A few are large operations with offices in many states, but most are small local programs that depend largely on the efforts of volunteers from the surrounding community.Once surplus food has been “recovered” or prevented from going to waste, volunteers pick up and deliver the food to groups that serve the needy, either directly through neighborhood charitable organizations, such as food chambers and soup kitchens, or indirectly through food banks. In addition to providing additional quantities of food to hungry people, food recovery efforts can also provide food banks with the ability to offer clients more variety and nutrients in their diets by adding fiber-rich fresh fruits and vegetables and grain products to the typical offerings of indefectible canned and boxed goods.Food recovery also has benefits that extend beyond providing food to the needy. For example, the additional food supplied by recovery programs allows agencies that serve the disadvantaged to reallocate money to other needed services, money that they would have otherwise spent on food. These efforts also provide clean fields and tax savings for farmers who donate unharvested crops and reduce waste-removal fees for supermarkets and foodservice establishments.Food recovery, however, is not without cost. Recovery operations face a number of logistical and financial obstacles in the course of turning “lost” food into food suitable for consumption. At times, these obstacles are quite powerful. They include locating food donors and making them aware of organizations that channel donated food to the needy; obtaining financial resources for transporting, storing, and packaging donated foods; securing labor, whether paid or volunteer; and training those workers in safe food handling and preparation methods.26. Food recovery programs mainly aim at ________________ .A. collecting money from donors to deal with the food waste problemB. collecting money from donors to provide food to the needyC. collecting money and healthy food to provide food to the needyD. collecting money and healthy food for charitable organizations27. Which of the following can directly distribute recovery food to the poor and hungry?A. Food recovery programs.B. Neighborhood charitable organizations.C. Food banks.D. Food recovery volunteers.28. In addition to providing food to the needy, food recovery programs also _____________ .A. distribute money directly to the needyB. help farmers improve their productivityC. are involved in other charitable servicesD. help some agencies reduce food waste29. Which of the following is NOT the cost of food recovery mentioned in the passage?A. Publication for food recovery courses.B. Collecting money for recovery courses.C. Enrolling volunteers for recovery courses.D. Encountering some obstacles from the government.30. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Food recovery programs are mainly involved in charitable services.B. Food recovery programs are involved in promoting nutritional balance.C. All staff of Food recovery programs are volunteers without pay.D. Many supermarkets and farmers are involved in Food recovery programs.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The apparent purpose of allowing the government to invest the trust fund is to take advantage of the higher returns from private capital markets. There is strong evidence, though, that the government’s investment policy substantially could undercut the returns it otherwise might expect receive. High capital market returns in the U. S. are derived from the high productivity of capital the efficiency of the markets. Investment of the Social Security trust fund in private capital markets will hurt both of these sources of American economic performance; capital will be less productive markets will be less efficient.A 1994 study by the World Bank of government-managed pension fund investments around the world foundthat they generally earned lower annual returns than privately managed pension investments. It showed that governments generally pursued one of two policies for their investment, both fundamentally flawed.One was to invest heavily in government securities, which earn much lower returns than, for example, stocks. There are two reasons for this policy. First, there is a cautionary search for safe investments because governments fear the political reaction if a more aggressive investment policy was to lead to adverse results. Second, buying up government debt allows the government to defer the consequences of its own overspending. Indeed, there is evidence that the power to shift government debt into pension funds actually may induce them to spend and borrow more. Borrowing from the pension fund is less transparent than doing so from the open capital market. In many cases, such borrowing is not even reported as public debt, and the interest rate may be lower.This already is occurring with the Social Security trust fund. The current surplus is used to purchase Federal Treasury obligations that are credited to the Social Security trust fund. The government then utilizes the money it has borrowed from the trust fund to meet current operating expenses.The other investment policy pursued by government-controlled pension funds is to invest ingovernment-supported projects, such as state-owned enterprises or public housing. Again, the result often is extremely low rates of return. In fact, such investments frequently lose money. Moreover, government investment leads to greater government involvement in the economy that could, in turn, lead to policies that slow economic growth and reduce the return on capital for all investors, including the government itself.31 According to the author, government investment of the Social Security trust fund .A. will result in higher returns from private capital marketsB. can have a negative effect on the efficiency of the marketsC. will give an impetus to economic developmentD. can promote productivity of capital32. A 1994 study by the World Bank of government-managed pension fund investments .A. met the expectation of the higher annual returnsB. excluded the possibility of a more aggressive investmentC. felled short of the government’s anticipationD.failed to reflect the true state of economy33. From the last paragraph, we know that .A. investments in government-supported projects often earn high annual returnsB. greater government involvement in the economy could impede economic growthC. business investments in public housing frequently lose moneyD. the investment policy pursued by government-controlled pension funds is fundamentally profitable34. What tone did the author adopt in this passage?A. Satire.B. Exposure.C. Attack.D. Criticism.35. What does the author mean by “...which earn much lower returns than, for example, stocks”? (Line1, Paragraph3)A. One would earn more money if he had invested in government securities.B. One would earn more money if he had invested in stocks.C. Government securities will yield less profit than stocks.D. Government securities will be levied less tax than stocks.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.The intellectual commerce that has propelled the explosive growth of international science and technology over the past 50 years is threatened. More than at any time, our government increasingly has sought to bar the entry of scientists from nations at odds with our foreign policy interests and to prevent the travel of US scientists to many of these same nations. This effort to selectively abridge scientific exchange threatens the vigor of t he world’s science enterprise.There is perhaps no better rationale for freedom in the conduct of science than that provided by the statutes of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU):“ICUS as an international nongovernmental body, shall observe and actively uphold the principle of the universality of science. This principle entails freedom of association, expression, information, communication and movement in connection with international scientific activities.”Throughout the darkest days of the Cold War, this statute was accepted by our government and used by the National Academy of Sciences to promote contacts between Soviet and Western scientists. Without such interactions, it was recognized that neither side would be able to fulfill its need to reduce tensions, build confidence, and develop workable schemes for arms control and weapons reductions.Because of Indian and Pakistani ambitions to be nuclear powers, South Asian physicists and other scientistshave recently been prevented from attending international scientific conferences in the United States. Within 6 weeks of the first Indian nuclear tests, a leading figure in India’s nuclear program was unable to attend a US meeting of the executive committee of the International Union.The variegated richness of science is a product of its diversity. In the wake of World War II, the world’s scientific talent flocked to US and UK research universities and laboratories, thereby vastly enriching science. The efforts of government officials to slow this engine of exchange under the disguise of preventing weapons technology transfers threaten debilitating consequences for science here and abroad.36. The word “commerce” (Line 1, Para. 1) is closest meaning to .A. the buying and selling of goods and servicesB. relationships and communications between world-wide scientistsC. International Council of Scientific UnionsD. National Academy of Science37. The third paragraph ____________ .A. is intended to condemn the Cold War.B. is meant to prove that there is perhaps no better rational for freedom in the conduct of science than that provided by the statutes of ICSU.C. proves that arms control and weapons reductions contribute a lot to world peace.D. is a summary of the first two paragraphs.38. The author thinks _____________ .A. ICSU does more harm than good for world peopleB. India and Pakistan deserve the punishmentC. the inability for the leading figure to attend the US meeting is beneficial for the prevention of nuclear weapons technology transfersD. the statutes of the ICSU should be abided by39. The best title for this text might be ___________ .A. The Universality of ScienceB. ICSUC. Nuclear Arms Competition—The End of the WorldD. The Intellectual Commerce40. The text is primarily intended to ________________ .A. explain the ICSU statutesB. advocate the idea that science is trans-boundaryC. criticize the U. S. government for its impediment to scientific interactionsD. denounce India and Pakistan for their ambition to be nuclear powersPart IIICloze (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.According to the author, the fundamental cause of poverty in affluent America is the overall unequal distribution of 41 (property and other capital) and 42 (wages, salaries，and other earnings). Like all 43 the most simple societies, the United States is characterized by social 44—that is, it is divided into social classes that have varying 45 of access to the rewards the society 46 . It was 47 in 1974 that if the wealth in the United States were 48 distributed, every adult would have a 49 worth of around $ 25,000. But the actual distribution of wealth is 50 unequal. The richest fifth of American individuals and families51 more than three 52 of the wealth in the United States, whereas the 53 fifth owns only 0.2 percent of the wealth. The richest 1 percent of individuals and families owns more than half of the dividend income 54 stocks.The distribution of income in the United States follows a similar 55 . The richest fifth of American families receives over 40 percent of the 56 income, 57 the poorest fifth receives only 5.21 percent. About 3,000 families receive an annual income of 58 $ 1 million, most of it from 59 .The highest executives of major corporations enjoy 60 salaries.41. A. treasure B. money C. wealth D. earnings42. A. income B. riches C. pay D. stipend43. A. and B. but C. as well D. as well as44. A. stratum B. specification C. stratification D. grades45. A. status B. conditions C. grades D. degrees46. A. offers B. provides C. Supplies D. needs47. A. reported B. estimated C. stated D. shown48. A. uniformly B. steadily C. evenly D. constantly49. A. pure B. practical C. gross D. Net50. A. highly B . high C. extreme D. additionally51. A. own B. owns C. have D. has52. A. halves B.seconds C. quarters D. thirds53. A. less B. not less C. low D. lowest54. A. from B. of C. with D. due to55. A. style B. pattern C. design D. model56. A. individual B. net C. national D. gross57. A. whereas B. as C. furthermore D. moreover58. A. more B. less C. under D. over59. A. stocks B. investments C. shares D. risks60. A. fluctuating B. staggering C. yearly D.changingPart IV TranslationSection ARead the following passage and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese (10 Points)(61) To meet world-wide challenges, Japan will be bound to shift more of its manufacturing to nations that have low-cost and high-quality workforces. There is no question that this will reduce its manufacturing share in gross domestic product and ship more jobs out of the country. About one million positions will be eliminated by the end of the century as a result of its direct foreign production.(62) Japan’s economic health also will be threat ened by a chronic labor crunch that continues to constrain its ability to cut costs of doing business. There are more than 1,00,000 jobs unfilled in building trades and three vacancies for every applicant in the job market as a whole. As companies scramble to fill positions, labor costs rise. To cap expenses, manufactures are investing billions in labor-saving technology and greater automation. Ironically, the labor crunch is showing in industries already stuffed with robots and computers. Even worse for Japanese manufactures, they already are competing fiercely with financial institutions to hire top engineers. However, electrical and computer-software engineers prefer fatter salaries and the go image of banking and finance to man-factoring jobs. Today, one-third of Tokyo science and technology graduates sign up with manufacturing companies, compared with half in 1986. As a result, the manufacturing sector is failing to attract and keep the best technical professionals, this, in turn, will slow productivity gain inman-factoring. On the other hand, unit-labor cost has started to rise, after falling 4.5% in 1987 and six percent in 1988.(63) The decline in productivity, coupled with a sharp increase in labor expenses, is forcing Japanese firms to raise prices considerably . This will start to fan inflation fears, thereby handcuffing Japan’s ability to compete effectively with low-cost producers of Asian NICs. (64) Also, Japan is not willing to admit foreign workers as easily and freely as the US does, fearing that more unskilled foreign workers will leave Japan with a permanent alien underclass and endanger its future competitiveness.(65) Japan’s cherished racial homogeneity and stand against multi-racism will not ease, even if its economy starts to cool in the years ahead. While the growth of labor-intensive services will continue to increase labor demand, the number of younger workers will decline after 1995. This means Japan will not be able to sustain its high productivity and, at the same time, follow through on its desired policy of cutting work hours to increase leisure time.Section BTranslate the following Chinese sentences into English (10 points)66.你完全可以按照自己的意愿来包装公司，但不可否认的事实是许多公司需要苦心经营以求赢利。

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be road only once. After you hear the question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the fight answer.Sample AnswerA B DNow let's begin with question Number 1.1. A. John failed the exam. B. John didn't take the exam.C. John passed the exam, but scored low.D. It took John a long time to pass the exam2. A. To travel by train. B. To go by Taxi. C. To go hiking. D. To rent a car.3. A. 1-231-555-1212. B. 1-213-555-2112. C. 1-213-555-1212. D. 1-231-555-2112.4. A. Morning sickness. B. A frequent headache.C. A pain in her right leg.D. A boring hospitalization.5. A. Doctor and patient. B. BOSS and secretary.C. Agent and customer.D. Driver and passenger.6. A. To buy another pair of shoes. B. To help his brother right away.C. To turn to his brother for help.D. To seek advice from the woman.7. A. He is offering a piece of advice. B. He is examining a patient.C. He is attending his daughter.D. He is taking a patient's history.8. A. To ask the man to call her back. B. To go to the botanic garden.C. To do some gardening.D. To play tennis.9. A. Louise is not a new comer. B. Louise loves being a nurse.C. Louise did a lot of work for the man,D. Louise has been waiting for a long time10. A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Seven.11. A. She has thrown out of the car. B. She was knocked down by the car,C. She hit her head on the steering wheel.D. She got the steering wheel in her chest12. A. She overacted to the man. B. She cried over her failure.C. She made a success of her diet.D. She was jealous of the man.13. A. He hates those who fool around. B. He will never try the stuff.C. He will shoot any drug dealer.D. He regrets having tried the stuff.14. A. The opposite to the man's expectation. B. A quicker recovery than expected.C. A pair of mismatching boots.D. Her healthy pregnancy.15. A. He will do as requested. B. He will not join the team.C. The woman is crazy about him.D. The woman has trouble standing.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one dialogue and two passages. After each one, you hear five questions. After each question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A. For the purpose of diagnosis confirmation. B. For the possibility of legal trouble.C. For the doctor's investigation.D. For the patient's future use.17. A. He has got cancer in his pancreas. B. He falls with a stomach problem.C. He suffers from fatigue.D. He has a loss of weight.18. A. See a dietician. B. Have an operation.C. Start chemotherapy.D. Take medication for pain relief.19. A. A couple of years. B. More than 5 years.C. A couple of months.D. Approximately 5 years.20. A. Suspicious. B. Anxious.C. Hesitant.D. Factual.Passage One21. A. Life evolution. B. Space exploration,C. Extraterrestrial life.D. Unknown flying objects.22. A. His 50th birthday.B. NASA's 50th anniversary.C. The University's 50th anniversary.D. The US Cosmology Association's 50th Anniversary.23. A. Even primitive life is impossible. B. Intelligent life is fairly common.C. Intelligent life is less likely.D. Any form of life is possible.24. A. Nuclear weapons. B. Alien kidnapping.C. Human extinction.D. Dangerous infection.25. A. Ironic. B. Negative. C. Indifferent. D. Supportive.Passage Two26. A. Obese people need more food. B. Obese people require more fuel.C. Obesity contributes to global warming.D. Obesity is growing as a global phenomenon.27. A. Limited living space,B. Crowded shopping malls.C. Food shortage and higher energy prices.D. Incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.28. A. Over 700 millions. B. Over 400 millions. C. Over 2. 3 billions. D. Over 3 billions.29. A. 1800 calories. B. 1280 calories. C. 1680 calories. D. 2960 calories.30. A. Climate change. B. The fall of food prices.C. A rise in energy prices.D. An increasing demand for food.Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (30 % )Section A1. D 女士的话“Finally(终于通过了)”说明John用了很长时间才通过这门考试。

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. John failed the exam.B. John didn‘t take the exam.C. John passed the exam, but scored low.D. It took John a long time to pass the exam.2. A. To travel by train. B. To go by Taxi.C. To go hiking.D. To rent a car.3. A. 1-231-555-1212. B. 1-213-555-2112.C. 1-213-555-1212.D. 1-231-555-2112.4. A. Morning sickness. B. A frequent headache.C. A pain in her right leg.D. A boring hospitalization.5. A. Doctor and patient. B. Boss and secretary.C. Agent and customers.D. Driver and passenger.6. A. To buy another pair of shoes. B. To help his brother right away.C. To turn to his brother for help.D. To seek advice from the woman.7. A. He is offering a piece of advice. B. He is examining a patient.C. He is attending his daughter.D. He is taking a patient‘s history.8. A. To ask the man to call her back. B. To go to the botanic garden.C. To do some gardening.D. To play tennis.9. A. Louise is not a new comer.B. Louise loves being a nurse.C. Louise did a lot of work for the man.D. Louise has been waiting for a long time.10. A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Seven.11. A. She was thrown out of the car.B. She was knocked down by a car.C. She hit her head on the steering wheel.D. She got the steering wheel in her chest.12. A. She overacted to the man. B. She cried over her failure.C. She made a success of diet.D. She was jealous of the man.13. A. He hates those who fool around. B. He will never try the stuff.C. He will shoot any drug dealer.D. he regrets tried the stuff.14. A. The opposite to the man‘s expectation.B. A quicker recovery than expected.C. A pair of mismatching boots.D. her healthy pregnancy.15. A. He will do as requested. B. He will not join the team.C. The woman is crazy about him.D. The woman has trouble standing. Section BDialogue16. A. for the purpose of diagnosis confirmation.B. For the possibility of legal trouble.C. For the doctor‘s investigation.D. For the patient‘s further use..17. A. He has got cancer in his pancreas. B. He falls with a stomach problem.C. he suffers from fatigue.D. He has a loss of weight.18. A. See a dietician B. Have an operation.C. Start chemotherapy.D. Take medications for pain relief.19. A. A couple of years. B. more than five years.C. A couple of months.D. Approximately 5 years.20. A. Suspicious. B. Anxious C. Hesitant. D. Factual. Passage One21. A. Life evolution. B. Space exploration.C. Extraterrestrial life.D. Unknown flying objects.22. A. His 50th birthday.B. NASA‘s 50th anniversary.C. The university‘s 50th anniversary.D. The US Cosmology Association‘s 50th anniversary.23. A. Even primitive life is impossible. B. Intelligent life is fairly common.C. Intelligent life is less likely.D. Any form of life is possible.24. A. Nuclear weapons. B. Alien kidnapping.C. human extinction.D. Dangerous infection.25. A. Ironic. B. Negative C. Indifferent D. Supportive. Passage Two26. A. Obese people need more food.B. Obese people require more fuel.C. Obesity contributes to global warming.D. Obesity is growing as a global phenomenon.27. A. Limited living space.B. Crowded shopping mall.C. Food shortage and higher energy prices.D. Incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.28. A. Over 700 millions. B. Over 400 millions.C. Over 2.3 billions.D. Over 3 billions.29. A. 1800 calories. B. 1280 calories.C. 1680 calories.D. 2960 calories.30. A. Climate change. B. The fall of food prices.C. A rise in energy prices.D. An increasing demand for food.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. The ______ conditions and places are likely to cause diseases.A. insanitaryB. insidiousC. insaneD. inefficacious32. The witness was ________ by the judge for failing to answer the question.A. abstainedB. acquittedC. admonishedD. adduced33. He has _________ two cars this year because of traffic accidents.A. pulled offB. worn outC. passed outD. written off34. People are much better informed since the _________ of the internet.A. convenienceB. adventC. interfaceD. aftermath35. All instruments that come into contact with the patient must be ________ before being used by others.A. sterilizedB. labeledC. quarantinedD. retained36. By adopting this cunning policy, the clinic risks _______ many of its patients.A. acquittingB. allocatingC. alleviatingD. alienating37. Humor can also be a powerful ________ against stress and misfortune.A. braveryB. blossomC. bufferD. buffet38. Diabetes upsets the _________ of sugar, fat and protein.A. metastasisB. metabolismC. malaiseD. maintenance39. The muscular ___________ can affect the way we feel mentally.A. potencyB. fiberC. lethargyD. synthesis40. Evidence is widespread that HIV-infected persons show to ______ their unsafe behavior.A. respond toB. reflect onC. wipe outD. put off Section B41. Memory can both be enhanced and impaired by the use of drugs.A. inhibitedB. injuredC. inducedD. intervened42. Is it true that this is the major drawback of the new medical plan.A. defectB. assistanceC. culpritD. triumph43. The physician was becoming exasperated by all the questions they were asking.A. frustratedB. perplexedC. irritatedD. crippled44. We were shocked at the physician‘s callous disregard for the human dimension of medicine.A. involuntaryB. apparentC. deliberateD. indifferent45. For years, biologists have known that chimpanzees and even some monkeys produce a panting Sound akin to human laughter.A. rockingB. gaspingC. vibratingD. resonating46. Everybody at the party was in a very relaxed and jolly mood.A. rejoicingB. reconcilingC. refreshingD. resenting47. The bacterial infection is curable with judicious use of antibiotics.A. impudentB. imprudentC. purulentD. prudent48. He tried to run, but he was hampered by his broken leg.A. endangeredB. enduredC. encounteredD. encumbered49. The whole holiday was a colossal waste of money.A. consecutiveB. conductiveC. considerateD. considerable50. The idea of correcting the defective genes is not particularly controversial in the scientific community.A. inevitableB. applicableC. disputableD. incrediblePart III Cloze (10%)Every day, over a million people log onto different Internet-based games. There is truly something for everyone in the gaming world. Games provide a quick escape from ___51___. Game developers are the new breed of storytellers, creating alternative ___52___. Games represent the ultimate interactive movie, allowing the user to control the direction of the plot.And now the newest technologies allow you to play games no matter where you are. At home, we have PC or video game consoles. ___53__, a desktop or laptop computer can be loaded with OS-bundled games or Web-based freebies. Even while traveling, there are many wireless computers, portable game devices, wireless phones and PDAs ___54___.Games are now pushing back all the ___55___ once placed upon them by technology, category, realism, location and time. These advances are helping to push games into the ___56___ of visual reality. Thus, the stuff of science fiction novels is gradually emerging, the graphic aspects of the game quickly ___57___. Initially, electronic involved ___58___ moving blocks across a TV or computer screen. ___59___ the vast increases in processing power, games are quickly approaching three-dimensional realism. This power allows a developer to create a ___60___ world where a gamer can look around in full 360-degree vision.51. A. society B. reality C. dream D. illusion52. A. approaches B. characters C. worlds D. mazes53. A. In general B. At present C. In reality D. At work54. A. to choose from B. to choose C. choosing from D. chosen55. A. defects B. drawbacks C. limitations D. disadvantages56. A. room B. realm C. range D. boundary57. A. evolve B. evolving C. evolved D. evolve58. A. simply B. readily C. exceptionally D. simultaneously59. A. Aiding by B. To aid by C. Aided by D. To be aided by60. A. human B. original C. realistic D. microscopicPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage OneToo much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that the moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers.Researchers at the National Institute for the Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately --- defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day --- had an IQs that was 3.3 points higher than men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2.5 points higher than female teetotalers.The type of alcohol didn‘t influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake.The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent.―It‘s very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship,‖says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. ―we screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake.‖Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is notsomething Japanese normally consume or buy. Shimkata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain.If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimkata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries.The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.61.The Japanese study was carried out on .A. the development of IQB. the secrete of longevityC. the brain food in a glassD. the amount of healthy drinking62. The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ inA. female teetotalers than in male onesB. female drinkers than in male onesC. moderate drinkersD. Teetotalers63.When he says that it is very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that_________.A. the study failed to involve such variables as income and educationB. he is doubtful of the findings of the investigationC. there are some other contributing factorsD. the results were just misleading64.From Shimokata‘s mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancingA. sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheeseB. they promote the drinking effect of sake or wineC. they are not as effective as sake and wineD. sake or wine is not alone65.Based on the study, Shimokata would say thatA. intelligence improves with ageB. IQ can be enhanced in one way or anotherC. polyphenols in alcohol may boost the brainD. alcoholic drinks will make you more intelligentPassage TwoWomen do not avoid fighting because they are dainty or scared, but because they have a greater stake than men in staying alive to rear their offspring. Women compete with each other just as tenaciously as men, but with a stealth and subtlety that reduces their chances of being killed or injured, says Anne Campbell of the department of psychology at the university of Durham.Across almost all cultures and nationalities, men have a much smaller role than women in rearing children. ―Males go for quantity of children rather than quality of care for offspring, which means that the parental investment of women is much greater,‖ says Campbell. And unlike men, who can‘t be sure that their children have not been fathered on the sly by other men, women can always be certain that half an offspring‘s genes are theirs.Women have therefore evolved a stronger impulse than men to see their children grow up intoadults. Men‘s psychological approach is geared to fathering as many children as possible.To make this strategy work and to attract partners, men need to establish and advertise their dominance over rival males. Throughout evolution this has translated into displays of male aggression, ranging in scale from playground fights to world wars.Men can afford to take more risks because as parents they are more expendable. Women, meanwhile, can only ensure reproductive success by overseeing the development of their children, which means avoiding death.― The scale of parental investment drives everything,‖ says Campbell. ― It‘s not that women are too scared to fight,‖ she says. ―It‘s more to do with the positive value of staying alive, and women have an awfully big stake not just in offspring themselves but in offspring they might have in the future,‘ she says.This means that if women do need to compete—perhaps for a partner—they choose low-risk rules of engagement. They use indirect tactics, such as discrediting rivals by spreading malicious rumours. And unlike men who glory in feats of dominance, women do better by concealing their actions and their ―victories‖.But there is no doubt says Campbell, that the universal domination of culture by males has exaggerated these differences in attitudes to physical aggression. ―The story we‘ve always been told is that females are not aggressive,‖ says Campbell. And when they are aggressive, women are told that their behaviour is ―odd or abnormal‖.66. For the sake of their children, according to Campbell, women _______________A. are reluctant to start warsB. cannot avoid being dainty or scaredC. would rather get killed or injured in fightingD. do not fight with men under any circumstances67. It can be learned from the passage that men and women__________________A. present different family values in the worldB. show definite differences in parenting skillsC. are genetically conditioned in educating their childrenD. take different psychological approaches to their children68. Which of the following would men most probably be concerned about according to the passage?A. LifeB. ParentingC. DominanceD. Reproduction69. To avoid death, women _________.A. cannot afford to confront risksB. choose to fight in a violent wayC. try to seek protection from the menD. would resort to the ― odd or abnormal‖ tactics70. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Why men and women possess different parenting skillsB. Why men are more aggressive than womenC. Why women evolve in their own wayD.Why women do not start fightsPassage ThreeThe first line reads: ―She sits on the bed with a helpless expression. What is your name?Auguste. Last name? Auguste. What is your husband‘s name? Auguste, I think.‖ The 32 pages of medical records that follow are the oldest medical description of Alzheimer‘s disease. Psychiatrist Konrad Maurer and his colleagues at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt found the file in their hospital‘s archive, where it had been missing for nearly 90 years, and published excerpts from it last May in the Lancet. The notes, in a cramped, archaic German script, were written by Alois Alzheimer – the physician who first described the disease.His patient, Auguste D, was a 51-year-old woman who had suffered fits of paranoid jealousy and memory lapses so disturbing that her family brought her to a local hospital known as the Castle of the Insane. Over the next four years Alzheimer tracked her condition. Upon her death he examined her brain issue and found the distinctive lesions that are now hallmarks of the disease.Today Alzheimer‘s afflicts some 4 million Americans. Although it still cannot be cured, or even treated very well, several recent studies hint that some treatments – from estrogen to Vitamin E to anti-inflammatory drugs –can reduce either the risk of developing the disorder or its symptoms. And more is being learned about its distinctive pathology. This past year, for instance, researchers discovered a new kind of lesion in Alzheimer‘s patients. A genetic study also pinpointed a mutation that is present in some 60 percent of them –a mutation in the DNA of mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of the cells.But nearly a century ago, it was Alois Alzheimer who first described the disease and in so doing became one of the physicians to offer a biological basis for a psychiatric condition. Finding the file, Maurer says, ―is like holding history in your hands.‖71. Obviously, the discovery of the missing file of Auguste D __________________.A. adds credit to Alois AlzheimerB. sheds doubt on the first description of Alzheimer‘sC. presents a big challenge to the present medical communityD. has a great impact on the development of a cure for Alzheimer‘s72. The anatomical characteristics of Alzheimer‘s _________________________.A. can be found in the missing fileB. could have been confirmed decades agoC. are wrongly described in the missing fileD. even puzzled the medical community today73. The findings of the research on Alzheimer‘s _________________________.A. sound encouragingB. took more time than expectedC. were ascribed to the missing fileD. will bring about a cure in no time74. When he says that finding the file is like holding history in your hands. , Maurer means___________________.A. his assurance of the historical findingB. his further studies on Alzheimer‘sC. the beauty of the medical historyD. the importance of imagination75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. The Physician Who First Described Alzheimer‘sB. The Resent Studies on Alzheimer‘sC. The missing File Of Auguste DD. The history of PsychiatricsPassage FourDry-cleaning machines that use liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent will go on sale in the US next year – thanks to chemists in North Carolina who have developed CO2-solluble detergents. Dry-cleaner will lose their characteristic smell, and the new process will cut the amount of toxic waste in cleaning clothes.Joseph DeSimone, a chemist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, says liquid CO2 is an ideal solvent because after cleaning, the CO2 can be evaporated off, collected, liquefied and reused.The problem in developing the process, says DeSimone, has been that CO2 by itself is not a good solvent. However, he points out that not too much dissolves in water without the help of detergents, yet water is the most common solvent. What CO2 needed, the thought, was the right detergent.Detergent molecules such as those in washing-up liquid have two chemically distinct ends: one has a liking for water, the other sticks to dirt. Normal detergents do not dissolve in liquidCO2, so DeSimone created three CO2-soluble detergents. One end of the detergents has a fluorocarbon group, which makes them soluble in CO2. The other end is soluble in water, oil or silicone, depending on the type of dirt being removed. The person doing the dry-cleaning has to decide which of the detergents is best suited for the job.DeSimone‘s company, Micell, will start selling liquid CO2 dry-cleaning machines next year. They operate at room temperature at a pressure ―about ten times the pressure of a bicycle tyre,‖according to a spokesman for Micell.Most dry-cleaners currently use chlorinated hydrocarbons such as perchloroethylene. But the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) is clamping down on the toxic waste emissions this produces. After cleaning with the new machines, the liquid CO2 is evaporated and collected for reuse, leaving a residue of detergent and dirt.Brad Lienhart, president of Micell, says that cutting waste and pollution is the company‘s strongest selling point. ―Dry-cleaner owners are saying ‗get this burden off my back‘,‖ he says. He hopes to sell a hundred machines in the first year of business. About 15000 conventional dry-cleaning machines are sold around the world every year. Buster Bell, who owns Bell Laundry and Dry Cleaning in South Carolina, says the Micell technology looks competitive, and he likes the reduced environmental impact. ―You really don‘t know what is coming from the EPA,‖he says.76. The passage begins with ___________________.A. a commercial advertisementB. a horrible warningC. a sale promotionD. good news77. What is the liquid CO2 for?A. Better cleaning clothes.B. Help recycle dry cleaners.C. Dissolve the toxic waste from dry cleaningD. Reduce the toxic emission from dry cleaning78. The right detergent for CO2__________________.A. makes dry cleaning easyB. must be chemically solubleC. is chemically of two purposesD. means a right person for dry-cleaning79. When they are saying ―get this burden off my back,‖the dry-cleaner owners refer to __________________.A. the competition in the business of dry cleaningB. the pressure from EPAC. their potential profitD. their selling point80. What is the strongest selling point of the MiCell technology according to Lienhart?A. It will promote dry-cleaning business.B. It is environment-friendlyC. It costs less in the market.D. All of the abovePassage FiveThe alarm on our household computer terminal rings and wakes me up. My husband simply stirs and goes back to sleep. I transfer today‘s information onto the personal data card I carry with me everywhere and scan today‘s readings. Values are given as to the number of litres of water I can use ,the amount of coal-generated electricity I have been allocated and how many ―envirocredits‖ I have earned.I am free to use the water and electricity as I choose, however I notice that the ration of electricity is decreasing every day. Of course, this will not be a problem when we have earned enough envirocredits to buy another solar panel. Envirocredits are earned by buying goods with limited or no packaging, minimizing the amount of garbage thrown out and by financially supporting ―envirotechnology‘. Before cars were phased out due to unpopularity, credits could be gained by using public transport.I notice an extra passage added to the readings. At last I have been given permission to havea child. Almost instantaneously a package arrives with a label on it: ―anti-sterilization Unit‘. Inside there are instructions and a small device that looks like a cross between a pistol and s syringe. Eagerly I follow the instructions. The procedure is painless and I don‘t know if I am imagining it but I seem to feel the effects at once.Shaking my husband awake, I tell him the good news. I want to get started baby-making right now. ―You‘ve been on the waiting list for 37 years,‖ he says. ―Can‘t you just wait until I‘ve woken up properly?‖I decide that I probably don‘t have much choice and wander downstairs. I am feeling very privileged to have the opportunity to create a new life. It is saddening, however, when I realize that, because of strict population controls, this new life will be replacing an old one.I decide to ring my mother and tell her the good news. When she answers the phone she is crying. She has received word that my grandmother has failed her last health check and will be euthanized next week.For some reason, I don‘t feel like creating that new life anymore.81. Based on today‘s data, the wife will ________________.A. use up all the envirocredits she earnedB. make arrangements with her husband for the dayC. be allowed to use a certain amount of water and electricityD. do as required to generate enough water and electricity for the day82. According to the passage, envirocredits go to those who ______________--.A. recycle their garbage at homeB. limit themselves to solar energyC. push envirotechnology forwardD. do some environment-friendly83. the effects the wife is feeling at once following the instructions refer to _____________.A. the desire to make a babyB. the permission to make a babyC. the device to help her make a babyD. the consequences of making a baby84. The good news for the wife turned into bad news because _____________.A. she has to wait for another 37 yearsB. to create a new life is to replace an old oneC. population is strictly controlled in the countryD. today she is not healthy enough to make a baby85. What is the passage?A. It is a scenarioB. It is a true storyC. It is a piece of newsD. It‘s a scientific reportPassage SixJust because you‘re better educated doesn‘t mean that you‘re any more rational than everyone else, not matter how hard you may try to give that impression.Take the selection of lottery numbers. A survey in Florida described at this year‘s annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science shows that better educated people try to use random number system to pick their lottery numbers.Despite the apparent logic of choosing random numbers, however, their chances of winning are not better than those of ordinary folk who use birthdays, anniversaries and other ―lucky‖ dates. Nor are they better off than those who draw on omens and intuitions, picking numbers seen on car number-plates and in dreams. But no doubt they feel a lot more rational.That appearance of ―rationality‖ may be a dangerous thing. Scientists are not immune to subtle and subjective influences on their judgments. Take the data from a survey of the public and members of the British Society of Toxicology discussed at the same meeting.The survey shows that most people agree with the view that animals can be used to help predict how humans will react to chemicals, and that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal we can be ―reasonably sure‖it will cause cancer in humans. The toxicologists, however, are more circumspect. They accept the first statement but are less likely to agree that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal, it will cause cancer in a human.Can this difference be attributed to their expertise? Perhaps. But consider the considerable variation among toxicologists: those who were young, female, working in academia rather than industry or who felt that technology is not always used for the good of all, were more likely to agree that what causes cancer in an animal will cause cancer in a human.Maybe we need to think more about how who we are affects our ―rational‘ decisions.86. According to the Florida-based survey, those who are better educated feel a lot more rational about the way they ______________________.A. look at the worldB. use logic in doing scienceC. choose their lottery numbersD. use numbers professionally and personally87. Actually, the selection of random numbers _______________________.A. does not work any better than the use of omens and intuitionsB. stands more chance of winning a lottery in the United StatesC. is wrongly appreciated by rational peopleD. is widely practiced in lottery88. What are the survey data suggesting in the passage?A. We are leave in the age of rationality.B. Nobody can be trusted in terms of truth.C. Humans and animals do not react to chemicals in the same way.D. The sense of rationality cannot avoid being subjectively influenced89. What the author is trying to say in the passage ____________________.A. can be further illustrated by the opinion among toxicologistsB. is acceptable to those young and female toxicologistsC. is rational enough to accept in the world of scienceD. has much to do with his own experience90. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. A Very Comforting IllusionB. A Rational Approach to LotteryC. A Survey on Education and RationalityD. A Difference between Scientists and OthersPaper TwoPart V Writing(20%)水果是否可吃可不吃水果含有人体必需而又不能自身合成的矿物质，具有强抗氧化作用、防止细胞衰老的维生素以及可以明显降低血液中胆固醇浓度的可溶性纤维——果胶等，对人体健康十分有益。

2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（四川卷）英语第I卷（选择题，共100分）第一部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分50分）第一节语法和词汇知识（共20小题，每小题1分，满分20分）从A、B、C、D四处选项中，选出可以填入空白的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

1.—May I open the window to let in some fresh air?—A. Come on!B. Take care!C. Go ahead!D. Hold on!2. He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion.A. to haveB. havingC. haveD. had3. I like this house with a beautiful garden in front. but I don’t have enough money to buy .A. oneB. itC. thisD. that4. Ladies and gentlemen. please remain until the plane has come to a complete stop.A. seatedB. seatingC. to seatD. seat5.—Have you ?—No. I had the wrong number.A. got itB. got awayC. got offD. got through6. A great person is always putting others’ interests his own.A. belowB. aboveC. inD. on7. New came from the school office Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. where8.—How about your journey to Mount Emei?—Everything was wonderful except that our car twice on the way.A. Yes, please.B. No, please don’t.C. With please.D. My pleasure.9.—Would you please help me with the box?—__________A. Yes, please.B. No, please don’t.C. With pleasure.D. My pleasure.10.____________many times, he finally understood it.A. ToldB. TellingC. Having toldD. Having been told11.—I wonder ___________you’ll water this kind of flower.—Every other day.A. how oftenB. how longC. how soonD. how much12. Owen wouldn’t eat anything ________he cooked it himself.A. untilB. sinceC. unlessD. while13.—I don’t care what people think.—Well, youA. couldB. wouldC. shouldD. might14.In order to find better job, he decided to study second foreign language.A. the；aB. a; aC. the; theD. a; the15.—why don’t we choose that road to save time?—The bridge to itA. has repairedB. is repairedC. is being repairedD. will be repaired16. Not until I came home last night to bed.A. Mum did goB. did Mum goC. went MumD. Mum went17. The teacher together with the students ___________ discussing Reading Skills that _______newly published in America.A. are; wereB. is; wereC. are; wasD. is; was18. —You speak very good French!—Thanks. I ______ French in Sichuan University for four years.A.studiedB. studyC. was studyingD. had studied19. My uncle’s house in the downtown area is much smaller than ours, but it is twice _______expensive.A. asB. soC. tooD. very20. She’ll never forget her stay there ___ she found her son who had gone missing twoyears before.A. thatB. whichC. whereD. when第二节完形填空（共20小题; 第小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

10. [A] upward
[B] forward
[C] afterward [D] backward
11. [A] features
[B] influences [C] results
[D] costs
12. [A] outside
[B] on
[C] by
[D] across
13. [A] deliver
1. [A] Suppose
[B] Consider
[C] Observe
[D] Imagine
2. [A] tended
[B] feared
[C] happened
[D] threatened
98
3. [A] thinner
2009 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
[B] stabler
[C] lighter
But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.

博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。