电子信息工程中英文翻译

Unit 12 生物识别技术Unit 12-1第一部分：指纹识别在所有的生物技术中，指纹识别是最早期的一种技术。

我们知道，每个人都有自己独特的、不可变更的指纹。

指纹是由手指表皮上的一系列峰谷组成的。

指纹的独特性是由这些峰谷的形状以及指纹的细节点所决定的。

指纹的细节点是指纹局部凸起处的一些特性，这些特性出现在凸起的分叉处或是凸起的截止处。

指纹匹配技术可以被分为两类：基于细节的指纹匹配技术和基于相关性的指纹匹配技术。

基于细节的指纹匹配首先要找出细节点，然后在手指上对应出与它们相关的位置，如图12.1所示。

但是，使用这种方法存在一些困难。

要精确地提取指纹的细节点是很困难的。

而且，这种方法不能很好地考虑指纹峰谷的整体形状。

基于相关性的指纹匹配技术可以解决部分基于细节的指纹匹配方法存在的问题，但它也存在一些自身的缺陷。

基于相关性的匹配技术需要给出已注册过的特征点的精确位置，并且该方法会受图像平移和旋转的影响。

图12.1 基于细节的指纹匹配基于细节的指纹匹配技术在匹配不同大小的细节模型时（未注册过的）会存在一些问题。

指纹上局部的凸起结构不能完全由指纹细节实现特征化。

我们可以尝试另一种表达指纹的方法，它可以获得更多的指纹局部信息并且得到固定长度的指纹编码。

于是，我们只需要计算两个指纹编码之间的欧几里得距离，匹配过程有望变得相对简单。

研发对于指纹图像中噪声更稳健并能实时提供更高精度的算法是重要的。

商用指纹（身份）认证系统对给定的错误接受率要求具有很低的错误拒绝率。

在这点上，任何一项简单的技术都很难实现。

我们可以从不同的匹配技术中汇总多个证据从而提高系统的总体精确度。

在实际应用中，传感器、采集系统、性能随时间的变化是关键因素。

为了评价系统性能，我们有必要对少数使用者在一段时间内进行现场试验。

每天我们可以从法医鉴定、出入口控制、驾驶证登记等多个方面的应用中采集并保存大量的指纹。

基于指纹的自动识别系统需要把输入的指纹与数据库中大量的指纹进行匹配验证。

电子信息工程专业课程名称中英文翻译对照（2009级培养计划）实践环节翻译高等数学Advanced Mathematics 大学物理College Physics线性代数Linear Algebra复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variable and Integral Transforms概率论与随机过程Probability and Random Process 物理实验Experiments of College Physics数理方程Equations of Mathematical Physics电子信息工程概论Introduction to Electronic and Information Engineering计算机应用基础Fundamentals of Computer Application 电路原理Principles of Circuit模拟电子技术基础Fundamentals of Analog Electronics数字电子技术基础Fundamentals of Digital ElectronicsC语言程序设计The C Programming Language信息论基础Fundamentals of Information Theory 信号与线性系统Signals and Linear Systems微机原理与接口技术Microcomputer Principles and Interface Technology马克思主义基本原理Fundamentals of Marxism毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论Thoughts of Mao and Deng中国近现代史纲要Modern Chinese History思想道德修养与法律基础Moral Education & Law Basis形势与政策Situation and Policy英语College English体育Physical Education当代世界经济与政治Modern Global Economy and Politics 卫生健康教育Health Education心理健康知识讲座Psychological Health Knowledge Lecture公共艺术课程Public Arts文献检索Literature Retrieval军事理论Military Theory普通话语音常识及训练Mandarin Knowledge and Training大学生职业生涯策划（就业指导）Career Planning (Guidance of Employment )专题学术讲座Optional Course Lecture科技文献写作Sci-tech Document Writing高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuits通信原理Communications Theory数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing计算机网络Computer Networks电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and MicrowaveTechnology现代通信技术Modern Communications TechnologyDSP原理及应用Principles and Applications of DSP单片机原理Principles of Microcontroller嵌入式系统Embedded Systems数字图像处理Digital Image Processing检测与转换技术Signal Detection and Conversion Technology 电子设计自动化Electronics Design Automation现代信息处理技术Modern Information Processing Technology 语音信号处理Speech Signal Processing虚拟仪器基础（双语）Fundamentals of Virtual InstrumentMatlab语言及应用Matlab Language and Application电子系统设计Electronics System Design电磁兼容理论Electromagnetic Compatibility Theory电子设计自动化Electronics Design Automation检测与转换技术Signal Detection and Conversion Technology 智能仪器Intelligent Instrument Design自动控制原理Automatic Control Systems无线传感器网络Wireless Sensor Networks无线局域网Wireless Local Area Networks计算机网络组网技术Computer Network Construction Technology 现代通信网Modern Communication NetworksAdvanced MathematicsCollege Physics计算机应用基础Fundamentals of Computer Application 电路原理Principles of Circuit模拟电子技术基础Fundamentals of Analog Electronics数字电子技术基础Fundamentals of Digital ElectronicsC语言程序设计The C Programming Language信号与线性系统Signals and Linear Systems微机原理与接口技术Microcomputer Principles and Interface Technology高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuits 通信原理Communications Theory数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing计算机网络Computer Networks电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave TechnologyDSP原理及应用Principles and Applications of DSP 单片机原理Principles of Microcontroller嵌入式系统Embedded Systems自动控制原理Automatic Control Systems。

1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor, whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管，并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管3 There has been a never ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog applications by anybody.从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布，他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升，如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。

4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power hungry.它具有高速转换能力，从而能适应高速采样速率，但它的基本形式非常耗电。

5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core material of the inductor in the form of flux.在”on”阶段，能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器，从而减小板卡面积和成本。

电子信息工程专业英语教程第三版译者：唐亦林p32In 1945 H. W. Bode presented a system for analyzing the stability of feedback systems by using graphical methods. Until this time, feedback analysis was done by multiplication and division, so calculation of transfer functions was a time consuming and laborious task. Remember, engineers did not have calculators or computers until the '70s. Bode presented a log technique that transformed the intensely mathematical process of calculating a feedback system's stability into graphical analysis that was simple and perceptive. Feedback system design was still complicated, but it no longer was an art dominated by a few electrical engineers kept in a small dark room. Any electrical engineer could use Bode's methods find the stability of a feedback circuit, so the application of feedback to machines began to grow. There really wasn't much call for electronic feedback design until computers and transducers become of age.1945年HW伯德提出了一套系统方法，用图形化方法来分析反馈系统的稳定性。

1.As data networks advanced…also grew more complex.由于数据网络从面向终端的系统向分组交换、计算机与计算机连接的方向发展, 执行网络功能所必需的协议也变得愈来愈复杂。

2.An additional bit called a parity bit…during transmission.在每个字符的后面有时还包括一个称为奇偶校验位的附加位, 它们测试数据位在传输过程中是否被意外改变。

3.As already stated, with…downlink（FDD paired bands）.如前所述, 在非对称通信量应用中, TD-SCDMA利用可用频谱的效率比其他3G标准高, 因为它在只利用一个频带（TDD单一频带）而不是两个独立的频带（FDD成对频带）进行上行与下行通信。

4.Although often simpler to implement, …digital modulation.虽然光纤系统的模拟调制易于实现, 但其效率较低, 且要求在接收端有比数字调制高得多的信噪比。

5.At present, the bandwidth…electronics （）is possible.目前传输100km的几吉赫兹的调制信号和传输300km的几百兆赫兹的调制信号都是可能的, 因此光纤系统的可用带宽并没有得到充分利用。

6.Both TD-SCDMA deployments-TSD…unpaired bands awarded.TD-SCDMA的两种部署——TSM和TDDCLR的数据速率、频谱利用率、覆盖率、移动性和可靠性等性能是一样的, 并基本上为所有取得非成对TDD频段牌照的运营商所采用。

7.Crossbar sw itching was carried…selection for all calls.纵横制交换由一个称为标志器的特定电路控制, 标志器提供整个号码的公共控制并选择所有呼叫的路由。

Electronic power steering systemWhat it is?Electrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power steering hydraulic pump or the steering linkage directly. The power steering function is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in significant energy savings.How it works?Conventional power steering systems use an engine accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurized fluid that operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the driver.In electro-hydraulic steering, one electrically powered steering concept uses a high efficiency pump driven by an electric motor. Pump speed is regulated by an electric controller to vary pump pressure and flow, providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations. The pump can be run at low speed or shut off to provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of the time in most world markets).Direct electric steering uses an electric motor attached to the steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid). A variety of motor types and gear drives is possible. A microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs include vehicle speed and steering, wheel torque, angular position and turning rate.Working In Detail:A "steering sensor" is located on the input shaft where it enters the gearbox housing. The steering sensor is actually two sensors in one: a "torque sensor" that converts steering torque input and its direction into voltage signals, and a "rotation sensor" that converts the rotation speed and direction into voltage signals. An "interface" circuit that shares the same housing converts the signals from the torque sensor and rotation sensor into signals the control electronics can process. Inputs from the steering sensor are digested by a microprocessor control unit that alsomonitors input from the vehicle's speed sensor. The sensor inputs are then compared to determine how much power assist is required according to a preprogrammed "force map" in the control unit's memory. The control unit then sends out the appropriate command to the "power unit" which then supplies the electric motor with current. The motor pushes the rack to the right or left depending on which way the voltage flows (reversing the current reverses the direction the motor spins). Increasing the current to the motor increases the amount of power assist.The system has three operating modes: a "normal" control mode in which left or right power assist is provided in response to input from the steering torque and rotation sensor's inputs; a "return" control mode which is used to assist steering return after completing a turn; and a "damper" control mode that changes with vehicle speed to improve road feel and dampen kickback.If the steering wheel is turned and held in the full-lock position and steering assist reaches a maximum, the control unit reduces current to the electric motor to prevent an overload situation that might damage the motor. The control unit is also designed to protect the motor against voltage surges from a faulty alternator or charging problem.The electronic steering control unit is capable of self-diagnosing faults by monitoring the system's inputs and outputs, and the driving current of the electric motor. If a problem occurs, the control unit turns the system off by actuating a fail-safe relay in the power unit. This eliminates all power assist, causing the system to revert back to manual steering. A dash EPS warning light is also illuminated to alert the driver. To diagnose the problem, a technician jumps the terminals on the service check connector and reads out the trouble codes.Electric power steering systems promise weight reduction, fuel savings and package flexibility, at no cost penalty.Europe's high fuel prices and smaller vehicles make a fertile testbed for electric steering, a technology that promises automakers weight savings and fuel economy gains. And in a short time, electric steering will make it to the U.S., too. "It's just just a matter of time," says Aly Badawy, director of research and development for Delphi Saginaw SteeringSystems in Saginaw, Mich. "The issue was cost and that's behind us now. By 2002 here in the U.S. the cost of electric power steering will absolutely be a wash over hydraulic."Today, electric and hybrid-powered vehicles (EV), including Toyota's Prius and GM's EV-1, are the perfect domain for electric steering. But by 2010, a TRW Inc. internal study estimates that one out of every three cars produced in the world will be equipped with some form of electrically-assisted steering. The Cleveland-based supplier claims its new steering systems could improve fuel economy by up to 2 mpg, while enhancing handling. There are true bottom-line benefits as well for automakers by reducing overall costs and decreasing assembly time, since there's no need for pumps, hoses and fluids.Another claimed advantage is shortened development time. For instance, a Delphi group developed E-TUNE, a ride-and-handling software package that can be run off a laptop computer. "They can take that computer and plug it in, attach it to the controller and change all the handling parameters -- effort level, returnability, damping -- on the fly," Badawy says. "It used to take months." Delphi has one OEM customer that should start low-volume production in '99.Electric steering units are normally placed in one of three positions: column-drive, pinion-drive and rack-drive. Which system will become the norm is still unclear. Short term, OEMs will choose the steering system that is easiest to integrate into an existing platform. Obviously,greater potential comes from designing the system into an all-new platform. "We have all three designs under consideration," says Dr. Herman Strecker, group vice president of steering systems division at ZF in Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany. "It's up to the market and OEMs which version finally will be used and manufactured." "The large manufacturers have all grabbed hold of what they consider a core technology," explains James Handy sides, TRW vice president, electrically assisted steering in Sterling Heights, Mich. His company offers a portfolio of electric steering systems (hybrid electric, rack-, pinion-, and column-drive). TRW originally concentrated on what it still believes is the purest engineering solution for electric steering--the rack-drive system. The system is sometimes refer to as direct drive orball/nut drive. Still, this winter TRW hedged its bet, forming a joint venture with LucasV arity. The British supplier received $50 million in exchange for its electric column-drive steering technology and as sets. Initial production of the column and pinion drive electric steering systems is expected to begin in Birmingham, England, in 2000.In 1995, according to Delphi, traditional hydraulic power steering systems were on 7596 of all vehicles sold globally. That 37-million vehicle pool consumes about 10 million gallons in hydraulic fluid that could be superfluous, if electric steering really takes off.The present invention relates to an electrically powered drive mechamsm for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrically powered driven mechanism for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism having a manually rotatable member for operating the steering mechanism, the drive mechanism including a torque sensor operable to sense torque being manually applied to the rotatable member, an electrically powered drive motor drivingly connected to the rotatable member and a controller which is arranged to control the speed and direction of rotation of the drive motor in response to signals received from the torque sensor, the torque sensor including a sensor shaft adapted for connection to the rotatable member to form an extension thereof so that torque is transmitted through said sensor shaft when the rotatable member is manually rotated and a strain gauge mounted on the sensor shaft for producing a signal indicative of the amount of torque being transmitted through said shaft. Preferably the sensor shaft is non-rotatably mounted at one axial end in a first coupling member and is non-rotatably mounted at its opposite axial end in a second coupling member, the first and second coupling members being inter-engaged to permit limited rotation there between so that torque under a predetermined limit is transmitted by the sensor shaft only and so that torque above said predetermined limit is transmitted through the first and second coupling members.Now, power steering systems of some cars have become the standard-setting, the whole world about half of the cars used to powersteering. With the development of automotive electronics technology, some cars have been using electric power steering gear, the car of the economy, power and mobility has improved. Electric power steering device on the car is a new power steering system device, developed rapidly in recent years both at home and abroad, because of its use of programmable electronic control devices, the flexibility in the same time there are also potential safety problems. In the analysis This unique product on the basis of the author of the characteristics of electronic control devices, security clearance just that the factors that deal with security measures, and discussed a number of concerns the safety of specific issues. The results show that : Existing standards can not meet the electric power steering device security needs and made the electric power steering device safety evaluation of the idea. Research work on the electric power steering device development and evaluation of reference value.电子动力转向系统电子动力转向系统是什么?电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。

电子信息工程专业常用词汇Aabbreviation n. 缩写accelerator n. 加速者，加速器accommodate v. 使适应，使调节accumulate v. 积聚, 堆积accumulator n. 累加器acquisition n. 获得，采集acquisition time 采集时间Activate a. 激活的active circuit 有源电路address line 地址线aforementioned a. 上述的，前述的algebra n.代数学alphanumeric a. 字母数字的alternating current 交流电流amber n.琥珀色analog n.模拟量analogous a.类似的，模拟的analog-to-digital converter（ADC）模数转换器analytical a. 分析的，解析的anode n. 阳极appropriate a. 合适的approximation n. 近似值assemblage n. 集合assembly language 汇编语言asymmetry n. 不对称attenuate v. 削弱，减弱，衰减attenuator n.衰减器Bband-gap energy 带隙能band-reject 带阻base n. 基极base 2 以2 为基数base-emitter current 基射电流bead n. 珠型bi-directional 双向的binary a. 二进位的bipolar a. 双极性的bipolar power 双极性电源block v. 阻塞Boolean n. 布尔Boolean algebra 布尔代数breadboard n.试验板breakdown voltage 击穿电压bridge arm 桥臂bridge circuit 桥路bulk n.大块，大批，体积；v. 越来越大，使更大Ccalibration n. 刻度calibration n.标度, 刻度, 校准canonical n. 牧师礼服，法服；a. 依教规的，权威的capacitance n.电容量cascade adj.级联的cathode n. 阴极Celsius a. 摄氏的Celsius a. 摄氏的channel n.通道characteristic n. 特性charge n. 电荷v.充电Choke v. 窒息,阻塞circuit n.电路circuitry n. 电路，线路cobalt n. 钴coefficients n. 系数collector n. 集电极common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 共模抑制比common mode voltage 共模电压comparator n. 比较器compatible a.兼容的compensation n. 补偿, 赔偿complement n. 补充物compromise n.；v. 妥协，折中concession n. 让步，妥协conditioning n. 调节，调理conduct n.导体conduction band 传导带conductivity n. 传导性，传导率configuration n.配置constant n. 常数，恒量contiguous a. 邻近的，接近的control line 控制线control-oriented 控制方向conversion time 转换时间, 变换时间coulomb n. 库仑counter n. 计数器criterion n. 标准critical frequency 临界频率, 截止频率crocodile n. 鳄鱼cumbersome a. 麻烦的cumbersome a. 笨重的cursor n. 光标Cycle n. 循环, 周期Ddata line 数据线deactivate a. 非激活的decimal a. 十进位的, 小数的decimal a. 十进位的，小数的decode v. 解码，译解deduce v. 推论, 演绎出delicate a. 细致优雅的，微妙的，美味的deposit vt.存放, 堆积designate v. 指定desktop n. 桌面deterioration n. 恶化，退化dielectric n. 电介质dielectric strength 电介质强度, 绝缘强度differential amplifier 差动放大器differentiator n. 微分器diffuse v. 散播，使（光线）漫射digital a. 数字的digital-to-analog converter（DAC）数模转换器diode n.二极管direct current 直流电流disc n. 圆盘型discharge v.放电discrete adj.不连续的, 离散的dispatch v. 分发，派遣dissipate v. 使⋯⋯消散（浪费）divert v. 转移divide v. 分开，分类divider circuit 分压电路drift n. 漂流物, 漂流；v. 漂流Dual-Slope Ramp ADC 双积分ADCEelectrode n.电极electrolytic capacitor 电解电容electrolytic lead 电解铅electromotive a. 电的，电动的electromotive force 电势electron n. 电子emitter n. 发射极encapsulation n. 封装，包装encase v. 包围，装入箱内，把⋯⋯装入箱中，包起encode v. 编码entanglement n. 纠缠牵累epoxy n. 环氧基树脂equate vt. 等同，使相等equilibrium n. 平衡, 均衡erroneous a. 错误的，不正确的establish vt. 建立evaluate v. 评估，评价evolve v. 进展，进化execute v. 执行exemplify v. 例证，例示expansion slot 扩展槽exponential a.指数的exponential decay 指数式衰减Ffabricate v. 制造，装配factor n.因子Fahrenheit a. 华氏的；n. 华氏温度计farad n. 法拉feedback n.反馈ferrite n. 铁氧体filter n. 滤波器fine-tuning 调整finite open loop gain 有限开环增益first order system 一阶系统flowchart n.流程图fluctuation n. 波动，起伏flux line 磁通线follower n. 跟随器forward voltage 正向电压fraction n. 分数, 小部分, 破片fractional a.分数的full-duplex 全双工Ggalvanometer n.检流计gauge n. 标准度量，计量器generic a. 一般性的，标准样本应用程序Germanium n. 锗gyration n. 回旋，回转，旋转Hhardware n.硬件hard-wired 硬件线路Henry n. 亨，亨利hexadecimal n. 十六进制，十六进制的high-performance 高性能Hole n.空穴hysteresis 滞后作用，磁滞现象Iideal inverting amplifier 理想反向放大器impedance n. 阻抗impede v. 妨碍，阻碍，阻止impurity n. 杂质incandescent a. 白热的，发白热光的increment n.增量increment n. 增加(增加物，增量，余差) induce v.感应inductance n. 电感，感应系数inductor n.电感器inequality n. 不等式inevitably ad. 不可避免地infrared a. 红外线的initialization values 初始值initiate v. 开始，初始instantaneous a. 瞬间的，即刻的instrumentation amplifier 仪器放大器insulate v. 使⋯⋯绝缘,隔insulator n.绝缘体，绝热器integral n. 积分integrated circuit 集成电路integrator n.积分器interpret n.解释interrupt n. 中断interval n. 间隔inverter n. 变换器inverting input 反向输入isolation n. 隔离，孤立issue v. 发出Llatch v. 锁存lead compensation 导线补偿leakage n. 泄漏linkage n. 联系，连锁，结合logarithm n.对数loop n.循环lower-lying energy state 低电能态low-ripple source 低纹波源low-ripple 低纹波Mmacro a. 巨大的，突出的；n. 宏指令magnetic field 磁场magnitude n.大小, 数量mainline glue 主流程综述maneuver n. 演习，调遣，策略；v. 调遣，演习，用计策measurement junction 测量点megohm n.兆欧（姆）memory n. 存储器memory-read instruction 读存储器指令metallic a. 金属的microwave band 微波带宽microwave oven 微波炉millivolt n.毫伏misuse vt.＆n. 误用,滥用mnemonic a. 助记的，记忆的modulo n. 模数；按模计算molecule n. 分子multimeter n. 万用表multiplexer n.多路器multiplication n. 乘法，增加Multiply v.乘, 增加multivibrator n. 多谐振荡器Nnegligible a. 可以忽略的, 微不足道的nibble n. 轻咬，啃；v. 咬，一点点地咬，慢慢啃nickel n.镍nonideal adj.非理想的noninverting input 同向输入nonlinear a. 非线性的non-page-oriented 面向非页面的nonsymmetrical a. 不对称的nonvolatile a. 永久的，长存的，不挥发的，非挥发性的notch filter 槽型滤波器null n.零, 空numerator n.分子Oobsolete a. 已废弃的，过时的obstacle n. 障碍octal a.八进制的offset n. 偏移offset current 偏移电流ohm n.欧姆omega n. 希腊字母的最后一个字Ωopcode(operand code) 操作码open-collector 集电极开路operational amplifier 运算放大器optimize v. 使⋯⋯完美，使⋯⋯完善；v.优化overlap n.（数）交迭，相交Pparallel a. 并行的parity n. 同等,同格,同位passive band-pass filter 无源带通滤波器pedestrian n.行人Peltier effect 珀耳帖效应peripheral a.外设的, n. 外设peripheral a.外围的peruse v. 熟读,精读,阅读pictorial a. 绘画的n. 画报pinout 管脚引出platinum n. 白金plumb n. 测水锤，垂直；a. 垂直的；v. 探测，了解pointless a.无意义的polarise vt. 极化polyester n.聚酯polystyrene n. 聚苯乙烯potential n.电位，电势potential drop 电位降，势能落差precautions n. 预防，保护prefix n. 前缀prescaler n. 预换算装置，预定标器printed circuit board 印制电路板procedure n. 程序，步骤processor 处理器program n. 编程，程序Program Status Word(PSW) 程序状态字prolong v. 延长，拖延propagation n. 增殖，繁殖，传播proportionately ad. 相称地，成比例地pull-up 上拉Qquadrature n.正交，九十度相位差quote n. 引用；v. 引述, 举证, 报价Rradial a. 光线的，光线状的，放射状的ramp voltage 斜坡电压range n.幅度, 范围ratings n. 额定值capacitor [k__p_sit_] n.电容器recipient n. 接受者rectangular wave 矩形波rectifier diode 整流二极管reference n. 参考reference junction 参考点register n. 寄存器relay n. 继电器reliability n. 可靠性remedial a. 治疗的，补救的，矫正的repeatable a. 可重复的reposition n. 新位置；v. 改变⋯⋯的位置resistance coefficient 电阻系数resistive a. 电阻的resistor n.电阻restrict v.限制reverse voltage 反向电压rising (or falling) edge 上升（下降）沿rod n. 棒型rudimentary a. 基本的，初步的，起码的，根本的Ssample-and-hold 采样保持saturate vt.使饱和scheme n. 方案，蓝图，框架Seebeck effect 塞贝克效应self-nulling 自回零semiconductor n. 半导体semiconductor n. 半导体sensitivity n. 灵敏度sequence n. 序列，顺序sequential a. 连续的shaft n.轴sheath n. 鞘，叶鞘, 翅鞘shorthand n.速记shunt vt. 分流（器）siblings n. 兄弟signal diode 信号二极管silicon n. 硅sinusoidal a. 正弦曲线的slope n.斜率Socket n. 插座software n.软件soldering n. 焊接，锡焊，低温焊接span n. 跨距square wave 方波Stack Pointer (SP) 堆栈指针stipulate v.规定stipulation n. 约束，约定，规定strobe n. 闸门(频闪观测器，频闪放电管)；v. 闸(选通，发出选通脉冲)stuff n. 材料，原料，东西；v. 填满，塞满subroutine n. 子程序subscript n.下标，标记Successive Approximation ADC 逐次逼近ADCsuffix n. 后缀superimpose vt. 重叠(安装, 添加)supplier n. 供应商Ttally n. 标签(手执计数器，对应物)；v. 计算(记录) tantalum n.钽（金属元素）Teflon n. 聚四氟乙烯theoretical a. 理论上的thermal a. 热的，热量的thermal a. 热的，热量的thermistor n. 热敏电阻thermocouple n. 热电偶thermoelectric a. 热电的thermometer n. 温度计thermostat n. 恒温器thermostatic a. 温度调节装置的Thévenin equivalent circuit 戴维南等效电路timer n. 计时器，定时器tolerance n.容限，公差，允许误差traffic table 切换表；交通图transient response 暂态响应transistor n. 晶体管transparent a. 可为某种射线所透射的，透明的trigger n.触发器trimmer adj. 可变的tri-state buffer 三态缓冲器truncate v. 截去tube n.电子管tune v. 调谐twin-T filter 双T 滤波器twist n. 扭曲；v. 拧，扭曲Uultraviolet-Erasable 紫外线可擦除的uncertainty n. 不确定unidirectional n.单向性的unipolar a. 单极性的USART （Universal Serial Asynchronous Receiver & Transmitter）通用串行异步收发器VVacuum n. 真空，空间，真空吸尘器valence n. 化合价valence band 价(电子)带valence band 价（电子）带valence electron 价电子valve n.阀variation n. 变化, 变动versus n.对抗vibrate v. (使)振动，(使)摇摆；摇动，震动vibration n. 震动，颤动voltage detector 电压侦测器voltage follower 电压跟随器voltage regulator 稳压器，电压调节器WWheatstone bridge 惠斯登电桥Zzener diode 稳压二极管，齐纳二极管zener voltage 齐纳电压zeroing n. 零位调整电子信息工程专业常用词组Aabbreviated dialing 快速呼叫，缩位拨号acquisition time 采集时间active circuit 有源电路address space 地址空间alternating current 交流电流amplitude modulation 调幅，波幅调制anti-alias 抗锯齿，平滑API（Application Programming Interface）应用编程接口assembly language 汇编语言automatic call re-routing 自动呼叫转移BBackward and Binary Compatibility向后二进制方式兼容backward compatibility 向后兼容；反向兼容性band-gap energy 带隙能band-reject 带阻bi-directional 双向的bi-directional 双向的bipolar power 双极性电源biquad （a stage containing two poles and up to two zeros）两象限bluetooth 蓝牙技术board-level assemblies 板级装配bottleneck 瓶颈breakdown voltage 击穿电压bridge arm 桥臂bridge circuit 桥路Ccarrier wave 载波cellular telephone 移动电话circuit switched 电路切换co-axial cable 同轴电缆coaxial cables 同轴电缆common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 共模抑制比common mode voltage 共模电压conduction band 传导带connection-oriented 面向连接的control-oriented 控制方向conversion time 转换时间, 变换时间critical frequency 临界频率, 截止频率critical region 临界代码段Ddetailed billing 详细话单dielectric strength 电介质强度, 绝缘强度differential amplifier 差动放大器direct current 直流电流divider circuit 分压电路Eelectrical impulse 电磁脉冲，电脉冲electrolytic capacitor 电解电容electrolytic lead 电解铅electromagnetic energy 电磁能electromotive force 电势embedded system 嵌入式系统executable code 可执行代码expansion slot 扩展槽exponential decay 指数式衰减FFeature compatibility 特征兼容性fiber optic cable 光导纤维电缆fibre optic cable 光缆；光纤电缆FIFO（First-In First-Out）先入先出file system 文件系统finite open loop gain 有限开环增益first order system 一阶系统fixed-point 定点flip-flop 触发器floating point operation 浮点操作，浮点运算floating-point 浮点floppy disk 柔性塑料磁盘，(软)塑料磁盘，软盘flux line 磁通线forward voltage 正向电压Fourier Transform 傅立叶变换frequency modulation 调频FTP（File Transfer Protocol）文件传输协议full-duplex 全双工fundamental frequency 基波频率Ggeneral-purpose 通用的GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 通用分组无线业务Hhard-wired 硬件线路hifi (High Fidelity) 高保真度high level programming language 高级编程语言high-fidelity 高保真high-performance 高性能HTTP（Hypertext Transfer Protocol）WWW 服务程序所用的协议Iideal inverting amplifier 理想反向放大器initialization values 初始值instantaneous power consumptions 瞬时功率耗散instrumentation amplifier 仪器放大器integrated circuit 集成电路interface equipment 接口设备interprocess communication 进程间通信interrupt-off 中断隔离inverting input 反向输入Llead compensation 导线补偿linux 一种可免费使用的UNIX 操作系统，运行于普通PC 机上little-endian 小端模式lower-lying energy state 低电能态Mmagnetic field 磁场measurement junction 测量点memory access 存储器存取memory mapping 存储器映射microwave band 微波带宽microwave oven 微波炉MIPS（Million Instructions Per Second）每秒百万条指令MMU（Memory Management Unit）存储器管理单元monopole antenna 磁单极子，单极天线Moore’s law 摩尔定律Nnoninverting input 同向输入non-page-oriented 面向非页面的notch filter 槽型滤波器numerically-intensive 高强度数字运算Oobject code 目标代码OEM（Original Equipment Manufacturer）初始设备制造厂家offset current 偏移电流opcode(operand code) 操作码operating system 操作系统operational amplifier 运算放大器optical fiber 光缆OS compatibility 操作系统兼容性Ppacket switched 包交换paging system 分页系统parallel communication 并行通信passive band-pass filter 无源带通滤波器PDA （Personal Digital Assistant）个人数字助理Peltier effect 珀耳帖效应phase modulation 调相, 相位调制pinout 管脚引出pocket PC 与Palm 齐名的掌上电脑平台point-of-sale 销售点系统potential drop 电位降，势能落差power consumption 功耗，消耗Power PC IBM 和Apple 公司联合生产的个人台式机PPP（Peer.Peer Protocol）端对端协议printed circuit board 印制电路板Program Status Word(PSW) 程序状态字Rramp voltage 斜坡电压rectifier diode 整流二极管reference junction 参考点resistance coefficient 电阻系数reverse voltage 反向电压RF connector 射频连接器ROM（read only memory）只读存储器round-off 舍入round-robin scheduling 轮式调度；循环调度RTOS（Real-Time Operating System）实时操作系统rule of thumb 经验法则SSeebeck effect 塞贝克效应seismic vibrations 地震颤动self-nulling 自回零serial communication 串行通信signal diode 信号二极管single precision floating point 单精度浮点数source code 源代码Source compatibility 源代码兼容性spinlock 旋转锁spread-sheet 总分析表，棋盘式对照表Stack Pointer (SP) 堆栈指针Ttear down 拆除，拆毁Thévenin equivalent circuit 戴维南等效电路Tool compatibility 开发工具兼容性trade-off 权衡(折中，换位，比较评定，放弃，交换) traffic table 切换表；交通图transient response 暂态响应troubleshooting 发现并修理故障，解决纷争twin-T filter 双T 滤波器Uultraviolet-Erasable 紫外线可擦除的USART （Universal Serial Asynchronous Receiver & Transmitter）通用串行异步收发器Vvalence band 价(电子)带valence band 价（电子）带valence electron 价电子virtual memory 虚拟内存voltage detector 电压侦测器voltage follower 电压跟随器voltage regulator 稳压器，电压调节器WWheatstone bridge 惠斯登电桥Zzener diode 稳压二极管，齐纳二极管zener voltage 齐纳电压专业术语常用名词缩写中英文对照表AA:Antenna amplifier 开线放大器AA:Architectural Acoustics建筑声学AC:Analogue Controller 模拟控制器ACD:Automatic Call Distribution 自动分配话务ACS:Access Control System出入控制系统AD:Addressable Detector地址探测器ADM:Add/Drop Multiplexer分插复用器ADPCM:Adaptive Differential ulse Code Modulation 自适应差分脉冲编码调制置AWG:American Wire Gauge美国线缆规格BAC:Building Automation & Control net建筑物自动化和控制网络BAM:Background Administration Module后管理模块BBER:Background Block Error Ratio背景块误码比BCC:B-channel Connect ControlB通路连接控制BD:Building DistributorBEF:Buiding Entrance Facilities 建筑物入口设施BFOC:Bayonet Fibre Optic Connector大口式光纤连接器BUL：Back up lighting备用照明C:Container 容器CA:Call Accounting电话自动计费系统CATV:Cable Television 有线电视CC:Call Control 呼叫控制CC:Coax cable 同轴电缆CCD:Charge coupled devices 电荷耦合器件CCF:Cluster Contril Function 簇控制功能CD:Campus Distributor 建筑群配线架CD:Combination detector 感温，感烟复合探测器CDCA:Continuous Dynamic Channel Assign 连续的动态信道分配CDDI:Copper Distributed Data 合同缆分布式数据接口CDES:Carbon dioxide extinguisbing system 二氧化碳系统CDMA:Code Division Multiplex Access 码分多址CF:Core Function 核心功能CFM:Compounded Frequency Modulation 压扩调频繁CIS:Call Information System 呼叫信息系统CISPR:Internation Special Conmittee On Radio Interference 国际无线电干扰专门委员会CLNP:Connectionless Network Protocol 无连接模式网络层协议CLP:Cell Loss Priority信元丢失优先权CM:Communication Module 通信模块CM:Configuration Management 配置管理CM:Cross-connect Matrix交叉连接矩阵CMI:Coded Mark Inversion传号反转码CMISE:Common Management Information Service公用管理信息协议服务单元CPE:Convergence protocol entity 会聚协议实体CR/E:card reader /Encoder (Ticket reader )卡读写器/编码器CRC:Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗佘校验CRT:Cathode Ray Tabe 显示器，监视器，阴极射线管CS: Convergence service 会聚服务CS:Cableron Spectrum 旧纳档块化技术CS:Ceiling Screen 挡烟垂壁CS:Convergence Sublayer合聚子层CSC:Combined Speaker Cabinet 组合音响CSCW:Computer supported collaborative work 计算机支持的协同工作CSES:Continuius Severely Errored Second 连续严重误码秒CSF:Cell Site Function 单基站功能控制CTB:Composite Triple Beat 复合三价差拍CTD：Cable Thermal Detector 缆式线型感温探测器CTNR:carrier to noise ratio 载波比CW:Control Word 控制字D:Distortion 失真度D:Distributive 分布式DA:Distribution Amplifier 分配的大器DBA:Database Administrator数据库管理者DBCSN:Database Control System Nucleus数据库控制系统核心DBOS:Database Organizing System 数据库组织系统DBSS:Database Security System 数据库安全系统DC:Door Contacts大门传感器DCC:Digital Communication Channel数字通信通路DCN:Data Communication Network 数据通信网DCP-I:Distributed Control Panel -Intelligent智能型分散控制器DCS:Distributed Control System集散型控制系统DDN:Digital Data Network 数字数据网DDS:Direct Dignital Controller直接数字控制器DDW:Data Describing Word 数据描述字DECT:Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication增强数字无绳通讯DFB:Distributed Feedback 分布反馈DID:Direct Inward Dialing 直接中继方式，呼入直拨到分机用户DLC:Data Link Control Layer 数据链路层DLI:DECT Line InterfaceDODI:Direct Outward Dialing One 一次拨号音DPH:DECT PhoneDRC:Directional Response Cahracteristics 指向性响应DS:Direct Sound 直正声DSP:Digital signal Processing 数字信号处理DSS：Deiision Support System 决策支持系统DTMF:Dual Tone Multi-Frequency 双音多频DTS:Dual -Technology Sensor 双鉴传感器DWDM:Dense Wave-length Division Multiplexing 密集波分复用DXC:Digital Cross-Connect 数字交叉连接E:Expander 扩展器EA-DFB:Electricity Absorb-Distributed Feedback 电吸收分布反馈ECC:Embedded Control Channel 嵌入或控制通道EDFA:Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier掺饵光纤放大器EDI:Electronic Data Interexchange 电子数据交换EIC:Electrical Impedance Characteristics 电阻抗特性EMC：Electro Magnetic Compatibiloty 电磁兼容性EMI:Electro Magnetic Interference 电磁干扰EMS:Electromagnetic Sensitibility 电磁敏感性EN:Equivalent Noise 等效噪声EP:Emergency Power 应急电源ES:Emergency Sooket 应急插座ES:Evacuation Sigvial疏散照明ESA:Error SecondA 误码秒类型ＡESB:ErrorSecondB 误码秒类型ＢESD:Electrostatic Discharge静电放电ESR:Errored Second Ratio 误码秒比率ETDM:Electrical Time Division Multiplexing电时分复用ETSI:European Telecommunication Standards Institute 欧洲电信标准协会FAB:Fire Alarm Bell 火警警铃FACU:Fire Alarm Contrlol Unit 火灾自动报警控制装置FC:Failure Count 失效次数FC:Frequency Converter 频率变换器FCC:Fire Alarm System 火灾报警系统FCS:Field Control System 现场总线FCU：Favn Coil Unit风机盘管FD:Fire Door 防火门FD:Flame Detector 火焰探测器FD:Floor DistributorFD:Frequency Dirsder 分频器FDD:Frequency Division Dual 频分双工FDDI：Fiberdistributed Data Interface光纤缆分布式数据接口。

Technology and Application of Fieldbus Control System -------- IntelligentEquipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNetPromoted by the new technological revolution that automation control technology is tending digitization and internet in the field of automation industry, Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. developed Intelligent Equipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNet as a high and new technology industrialization model project. It was a state hi-tech development project of 2000 and was approved by the State Committee of Technology. Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. constructed production line of intelligent controller of pump and valve, relying on Shanghai Electric (Group) Corporation; constructed measurement and control system FCS R&D center of intelligent controller of pump and valve and built up mass production R&D basis, cooperating with Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai University; constructed FCS remote diagnosis and service center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; constructed FCS training center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; founded mass production R&D basis along with the Rockwell Laboratory of Shanghai Jiaotong University and CIMS Center.1 Summary(1)Fieldbus control system is a system applied to field of production and microcomputerized measurement control equipment to realize both-way multinode serial communications. It is also called low-level control network for open, digital and multiplespot communications.Application: Flow Control System of Manufacturing; Process Control System; Traffic Control & Management; Building Automation. Features: Fieldbus control system is low-level low-bandwidth digital communication and control network in industrial system as well as open system connecting microcomputerized appearance. Intelligent instrument and controller are equal to microcomputer. They make up network with Fieldbus control system as the links to complete digital communication and other tasks.(2)Difference between FCS and DCS,FCS is updated control system after DCS integrated with digital control system and distributing control system. It solves the problem that in traditional DCS, devices made by different manufacturers cannot be connected. They can't realize exchange and operation to organize an network system with wider range of information sharing. It conquers the defect that special closed system for network should be used for communication in DCS to realize various functions of integrated automation. It turns the distributing structure combining concentration with deconcentration in DCS into new-type full distributing structure. Itreleases the control function to the field thoroughly and makes it possible to realize basic control function by means of fieldbus equipment itself. FCS breaks the traditional structure form of control system. The traditional analog control system adopts one-to-one equipment tie-wire and puts up connections respectively according to control loop. FCS adopts intelligent field equipment to place the control module, all input/output modules that used to be in the control chamber of DCS into field equipment. Since field equipment has ability to communicate, the field measuring and transferring instruments can transfer signals to actuating mechanism such as valve directly. Its control function can be fulfilled directly on the spot independent of the computer or control meter in the control chamber, which realizes thorough decentralized control.FCS adopts digital signals to replace analog signals so that multiple signals (including multiple operating parameter values, device status and failure information) can be transferred on a pair of cables. Meanwhile, it can give power supply to several devices. No switched block for analog/digital or digital/analog is needed besides fieldbus.(3) C haracteristics of FCS• Open System;• Interoperability;• replace ability of devices made by different manufacturers.• Intelligentize and Autonomy;• Field equipment completing basic functions of automatic control.• Decentralized System Structure;• Field Adaptability;• Relatively Strong Interference Killing Feature and Safety• Intelligentized local equipment can save investment and quantity of hardware• Saving installation expenses and cables• Saving daily maintenance expenses• Enhancing accuracy and reliability of system• Enhancing initiativeness of system integration for users(4) Development Background and Trend of Fieldbus Control System, With the rapid development of computer and computer network, FCS has been rapidly developed as the interlinked communication network between the field intelligentdevices in the field of process automation, building and traffic etc. Because FCS meets the needs that industrial control system is developing in the way of decentralization, network and intellectualized, it has become the focus of global industrial automation and been universally concerned by the whole world. FCS has causedgreat revolutions on the aspects of system structure and function system for the current production of automation instrument, distributing control system and programmable controller. It is predicted that FCS will be the general trends in a very long time in the future fore sure.2 APPLICATION OF RELAYThe product reliability generally refers to the operating reliability. It is defined as: the ability of accomplishing the specified function under prescribed conditions and in prescribed time. It consists of intrinsic reliability and application reliability. The intrinsic reliability is determined by product designing and manufacturing technique, and the application reliability is concerned with the correct application of users and the services provided by the manufacturer before and after selling. When using relay, the user should pay attention to the following items.2.1 Coil applied voltageIt is best to choose the coil applicative voltage according to the rated voltage in design, or choose the voltage according to the temperature rising curve. Using any coil voltage that is less than the rated voltage will affect the operation of the relay. The coil operating voltage refers to the voltage that is applied between the coil terminals. The voltage value between the two terminals must be guaranteed, especially when using enlargement circuit to energize the coil. Whereas, it will also affect the relay characteristics if the applied voltage exceeds the highest rated voltage. Exorbitant voltage will bring exorbitant coil temperaturerising, especially in high temperature ambient. Exorbitant temperature rising will damage the insulating material and affect the working safety of relay. For magnetic latching relay, energizing (or return) pulse width should not less than 3 times of the operating (or return) time, otherwise, the relay would be left on the middle-position state. When using solid-state components to energize the coil, the components dielectric strength must be above 80V, and the leakage of current must be as little as possible to ensure the relay to release.Energizing power source: Under 110% of the rated current, the adjusting ratio of the power source is less than 10% (or the output impedance is less than 5% of the coil impedance), the wave voltage of the DC power source is less than 5%. The AC wave is sine wave; the waviness coefficient is between 0.95~1.25; wave distortion is within ±10%; the frequency change is within ±1Hz or ±1% of the specified frequency (choosing the bigger value). The output power should not less than coil power consumption.2.2 Transient suppressionAt the moment when the coil power is stopped, peak-inverse voltage that is more than 30 times ofthe coil rated voltage is produced on the coil, which is harmful to the electronic circuit. Generally, the peak-inverse voltage is suppressedby transient suppression (cutting-peak) diode or resistance to limit the peak-inverse voltage within 50V. But the diode in parallel connection will delay3~5 times of the release time. If the request of the release time is high, a suitable resistance in series can be putted with and at one end of the diode.The power supply to relays in parallel connection and series connection, When several relays in parallel connection are supplied, the relay that the peak-inverse voltage is higher will release power to the relays that the peak-inverse voltage is lower. The release time of the relay will delay. So the relays in parallel connection should be controlled separately to eliminate mutual influence.The relays with different coil resistance and power can'bt e used in series, otherwise, the relay that the coil current is higher in the series circuit can'otperate reliably. Only the relays of the same specification can be used in series, but the peak-inverse voltage will be increased and the peak-inverse voltage should be suppressed. Resistance in series can be used to bear the part voltage that exceeds the rated voltage of the coil according to the ratio of the divided voltage.2.2.1 Contact loadThe load applied to the contacts should be accordant to the rated load and characteristics of the contacts. A load that is not applied according to the rated value range will cause problem. The relay that is only suitable for DC load can used in ' t be AC occasions. The relay that can switch 10A load can ' t always reliably operate in low level load (less tha n 10m AX6A) or in dry circuit occasi ons. The relay that can switch single-phase AC power source isn 'atlways suitable to switch two single-phase AC loads that aren 't synchronous; the relay that is onlyiesdpteocisfwitch the load of AC 50Hz(or 60Hz)can't be used to switch AC load of 400Hz.2.2.2 Parallel and series connection of contactsThe contacts used in parallel connection can ' t increase the load current, becausethe operating times of several sets of contacts are absolutely different; that is to say, there is still only a set of contacts switching the increased load. This would damage or weld the contacts and make the contacts can ' t close or open. The parallel connectionof the contacts can decreasehte misplay of “ break ” . But the parallel connection of the contacts would increase the misplay of “ freezing ”. Because the misplay of “bre the main pattern of invalidation of contacts, the parallel connection can increase the reliability and can be used on the pivotal part of equipments. But the applied voltage should not exceed the highest operating voltage of the coil and should not less than 90% of the rated voltage, otherwise, the coil life and the applicative reliability would be damaged. The series connection of the contacts can increasethe load voltage. The amount of the contact sets is equal to the times that the load voltage can be increased.The series connection of contacts can decrease the misplay of “ freezing ”, but it w increase the misplay of “ break ”An. yway, when using redundant technology to increase the operating reliability of contacts, the characteristics and size and the failure mode of load must be considered.2.2.3 Switching speedThe switching speed should not exceed the reciprocal of 10 times of the sum of operating and release time (times/s), otherwise, the contacts can ' t switch on stead Magnetic latching should be used under the pulse width specified in the technique criterion, or the coil may be damaged.3 RVT DISTRIBUTING ELECTRICITY INTEGRATE TEST APPARATUSBasic functionMeasure asupervision:Three mutually electric voltage/electric current/ power factor with a great achievement/ power without a great achievement/electricity with a greatachiverment/electricity/homophonic-wave electric voltage/ homophonic-wave electric/ current Day electric voltage/ electric current biggest and minimum value/fire for the failure Electric voltage over top, the limit/ lack mutually of time homophonic-wave analyzes is up to 13 times.The data is stored for 2 months. The data communicateRS232/485 communicating connect，The way in communicating can adopt the spot communicating or the long range communicating. ，Possible to settle invoke orthe solid hour invokes, responding to the modification and long ranges control of the parameter. Without power compensationTaking physics measuresas the power factor without a great achievement,the power factor with a great achievement and the dull place without power compensation;Y+ the combination method of the △，Y+ the △ connects the line method，Y+ △ , Y, the △ connects the line method. Data managementAccording to WINDOW98 operation terrace, data in communication automatically reports born statement, curve and pillar form diagrams. Circulation of the protectionWhen the charged barbed wire net of mutually electric voltage over press, owe to press, and a super limit hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor，When the charged barbed wire net lacks mutually or super limit in the preface of zero hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor. screen manifestationChinese operation interface ，Adopt 128*64 the back light liquid crystal display.The solid hour shows the charged barbed wire net relevant parameter.view manifestation to place the parameter.现场总线控制系统的技术和应用随着新的科学技术革命的出现，在自动化工业领域中，自动控制技术的发展趋向于数字化和网络互联化。