高考英语二轮题海特训营12阅读理解词义猜测四

专题6 阅读理解Ⅳ：词义猜想题【构建知识体系】词义猜想题考点1 猜想词义题考点2猜想短语题考点3 猜想指代题考点4 猜想句意题2021-2021年全国高考Ⅰ卷本专题考察分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜想202 1第一节剑桥科技节的活动通知应用文1662旅鸽在美国逐渐减少直至灭绝的过程记叙文向驯兽师学习如何集中注意应对选择障碍议论文学者对濒危语种进展记录拯救记叙文第二节如何帮助孩子为未来职业做准备说明文信息匹配子女近的地方居住的一种趋势，同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。

文章主要讲述了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历，表现了人们之间的友爱。

记叙文主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同含义。

说明文第二节主要介绍了密码的设置方法与破解方法。

说明文信息匹配2021-2021年全国高考Ⅱ卷本专题考察分布明细统计年份章节素材话题体裁考点分布主旨大意细节理解推理判断词义猜想202 1A以一个妻子的口吻讲述了发生在自己记叙文1932意解断想202 1A本文通过广告的形式介绍了几家举行音乐演出的剧场的信息。

应用文11022 B文章通过作家Welty一次及朋友在外面吃饭的经历，讲述了小说中的人物大多都是来自现实生活。

记叙文C介绍了苹果节的一些情况。

说明文D讨论了新闻传播的规那么，以及读者喜欢分享什么样的文章。

议论文考试大纲要求考纲解读要求考生阅读4篇短文，从每题所考察主旨大主旨大意题包括准确归纳标题、概括文章大意与总结段落大意，主要考察[2021·全国卷Ⅰ]CI am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2021, I've done 89 trips—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞) in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrivedat the check­in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said: “Well, I'm really sorry, I've got some bad news for you—there are no fights from Washington.〞So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said：“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient—please, please, you've got to get me back to the United Kingdom.〞She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, re­routed(改道) me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.For this courier job, you're consciously aware that in that box you've got something that is potentially going to save somebody's life.29. Which of the followin g can replace the underlined word “courier〞in Paragraph 1A．Provider. B．Delivery man.C．Collector. D．Medical doctor.[2021·全国卷Ⅱ]BFive years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of Tinkertoys in front of eachstudent, and said：“Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You have45 minutes today—and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.〞A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans provided. Another group built something out of their own imaginations.Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpect ed teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染) other students.En couraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I'm just not creative.〞“Do you dream at night when you're asleep？〞“Oh, sure.〞“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.〞The student would tell something wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three heads. “That's pretty creative. Who does that for you？〞“Nobody. I do it.〞“Really—at night, when you're asleep？〞“Sure.〞“Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay？〞7. What does the underlined word “downside〞in Paragraph 4 probably meanA. Mistake.B. Drawback.C. Difficulty.D. Burden.[2021·全国卷Ⅲ]BOn one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table.“Hey, aren't you from Mississippi？〞the elegant, white­haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger. “I'm from Mississippi too.〞Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，〞Welty said. “I didn't know what my New York friends were thinking.〞Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty's new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big­city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚).“My friend said: ‘Now we believe y our stories，’〞Welty added. “And I said: ‘Now you know. These are the people that make me write them．’〞Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.“I don't make them up，〞she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years. “I don't have to.〞Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty's people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss, from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a fragment(片断) of a particularly interesting story.6. The underlined word “them〞in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's________.A. readersB. partiesC. friendsD. stories【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，预测2021年全国高考试题还会①Ⅰ卷在选材上继续保持知识性与趣味性，语篇长度适中，题材及体裁广泛，彰显文化特色，重点考察考生快速获取、处理、分析信息的能力。

和桥高级中学2021届高考英语第二轮复习阅读理解专题指导猜想词义题在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。

这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。

这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。

事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或者句子甚至段落都有联络。

我们可以利用语境〔各种信息〕推测、判断某些生词的词义。

近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义才能的考察，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对打破高考阅读理解、进步我们的英语语言才能都有非常重要的意义。

常见的题干有：1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？2) The word... could best be replaced by.3) In the... paragraph, the word... means (refers to).4) According to the passage,... probably means.5) The author uses the word... to mean.猜想词义时，一般可利用以下四个方面的线索：一是针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或者高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。

这些解释提供的信息明确详细，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜想词义就非常简单。

1.根据定义〔definition〕猜想词义假如生词有一个句子〔定语从句或者是同位语<同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.g. 等>或者是同位语从句〕或者段落来定义,或者使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或者段落本身就是推断词义。

定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。

第四讲词义猜测题——上下文中求答案[考查内容] [设问方式] 根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。

要做好这类题目，考生要记住：在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法等知识确定它们的意义。

词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。

在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。

By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by“______”．The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________.Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________.The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________.词义猜测题7大猜词技巧要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。

阅读理解-词义猜测四1、What is it that makes people laugh? More than two thousand years ago the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle defined (定义) jokes as the pleasure that results from a feeling of triumph(胜利) by showing we're better than someone else in a certain way. According to Aristotle and many other philosophers,all jokes depend mainly on showing inferiority in another person or group of persons—that is,putting it clearly,on showing that they are worse off than ourselves. Jokes raise our good opinion of ourselves at someone else's expense.Showing how much better than other people we are is only one reason we like jokes. Someone may also use a joke to express their anger or their cruelty or any other kind of action that is not acceptable to us. We feel free to laugh when we hear about someone sliding on a banana skin. The joke lets us express those attitudes which are usually unacceptable to society. This is probably the reason why some of the jokes,especially those involving cruelty,are so popular with certain people.Besides,all jokes depend on our enjoyment of laughing at something that is strange and out of place because it's different from things which are happening around it. The same situation can be either sad or pleasant,depending entirely on how strange and out of place it is. If a girl in a bathing suit falls into a swimming pool,we don't laugh because nothing unusual has happened. But if a man in a smart suit falls in,the situation is at once unusual in a pleasant way and we laugh. A good joke-teller will always try to build up a situation in which one thing is expected until something unexpected suddenly happens,and so we laugh.1.According to Aristotle,all jokes depend mainly on ________.A.showing inferiority in another person or groupB.resulting in a sense of successC.having a good opinion of other peopleD.making people laugh unexpectedly2.The underlined word “inferiority”(in Paragraph 1) means ________.A.something that is not as good as something elseB.something that is better than something elseC.someone that is not as good as someone elseD.someone that is better than someone else3.What's the main idea of Paragraph 2?A.Showing we are better than other people is the only one reason we like jokes.B.When people are angry,they would like to hear jokes.C.People who like jokes are usually cruel.D.To express those attitudes usually unacceptable to society is one of the reasons we like jokes.4.What will a good joke teller always try to do?2、 An elephant in a South Korean zoo is using his trunk to pick up not only food, but also human vocabulary.An international team of scientists confirmed on Friday what Everland Zoo has been saying for years: Their 5.5-ton tusker Koshik has an unusual and possibly unprecedented talent.The 22-year-old Asian elephant can reproduce five Korean words by tucking his trunk inside his mouth to modulate sound, the scientists said in a joint paperpublished online in Current Biology. They said he may have started imitating human speech because he was lonely.Koshik can reproduce “annyeong”(hello),“anja” (sitdown),“ aniya ’’( no),“ nuwo ’’ (lie down) and ‘‘joa"(good) , the paper says.One of the researchers said there is no conclusive evidence that Koshik understands the sounds he makes, although the elephant does respond to words like "anja."Researchers said the clearest scientific evidence that Koshik is deliberately imitating human speech is that the sound frequency of his words matches that of his trainers.Vocal imitation of other species has been found in mockingbirds, parrots and mynahs. But the paper says Koshik’s case represents “ a wholly novel method of vocal production" because he uses his trunk to reproduce human speech.Researchers believe Koshik learned to reproduce words out of a desire to bond with his trainers after he was separated from two other elephants at age 5.Koshik emerged as a star among animal enthusiasts and children in South Korea after Everland Zoo claimed in 2006 that he could imitate words, two years after his trainers noticed the phenomenon. His growing reputation prompted Austrian biologist Angela Stoeger- Horwath and German biophysicist Daniel Mietchen to study him in 2010, zoo officials said.Kim Jong-gab, Koshik’s chief trainer, said the elephant was timid for a male when he first came to Everland Zoo, so trainers often slept in the same area with him. Kim thinks that contact helped Koshik feel closer to humans.Kim said he has another expression he wants to teach Koshik: “Saranghae” or “I love you".1.According to the passage, what is the possible reason why Koshik imitates human speech?A.He feels very lonely.B.He earns money for his zoo.C.He has a gift for speech.D.He wants to make his trainer happy.2.Koshik can reproduce the following words EXCEPT _______.A.annyeongB.nuwoC.SaranghaeD.joa3.From the passage, we can know that ________.A.Koshik began to imitate human speech in 2006B.Koshik is a 22-year-old Asian female elephantC.Kim Jong-gab is the manager of Everland ZooD.Koshik is a star in animal enthusiasts and kids in South Korea4.The underlined word “prompted" in the passage probably means_______.A.causedB.expandedC.developedD.changed3、Dear Alcohol,You've been around forever. I can remember all the pain you've caused for me.Do you remember the night when you almost took my father's life? I do. He loves you. Sometimes I think he loves you more than he loves me. He's addicted to you, to the way you promise to rid him of his problems only to cause more of them. You just sat back and laughed as his car went spinning through the street, crashing into two other cars. He wasn't the only one hurt by you that night.Do you remember the night of my first high school party? You were there. My friends were intrigued by you. They treated you as if they were never going to see you again, drinking all of you that they could. I spent two hours that night helping my friends who had fallen completely. “I'm so embarrassed,” they said as I patted them on the back so that they could vomit(呕吐). “I'm sorry,” they said when I called taxies for them, walking them out and paying the drivers in advance. “This won't happen again,” they said as they were sent to the hospital to have their stomachs pumped. Two 15-year-old girls slept in hospital beds that night thanks to you.Do you remember the night when you took advantage of my 17-year-old neighbor who had to drive to pick up his sister from her dance lessons? Do you know how we all felt when he hit another car and killed the two people in the other car? He died the next morning too. His sister walked home from her dance lesson, and passed police cars and a crowd of people gathering on the sidewalk just two blocks away from thedance studio. She didn't realize her brother was in the midst of it at all. She never saw him again. And it's all your fault.I wish you'd walk out of my life forever. I don't want anything to do with you. Look at all the pain you've caused. Sure, you've made people happy too from time to time. But the damage you've caused in the lives of millions is inexcusable. Stop luring(引诱) the people I love. Stop hurting me, please!Sincerely,Anonymous1.What is author's purpose in writing to alcohol?A.To introduce Mr. Alcohol to the readers.B.To describe the harm alcohol did to his family.C.To show how much alcohol can hurt people.D.To tell people three sad stories about alcohol.2.What did alcohol do to the author's father that night?A.It made him drunk and took his life away.B.It got him into trouble and got his stomach pumped.C.It made him kill two other people when driving.D.It got him into a car accident and badly injured.3.The underlined phrase “were intrigued by” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “________”.A.were familiar withB.were interested inC.were disappointed byD.were satisfied with4.What is the tone of the article?A.Critical.B.Doubtful.C.Unconcerned.D.Humorous.4、 These days, drugs can be found everywhere, and it may seem like everyone's doing them. Lots of people are tempted(引诱) by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer. But learning the facts about drugs can help you see the risks of chasing this excitement or escape. Here's what you need to know.How do drugs work? Drugs are chemicals or substances that change the way our bodies work. When you put them into your body (often by swallowing, breathing in. or injecting them), drugs find their way into your bloodstream and are transported(运输)to parts of your body,such as your brain. In the brain, drugs may either strengthen or dull (使迟钝) your senses, change your sense of alertness(机敏),and sometimes decrease physical pain.A drug may be helpful or harmful. The effects of drugs can vary depending upon the kind of drug taken, how much is taken, how often it is used, how quickly it gets to the brain, and what other drugs, food, or substances are taken at the same time. Effects can also vary based on the differences in body size, shape, and chemistry.Although substances can feel good at first, they can eventually do a lot of harm to the body and brain. Drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, taking illegal drugs, and sniffing glue can all cause serious damage to the human body. Some drugs seriously weaken a person s ability to make healthy choices and decisions. Teens who drink, for example,are more likely to get involved in(卷入,陷入) dangerous situations,such as driving at top speed under the influence or having unprotected sex.1.The underlined word “chasing” in the first paragraph most probably means________.A.removingB.seekingC.keepingD.holding2.Drugs get into one’s body through the following ways EXCEPT________.A.eatingB.breathingC.feelingD.injecting3.Effects that drugs have on the body depend on ________.A.the amount of themB.the frequency of themC.the kind of themD.all of the above4.According to the passage,the author ______.A.supports the idea of taking drugsB.offers the idea of taking drugsC.opposes the idea of taking drugsD.refuses the idea of taking drugs5、 Good for your health? Socialising with your friends could bum more calories than running on a treadmill (跑步机). Socialising keeps you slim.Keeping a busy social life among lots of friends may keep people slimmer than spending hours on a treadmill, according to scientists. They say that socialising and meeting with friends help high levels of “brown fat” in the body bum calories to generate heat. Living in a stimulating social environment was found to reduce abdominal fat in mice by half over four weeks, even if they ate more.U. S. researchers say that social stimulation aids weight loss by converting white fat into brown. White stores calories andmakes us fatter, while brown bums energy to generate heat. Converting white fat into brown is notoriously difficult, normally requiring long term exposure to cold conditions or activating part of the body's nervous system.However, scientists from Ohio State University now think that having a busy social life is an even more effective way of changing white fat into brown. The team came up with their theory by studying the effects of various living environments on mice. Those who lived alongside a greater number of mice, had more space and toysto stimulate them to lose far more weight over the course of the study than their "couch potato" counterparts.Study author Dr. Matthew During, whose team's findings appear injournal Cell Metabolism said,“I’m still amazed at the degree of fat loss that occurs. ” Explaining how new technology had threatened face-to-face socialising,he ad ded,“It’s not just a sedentary (久坐的) lifestyle and high calorie foods,but an increasing lack of social engagement.''Co-author Dr. Lei Cao said, “ Loneliness is a profound factor for cancer and death; it’s on par with cigarette smoking. Social engagement is very important."1.In order to keep a charming feature, it’s better to_________.A.live sociallyB.run on a treadmillC.eat lessD.expose to coldness2.Couch potato counterparts refer to _________.A.a greater number of miceB.more space and toysC.those with more weightD.changing white fat to brown3.What do the underlined words “on par with" in Paragraph 6 mean?A.More than.B.Less than.C.At the same level as.D.At higher level than.4.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Socialising keeps you slim.B.Running on a treadmill keeps you slim.C.Turning white fat into brown.D.Living often with mice.6、 Integrity is the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right. The concept of integrity has played a key role in moral philosophy throughout history and is promoted in all societies because of its importance to social relations. Individual integrity is vital to society, one that enables people to make use of their capacity for critical reflection, does not force people to take up particular roles and does not encourage individuals to betray each other. Besides, societies can be favorable to the development of individual integrity.Individual integrity can lift up the spirits of the entire society. It can shape the lives of people living in a particular society, the lives of all fellow people and, in its broadest sense, even the destiny(命运) of a nation. By contrast, if those living in the society are corrupt(道德败坏的), it could have bad effects, jeopardizing the healthy morality of the society.On the other hand, a society can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Society expects and requires integrity. A society consisting of people of integrity, and people who never compromise on their principles, could have a positive mark on the personal development of its members. Being a part of such a morally lively community could serve as a basis for absorbing traits of good character. This could be of a distinct advantage to any individuals in the society.However, some social structures are of the wrong sort for some individuals to pursue integrity. If that is the case, we have to ask questions about the moral nature of society first before raising questions about individual integrity. Questions about integrity may turn out to be about what kind of society it is, rather than about the relationship between individual interests and characteristics of a society. The pursuit of adequate individual integrity often depends, not so much on understanding who one is and what one believes and is committed to, but rather understanding what one’s society is and imagining what it could be.Under no circumstances can we underestimate the importance of human integrity in a society. People, who are honest, trustworthy, compassionate and caring, are the decisive factors in the growth of individuals as well as the development of a society.1.Individual integrity has been valued in society because _______.A.it helps develop philosophyB.it is the basis of critical thinkingC.it is important to social relationsD.it ensures people’s particular roles2.The underlined word “jeopardizing” in Paragraph 2 probably means_________.A.destroyingB.strengtheningC.assessingD.influencing3.The writer believes that _____.A.social structures guide the formation of individual integrityB.the nature of society is decided by economic developmentC.the pursuit of individual integrity changes with timeD.individual integrity depends on what one believes4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?CP:CentralPoint P:Point Sp:Sub-point C:Conc lusionA.B.C.D.A.Make a sad situation into a pleasant one.B.Make different things happen at the same time.C.Make an unexpected thing happen in an expected situation.D.Make people laugh at something unusual and out of place.答案以及解析1答案及解析：答案： 1.A; 2.A; 3.D; 4.C解析：本文探讨了笑话。

2020届二轮复习阅读理解中词句猜测-词义猜测题考查解读【题型解读】词义猜测题是阅读理解每年常考的题型。

词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。

由此看来，对于生词的理解是否准确，直接影响着阅读理解题得分的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。

词义猜测题的命题方式有：(1)What does the underlined word “...” probably mean?(2)The word “...” refers to/probably means .(3)The underlined word “...” could best be replaced by .(4)What do you think the expression “...” stands for?(5)By saying “...” we mean .(6)“...” used in the passage can best be defined as .(7)Which of the following words can take the place of the word “...”？二、解题技巧——巧用线索猜词义1．根据定义、释义或同位语进行猜测有些文章，特别是科技说明文，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语下定义，通过阅读定义和解释部分，考生便可理解该词或短语的意思。

有时，需要猜测的单词或短语后面会紧跟一个同位语，作为对前面的词或短语的解释说明。

有时，文章会用冒号、破折号、括号等对某个词或短语加以解释说明。

例如：Taylor’s swift action helped her teammates calm down.One girl called 911.Two more ran to get the school nurse，who brought a defibrillator，an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work.Luck stayed with them：Paris’s heartbeat returned.分析：所猜测单词defibrillator后面出现了同位语an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work (一个可以电击心脏使其重新工作的电子器械)来进行解释说明，我们可推知其词义应为“(心脏)除颤器”。