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Reliability StandardsReliability and dependability standards provide quick guides for reliability details. They are an efficient method for avoiding the not invented here (NIH) syndrome. A wide variety of subjects are available from IEC (International Electrical Congress) TC-56 subcommittee for publications (Technical Committee 56 is responsible for dependability issues driven by a strategic policy statement).IEC defines dependability as- “Dependability describes the availability performance and its influencing factors: reliability performance, maintainability performance and maintenance support performance”. The committee was formed in 1965 as TC 56 Reliability and Maintainability and the title was changed to Dependability in 1989 and in 1990 it was agreed that the scope should no longer be limited to the electrotechnical field but should address generic dependability issues across all disciplines. TC 56 is attempting to minimize standards and duplication by cross-committee membership with organizations such as IEEE and ASQ. Some of the 50 IEC publications are: •Analytical techniques•Reliability stress screening•Collection and presentation of dependability data •Reliability testing and statistical principles•Dependability management•Risk analysis•Design review•Risk management•Integrated logistic support•Sampling and inspection procedures •Life cycle costs•Software aspects of dependability •Maintenance and maintenancesupport•Specifications•Miscellaneous•Weibull Analysis•Prediction••Reliability centered maintenance••Reliability growth (Crow/AMSAA) •Barringer & Associates, Inc. is not affiliated with IEC nor do we stock their publications—you can procure most of the following documents from IEC as downloadable PDF’s from their website store at http://www.iec.ch.Dependability management:IEC 60300-1 (2003-06)Dependability management-Part 1 (17 pages, ~US$52) Dependability management systems. Deals with dependability performance issues including availability performance, reliability performance, maintainability performance, and maintenance support performance.IEC 60300-2 (2004-03)Dependability management-Part 2 (103 pages, ~US$92) Provides guidelines for dependability management of product design,development, evaluation and process enhancements. Life cycle models are used to describe product development or project phases. Applicable for detailed planning and implementation of a dependability program to meet specific product needs.IEC 60300-3-1 (2003-01)Dependability management-Part 3-1 (59 pages, ~US$117) guide-Analysis techniques for dependability-Guide on methodology. ApplicationDescribes a general overview of common dependability analysis techniques along with advantages/disadvantages for choosing the appropriate method.IEC 60300-3-2 (2004-11-10)Dependability management-Part 3 (79 pages, US$114) guide-Section 2: Collection of dependability data from the field.ApplicationDescribes guidelines for the collection of data relating to reliability, maintainability, availability, and maintenance support performance in the field.IEC 60300-3-3 (2005-08-29)Dependability management-Part 3 (127 pages,~US$147)guide-Section 3: Life cycle costing. This part of IEC 60300 provides Applicationa general introduction to the concept of life cycle costing and covers all applications. This standard is intended for general application by both customers (users) and suppliers of products. It explains the purpose and value of life cycle costing and outlines the general approaches involved. It also identifies typical life cycle cost elements to facilitate project and programme planning.IEC 60300-3-4 (2007-09)Dependability management-Part 3-4 (71 pages, ~US$120) Guide to the specification of dependability requirements.IEC 60300-3-5 (2001-03)Dependability management-Part 3-5 (139 pages, ~US$137) guide-Reliability test conditions and statistical test principles.ApplicationDescribes guidelines for planning and performing reliability tests and the use of statistical methods to discover weaknesses in the design that could be corrected to improve performance, quality, safety, robustness, reliability, availability, and reduce costs.IEC 60300-3-6 (1997-11) Dependability management-Part 3 (59 pages, ~US$73)guide-Section 6: Software aspects of dependability. DescribesApplicationdependability elements and tasks for systems or products containing software. —This document has been withdrawn in 2004 and replaced by IEC 60300-2 .IEC 60300-3-7 (1999-05) Dependability management-Part 3-7 (69 pages, ~US$82)guide-Reliability stress screening of electronic hardware. Describes Applicationand application guide to reliability stress screening for electronic hardware. This document was withdrawn in 2007 and replace by IEC 61163-1 and IEC 61163-2IEC 60300-3-9 (1995-12)Dependability management-Part 3 (67 pages, ~US$82)guide-Section 9: Risk analysis of technological systems. Describes Applicationguidelines for selecting and implementing risk analysis techniques for quality and consistency in planning and execution for risk analysis.IEC 60300-3-10 (2001-01)Dependability management-Part 3-10 (67 pages, ~US$82) guide-Maintainability. Describes implementation of aApplicationmaintainability program.IEC 60300-3-11 (1999-03)Dependability management-Part 3-11 (107 pages,~US$117)guide-Reliability centered maintenance. Describes development of Applicationa preventive maintenance program using RCM techniques.IEC 6003-3-12 (2001-12)Dependability management-Part 3-12 (93 pages, ~US$101)logistic support. Describes an application guide for guide-IntegratedApplicationthe purchaser/supplier to complete product life cycle.Return to top of pageLife Cycle CostsIEC 60300-3-3 (2005-08-29)Dependability management-Part3: Application guide-Section 3: Life cycle costing. Describes life cycle costing concepts and general guidance for conducting life cycle cost analysis. (59 pages, ~US$147)Return to top of pageSpecificationsIEC 60300-3-4 (2007-09)Dependability management-Part 3-4: Guide to the specification of dependability requirements. (71 pages, ~US$120).Return to top of pagePredictionNo published application guide or draft is available—more later.IEC 60319 (1999-09)Presentation and specification of reliability data for electronic components. This standard provides guidance for the collection and presentation of data relating to the reliability of electronic components and their reliability characteristics. It also provides guidance to users as to how they should specify their reliability requirements to manufactures. (39 pages, ~US$72)IEC 60863 (1986-05) was withdrawn in 2004 and replaced by IEC 60319 also described above and IEC 61709 described below. Presentation of reliability, maintainability, and availability predictions. Describes items for presentation of reliability predictions for quantitative characteristics of reliability, maintainability, availability, including hardware, software, and human elements. (23 pages, ~$US 35)IEC 61709 (1992-10)Electronic Components – Reliability – Reference conditions for failure rates and stress models for conversion. Describes the use of failure rate data for reliabiolty prediction of components in electronic equipment including the effects of complexity, stress models for conversion. (83 pages, ~US$101).Return to top of pageDesign ReviewIEC 61160 (1992-09) Formal Design Review. Describes means of stimulating product or process improvement for dependability, life, safety, endurance, environment, electromagnetic compatibility, and performance requirements. (63 pages, ~US$82) Return to top of pageAnalytical TechniquesIEC 60300-1 (3003-06)Dependability management-Part 1: Dependability management systems. Deals with dependability performance issues including availability performance, reliability performance, maintainability performance, and maintenance support performance. (17 pages, ~US$52)IEC 60812 (1985-07)Analysis techniques for system reliability – Procedure for failure mode and effects analysis ( FMEA ). Describes FMEA and FMECA with guidance for application. (41 pages, ~US$64)IEC 61025 (1990-10)Fault tree analysis ( FTA ). Defines basic principles, and the steps necessary to perform an analysis, identifies appropriate assumptions, events and failure modes, and provides identification rules and symbols. (39 pages, US$57)IEC 61078 (1991-11)Analysis techniques for dependability – Reliability block diagram method. Describes procedures for modeling system reliability to calculate reliability and availability measures and contains a standard set of symbols related to reliability parameters. (57 pages, ~US$73)IEC 61165 (1995-01)Application of Markov techniques. Describes Markov analysis methods for modeling maintenance strategies along with failure restorations events displayed in a pictorial way. (45 pages, US$64)IEC 61882 (2001-05)Hazard and operability studies ( HAZOP studies ) – Application guide. Describes a guide for HAZOP studies with guide words. (113 pages, US$117)IEC 61649:2008Weibull Analysis, Edition 2.0. (138 pages, ~US$235)IEC 61649:2008 second edition provides methods for analyzing data from a Weibull distribution using continuous parameters such as time to failure, cycles to failures, mechanical stress, etc. This standard is applicable whenever data on strength parameters, e.g., times to failure, cycles, stress, etc are available for a random sample of items operating under test condition or in-service, for the purpose of estimating measures of reliability performance of the population from which these item were drawn. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are as follows: the title has been shortened and simplified to read ‘Weibull analysis’, and provision of methods for both analytical and graphical solutions have been added.The source document for this revision is The New Weibull Handbook, 5th edition, by Dr. Robert B. Abernethy.Return to top of pageReliability GrowthIEC 61014 (1989-11)Programs for reliability growth. Describes guidelines for exposure and removal of weaknesses in hardware and software items to make reliability grow and mathematical modeling is outlined briefly. (61 pages, ~US$82)IEC 61164 (2004)Reliability growth – Statistical test and estimation methods. (55 pages, ~US$190)This second edition International Standard describes the power law reliability growth model and related projection model and gives step-by-stp directions for their used. There are several reliability growth models available, the power law model being one of the most widely used.IEC 61710 (2000-11) along with corrigendum IEC 61710 Corr.1 (2001-09)Power law model – Goodness-of-fit test and estimation methods. Describes procedures to estimate the parameters of the power law model along with confidence intervals for failure intensity, and prediction intervals for the time to future failures along with a test of goodness of fit to data from repaired items. (77 pages, ~US$92)Return to top of pageReliability Testing and Statistical PrinciplesIEC 60300-3-5 (2001-03)Dependability management-Part 3-5: Application guide-Reliability test conditions and statistical test principles. Describes guidelines for planning and performing reliability tests and the use of statistical methods to discover weaknesses in the design that could be corrected to improve performance, quality, safety, robustness, reliability, availability, and reduce costs. (139 pages, ~US$137)IEC 60605-2 (1994-10)Equipment reliability testing-Part 2: Design of test cycles. Describes the design of operating eand environmental test cycles referenced in section 8.1 and 8.2 of IEC 605-1 [which was withdrawn in 2001 and replaced by IEC60300-3-5] (57 pages, ~US$73).IEC 60605-3-1 (1986-09)Equipment reliability testing-Part 3: Preferred test conditions. Indoor portable equipment-Low degree of simulation. Describes tests for portable equipment operated in a stationary position. (19 pages, ~US$32)IEC 60605-3-2 (1986-09)Equipment reliability testing- Part 3: Preferred test conditions. Equipment for stationary use in weather protected locations – High degree of simulation. Describes preferred test conditions given in IEC 605-1 [which was withdrawn in 2001 and replaced by IEC60300-3-5] (21 pages, ~US$35).IEC 60605-3-3 (1992-11)Equipment reliability testing – Part 3: Preferred test conditions – Section 3: Test Cycle 3: Equipment for stationary use in partially weather protected locations – Low degree of simulation. Describes test cycles not intended to replace tests for other purposes. (29 pages, ~US$42)IEC 60605-3-4 (1992-07)Equipment reliability testing. Part 3: Preferred test condition. Section 4: Test cycle 4: Equipment for portable and no-stationary use – Low degree of simulation. Describes preferred test conditions as give in IEC 60605-1.(33 pages, ~US$52)IEC 60605-3-5 (1996-03) along with corrigendum IEC 60605-3-5 Corr.1 (1996-03) Equipment reliability testing. Part 3: Preferred test condition. Section 5: Test cycle 4: Ground mobile equipment – Low degree of simulation. Describes direct current (dc) powered mobile equipment tests as give in IEC 60721-2-1. (35 pages, ~US$52) IEC 60605-3-6 (1996-08)Equipment reliability testing. Part 3: Preferred test condition. Section 6: Test cycle 6: Outdoor transportable equipment – Low degree of simulation. Describes testing of outdoor transportable equipment operating in a stationary position in a “warm temperature” as per IEC 60721-2-1. (33 pages, ~US$52) IEC 60605-4 (2001-08)Equipment reliability testing. Part 4: Statistical procedures for exponential distribution – Point estimates, confidence intervals, prediction intervals and tolerance intervals.. Describes statistical methods for evaluating point estimates, confidence intervals, prediction intervals, and tolerance intervals for the failure rate of items whose time to failure follows and exponential distribution. (65 pages,~US$82)IEC 60605-6 (2007-05) along with corrigendum IEC 60605-6 Corr.1 (2000-12) Equipment reliability testing – Part 6: Tests for the validity of the constant failure rate or constant failure intensity assumptions. Describes procedures to verify the assumption of a constant failure rates as defined in IEC 60050-191(1990-12) (Terminology).IEC 61070 (1991-11)Compliance test procedures for steady-state availability. Describes compliance testing techniques for availability performance testing of frequently maintained items.IEC 61123 (1991-12)Reliability testing – Compliance test plans for success ratio. Describes procedures for compliance test plans for success ratio or failure ratio tests where each trial is statistically independent. Supersedes IEC 605-5. (61 pages, ~US$82) IEC 61124 (2006-03-15)Reliability testing – Compliance tests for constant failure rate and constant failure intensity. Describes a number of optimized test plans, the corresponding operating characteristic curves and expected test times. In addition the algorithms for designing test plans using a spreadsheet program are also given, together with guidance on how to choose test plans. This standard does not cover guidance on how to plan, perform, analyse and report a test as this information can be found inIEC60300-3-5. (250 pages, ~US$225)IEC 61649 (1997-05)Goodness-of-fit tests, confidence intervals and lower confidence limits for Weibull distribution data. Describes numerical methods forperforming a Weibull goodness of fit test for two-parameter Weibull distribution using maximum likelihood methods. (31 pages, ~US$47)IEC 61650 (1997-08)Reliability data analysis techniques – Procedures for comparison of two constant failure rates and two constant failure (event) intensities. Describes procedures to compare two observed failure rates, failure intensities, orrates/intensities of relevant events to determine apparent differences between the two sets of data—contains simple practical examples (39pages, ~US$57)Return to top of pageSampling And Inspection ProceduresIEC 60410 (1973-01)Sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. Describes plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. (82 pages, ~us$101) Return to top of pageReliability Stress ScreeningIEC 60300-3-7 (1999-05) Dependability management-Part 3-7: Application guide-Reliability stress screening of electronic hardware. Describes and application guide to reliability stress screening for electronic hardware. (69 pages, ~US$82) —This document has been withdrawn in 2007 and replace by IEC 61163-1 and IEC 61163-2IEC 61163-1 Ed. 2.0 (2006-06-26)Reliability stress screening – Part 1: Repairable items manufactured in lots. Describes processes which are applicable for hardware items which have unacceptably low reliability in the early failure periods and when other methods such as reliability grow plots are not applicable. (153 pages, ~US$214)IEC 61163-2 (1998-11)Reliability stress screening – Part 2: Electronic components. Describes guidance on reliability stress screening techniques and procedures for electronic components. (69 pages, ~US$82)IEC 61163-3 (draft and voting per TC-5) Reliability stress screening. Part 3: Repairable single items.Not publishedReturn to top of pageSoftware Aspects of DependabilityIEC 60300-3-6 (1997-11) Dependability management-Part 3: Application guide-Section 6: Software aspects of dependability. Describes dependability elements and tasks for systems or products containing software. (59 pages, ~US$73) This document has been withdrawn in 2004 and replaced by IEC 60300-2 .IEC 61713 (2000-06)Software dependability through the software life-cycle process-Application guide, Describes activities to achieve dependable software to support IEC 60300-3-6 (1997-11) (replaced by IEC 60300-2) and the guide is useful for acquires, supplies, developers, operators/maintainers of software.IEC 61720 (draft) Guide to techniques and tools for achieving confidence in software,Return to top of pageMaintainability And Maintenance SupportIEC 60300-3-10 (2001-01)Dependability management-Part 3-10: Application guide-Maintainability. Describes implementation of a maintainability program. (67 pages,~US$82)IEC 60706-1 (1982-01) Guide on maintainability of equipment. Part 1- Section One, Two and Three. Introduction, requirements and maintainability program. Describes the concept of maintainability, the general approach for maintainability, and gives maintainability objectives. (39 pages, ~US$57). Withdrawn in 2006 and replaced by IEC 60706-2 (2006-03-20) see below.IEC 60706-2 (2006-03-20) M aintainability of equipment-Part 2-Maintainability requirements and studies during the design and development phase. Describes maintainability requirements and related design and use parameter, and discusses some activities necessary to achieve the required maintainability characteristics and their relationship to planning of maintenance. It described the general approach in reaching these objectives and shows ho maintainability characteristics should be specified in a requirements document or contract. It is not intended to be a complete guide on how to specify or to contract for maintainability. It’s purpose is to define the range of considerations when maintainability characteristics re included as requirements for the development or the acquisition of an item. (101 pages, ~US$145)IEC 60706-3 (2006-04-27) M aintainability of equipment. Part 3: Verification and collection, analysis and presentation of data. Describes aspects of verification necessary to ensure that the specified maintainability requirements of an item have been met and provides suitable procedures and test methods. This standard also addresses the collection, analysis and presentation of maintainability related data, which may be required during, and at the completion of, design and during item production and operation. (75 pages, ~US$145)IEC 60706-4 (1992-09) Guide on maintainability of equipment. Part 4- Section 8: Maintenance and maintenance support planning. Describes the tasks required for planning of maintenance and maintenance support—also describes the interface between reliability, maintainability and maintenance support planning. (63 pages, ~US$82) Withdrawn in 2004 by TC/CS 56 committee. Replaced by IEC 60300-3-14 Ed 1.0 (2004).IEC 60706-5 (2007-09)Guide on maintainability of equipment. Part 5: Testability and diagnostic testing. (126 pages, ~US$185)IEC 60706-6 (1994-12) Guide on maintainability of equipment. Part 6- Section 9: Statistical methods in maintainability evaluation. Describes techniques coveringquantitative aspects of maintainability. (41 pages, ~US$64). Replaced in 2006 by IEC 60706-3 (2006-04-27)Return to top of pageReliability Centered MaintenanceIEC 60300-3-11 (2003-01)Dependability management-Part 3-11: Application guide-Reliability centered maintenance. Describes development of a preventive maintenance program using RCM techniques. (107 pages, ~US$117)Return to top of pageIntegrated Logistic SupportIEC 6003-3-12 (2001-12)Dependability management-Part 3-12: Application guide-Integrated logistic support. Describes an application guide for the purchaser/supplier to complete product life cycle. (93 pages, ~US$101)Return to top of pageRisk AnalysisIEC 60300-3-9 (1995-12)Dependability management-Part 3: Application guide-Section 9: Risk analysis of technological systems. Describes guidelines for selecting and implementing risk analysis techniques for quality and consistency in planning and execution for risk analysis. (67 pages, ~US$82)Return to top of pageRisk ManagementIEC 62198 (2001-04) Project risk management – Application guidelines. Describes a general introduction to project risk management, its sub-processes and influencing factors, and provides guidelines for implementing risk management at various phases of a project. (37 pages, ~US$57)Return to top of pageCollection And Presentation of Dependability DataIEC 60300-3-2 (2004-11-12)Dependability management-Part 3: Application guide-Section 2: Collection of dependability data from the field. Describes guidelines for the collection of data relating to reliability, maintainability, availability, and maintenance support performance in the field. (79 pages, US$114)Also refer to following documents for data collection:ISO 14224:2006Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries—Collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment.. (170 pages,~US$199)ISO 14224.2006 provides a comprehensive basis for the collection of reliability and maintenance (RM) data in a standard format for equipment in all facilities and operations within the petroleum, natural gas and petrochemical industries during the operational life cycle of equipment. It describes data-collection principles and associated terms and definitions that constitute a “reliability language” that can be useful for communicating operational experience. The failure modes defined in ISO 14224.206 canbe used as a “reliability thesaurus” for various quantitative as well as qualitative applications. ISO 14224.2006 also describes data quality control and assurance practices to provide guidance for the users.Standardization of data-collection practices facilitates the exchange of information between parties, e.g. plants, owners, manufacturers and contractors. ISO 14224.2006 establishes requirements that nay in-house or commercially available RM data system is required to meet when designed for RM data exchange. Examples, guidelines, and principles for the exchange and merging of such RM data are addressed.ISO 14224.2006 recommends a minimum amount of data that is required to be collected and focuses on the two main issues: data requirements for the type of data to be collected for use in various analysis methodologies and standardized data format to facilitate the exchange of reliability and maintenance data between plants, owners, manufactures and contractors.The following main categories of data are to be collected: equipment data, e.g. equipment taxonomy, equipment attributes, failure data, e.g. failure causes, failure consequence, maintenance data, e.g. maintenance action, resources used, maintenance consequence, down time.ISO 14224.2006 does not apply to data on (direct) cost issues, data from laboratory testing and manufacturing (e.g. accelerated lifetime testing): complete equipment data sheets (only data seen relevant for assessing the reliability performance are included); additional on-service data that an operator, on an individual basis, can consider useful for operation and maintenance; and methods for analyzing and applying RM data (however, principles for how to calculate some basic reliability and maintenance parameters are included).Process Equipment Reliability Database (PERD) with taxonomies and technical papers are available. PERD publications are available for sale and download. This project for the process industry pertains to data collection and analysis.IEC 60319 (1990-09)Presentation and specification of reliability data for electronic components. Describes data needed to characterizing reliability of components and gives guidance to users how to specify their reliability requirements to manufacturers. (39 pages, ~US$57)Return to top of pageMiscellaneousIEC 60050-191(1990-12)International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, Chapter 191: Dependability and quality of service (149 pages, ~US$137)IEC 61703 (2001-09)Mathematical expressions for reliability, availability, maintainability and maintenance support terms (103 pages, ~US$117)Return to top of pageYou can download a PDF copy of this page.© Barringer & Associates, Inc., 2003-2008Return to Barringer & Associates, Inc. homepageLast revised 10/22/08。
系统评价Meta分析方法学质量的评价工具AMSTAR一、本文概述Overview of this article本文旨在探讨和评价《系统评价Meta分析方法学质量的评价工具AMSTAR》这篇文章，深入解析AMSTAR（A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews）这一评价工具在系统评价和Meta分析中的应用和重要性。
我们将从AMSTAR的背景、目的、方法、结果以及讨论等方面进行全面介绍，以便读者更好地理解和掌握这一评价工具。
This article aims to explore and evaluate the AMSTAR (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) evaluation tool for the quality of meta-analysis methodology, and to provide an in-depth analysis of its application and importance in system evaluation and meta-analysis. We will provide a comprehensive introduction to AMSTAR from its background, purpose, methods, results, and discussion, in order for readers to better understand and master this evaluation tool.我们将简要介绍系统评价和Meta分析在医学研究中的重要性，以及为什么需要对这些方法学质量进行评价。
接着，我们将详细介绍AMSTAR的发展背景、理论基础和构建过程，以便读者了解该评价工具的起源和依据。
We will briefly introduce the importance of system evaluation and meta-analysis in medical research, as well as why it is necessary to evaluate the quality of these methodologies. Next, we will provide a detailed introduction to the development background, theoretical basis, and construction process of AMSTAR, so that readers can understand the origin and basis of this evaluation tool.在方法部分，我们将详细介绍AMSTAR的具体内容、评分标准和评价方法，包括各个条目的定义、评分依据以及如何运用AMSTAR对系统评价和Meta分析进行质量评价。
管控体系前面加动词建立企业管控体系作为一个企业的主管，建立企业的管控体系几乎完全取决于我们，因为它可以帮助管理企业，实现企业绩效目标。
首先，我们要制定有效的政策来指导员工管理和行动，它们应该能够反映企业的价值观、理念和信息。
比如，可以制定员工表现考核制度，以保持有效的管理水平。
其次，要建立有效的决策流程，以确定公司管理及行动方式，并确定管理模式、信息流动和决策。
为此，要建立并实施有助于企业高效运营的反馈系统，及时向管理层提供资料以满足业务发展需求。
最后，要加强内部管理，落实企业管控措施。
例如，可以完善财务控制措施，以更好地控制企业资金，如定期家居检查，管理企业股权与资产，控制董事会人数，审核特殊费用，并建立有效的会计准则。
总而言之，建立企业管控体系是极为重要的，它有助于企业可控性以及可靠性，能够减少企业运营风险，起到极大地保护企业利益，提升企业效率，满足企业发展的需要。
Establishing Enterprise Control SystemAs a senior manager of a company, establishing the control system of the company almost entirely depends upon us, as it can help manage and perform goals within the enterprise. To begin with, we should draw up effective policies to guide employees to manage and act, which should be able to reflect the company's values, philosophies, and information. For instance, performance evaluation for employees should be carried out in order to maintain effective management level.Moreover, an effective decision-making process should be set up to determine the way the company will be managed and acted, and to determine the management pattern, information flow and decisions. For this purpose, a feedback system that is conducive for the smooth operation of the business should be established and implemented to provide the management with material in a timely manner to meet the demands of business developments.Finally, we must reinforce internal management and implement enterprise control measures. For example, financial control measures should be improved to better control the company's funds, such as periodic home inspections, management of company equity and assets, control of board members, auditing of special expenses, and establishing of effective accounting standards.In conclusion, establishing company control system is extremely important, as it contributes to the controllability and reliability of the company and thus reduces operational risks and greatly protects the interests of the company, as well as improves its efficiency and meets the needs of its development.。
Evaluating the Effects of English LearningIntroduction:The evaluation of the effects of English learning is a crucial aspect of language education. It helps learners, teachers, and educational institutions understand the progress and areas that need improvement. This article will discuss the various methods and criteria used to assess the effectiveness of English learning.Body:1. Formal Assessment:Formal assessment refers to the standardized tests and exams conducted in educational institutions to measure students' English language proficiency. These assessments are usually conducted at the end of a course or academic year and provide a quantitative measure of the learners' progress. Examples of formal assessments include final exams, standardized tests like TOEFL and IELTS, and government-mandated proficiency tests.2. Informal Assessment:Informal assessment is an ongoing and continuous process that involves teachers' observations, feedback, and day-to-day interactions with students. It includes techniques such as classroom participation, presentations, group discussions, and project work. Informal assessment provides valuable insights into learners' language skills, such as speaking, listening, reading, and writing, and helps teachers identify individual strengths and weaknesses.3. Self-Assessment:Self-assessment is an essential component of language learning, enabling learners to take ownership of their progress. It involves setting personal goals, monitoring their achievements, and reflecting on their learning journey. Self-assessment tools, such as learning journals, self-evaluation forms, and online platforms, help learners track their improvements, identify areas for growth, and develop metacognitive skills.4. Criteria for Evaluation:When evaluating the effects of English learning, several criteria should be considered. These include:- Language Proficiency: Assessing learners' ability to use English effectively in real-life situations, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills.- Knowledge of Grammar and Vocabulary: Evaluating learners' understanding and application of English grammar rules and vocabulary. - Cultural Competence: Understanding the cultural aspects of the English language and being able to communicate appropriately in different cultural contexts.- Motivation and Engagement: Considering learners' enthusiasm, participation, and commitment to English learning.- Personal Goals and Objectives: Taking into account learners' individual goals and how well they are progressing towards achieving them.Conclusion:Evaluating the effects of English learning is essential for ensuringsuccessful language acquisition. Formal, informal, and self-assessment methods provide a comprehensive approach to measuring learners' progress. By considering various evaluation criteria, teachers and learners can gain a deeper understanding of strengths and areas needing improvement, ultimately enhancing the learning experience and achieving desired outcomes.。
