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As a high school student deeply concerned with environmental issues, the concept of carbon neutrality has always fascinated me. Its a term that has been buzzing in the ears of environmentalists and policymakers alike, and its not just a buzzwordits a commitment to combating climate change. This essay is my attempt to delve into the intricacies of carbon neutrality, its importance, and how it can be achieved.Carbon neutrality, or achieving a netzero carbon footprint, is the idea of balancing the amount of carbon dioxide CO2 released into the atmosphere with an equivalent amount being removed. Its a goal that many countries, corporations, and individuals are striving towards as a way to mitigate the effects of global warming.My interest in carbon neutrality was sparked by a school project where we were tasked with researching climate change and its impacts. I learned that the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes are the primary sources of CO2 emissions. These activities have led to a significant increase in the Earths temperature, causing a myriad of problems such as melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and extreme weather events.Understanding the gravity of the situation, I started to explore ways to reduce my own carbon footprint. One of the first steps I took was to reduce my consumption of meat, particularly beef, which has a high carbon footprint due to the methane emissions from cattle farming. I also began cycling to school instead of taking the car, which not only reduced my carbon emissions but also improved my health and wellbeing.Moreover, I became an advocate for renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. I was amazed to learn that these sources can generate electricity without emitting any CO2. I even convinced my family to install solar panels on our rooftop, which has significantly reduced our reliance on fossil fuels.However, achieving carbon neutrality on a global scale requires more than just individual actions. It necessitates systemic changes and policy interventions. Governments play a crucial role in setting regulations and incentives to encourage businesses to adopt cleaner technologies and practices. For instance, carbon pricing, through mechanisms like carbon taxes or capandtrade systems, can provide a financial incentive for companies to reduce their emissions.Additionally, investing in research and development of new technologies is vital. Innovations in carbon capture and storage CCS, for example, can help remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it underground, effectively neutralizing it. Theres also the potential of afforestation, where planting trees can absorb CO2 and store it as biomass.One inspiring example of a country taking significant steps towards carbon neutrality is Costa Rica. The nation has set a goal to become completely carbonneutral by 2050. They are investing heavily in renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and reforestation efforts. This commitment is a testament to what can be achieved when a nation prioritizes environmental sustainability.In conclusion, carbon neutrality is not just a lofty ideal but a necessary step towards a sustainable future. It requires a collective effort from individuals, businesses, and governments. As a high school student, I am doing my part by making conscious choices in my daily life and advocating for change. I believe that with determination and innovation, we can create a world where our actions do not come at the expense of our planets health. Its a challenge, but one that I, and many others, are eager to embrace.。
环保英文作文6级Living in a world full of pollution and destruction, it is our responsibility to take action and protect our environment. We must reduce our carbon footprint and make sustainable choices in our daily lives.One simple way to help the environment is by reducing our use of plastic. Plastic pollution is a major problem that is harming our oceans and wildlife. By using reusable bags, bottles, and containers, we can reduce the amount of plastic waste that ends up in landfills and waterways.Another important step we can take is to conserve energy. Turning off lights when not in use, using energy-efficient appliances, and carpooling are all ways to reduce our energy consumption and decrease our impact on the environment.Planting trees is also crucial for the environment. Trees help to absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen,making them essential for combating climate change. By planting trees in our communities, we can help to create a healthier and more sustainable environment for future generations.In addition to individual actions, it is important to advocate for policies that protect the environment. Supporting legislation that promotes clean energy, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and preserves natural habitats is essential for creating a more sustainable future.In conclusion, it is up to each and every one of us to take action and protect our environment. By making small changes in our daily lives and advocating for policies that prioritize the health of our planet, we can make a positive impact and ensure a brighter future for generations to come.。
四级环保英语作文模板With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, environmental issues have become a global concern. As future leaders, it is imperative for college students to understand the significance of environmental protection and take action to contribute to a sustainable future. The following essay template can be used to structure a well-organized essay on the topic of environmental conservation.Introduction:Begin by presenting the issue of environmental degradation and its impact on society. State the importance of environmental protection and introduce the main points that will be discussed in the essay.Example:Environmental degradation has emerged as a critical issue in the 21st century, posing a severe threat to the health of our planet and its inhabitants. The deterioration of natural habitats, pollution of air and water, and the rapid depletion of resources are just a few of the challenges we face. As college students, we must recognize the importance of environmental protection and explore ways to mitigate these issues.Body Paragraph 1:Discuss the causes of environmental problems, such asindustrial growth, deforestation, and wasteful consumption patterns.Example:One of the primary causes of environmental degradation is the relentless pursuit of industrial growth without adequate consideration for the environment. The expansion of factories and urban areas has led to deforestation, which in turn disrupts ecosystems and contributes to the loss of biodiversity. Additionally, wasteful consumption patterns have resulted in an increase in non-biodegradable waste, further exacerbating the problem.Body Paragraph 2:Explain the consequences of environmental degradation, including climate change, loss of species, and health problems for humans.Example:The consequences of environmental degradation are far-reaching and severe. Climate change, driven by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases, is causing unpredictable weather patterns and rising sea levels. The loss of species due to habitat destruction is another critical concern, as it disrupts the balance of ecosystems and reduces the planet's resilience. Moreover, pollution and contaminated resources pose significant health risks to human populations, leading to a range of illnesses and diseases.Body Paragraph 3:Propose solutions to environmental problems, such assustainable development, education, and policy changes.Example:To address these pressing issues, a multifaceted approach is necessary. Sustainable development should be at the forefront of economic growth, ensuring that industrial expansion does not come at the expense of the environment. Education plays a crucial role in raising awareness about the importance of environmental conservation among the general public. Furthermore, governments must enact and enforce policies that promote renewable energy, regulate industrial emissions, and encourage recycling and waste reduction.Conclusion:Summarize the main points and reiterate the importance of environmental protection. Encourage readers to take personal responsibility and action.Example:In conclusion, environmental protection is not just a responsibility of governments and organizations but a duty that falls on each individual. By understanding the causes and consequences of environmental degradation and supporting solutions such as sustainable development and policy changes, we can work towards a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future for all. It is time for each of us to take action and contribute to the preservation of our planet.This essay template provides a structured approach to writing about environmental protection, allowing students to explore the topic in depth and advocate for positive change.。
参考译文伴生物种1. 伴生物种是指不被计算在上岸渔获量中的，但是受到捕捞影响的物种。
跨界鱼类种群，高度洄游鱼类和公海鱼类种群因受到如下因素的影响而影响其他物种：（1）丢弃，（2）未被捕捞上来的生物与渔具发生身体接触，（3）间接过程。
2. 渔业通过很多种机制来影响伴生物种，丢弃是目前人类获取知识最多的一种，尽管人类所知有限。
关于丢弃的全球最新信息是一份粮农组织的报告。
该报告估计全球海洋渔业的丢弃率约为百分之八，丢弃率会根据不同的国家，齿轮类型，目标物种和统计区发生改变。
3. 虾类拖网作业的平均丢弃率最高，为百分之六是二点三。
不同渔业的丢弃率差别很大，在零到百分之九十六之间变化。
尽管有一些跨界的或其他公海中的虾类种群的捕捞，大多数虾类拖网作业仍然限于对专属经济区中虾类种群的捕捞。
专属经济区中虾类的捕捞目标很有可能是生活在较深水域或冷水水域的物种。
冷/深水水域捕虾业的总丢弃率是百分之三十九，但在使用副渔获减少装置（BRDs）后（比如在格林兰岛），丢弃率相对较低，在百分之五左右。
混获的有各种长须鲸和无脊椎动物物种，也包括其他渔业中目标物种的幼鱼。
对于虾类拖网作业中丢弃的长须鲸物种（尤其是比目鱼）的关注促使一些渔业强制使用副渔获减少装置（BRDs）。
4. 延绳钓捕捞高洄游鱼种（主要是金枪鱼和类金枪鱼属物种）具有仅次于虾类拖网作业的丢弃率（平均丢弃率为百分之二十八，并且在零百分之四十范围内浮动）。
延绳钓中最常见的丢弃物种是蓝鲨。
其他鲨鱼，受到鲨鱼和海洋哺乳动物损害的目标物种，扁舵鲣，鲔，印度洋国王鲭鱼，和土魠鱼也在被捕获后丢弃。
5. 跨界鱼类种群和公海鱼类种群主要采用底层拖网捕捞。
目标为底栖鱼类的拖网渔船丢弃率百分之九点六（所有渔业）。
没有根据来判断跨界鱼类种群和公海鱼类种群的丢弃率与专属经济区鱼类种群的丢弃率孰高孰低。
专属经济区鱼类种群的捕捞量在总捕捞量中所占的比例如此之高以至于研究者估计目标为底栖鱼类的底层拖网捕捞所导致的1，700，000吨丢弃物大多来源于专属经济区渔业。
保护环境四六级作文In recent years, environmental issues have become increasingly prominent, posing significant threats to the well-being of both human society and the natural world. As we face the challenges of climate change, pollution, deforestation, and the depletion of natural resources, it is imperative that we take immediate and concerted action to protect our environment.One of the major environmental concerns is climate change, which is primarily caused by the excessive emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. These emissions lead to global warming, causing extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and alterations in ecosystems. To mitigate these effects, it is crucial to reduce our carbon footprint by adopting renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable practices.Pollution, another pressing issue, affects not only the environment but also human health. Air pollution, water pollution, and soil contamination are major concerns that require urgent attention. Governments and individuals must work together to implement stricter regulations on industrial emissions, promote waste management and recycling, and raise awareness about the importance of maintaining a clean environment.Deforestation, driven by agricultural expansion, urbanization, and unsustainable logging practices, is also a significant threat to the environment. Forests play a vital role in regulating the climate, providing habitats for biodiversity, and maintaining the delicate balance of ecosystems. It is essential to implement sustainable forestry management practices, promote reforestation, and support conservation efforts to preserve these valuable natural resources.The depletion of natural resources, including water, minerals, and fossil fuels, is another concern that cannot be overlooked. Overconsumption and wasteful practices have led to the scarcity of these resources, which are crucial for our survival and development. It is important to adopt a more sustainable approach to resource utilization, promote circular economies, and encourage the development of alternative materials and technologies.In conclusion, environmental protection is a pressing issue that requires the attention and action of everyone. By addressing climate change, pollution, deforestation, and the depletion of natural resources, we can ensure a healthier and more sustainable future for both human society and the natural world. It is our responsibility to take immediate and concerted action to protect the environment and preserve the planet for generations to come.。
2018年6月英语四级作文范文Environmental protection has become a global concern as we face a myriad of ecological challenges. The degradation of our natural resources, the pollution of our air and water, and the loss of biodiversity are just a few of the issuesthat demand our immediate attention. In this essay, I will discuss the significance of environmental protection and propose some practical measures to address this critical issue.First and foremost, protecting the environment is essential for the survival of our planet. The Earth is the only home we have, and it is our responsibility to ensure that it remains habitable for future generations. Environmental degradation not only affects the quality of life but also poses a threat to the existence of countless species, including our own.Secondly, environmental protection contributes to the sustainable development of our society. Economic growth should not come at the expense of our environment. By adopting sustainable practices, we can ensure that our resources are used efficiently and that our economy thrives without compromising the health of our planet.To achieve effective environmental protection, several measures can be taken. Firstly, governments should enact and enforce strict laws to regulate pollution and protect natural habitats. This includes setting standards for emissions andpromoting the use of renewable energy sources.Secondly, individuals must play their part by adopting eco-friendly habits. This can be as simple as reducing waste, recycling, and conserving water and energy. Moreover, supporting businesses that prioritize sustainability can also make a significant difference.Lastly, education is key to fostering a culture of environmental awareness. Schools and communities should educate people about the importance of environmental protection and the steps they can take to contribute.In conclusion, environmental protection is not just a moral obligation but also a practical necessity for the continued prosperity of our society. By working together, we can protect our planet and secure a sustainable future for all.。
保护环境类作文英语四六级The environment is the canvas upon which we paint our future. It is our collective responsibility to ensure the colors remain vibrant and the scene remains unspoiled.Each action we take, no matter how small, contributes to the health of our planet. From recycling to conserving water, every effort counts in the grand tapestry of environmental conservation.Education plays a pivotal role in instilling a sense of environmental stewardship. Students must be equipped with the knowledge and tools to make informed decisions that benefit both themselves and the Earth.Technology, while a double-edged sword, can also be harnessed for environmental protection. Innovations in renewable energy and sustainable practices are key to reducing our carbon footprint.Community involvement is essential in fostering a culture of environmental awareness. Local initiatives and global movements alike can inspire change and encourage collective action.Governments have a crucial role in setting policies that protect the environment. Strong legislation and enforcement are necessary to combat pollution and preserve naturalhabitats.Individual choices, when multiplied by millions, can have a profound impact. Choosing to walk or cycle instead of driving, for example, can significantly reduce emissions.The time to act is now. The future of our environment is in our hands. Let us take the necessary steps today to secure a sustainable tomorrow.In conclusion, protecting the environment is not just a duty but an opportunity to create a better world for generations to come. It requires a unified effort from all sectors of society, from individuals to governments, to ensure a healthy and thriving planet.。
四六级环境保护英语作文English:Environmental protection plays a crucial role in sustaining our planet for future generations. It is important for individuals, communities, and governments to work together to address issues such as climate change, pollution, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. People can contribute to environmental protection by reducing their carbon footprint, using renewable energy sources, recycling, and advocating for policies that promote sustainability. Education also plays a key role in raising awareness about the importance of protecting the environment and empowering individuals to make informed decisions. Governments need to implement regulations and policies that prioritize environmental protection, invest in renewable energy, and enforce laws that hold polluters accountable. By taking action to protect the environment, we can create a healthier and more sustainable world for ourselves and future generations.中文翻译:环境保护在维护我们的地球为未来世代所扮演着至关重要的角色。
2014年英语6级作文In the modern era, environmental protection has become a global concern. The rapid industrialization and urbanization have led to an increase in pollution and a decrease innatural resources. It is imperative that we take immediate action to preserve our environment for future generations.Firstly, the air quality in many cities has deteriorated due to the excessive emission of greenhouse gases. This has led to a rise in respiratory diseases and other health issues. Governments should implement stricter regulations on industries to reduce their carbon footprint.Secondly, deforestation is another major issue that needs to be addressed. Trees play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance. They absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, which is essential for life on Earth. Planting more trees and preserving existing forests can help combat climate change.Thirdly, water pollution is a growing concern. Many rivers and lakes are contaminated with industrial waste and chemicals, making them unsafe for human consumption and aquatic life. It is crucial to treat wastewater before releasing it into natural water bodies.In conclusion, environmental protection should be a top priority for everyone. We need to work together to create asustainable future for our planet. By reducing pollution, preserving natural resources, and promoting eco-friendly practices, we can ensure a healthier and cleaner environment for all. Let us take responsibility and contribute to the preservation of our Earth.。
四六级环境保护英语作文英文回答：Environmental conservation is a crucial issue that affects the well-being of both present and future generations. As responsible citizens, it is our collective responsibility to safeguard the environment for a sustainable future. There are numerous reasons why environmental protection is so important, and it is imperative that we take action to address this urgent issue.Firstly, a healthy environment is essential for human health and well-being. Clean air, water, and soil providethe foundation for a thriving society. Air pollution, water contamination, and soil degradation can lead to a myriad of health problems, including respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. By protecting the environment, we are also protecting our own health and the health of our loved ones.Secondly, environmental degradation threatens the stability of our ecosystems. Forests, wetlands, and oceans provide vital ecosystem services, such as regulating the climate, purifying water, and providing habitat for countless species. The loss of these ecosystems can have devastating consequences for both humans and wildlife. By conserving our environment, we are preserving the essential services that it provides and ensuring the long-term sustainability of our planet.Thirdly, environmental protection is crucial for sustainable economic development. Natural resources, such as forests, minerals, and water, are essential inputs for many industries. By managing these resources sustainably, we can ensure that they continue to provide economic benefits for generations to come. Moreover, investing in clean energy and environmental technologies can create new jobs and boost economic growth.Fourthly, environmental protection is a moral imperative. We have a responsibility to leave a healthy planet for future generations. The actions we take todaywill have a profound impact on the world that our children and grandchildren inherit. By safeguarding our environment, we are demonstrating our respect for the interconnectedness of all living things and our commitment to ensuring a sustainable future for all.In conclusion, environmental protection is vital for human health, ecosystem stability, sustainable economic development, and moral responsibility. It is imperativethat we take collective action to address this urgent issue. By reducing our carbon footprint, protecting biodiversity, and promoting sustainable practices, we can create a healthier, more resilient, and more sustainable planet for present and future generations.中文回答：环境保护的重要性。
Economics Letters115(2012)187–189Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Economics Lettersjournal homepage:/locate/ecoletA household level environmental Kuznets curve?Some recent evidence on transport emissions and incomeAdam Cox a,∗,Alan Collins a,Lee Woods b,Neil Ferguson ca Department of Economics,University of Portsmouth,UKb School of Civil Engineering and Surveying,University of Portsmouth,UKc Department of Civil Engineering,University of Strathclyde,UKa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received6September2010 Received in revised form4December2011Accepted5December2011 Available online16December2011 JEL classification:D10Q50R40Keywords:Air qualityEnvironmental Kuznets curveEKCHousehold transportSurveyVehicle emissions a b s t r a c tThis paper uses detailed survey data to show no evidence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC) for household transport emissions.The evidence shows that richer households still do not choose to internalize the social cost of polluting by vehicle emissions.©2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.Introduction and backgroundIn a study testing the presence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC)for household transport emissions,Kahn(1998)uses an indirect method of calculation to show a non-monotonic relationship between estimated household vehicle emissions(if all vehicles drove the same distance)and income.Kahn(1998) uses data from roadside emissions tests in California in1993.The problem here was,whilst obtaining accurate figures for vehicle emissions,mileage itself was not observed.Further,household income had been found using the vehicle owner’s zip code at the time of the roadside survey.Thus total emissions,as a function of emissions per km multiplied by distance,is also not observed. This paper builds on the evidence provided by(Kahn,1998)by using the2006survey data to identify the presence of an EKC type relationship at the household level.The survey contains not only ∗Correspondence to:Department of Economics,University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth Business School,Richmond Building,Portland Street,Portsmouth, Hampshire,PO13DE,UK.Tel.:+44(0)2392844732;fax:+44(0)2392844037.E-mail address:adam.cox@(A.Cox).more recent data but important variables such as annual mileage, household income and the number of vehicles per household.More generally,the EKC hypothesis suggests an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and environmental qual-ity.This implies that initial economic growth is seemingly detri-mental to the environment,but the effects are ameliorated and reversed at some greater levels of income.Empirical evidence is still a matter of contention.Surveying empirical EKC studies,Dinda (2004)notes a number of papers that support the evidence of an inverted U shape relationship between income and measures of environmental degradation such as carbon monoxide or nitrous oxide,albeit with no real consensus as to what income level the turning point arises.Dinda(2004)also notes however,a monotonic relationship between income and more harmful environmental measures such as carbon dioxide.In a critical review,Stern(2004) comments that the EKC empirical evidence is not robust and no common inverted U-shaped path is supported.The ambiguity in the empirical evidence continues when specif-ically exploring a possible EKC relationship between household transport emissions and income.Assuming that technological gains can cut vehicle emissions,newer cars will produce less harm-ful emissions.Richer households are more likely to own a greater0165-1765/$–see front matter©2011Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2011.12.014188 A.Cox et al./Economics Letters115(2012)187–189 Table1Table2number of vehicles and use them more,but are also more likely to own newer vehicles that produce less harmful emissions.While there are household-level EKC studies in a developing country con-text(Pfaff et al.,2004)looking at inter alia,fuel use,there are even less studies in a developed country context and particularly in the specific context of transport.2.DataA postal questionnaire survey was undertaken in six case study areas in Scotland1during2006.2It was sent to2,495 addresses,asking a random adult in the household to complete the questionnaire about themselves,their household and their partner/spouse if also living at that address.Data regarding household income and household emissions used in this paper are taken from the280responses from this survey.The11%response rate to this survey is in line with studies using similar postal survey techniques by(Kitamura et al.,1997;Cervero and Day,2008) and Kenyon(2009).Further,this sample size appears appropriate. Tabachnick and Fidell(2007)suggest that the sample should be 104+the number of independent variables and Garson(2010) notes there must be at least20times as many cases as independent variables.Further,this survey sample is shown to be representative of the population when compared to larger surveys.The Scottish Household Survey(2007)reports70%of13,414households have access to a car,this paper’s sample shows74%.The SHS also reports the percentage of households that have access or otherwise to vehicles,this paper’s sample follows in parenthesis,30%(26%)of households have no car,45%(52%)have one car and25%(22%) have two or more cars.The Scottish Transport Statistics(2010)data shows the average age of all vehicles to be6.1years old in2006, similar to the sample used,6.02years old.Total household annual income is collected by allowing the respondent to select which income band they best suit.The data can therefore be grouped into income bands covering all survey responses.Vehicle emissions data are calculated by the vehicle CO2rating(g/km)multiplied by the distance travelled.CO2ratings per km are taken from the UK Government Vehicle Certification Agency(VCA)using the exact make,model and engine size of vehicle collected in the survey.An assumption has to be made that all driving behaviours are similar across the mileage stated.1The survey areas and the corresponding numbers of replies are as follows: Glasgow Central49,Glasgow Pollokshields71,Glasgow Darnley25,Edinburgh Central46,Edinburgh Restalrig39,Edinburgh Corstorphine50.2This research was undertaken as part of the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)Sustainable Urban Environments Programme,City Form: The Sustainable Urban Form Consortium(grant no.GR/S20529/01).3.A household-level environmental Kuznets curve for vehicle emissions?Theoretically the social cost of driving a vehicle is higher than the private cost,that is to say each household fails to fully internalize the cost of contributing to environmental degradation by way of vehicle emissions.The household choice here is twofold: firstly,the choice and number of vehicles,vehicles have a wide range of CO2ratings.Secondly,the extent to which the car is used essentially corresponds to how much fuel the household chooses to use.From this data the average number of vehicles owned by a household increases from0.65vehicles,at incomes up to£15,599, to1.53vehicles at incomes£52,000or more.The continual increase shows that richer households own more vehicles.On average the lowest income households will drive their vehicles for6,026miles per year.Annual vehicle mileage increases with income.The highest income households drive their vehicles, on average,12,368miles per year.Richer households do drive more miles in total,but may be driving those miles across more than one vehicle.Household transport emissions per km increases with income from166g per km to184g per km.This evidence suggests that richer households drive more polluting vehicles than poorer households.These results are shown in Table1,detailing the mean household levels for each corresponding income bracket.The last column in Table1is the mean total household annual vehicle emissions.Average transport emissions increase from 1,713to3,353kg of CO2per year between the poorest and richest households.A summary of results from a simple ordinary least squares regression model are reported in Table2.The lowest income band, up to£15,000a year,is the base case thus the coefficient on each subsequent household income band shows the difference in emissions compared to the lowest income households.According to these results,households earning£15,600to£31,199a year produce23%more emissions and households earning£31,200 to£51,999a year produce31%more emissions.Although the estimated coefficients are positive,the reported t-test probability shows that the increase in emissions for these two income brackets is not statistically greater than that of the lowest income households.However,there is evidence to suggest that the highest income households produce92%more emissions than the lowest income households.This data displays little evidence of a non-monotonic relationship between emissions and income and thus is not supportive of the EKC hypothesis at a household level.Looking in more detail at the data,Table3shows the annual mileage,the emissions per km and the total emissions of the firstA.Cox et al./Economics Letters115(2012)187–189189 Table3Table4vehicle and the second(or more)3vehicle.Vehicle usage increases with income for both first and second vehicles.The second vehicle in the household is driven less on average than the first at each income level.However,at the£15,600to£31,199and£31,200to £51,999incomes,households choose to drive vehicles that produce higher levels of CO2emissions.There is no reduction of annual vehicle emissions as households become richer for either the first or second vehicle.Table4shows the engine size and vintage of the first and second vehicles,these two factors contribute towards the CO2per km rating awarded by the VCA.Although there is not a strict linear pattern of engine size increasing with income,the richest households use vehicles with an average engine size of1969cubic capacity(cc)compared to the poorest households using1544cc engines.The two middle income bands choose to use second vehicles that are much larger in engine size than the first vehicle.The age of the first car does decrease with income.This provides some evidence to suggest that richer households do choose to use newer vehicles for their first vehicle. However,the second vehicle they choose is,on average,markedly older than the first.In essence,the evidence suggests that,on average,richer families do own more and newer vehicles and drive their vehicles more,but they do not own less polluting vehicles.It suggests that3Due to a small number of households from the survey that owned a third vehicle,the data has been pooled:‘‘Two or more vehicles’’.richer households still do not choose to internalize the social cost of polluting by vehicle emissions.ReferencesCervero,R.,Day,J.,2008.Suburbanization and transit oriented development in China.Transport Policy.15,315–323.Dinda,S.,2004.Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis:a survey.Ecological Economics49,431–455.Garson,D.,2010.Multiple Regression.Retrieved from /#Power, March,2010.Kahn,M.E.,1998.A household level environmental Kuznets curve.Economics Letters59,269–273.Kenyon,S.,2009.The impacts of Internet use upon activity participation and travel: Results from a longitudinal diary-based panel study.Transportation Research Part C.18,21–35.Kitamura,R,Mokhtarian,P.L,Daidet,L.,1997.A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco bay area.Transportation24, 125–158.Pfaff,A.,Chaudhuri,S.,Nye,H.,2004.Household production and environmental Kuznets curves.Environmental and Resource Economics27,187–200. Scottish Transport Statistics,,2010.No29:2010Edition.Retrieved July04,2011 from /Publications/2010/12/17120002/22. Stern,D.,2004.The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve.World Development32,1419–1439.Tabachnick,B.G.,Fidell,L.S.,ing Multivariate Statistics,Fifth ed.Pearson, Boston.The Scottish Household Survey,,2007.Annual Report.Retrieved July04,2011from /Publications/2008/08/07100738/10.。
