定语从句attributive clause
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定语从句详解 Prepared on 24 November 2020定语从句(AttributiveClauses)一:定义 (AttributiveClauses):在复合句中,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引导的,用作定语来修饰主句的某个名词或代词(先行词)或者整个句子的形容词性从句(定语从句),一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
定语从句三要素:先行词,关系词和从句1)先行词:被定语从句修饰的词2)关系词:引导定语从句,代替先行词在从句中充当成分的词3)从句:既然为句,就有人称,时态,数的变化。
二:关系词:关系代词和关系副词关系代词:who(指人),whom,whose,that,which,as;在从句中做主语,宾语,或定语,指人或物关系副词:when(时间),where(地点),why(原因);在从句中依次做时间,地点,原因状语,可以用介词(in,on,for,during等)+ which替换★补充1:人称代词:指直接指代人或者事物的代词★补充2:物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词,也叫人称代词的所有格★归纳表格(1)—关系代词★归纳表格(2)—关系代词★归纳表格(3)—关系代词★归纳表格(4)—关系副词3:具体用法及实例关系代词1)Who:who在从句中主要作主语,在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语,但不能放在介词后(1)主语分解:The man is a teacher. The man is speaking in the classroom.合并:The man who is speaking in the classroom is a teacher(2)宾语分解:The man is my friend. You met the man in the street just now.合并:The man who(whom)you met in the street just now(可后置) is my friend.(3)概括He is the man who wants to see you.He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.2)Whom:在从句中作宾语,可放在介词后(1)宾语分解:The woman is a doctor. They want to visit the woman.合并: The woman whom they wanted to visit is a doctor.(2)概括He is the man (whom) I saw in the park yesterday.小结:Who whom 都可在定语从句中充当宾语成分,但whom作为宾语,较为正式;而who作为宾语使用时,常用语非正式语中;二者若同时出现而且充当相同成分,whom优先。
英语中限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句可分为限制性和非限制性两种:1.限制性定语从句(Restrictive attributive clauses):限制性定语从句,使所修饰的词表示一个特定的人或东西,如果去掉它,那个词就失去意义,句子就不能成立或不完整:Any one who leaves litter in these woods will be prosecuted.谁要是在林中乱扔垃圾将受到指控。
这句话如把who引起的定语从句去掉,句子就不能成立。
上节例子中的定语从句大部分都是限制性定语从句。
只有在这种定语从句中,关系代词才有可能省略。
2.非限制性定语从句(Non—Restrictive Attributive Clauses):有些定语从句只对某个词作进一步的说明,例如:She was married to Tony, who was also a student.这里who引起的就是一个非限定性定语从句,拿掉之后句子还能成立。
在一般情况下,非限制性定语从句都由一个逗号把它和句予的其它部分分开,在译成汉语时多译成一个并列句。
下面例句中部包含有非限制性定语从句:The note was left by Jim,who was here a moment ago.这个条子是吉姆留的,他刚才来过。
She introduced me to her husband,whom I hadn’t met before.她把我介绍给她丈夫,这人我以前没见过。
This is George,whose class you will be taking.这是乔治,你将接他的班。
I have many friends,some of whom were painters.我有许多朋友,其中有些是画家。
She was very fond of speaking French,which indeed she spoke well.她很喜欢讲法语,而且讲得确实很好。
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
一)关系代词的用法1.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
(作)The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。
(作)2.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。
在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。
例如:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。
(作)Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作)3. that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。
在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。
例如:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
(that作)The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
(that作)4.Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。
被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as。
关系副词有:when,where,why,how。
关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。
当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
一、定语从句的翻译许多英语初学者往往弄不明白为什么引导定语从句的关系词which不能译为“哪一个”,who不能译为“谁”,when不能译为“什么时候”,where不能译为“什么地方”,等等。
首先,我们必须要明白一点,那就是引导定语从句的which,who,when,where,why等是关系词(关系代词或关系副词),而不是疑问词,所以不能按疑问词的意思来理解。
前面我们讲到,英语中的定语从句总是后置的,即要放在被修饰名词或代词之后;但在汉语中,定语通常是前置的,也就是说定语要放在被修饰名词的前面,并通常表现为“……的”这样的形式。
当我们翻译英语中定语从句的时候,一般可以按汉语习惯,将定语从句翻译在被修饰的名词或代词之前,而其中的关系词一般就是译成汉语中的“……的”。
如:He showed me the article that he had written.他把他写的文章拿给我看。
句中的that he had written为修饰名词the article的定语从句,翻译时就可译为“他写的文章”,其中的关系代词that在此译成了“的”字。
She was not in the train which arrived just now.她不在刚到的那列火车上。
定语从句专题教案定语从句(Attributive Clauses)定义:在主从复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句的特点:1.位置:定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词的后面。
2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫“先行词”。
3.关系词(引导词):引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。
1. I’ll never forget the days that we worked together.2. I’ll never forget the days when we spent together.答案:1.that改为when 2.when 改为that 错误分析:关系代词和关系副词使用混淆Step2.关系代词和关系副词的作用正确选择关系词是掌握定语从句的关键。
关系词的选择完全取决于关系词在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。
关系词一共有9个, 它们在从句中所充当的句子成分见下表。
Step3.考点一:如何判断用关系代词还是关系副词I will never forget the day when I first went to school.which/that we spent in Beijing.The house which/that we visited is being repaired now.The house where Lu Xun once lived is being repaired now.巩固性训练:用关系词填空1.The man ___________ came to our school is Mr. Wang.2.A child __________ parents are dead is called Tom.3.Could you tell me the reason ______ you are late.4.I don’t know the boy __________ you talked with.5. Beijing is the place ________ I came.6.Gone are the days ____ we used foreign oil.答案1.who/that 2.whose 3.why 4.(whom/that) 5.where 6.when提示::引导词用关系代词还是用关系副词关键要看他们在从句中作什么成份而定。
Attributive Clauses 定语从句在复合句中充当定语,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句的作用相当于形容词,用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句,所以也称之为形容词性从句。
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般要放在先行词之后。
用来引导定语从句的词叫关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种。
定语从句的关联词之所以命名为关系词,是因为它关系到先行词,也关系到定语从句,在中间起重要的桥梁作用。
关系代词代替先行词,同时在定语从句中作主语、宾语(除了whose);关系副词相当于“介词+先行词”,同时在定语从句中作状语。
关系代词引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词往往是表示人或物的名词或代词,关系代词代替先行词,在从句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语等句子成分。
常见的关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as等。
who 在定语从句中担任主语,其先行词必须是表示人的名词或代词。
who也可以代替在从句中担任宾语的whom,但是它的前边不能有介词。
I have a friend who likes listening to music.我有一位喜欢听音乐的朋友。
(who 在从句中作主语,代替前面的a friend)Luckily none of the people who I know were killed in the earthquake.幸运的是,在我认识的人中没有人死于这次地震。
(who 在从句中作宾语,代替前面的the people)whom 在定语从句中作动词或介词的宾语,其先行词也通常是表示人的名词或代词。
在口语中,whom通常被who或that所代替,在一般情况下可省略。
She is a girl whom people like at first sight.她是一个人们一见就喜欢的姑娘。
(whom在从句中作动词的宾语,代替前面的a girl)Is that the man whom you arrived with yesterday?那就是昨天和你一起来的那个人吗?(whom在从句中作介词的宾语,代替前面的the man )注意:在限制性定语从句中,先行词一般不能被物主代词(如my,his)或指示代词(如that,this)所修饰。
定语从句attributive clause定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有:when, where, why等。
关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。
(whom/that 在从句中作宾语)2)Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
(which / that在句中作宾语)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。
(which / that在句中作宾语)关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1)when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?2)that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
1.由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which; 关系副词when, where, why 引导。
(下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出!)e.g.1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week.2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend.3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful.4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in.5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.6. He still remembers the day when he went to school.7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didn't finish it in time.8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war.9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English.10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy.2.只能用that和who引导的定语从句A.all, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行词指物时B.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时,后面常跟that而不是whichC.先行词前有the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等词修饰时,引导词只能用thatD.当先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody 时,后面要用who或whome.g. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的并非都是金子。
3.as 引导定语从句A.引导限制性语从句。
在此类定语从句中,as常与主语中作为其先行词的such, the same或as联用构成,"such... as","the same... as"和"as ...as"句型,可代替先行词。
e.g. We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。
B.as 引导非限制性定语从句时,作用与which相同,as作为关系代词代替整个主句。
(这是语法考试的一个考点。
)注意区别:as 引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后,而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。
e.g. As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.据报道,一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。
5种常考定语从句一、疑问句中考查定语从句1. Is this the farm ________ you visited last week?A. whereB. the oneC. on whichD. /【解析】答案是D。
命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择。
遇到这类定语从句时,最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句,然后判断谁是先行词,再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分,最后确定正确答案。
二、倒装句中考查定语从句2. We came to a place,________ stood a big tower.A. whichB. thatC. /D. where【解析】正确答案是D。
为了保持句子平衡,句子用了倒装语序。
倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊,因此对于使用倒装语序的定语从句,应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序,这样句子结构就比较清晰了。
三、拆分词组和固定搭配3. The second is connected with the use ________ the body makes of food.A. of whichB. whereC. to doD. that4. Why can’t you realize the part ________ they have played in our life?A. whichB. on whichC. whenD. where【解析】正确答案分别是D和A。
一些词组和搭配被拆开后,句子的含义就变得难以理解。
首先把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。
上述句子中包含以下词组:make use of,play a part (in)。
四、添加插入语或状语5. The scientist has made another discovery,_______ I believe is of great importance.A. thatB. /C. whichD. why【解析】应选择C。
这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。
常见的插入语有:I think (suppose,expect,believe,imagine),in my opinion,to tell you the truth等。
做这类题目时,最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语,这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
五、插入非谓语动词6. Is this the man ________ you want to have ________the radio for me?A. who;repairedB. that;repairedC. whom;repairingD. that;repair【解析】D项正确。
非谓语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一,因而在定语从句中加入非谓语动词就成了学生最易失分的题目。
对付这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。
如:我们可以把几个句子中的定语从句进行还原,还原后的句子应是:You want to have the man repair the radio for me.1.(2006上海) In an hour, we can travel to places __________ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.A. whereB. whenC. whichD. what答案:C解析:本题考查定语从句。
句意“我们能用一个小时就到达我们的祖先要用几天时间才能到达的地方”,先行词places在定语从句中既是主语,又是不定式短语to reach的宾语,应该是关系代词,故选C。