2011-2014年央行资产负债表

近五年中国人民银行资产负债表分析摘要：人民银行是我国经济发展及金融发展的心脏，人民银行的资产负债的变动会对我国的经济乃至全世界的经济造成一定的影响。

我国主要是通过中国人民银行的业务操作来调节市场的流动性、维持市场的稳定、控制市场的风险。

而资产负债表能够充分的反映出人民银行的调节手段、力度及方向。

因此通过对人民银行资产负债表的分析可以充分的了解我国经济及金融发展的总体情况。

本文通过对人民银行资产负债表的特征、科目变动、及近十几年的数据变动进行分析，进而得出相应的结论，发现相关的问题，并提出个人解决方案。

关键词：资产负债袁；特征；外汇；流动性；货币发行1.中国人民银行资产负债表的主要内容1.1中国人民银行资产负债表的基本结构1994年人民银行第一次根据IMF的要求，依照相关方面要求的格式进行编制资产负债表，展示中央银行各项业务的开展情况，并按期向社会发布。

下表显示了中国人民银行资产负债表的基本结构。

科目设置1．2中国人民银行资产负债表基本结构分析1．2．1资产中央银行资产方记录的是中央银行资金运转，包括外国资产和债权，从中体现出中央银行利用货币政策工具，进行调控经济的职能。

分析资产方数据和结构，可以看出中央银行不同货币政策工具的运用情况以及调控模式。

国外资产：指的是一国的国外净资产，由国外资产减去国外负债所得，主要组成部分是国际往来头寸净值、外汇储备和黄金等。

对其他存款性公司债权：是指中央银行根据存款性金融机构的请求而发放的信用贷款、再贴现等类似性质的融资。

对其他金融性公司债权：是指中央银行为其他存款性公司以外的其他金融公司发放的专项贷款等。

对非金融性部门债权：是指中央银行为贫穷困难的地区经济建设等所发放的专项贷款。

1．2．2负债中央银行负债方体现的是其资金的来源，主要包括：储备货币、发行债券、国外负债、中央政府存款、自有资金等。

储备货币：中央银行所发行的货币和现金，各金融机构按照人行法的要求缴存的法定准备金和自愿缴存的超额储备，邮政储蓄转存款和金融机构吸收的由财政拨款形成的部队机关团体等财政性存款。

央行资产负债表中央银行资产负债表中央银行资产负债表定义中央银行在履行职能时业务活动所形成的债权债务存量表。

中央银行资产负债业务的种类、规模和结构都综合地反映在资产负债表上。

中央银行资产负债表的一般构成现代各国中央银行的任务和职责基本相同，其业务活动大同小样，资产负债表的内容也基本相近。

在经济全球化的背景下，为了使各国之间相互了解彼此的货币金融运行状况及分析他们之间的相互作用，对金融统计数据按相对统一的标准进行适当规范是很有必要的，为此，国际货币基金组织定期编印《货币与金融统计手册》刊物，以相对同一的口径向人们提供各种成员国有关货币金融和经济发展的主要统计数据，中央银行的资产负债表就是其中之一，称作“货币当局资产负债表”。

各国中央银行一般在编制资产负债表时主要参照国际货币基金组织的格式和口径，从而使各国中央银行资产负债表的主要项目与结构基本相同，具有很强的可比性。

目前国际货币基金组织编制的《货币与金融统计手册》中货币当局资产负债表的最主要项目构成的资产负债表如下：简化的货币当局资产负债表简化的中央银行资产负债表货币单位：中央银行的负债项目包括：1.流通中货币作为发行的银行，发行货币是中央银行的基本职能，也是中央银行的主要资金来源，中央银行发行的货币通过再贴现、再贷款、购买有价证券和收购黄金外汇投入市场，成为流通中货币，成为中央银行对公众的负债。

2.各项存款包括政府和公共机构存款；商业银行等金融机构存款。

作为国家的银行，政府通常会赋予中央银行代理国库的职责，政府和公共机构存款由中央银行办理。

作为银行的银行，中央银行的金融机构存款包括了商业银行缴存准备金和用于票据清算的活期存款。

3.其他负债包括对国际金融机构的负债或中央银行发行债券。

中央银行的资产项目包括：1.贴现及放款中央银行作为最后贷款者对商业银行提供资金融通，主要的方式包括再贴现和再贷款。

还有财政部门的借款和在国外金融机构的资产。

2.各种证券主要指中央银行的证券买卖。

公司名称数据来源负债及股东权益总计(万元)营业收入(万元)中国工商银行股份有限公司合并报表1,547,686,800.0047,521,400.00中国建设银行股份有限公司合并报表1,228,183,400.0039,709,000.00中国银行股份有限公司合并报表1,183,006,600.0032,816,600.00中国农业银行股份有限公司合并报表1,167,757,700.0037,773,100.00交通银行股份有限公司合并报表461,117,700.0012,695,600.00招商银行股份有限公司合并报表279,497,100.009,615,700.00中信银行股份有限公司合并报表276,588,100.007,694,800.00上海浦东发展银行股份有限公司合并报表268,469,368.906,791,767.20兴业银行股份有限公司合并报表240,879,800.005,987,000.00中国民生银行股份有限公司合并报表222,906,400.008,236,800.00中国光大银行股份有限公司合并报表173,334,560.704,607,255.30平安银行股份有限公司合并报表125,817,694.402,964,306.10华夏银行股份有限公司合并报表124,414,118.163,354,379.54北京银行股份有限公司合并报表95,649,867.602,072,773.40广发银行股份有限公司合并报表91,898,181.902,817,277.90上海银行股份有限公司合并报表65,580,000.601,416,219.20江苏银行股份有限公司合并报表51,414,572.201,652,417.40恒丰银行股份有限公司合并报表43,728,886.77942,882.14北京农村商业银行股份有限公司合并报表37,731,557.531,019,666.16重庆农村商业银行股份有限公司合并报表34,437,989.201,102,359.50渤海银行股份有限公司合并报表31,248,847.30641,915.50上海农村商业银行股份有限公司合并报表30,992,708.30902,706.70浙商银行股份有限公司合并报表30,185,765.60845,264.20平安银行股份有限公司(原)合并报表28,420,617.90857,097.50南京银行股份有限公司合并报表28,179,169.40746,254.00广州农村商业银行股份有限公司合并报表27,373,719.90805,609.90宁波银行股份有限公司合并报表26,049,763.70796,613.30徽商银行股份有限公司合并报表25,698,155.60769,615.70杭州银行股份有限公司合并报表24,393,726.80751,268.50天津银行股份有限公司合并报表23,535,998.20498,988.20盛京银行股份有限公司合并报表22,116,956.60542,268.60广州银行股份有限公司合并报表20,598,539.05396,272.30哈尔滨银行股份有限公司合并报表20,363,940.33537,868.19大连银行股份有限公司合并报表18,789,326.60525,804.00吉林银行股份有限公司合并报表18,642,803.36640,198.98包商银行股份有限公司合并报表18,194,056.33546,682.50成都银行股份有限公司合并报表18,139,418.90496,505.30汉口银行股份有限公司合并报表13,794,270.30353,302.10佛山顺德农村商业银行股份有限公司合并报表13,750,172.43429,155.79昆仑银行股份有限公司合并报表13,029,525.25233,431.44重庆银行股份有限公司合并报表12,721,664.80352,161.30长沙银行股份有限公司合并报表12,376,949.50327,739.10东莞银行股份有限公司合并报表12,262,297.61335,330.33广西北部湾银行股份有限公司合并报表11,116,127.75203,665.07河北银行股份有限公司合并报表10,670,544.20266,273.40锦州银行股份有限公司合并报表10,646,960.44325,246.48华融湘江银行股份有限公司合并报表10,429,979.49212,539.49西安银行股份有限公司合并报表10,235,305.67261,319.39杭州联合农村商业银行股份有限公司合并报表8,979,871.30308,955.65武汉农村商业银行股份有限公司合并报表8,867,398.58347,966.76南昌银行股份有限公司合并报表8,807,833.05331,019.25广东南粤银行股份有限公司合并报表8,324,066.00212,785.48富滇银行股份有限公司合并报表8,301,065.90228,206.40贵阳银行股份有限公司合并报表8,206,646.20270,109.40晋商银行股份有限公司合并报表7,778,732.49210,798.96青岛银行股份有限公司合并报表7,702,567.70248,499.50南充市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表7,575,455.20200,905.70兰州银行股份有限公司合并报表7,540,951.04204,607.15郑州银行股份有限公司合并报表7,248,547.22220,381.98厦门银行股份有限公司合并报表7,008,123.38128,764.03温州银行股份有限公司合并报表6,565,157.90227,533.35九江银行股份有限公司合并报表6,417,960.98258,945.33洛阳银行股份有限公司合并报表6,219,936.20203,759.10浙江稠州商业银行股份有限公司合并报表6,206,186.85226,265.86福建海峡银行股份有限公司合并报表6,178,964.54192,967.75台州银行股份有限公司合并报表5,719,182.47309,892.56江苏江阴农村商业银行股份有限公司合并报表5,632,710.88191,894.79威海市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表5,627,629.88152,556.02宁夏银行股份有限公司合并报表5,598,421.50240,486.80江苏吴江农村商业银行股份有限公司合并报表5,400,317.60171,045.10营口银行股份有限公司合并报表5,366,031.18202,317.57柳州银行股份有限公司合并报表5,173,298.10107,520.30长安银行股份有限公司合并报表5,122,987.92165,859.17鞍山银行股份有限公司合并报表4,893,593.60168,979.06赣州银行股份有限公司合并报表4,816,623.68129,253.39浙江泰隆商业银行股份有限公司合并报表4,783,120.18264,311.42内蒙古银行股份有限公司合并报表4,693,761.22183,153.46潍坊银行股份有限公司合并报表4,620,036.65176,042.52辽阳银行股份有限公司合并报表4,488,288.81138,603.58攀枝花市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表4,443,927.69134,381.32桂林银行股份有限公司合并报表4,273,065.68124,241.78华商银行合并报表4,243,951.0799,671.39齐商银行股份有限公司合并报表4,182,566.63179,569.00日照银行股份有限公司合并报表3,948,914.09169,893.45绍兴银行股份有限公司合并报表3,905,068.93111,450.88德阳银行股份有限公司合并报表3,727,892.31111,200.72张家口市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表3,583,346.85161,425.66莱商银行股份有限公司合并报表3,481,404.22140,790.44鄂尔多斯银行股份有限公司合并报表3,194,527.23210,556.55嘉兴银行股份有限公司合并报表2,877,216.6199,656.87金华银行股份有限公司合并报表2,849,599.9595,549.93沧州银行股份有限公司合并报表2,793,317.53114,559.80东营银行股份有限公司合并报表2,574,473.06111,321.93绵阳市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表2,338,437.9382,493.95大同市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表2,223,143.8444,133.91上饶银行股份有限公司合并报表2,190,156.6576,872.31承德银行股份有限公司合并报表2,121,329.9182,090.56泉州银行股份有限公司合并报表1,958,050.8367,772.88济宁银行股份有限公司合并报表1,787,465.58100,663.28开封市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表1,535,152.7938,079.79新乡银行股份有限公司合并报表1,395,967.5968,870.58焦作市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表1,367,936.5152,447.37长治市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表1,282,405.9147,520.89许昌银行股份有限公司合并报表1,173,405.3351,063.27信阳银行股份有限公司合并报表835,130.9948,706.47三门峡市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表795,373.4528,045.24枣庄市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表732,174.4337,179.90景德镇市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表524,010.6249,768.13营口沿海银行股份有限公司合并报表437,581.6814,248.63达州市商业银行股份有限公司合并报表435,071.7719,376.48数据来源：Wind资讯利息净收入(万元)利息收入(万元)利息支出(万元)手续费及佣金净收入(万元) 36,276,400.0058,958,000.0022,681,600.0010,155,000.00 30,457,200.0048,224,700.0017,767,500.008,699,400.00 22,806,400.0041,310,200.0018,503,800.006,466,200.00 30,719,900.0047,292,100.0016,572,200.006,875,000.00 10,260,100.0019,087,200.008,827,100.001,954,900.00 7,630,700.0012,124,500.004,493,800.001,562,800.00 6,510,600.0010,662,300.004,151,700.00883,700.00 6,144,156.2012,122,123.705,977,967.50671,572.60 5,073,400.0010,844,700.005,771,300.00884,500.00 6,482,100.0011,728,100.005,246,000.001,510,100.00 3,944,023.607,788,459.303,844,435.70697,311.90 2,528,977.405,233,069.702,704,092.30366,466.90 3,029,273.086,253,596.403,224,323.32297,550.02 1,877,198.203,776,569.701,899,371.50161,273.00 2,370,883.804,257,210.501,886,326.70416,453.90 1,320,805.102,629,416.201,308,611.10108,445.50 1,488,001.602,413,413.00925,411.40129,397.20 698,353.222,513,456.071,815,102.85152,098.62 737,121.831,342,813.60605,691.7750,714.86 1,050,501.901,753,920.20703,418.3063,540.70 380,624.201,206,078.70825,454.5089,412.90 808,923.001,348,228.20539,305.2052,007.70 767,887.901,533,814.00765,926.1060,654.10 693,734.401,398,578.20704,843.80173,930.00 651,179.601,300,240.40649,060.8073,044.30 684,249.301,091,813.50407,564.2097,979.50 683,298.801,455,460.20772,161.4071,913.10 520,344.10936,733.40416,389.3041,276.10 672,610.201,224,256.60551,646.4060,651.80 463,650.901,045,988.50582,337.6026,623.50 534,431.101,155,285.20620,854.106,507.90 372,512.80734,268.52361,755.7220,851.21 360,562.31776,178.18415,615.8641,185.36 468,246.90907,897.40439,650.5052,240.60 602,655.83921,277.49318,621.6631,112.11 205,657.49582,841.19377,183.7041,805.77 473,016.60717,371.40244,354.805,901.70 281,779.10508,135.70226,356.6073,011.80 406,857.58607,335.44200,477.8621,461.51 201,243.99374,181.13172,937.1430,451.31 328,457.20935,482.20607,025.0028,981.20 294,805.40436,601.10141,795.7021,901.40 295,329.91547,710.95252,381.0335,051.78 184,534.97463,425.77278,890.8123,651.07 242,830.20376,985.40134,155.2020,246.90 317,624.00506,905.39189,281.398,011.32 143,022.69363,700.10220,677.428,029.95 250,728.35358,851.96108,123.6113,719.16 297,084.36466,311.69169,227.344,265.48 290,268.02417,349.24127,081.222,958.92 240,849.95339,279.0198,429.0729,576.96 110,053.56471,748.45361,694.8817,086.72 218,209.00368,591.70150,382.709,975.10188,820.10302,104.60113,284.507,504.60 194,137.75339,025.79144,888.0314,610.31 229,961.00365,231.20135,270.2014,133.40 145,342.50297,611.50152,269.0030,081.00 157,225.42302,619.47145,394.059,539.22 158,840.01261,691.42102,851.414,403.70 127,779.47224,190.4696,410.986,325.88 218,744.79328,732.63109,987.848,699.39 123,486.01277,910.68154,424.6716,568.46 190,016.10277,690.5087,674.409,109.50 199,608.24341,871.14142,262.9017,267.94 188,669.00277,951.6689,282.667,469.23 276,389.90374,258.1897,868.2813,751.03 184,035.92297,445.59113,409.674,119.86 118,792.37229,679.19110,886.827,493.36 232,102.60309,423.3077,320.707,269.10 164,328.20245,675.3081,347.102,941.30 186,089.50259,875.0173,785.519,700.61 87,674.86159,622.1771,947.318,808.63 150,380.48227,616.0877,235.608,166.39 144,398.25203,822.9559,424.711,661.91 72,389.31134,438.3462,049.0313,017.17 234,301.30312,437.4378,136.1317,859.85 144,960.01198,603.4653,643.453,476.28 147,160.36220,941.8973,781.534,147.58 123,335.14172,153.6948,818.551,799.22 121,082.83265,430.16144,347.345,188.58 89,053.77158,269.8869,216.113,999.19 88,915.25162,081.6373,166.3910,775.62 171,667.25280,756.06109,088.818,332.05 153,554.69270,871.49117,316.8114,021.30 107,202.39194,312.4687,110.072,169.89 107,560.98178,905.4571,344.461,994.80 133,031.53202,527.3169,495.776,567.49 120,043.41227,076.54107,033.139,203.82 183,436.53213,309.6729,873.1513,012.73 96,604.56139,274.2842,669.723,048.55 79,753.32126,107.3346,354.016,004.97 113,582.34157,241.0743,658.741,319.27 107,494.09175,245.6567,751.563,342.28 63,948.1489,712.2925,764.15681.52 46,476.5182,642.0636,165.55-2,408.66 53,306.2389,803.1136,496.884,289.45 68,205.8293,508.3125,302.48505.40 66,676.2693,242.0326,565.761,345.16 95,457.26182,457.9487,000.693,913.59 32,415.5572,068.0839,652.532,672.94 62,047.0881,504.0719,456.99457.16 37,536.1892,417.3354,881.151,489.98 45,756.6474,127.1528,370.511,215.53 44,661.7158,790.8514,129.14311.17 61,543.4274,751.5513,208.13-13,870.48 26,802.5736,926.0310,123.46343.29 36,459.5748,685.4712,225.90558.0946,626.08211,070.10164,444.02765.45 14,073.3418,702.804,629.4728.22 19,066.7624,643.715,576.95206.32手续费及佣金收入(万元)手续费及佣金支出(万元)营业支出(万元)营业税费(万元) 10,907,700.00752,700.0020,421,400.002,887,500.008,949,400.00250,000.0017,941,800.002,422,900.007,001,800.00535,600.0015,962,700.001,858,100.007,152,400.00277,400.0022,099,300.002,120,700.002,246,400.00291,500.006,206,000.00893,900.001,692,400.00129,600.004,954,400.00609,100.00 948,100.0064,400.003,552,300.00534,300.00720,480.9048,908.303,216,094.50489,888.80941,800.0057,300.002,633,800.00429,100.00 1,599,100.0089,000.004,508,300.00611,600.00 738,107.6040,795.702,192,537.90344,813.40412,960.0046,493.101,651,036.00250,634.40339,426.3341,876.312,102,028.45234,759.14178,317.4017,044.40937,715.90147,927.60495,267.9078,814.001,592,618.20216,181.00122,031.2013,585.70748,969.30115,008.60133,945.804,548.60895,688.50105,115.20156,675.464,576.84403,970.3464,222.8567,546.8016,831.94737,277.4850,440.5067,107.403,566.70559,813.3070,095.1096,877.307,464.40398,100.1043,111.1062,183.7010,176.00615,185.4055,031.1063,611.602,957.50467,872.5062,932.90194,391.1020,461.10546,905.3064,729.9076,951.903,907.60355,255.3050,104.70107,411.109,431.60425,712.5049,258.7084,959.6013,046.50412,156.4055,173.5046,117.204,841.10317,084.0050,697.2065,902.005,250.20415,527.8054,697.4028,482.001,858.50244,138.6041,843.409,061.002,553.10217,563.2042,889.2024,114.003,262.79150,354.4825,381.7550,321.709,136.34307,140.8925,304.1354,898.502,657.90302,984.3036,207.3032,760.951,648.84432,289.3741,022.0644,317.382,511.61282,549.3135,863.3313,779.907,878.20206,549.1030,569.0077,049.004,037.20162,388.7022,126.7025,078.873,617.37170,296.3316,469.4334,537.794,086.4888,925.467,879.6232,833.903,852.70162,350.9022,525.7028,269.806,368.40154,324.8019,533.9035,644.25592.46167,386.0219,651.8825,417.151,766.0798,627.5114,705.5720,834.60587.70150,361.3015,727.108,812.98801.65183,825.4418,636.539,154.311,124.36131,423.5611,818.1816,968.723,249.56110,691.9214,417.036,655.522,390.04148,212.1911,954.253,460.08501.16190,258.6721,574.5230,196.22619.27167,928.6114,980.1917,626.65539.93116,172.4513,508.4611,302.201,327.10135,314.8017,247.208,216.70712.10122,008.7018,376.20 14,936.04325.73127,247.5512,411.78 14,995.40862.00151,954.7013,384.10 35,473.805,392.8068,720.7011,399.50 9,790.11250.88116,023.0616,097.95 5,582.271,178.5693,004.6312,292.61 6,738.12412.2377,408.425,934.28 9,818.031,118.64140,123.2119,295.78 17,496.15927.7095,073.0711,019.75 9,493.90384.4080,328.9012,711.50 17,675.08407.14125,988.0619,530.75 8,418.28949.05103,135.2812,069.23 20,457.256,706.22134,238.3119,425.03 4,861.20741.3482,742.048,594.84 8,611.461,118.1085,143.8710,364.17 9,876.802,607.70126,507.1014,584.70 3,019.0077.7073,463.706,699.60 9,809.35108.7477,154.5011,623.76 9,197.16388.5354,623.945,945.14 8,456.21289.82100,185.608,618.93 2,643.03981.1294,350.3110,113.10 13,584.38567.2148,002.506,632.35 31,310.9013,451.06161,255.2617,765.67 3,755.05278.77105,269.789,699.75 4,767.98620.4090,835.8711,569.03 1,959.31160.0957,833.228,725.32 5,417.03228.4561,509.4610,376.31 5,620.261,621.0763,878.916,438.25 10,837.9162.2931,094.226,498.86 10,772.022,439.9889,142.5813,741.86 15,843.901,822.5962,908.5613,305.07 2,644.49474.6044,711.788,630.34 2,746.46751.6655,102.237,893.45 6,728.07160.5870,671.558,679.34 10,117.98914.1659,834.319,784.04 13,264.06251.33129,999.218,643.98 3,397.57349.0354,698.907,046.31 6,466.85461.8955,933.436,802.45 1,444.52125.2559,319.876,554.62 4,890.761,548.4954,424.356,443.40 1,390.49708.9734,586.124,710.17 500.252,908.9138,776.412,129.79 4,384.5295.0736,533.014,331.25 645.87140.4730,054.774,573.67 1,706.15360.9933,634.204,515.15 5,107.991,194.4062,975.559,484.35 2,890.39217.4521,617.544,505.50 568.33111.1736,132.744,695.12 1,669.03179.0536,757.823,195.57 1,297.7682.2333,566.262,629.17 524.78213.6222,675.472,848.73 243.7014,114.1834,005.433,944.28 671.96328.6715,912.121,618.76 602.3144.2121,589.502,402.81775.059.6123,555.0411,720.51 38.9910.778,045.01574.17 291.1084.7714,117.821,218.16管理费用(万元)营业利润(万元)营业外收入(万元)营业外支出(万元)净利润(万元) 13,959,800.0027,100,000.00245,100.00114,000.0020,844,500.00 11,829,400.0021,767,200.00243,600.00100,100.0016,943,900.00 10,851,100.0016,853,900.0064,800.0054,300.0013,031,900.00 13,556,100.0015,673,800.00202,500.0056,200.0012,195,600.00 3,752,900.006,489,600.0083,700.0028,200.005,081,700.00 3,479,800.004,661,300.0058,600.007,700.003,612,700.00 2,297,300.004,142,500.0023,000.006,500.003,084,400.00 1,955,358.303,575,672.7015,735.707,479.702,735,511.20 1,878,400.003,353,200.0016,600.003,400.002,559,700.00 2,933,300.003,728,500.0021,400.0032,400.002,844,300.00 1,472,004.902,414,717.4012,615.006,194.001,808,512.20 1,185,544.201,313,270.1017,441.604,962.801,039,049.10 1,405,005.071,252,351.103,765.053,376.23922,097.18 546,084.301,135,057.506,368.301,677.60894,598.50 1,125,081.601,224,659.7020,148.006,652.90958,573.40 538,651.00667,249.905,899.301,490.90580,655.30 562,447.90756,728.9030,676.505,640.20583,388.10 236,660.57538,911.813,338.66610.66414,832.22 446,911.16282,388.684,999.031,537.13224,031.56 404,913.50542,546.2012,415.902,837.90427,234.80 286,573.00243,815.406,767.704,105.10183,750.10 348,412.30287,521.30128,217.402,933.90320,219.90 311,180.00377,391.701,862.801,413.80284,982.80 412,595.40310,192.201,981.601,686.60240,873.60 231,079.30390,998.704,862.00934.60323,535.20 256,363.20379,897.406,830.601,977.40289,956.80 289,790.70384,456.9021,377.002,305.80325,351.00 197,882.30452,531.709,290.901,457.90349,261.00 259,760.50335,740.705,217.003,334.80269,143.70 162,652.40254,849.601,932.00510.90212,144.80 128,851.90324,705.402,854.30942.30260,535.20 97,152.31245,917.828,195.29-609.81205,097.72 200,013.98230,727.292,981.31464.22172,517.51 195,246.70222,819.703,537.708,676.40172,288.30 231,539.66207,909.615,311.153,536.34153,707.25 213,926.84264,133.194,620.784,056.61209,359.59 153,826.60289,956.2023,548.703,179.70240,367.90 113,344.10190,913.403,119.10196.40150,828.90 133,158.93258,859.455,090.37331.60206,247.05 53,350.43144,505.99570.9347.51123,431.07 121,381.80189,810.401,228.90708.50146,315.80 110,481.10173,414.302,213.701,647.80142,024.30 116,077.12167,944.30798.672,778.78132,524.41 71,313.56105,037.56669.11435.8778,614.57 105,225.80115,912.101,081.00114.1099,870.40 134,268.50141,421.05809.94253.58107,426.82 107,937.7581,115.9310,935.37545.1772,709.17 70,003.95150,627.461,299.57287.31110,728.70 85,527.29160,743.462,864.242,686.63122,497.71 106,512.24157,708.092,942.353,028.52111,204.47 96,282.56163,090.64860.33181.96123,229.25 86,130.9896,613.03277.692,108.6168,226.53 100,847.9092,891.603,745.10705.2073,983.3086,448.10148,100.704,745.901,196.40115,566.30 84,539.2783,551.41268.51120.7560,366.53 99,847.1096,544.80443.60279.1073,844.50 44,017.60132,185.001,144.00274.00105,803.20 74,518.2288,584.092,397.621,119.8466,275.21 69,958.72127,377.35713.555,731.4395,776.89 52,714.1151,355.603,133.851,044.5137,849.82 93,768.7587,410.14596.841,373.1664,468.72 55,193.43163,872.263,146.34284.88131,799.87 42,436.60123,430.201,921.40721.0096,338.00 74,724.65100,277.80300.8379.2575,457.89 75,191.9089,832.47437.98159.9975,302.53 83,031.90175,654.253,189.00604.68134,953.70 43,243.65109,152.752,244.90273.6089,731.76 51,603.1967,412.15647.301,999.5450,040.72 77,557.40113,979.702,291.40648.2088,025.70 57,527.8097,581.402,001.10458.2076,790.50 57,896.52125,163.076,796.96663.8897,189.62 44,624.8352,896.36723.9148.2240,454.74 62,608.6965,673.56441.3583.7551,144.44 47,623.6274,628.76592.561,284.0157,965.40 35,429.5581,250.892,058.20214.9964,553.94 117,182.29103,056.161,113.351,397.6177,215.17 74,002.0577,883.672,411.52251.5359,781.42 60,872.7785,206.651,231.321,927.4663,790.23 38,971.2080,770.36434.15147.7051,940.69 26,488.1272,871.86435.24276.7854,824.17 43,988.3760,362.871,330.43146.5446,212.33 12,294.2068,577.1780.67 3.4051,494.14 49,840.8890,426.41797.65420.1368,281.70 35,742.92106,984.89552.43798.1581,162.38 34,961.4066,739.10425.41699.5753,067.87 24,482.3556,098.49235.6380.9257,169.57 52,427.3390,754.112,135.15216.8669,732.35 43,137.9280,956.13986.3516.2862,344.48 56,488.3080,557.348.0218.9660,364.41 33,952.1544,957.97216.47584.4734,503.22 38,324.7139,616.50404.11552.3630,088.50 45,724.9655,239.93227.6893.3841,629.15 31,149.3356,897.58323.5666.2842,879.96 19,781.3047,907.83521.00581.5436,879.09 22,646.625,357.5018.9132.833,821.59 25,752.2840,339.301,011.1065.3631,225.25 52,035.79624.8730.4342,116.53 24,590.2034,138.68194.79235.0724,569.70 23,491.2037,687.731,070.10197.5129,654.33 15,352.3816,462.253,053.271,655.9013,795.12 17,980.0732,737.8418.61154.5321,357.27 13,832.6715,689.56121.518.3910,520.70 12,609.8613,954.63766.82134.0413,219.30 18,111.5028,387.80238.7951.7421,372.28 18,515.1514,701.0439.9843.9910,949.54 9,793.3612,133.112,122.7387.6910,643.448,069.9326,213.0919.65593.4719,241.86 6,524.256,203.6247.9113.044,695.42 8,408.745,258.66164.01133.323,899.51利润总额(万元)所得税(万元)少数股东损益(万元)归属于母公司所有者的净利润(万元) 27,231,100.006,386,600.0018,000.0020,826,500.00 21,910,700.004,966,800.0018,100.0016,925,800.00 16,864,400.003,832,500.00613,700.0012,418,200.00 15,820,100.003,624,500.002,900.0012,192,700.00 6,545,100.001,463,400.008,200.005,073,500.00 4,712,200.001,099,500.00-200.003,612,900.00 4,159,000.001,074,600.002,500.003,081,900.00 3,583,928.70848,417.506,913.102,728,598.10 3,366,400.00806,700.009,200.002,550,500.00 3,717,500.00873,200.0052,300.002,792,000.00 2,421,138.40612,626.201,723.401,806,788.80 1,325,748.90286,699.8011,186.001,027,863.10 1,252,739.92330,642.74-96.18922,193.36 1,139,748.20245,149.70-71.80894,670.30 1,238,154.80279,581.40958,573.40 671,658.3091,003.0040.50580,614.80 781,765.20198,377.10583,388.10 541,639.81126,807.581,314.71413,517.52 285,850.5861,819.03291.07223,740.48 552,124.20124,889.40153.80427,081.00 246,478.0062,727.90183,750.10 412,804.8092,584.901,519.80318,700.10 377,840.7092,857.90284,982.80 310,487.2069,613.60240,873.60 394,926.1071,390.902,384.80321,150.40 384,750.6094,793.80-162.40290,119.20 403,528.1078,177.10325,351.00 460,364.70111,103.70349,261.00 337,622.9068,479.2033.80269,109.90 256,270.7044,125.90243.30211,901.50 326,617.4066,082.20260,535.20 254,722.9249,625.21205,097.72 233,244.3860,726.87219.56172,297.95 217,681.0045,392.70172,288.30 209,684.4355,977.171,258.68152,448.57 264,697.3755,337.78927.38208,432.21 310,325.2069,957.30240,367.90 193,836.1043,007.20-44.10150,873.00 263,618.2257,371.17395.00205,852.06 145,029.4021,598.33 5.29123,425.79 190,330.8044,015.00146,315.80 173,980.2031,955.901,319.40140,704.90 165,964.1933,439.7933.45132,490.95 105,270.8026,656.23243.0178,371.56 116,879.0017,008.6077.8099,792.60 141,977.4134,550.5935.89107,390.93 91,506.1218,796.951,032.6871,676.49 151,639.7240,911.0220.62110,708.08 160,921.0838,423.37122,497.71 157,621.9146,417.44-713.91111,918.38 163,769.0140,539.76594.74122,634.50 94,782.1126,555.5968,226.53151,650.2036,083.90-280.90115,847.20 83,699.1723,332.6360,366.53 96,709.3022,864.8073,844.50 133,055.0027,251.801,519.40104,283.80 89,861.8723,586.66396.2265,878.99 122,359.4626,582.5795,776.89 53,444.9415,595.1237,849.82 86,633.8222,165.1064,468.72 166,733.7234,933.863,314.98128,484.89 124,630.6028,292.601,460.2094,877.80 100,499.3725,041.4975,457.89 90,110.4614,807.9375,302.53 178,238.5743,284.871,855.16133,098.54 111,124.0521,392.291,540.2588,191.51 66,059.9116,019.1950,040.72 115,622.9027,597.2088,025.70 99,124.3022,333.80639.8076,150.70 131,296.1534,106.5397,189.62 53,572.0513,117.3140,454.74 66,031.1714,886.73311.7450,832.70 73,937.3015,971.9157,965.40 83,094.1018,540.17415.5064,138.44 102,771.8925,556.72-3.0077,218.17 80,043.6620,262.23-471.5760,253.00 84,510.5120,720.27551.1063,239.13 81,056.8229,116.13942.2650,998.44 73,030.3318,206.1654,824.17 61,546.7615,334.44474.1445,738.19 68,654.4417,160.3051,494.14 90,803.9322,522.2317.2468,264.46 106,739.1725,576.7981,162.38 66,464.9413,397.0716.9153,050.96 56,253.20-916.3757,169.57 92,672.4022,940.05652.0269,080.33 81,926.2019,581.7262,344.48 80,546.4020,181.99344.3360,020.09 44,589.9710,086.7534,503.22 39,468.269,379.7630,088.50 55,374.2213,745.0741,629.15 57,154.8714,274.9142,879.96 47,847.2910,968.2036,879.09 5,343.591,522.003,821.59 41,285.0410,059.79449.0430,776.22 52,630.2310,513.7042,116.53 34,098.409,528.7024,569.70 38,560.318,905.9829,654.33 17,859.624,064.5013,795.12 32,601.9211,244.6421,357.27 15,802.675,281.9710,520.70 14,587.421,368.1213,219.30 28,574.867,202.5721,372.28 14,697.043,747.5010,949.54 14,168.153,524.7110,643.4425,639.266,397.4119,241.86 6,238.501,543.074,695.42 5,289.351,389.843,899.51基本每股收益(万/股)稀释每股收益(元/股)现金及存放中央银行款项(万元)0.000.00276,215,600.000.000.00237,980,900.000.000.00198,148,400.000.00248,708,200.000.0073,699,900.000.000.0040,830,400.000.000.0036,639,100.000.000.0036,695,709.900.000.0029,659,100.000.000.0033,280,500.000.000.0022,866,575.300.000.0016,063,523.600.000.0017,247,337.940.000.0012,598,446.5014,994,400.6010,701,185.600.009,786,312.404,277,853.540.007,375,363.420.005,066,276.800.000.003,727,601.205,210,721.304,793,663.004,068,934.200.000.003,284,060.804,434,781.200.000.004,158,244.505,582,864.400.000.004,357,824.604,182,326.500.000.004,814,511.500.000.002,493,210.600.000.003,093,573.150.003,437,948.103,259,486.232,450,795.872,773,146.300.000.001,809,558.500.000.002,167,102.710.000.001,836,875.910.000.001,933,986.000.000.002,063,348.900.000.001,947,319.69964,180.200.000.001,941,298.800.000.001,999,676.321,159,165.400.000.001,745,580.211,284,013.610.000.001,676,582.000.000.002,276,275.511,062,139.100.000.001,743,631.60 0.000.001,577,321.701,478,568.60 0.000.00911,811.601,325,280.981,237,595.36963,072.91 0.000.001,214,740.33 0.000.001,313,299.15 0.000.001,032,869.00 0.000.001,128,611.39 0.00914,027.311,174,080.90 0.000.00977,849.451,074,674.141,073,172.40 0.00945,500.20896,730.07 0.00822,942.42 0.000.00795,716.99 0.000.001,086,486.51 0.000.00866,747.93 0.000.00960,273.83669,333.61918,553.081,158,156.65 0.000.001,075,035.59778,981.94464,878.27796,361.24 0.000.00727,653.80 0.000.00757,973.61531,211.74 0.00751,736.27 0.000.00587,265.60694,211.59494,816.17585,453.43 0.000.00586,605.58 0.00556,871.40 0.000.00486,952.13599,502.44492,507.21493,484.04385,966.15539,608.03252,322.44 0.000.00330,731.79248,275.61293,870.42 0.000.00239,865.77244,866.99 0.000.00174,863.6794,270.27 60,453.10 96,968.74存放同业和其它金融机构款项(万元)拆出资金(万元)交易性金融资产(万元)31,748,600.0016,051,600.0015,220,800.0027,675,200.0010,904,000.002,309,600.0052,913,100.0045,466,800.007,380,700.0013,187,400.0021,268,300.006,805,200.009,660,500.0014,872,600.004,283,700.006,304,600.0013,138,100.001,553,000.0038,653,500.0015,100,400.00819,000.0026,787,648.2011,141,529.80586,684.106,942,500.0022,889,900.00810,100.0023,233,600.003,774,500.002,042,300.0010,526,295.108,174,562.302,272,663.303,988,434.20844,656.70260,790.2010,166,212.622,993,562.90400,459.0911,419,338.309,673,284.60536,062.804,535,867.501,871,199.80229,336.403,678,108.502,979,133.80630,691.506,696,953.20481,786.30518,796.004,520,537.62130,927.56473,645.325,147,963.92390,382.7486,279.051,144,495.801,146,071.601,343,452.80664,529.202,065,500.6041,470.601,365,994.20406,300.9043,850.002,345,430.201,298,718.20148,225.201,080,646.50242,947.701,485,694.202,086,171.60868,255.90699,506.10948,824.4052,617.403,893,278.00100,000.00198,019.40707,620.80358,117.20503,580.701,345,028.201,025,486.70348,239.101,243,417.90811,148.00544,577.701,623,540.8030,489.304,019,528.83250,508.361,540,704.2650,000.00478,081.401,174,504.50105,000.00699,494.80717,030.24444,109.981,322,441.74146,300.90170,387.514,038,224.002,281,440.1086,271.00235,798.50336,959.0520,000.00338,203.253,680,393.8757,227.11569,607.00397,450.20161,520.30940,587.00246.30150,608.60119,618.2099,568.52241,185.93231,149.791,001,656.803,780.50150,957.30410,596.5790,276.79153,536.3990,167.80941,412.3422,053.1585,605.43969,309.1779,070.0849,215.0021,199.881,329,699.3137,370.231,513,588.18845,547.30427,621.90 199,876.86202,546.54 171,048.00207,067.802,824,442.905,000.0026,955.90 569,986.78146,490.83 5,221.84414,988.18 1,572,208.02443,127.72 362,590.32269,236.4015,256.16 321,999.1880,182.49 79,279.10653,207.2816,500.00581,990.7397,682.2425,198.87 500,629.42143,048.7610,000.0050,370.5427,882.99 441,981.601,055,816.4081,791.90666,090.16195,112.2110,130.00 901,868.01187.26981.54 943,222.1553,857.49 408,021.96558,276.95441,712.87605,349.85170,573.2536,738.07 113,033.06849,074.3830,980.00715,524.8421,457.35877,237.09886,402.11117,544.983,150.45242,290.1010,000.0044,371.92 288,869.0632,627.87 122,599.1235,523.89204,258.37 339,794.18198,572.31 367,603.5649,510.00673,413.4243,833.4921,500.00217,874.74430.34202,756.8272,617.16319,348.273,370.00121,186.766,680.032,548.54160,755.0310,000.00171,473.62 125,213.3581,868.885,853.8711,712.08145.59199,682.4061,064.5039,426.32 6,531.0068,448.1242,103.55141,409.9530,000.00 58,624.30衍生金融资产(万元)应收利息(万元)发放贷款及垫款(万元)可供出售金融资产(万元) 1,746,000.00759,401,900.0084,010,500.00 1,412,700.005,677,600.00632,519,400.0067,505,800.00 4,275,700.005,481,700.00620,313,800.0055,331,800.00 852,400.004,865,500.00539,886,300.0065,119,800.00558,500.001,977,300.00250,538,500.0018,333,600.00188,700.001,085,200.00160,437,100.0027,517,300.00468,300.001,005,100.00141,077,900.0013,438,700.0054,878.701,107,107.40130,232,395.0014,792,913.10290,700.001,292,400.0096,894,000.0014,750,500.0058,700.00721,000.00117,828,500.006,473,200.00226,179.30609,991.2086,878,223.205,440,276.5081,057.70727,418.9061,007,533.607,838,352.6020,184.10563,504.5259,420,410.022,848,836.312,222.50507,315.9039,607,691.808,630,350.1039,445.80287,924.1052,344,490.603,194,685.704,719.50267,995.2032,552,344.904,668,967.30134,923.9028,342,467.70181,898.30139,149.0714,210,644.341,602,924.63103,872.9116,017,719.001,268,863.80225,538.0013,882,183.00159,959.70 2,667.40166,953.7011,063,150.30877,927.10109,710.3016,227,987.901,429,074.20 2,430.1063,733.1014,642,599.30780,957.502,383.80171,021.6014,909,237.503,009,078.007,143.30196,064.8010,020,383.402,418,662.6099,644.9011,889,868.90506,520.70 168,763.00132,783.6012,074,193.302,650,495.50104,397.9013,392,288.301,835,690.30 15,300.8097,729.6012,415,995.90374,596.20115,055.709,293,872.101,610,663.60103,080.309,676,245.301,849,105.6042,726.257,180,711.93352,532.73178,824.296,397,303.48532,654.3768,054.408,365,065.101,437,340.4079,461.809,220,160.311,055,169.9992,157.984,774,111.181,248,544.9763,029.907,847,523.40205,000.0049,521.604,681,142.90774,506.0071,330.386,973,456.16481,819.02134,312.312,059,303.071,673,870.0532,403.006,282,492.60141,409.3048,909.304,007,640.60629,844.7032,335.904,677,853.66190,514.709,885.762,298,594.09476,800.4743,164.503,810,355.70432,749.1047,853.625,065,521.36426,149.4540,742.982,909,608.07338,426.9223,425.374,339,967.13339,392.9631,570.104,830,515.6922,852.2324,322.555,098,180.88125,924.1618,240.743,284,042.25113,821.252,438,185.7431,419.604,102,750.90841,642.80。

近十年央行资产负债表数据一、引言在金融领域中，央行起着至关重要的作用。

央行的资产负债表数据是了解央行运作情况以及经济政策实施的重要指标之一。

本文将对近十年央行资产负债表数据进行全面、详细、完整和深入的探讨。

二、央行资产和负债的概念央行的资产是指央行所拥有的各类资产，包括金融资产、非金融资产等；央行的负债是指央行所承担的各类负债，包括货币发行、存款准备金等。

2.1 央行资产的组成央行的资产主要包括以下几个方面： - 外汇储备：央行持有的外汇资产，用于维持汇率稳定和国际收支平衡。

- 国内债券：央行投资的政府债券，用于管理货币供应量和调控经济。

- 其他金融资产：央行持有的其他各类金融资产，如股票、债券、信贷等。

2.2 央行负债的组成央行的负债主要包括以下几个方面： - 货币发行：央行发行的各种货币，如纸币、硬币等。

- 存款准备金：商业银行在央行的存款准备金，用于维持商业银行的健康运营和金融稳定。

三、近十年央行资产负债表数据分析3.1 央行资产变化趋势分析近十年来，央行资产总体呈现出增长的趋势。

主要原因包括： 1. 经济发展：随着经济的快速发展，央行需要持续扩大资产规模，以满足对货币流通的需求。

2. 外汇储备增加：国际贸易的扩大以及资本流动的增加，导致央行外汇储备不断增加。

3. 经济政策调控：央行通过购买政府债券，调节货币供应量，以实现经济政策的目标。

3.2 央行负债变化趋势分析近十年来，央行负债总体呈现出增长的趋势。

主要原因包括： 1. 货币发行增加：随着经济发展和金融活动的增加，央行需要不断增加货币发行量，以满足经济的流通需求。

2. 存款准备金增加：随着商业银行规模扩大，存款准备金需求也随之增加。

3. 央行政策工具调整：央行通过调整存款准备金率等政策工具，影响商业银行的存款需求和流动性。

四、近十年央行资产负债表数据关键指标分析4.1 外汇储备规模变化分析外汇储备是央行资产中的重要组成部分，对维持汇率稳定和国际收支平衡至关重要。

近年我国中央银行资产负债表分析金融专业-雷明-20114995一、中央银行资产负债表中央银行资产负债表是中央银行在履行职能时业务活动所形成的债权债务存量表。

中央银行资产负债业务的种类、规模和结构都综合地反映在资产负债表上。

现代各国中央银行的任务和职责基本相同，其业务活动大同小样，资产负债表的内容也基本相近。

二、我国央行资产负债表变化分析2011年1月末，中国央行的总资产高达26.9万亿元（合美元4.09万亿），远大于美联储2.45万亿美元总资产的规模，成为世界第一大央行。

十年来，中国央行总资产规模扩张了7.3倍，其中国外资产规模更是扩张了14.8倍。

然而，中国央行成为“世界老大”后，给我们带来的更多是忧而不是喜。

以下是2006年到2010年我国央行资产负债表主要项目的变化：近五年中央银行资产负债表项目分析（一）、外汇储备分析从表中可以看出，近年来我国的外汇储备增长迅速，外汇储备是一国货币当局持有的对外流动性资产，其主要形式为国外银行存款与外国政府债券。

国际货币基金组织(IMF)对外汇储备的解释为：它是货币行政当局以银行存款、财政部库存、长期短期政府证券等形式所保有的、在国际收支逆差时可以使用的债权。

外汇储备不足，往往会引起国际支付危机，可能导致金融危机的爆发；外汇储备过多，则会损害经济增长的潜力，影响其经济发展。

巨额外汇储备成因分析：国民经济持续快速发展，国家经济实力、国际竞争力以及对外资吸引力的增强是我国外汇储备持续高速增长的根本原因。

除此之外，其他一些因素对外汇储备高速增长也起到了重要作用：（1）偏低的人民币汇率是重要原因。

1994年外汇体制改革时确定的8.7元人民币兑1美元的汇率有些过低。

理由有二：一是以1993年12月31日外汇调剂市场的美元汇价作为新的银行间外汇市场开盘价本身就不合理。

因为当时我国仍处于经济过热时期，通货膨胀率高达14%左右，加之人为炒作，外汇调剂市场异常火暴，汇率严重扭曲，尽管中央银行入市干预，美元汇率仍然偏高；二是有人曾做过若干商品国内外价格的比较，在一般情况下，用1美元在美国买不到8.7元人民币在国内所购买的商品。

如何理解央行资产负债表的变化今年3 月末，我国央行资产余额为33.74 万亿元，较今年1月末下降近1.1 万亿元，之后关于我国央行“缩表”的讨论引发了市场的关注。

笔者发现，央行在《2017 年第一季度中国货币政策执行报告》中，以专栏的形式阐述了“如何理解所谓央行缩表'”。

由于央行资产负债表的变化不仅与货币政策息息相关，还直接关系着商业银行信贷投放及其资产负债表的变化，此准确分析央行资产负债表的变化对于我们理解央行货币政策，以及预判资金面走势具有较为重要的意义。

为此，本文尝试对央行资产负债表的变化情况进行探讨。

央行资产负债表的历史变化通过观察我国央行资产负债表的历史数据可以发现，截至2017 年5 月底，我国央行资产负债表累计有37 个月曾出现过资产余额环比下降的情况。

其中，2011 年前的“缩表”均是偶然发生，且次数少，较为分散。

2011 年至今，央行资产余额曾有27 个月出现环比下降，期间有两个时期相对集中，分别为2011年11 月至2012 年4 月（其中有4 个月环比下降）、2014 年12月至2016 年3 月（其中有12 个月环比下降）。

这两段“缩表” 周期均为降准周期，由于降准会推升货币乘数，所以当时资金面较为宽松。

其他时间点如2013 年7 月、2013 年12 月、2014 年2 月以及2016 年8 月至今的央行资产规模下降过程均出现在紧缩周期（见图1）。

历史数据显示，在降准周期较容易出现央行连续“缩表”，而降准周期往往是货币政策偏宽松周期，如2015 年。

正如《2017 年第一季度中国货币政策执行报告》所指出的，“中表'并不一定国央行‘缩意味着收紧银根，比如在资本流出背景下降准会产生‘缩表'效应，但实际上可能是放松银根的”。

而央行“扩表”也并不意味着宽松，如2013年至2014 年上旬，央行整体资产负债表扩张，但资金面偏紧较为明显。

央行资产负债表变化分析一）要理解央行是如何“扩表”和“缩表”的2002年之后，央行的“扩表”大致经历了两个阶段。

2023-10-29•中央银行资产负债表概述•中央银行负债业务概述•中央银行资产负债表与负债业务的关系•中央银行资产负债表与负债业务的风险与管理•案例分析目录01中央银行资产负债表概述资产负债表定义与组成资产负债表定义中央银行的资产负债表是反映中央银行在某一时点上的资产、负债和所有者权益的表格，是中央银行财务报表的重要组成部分。

资产负债表组成资产负债表主要包括资产、负债和所有者权益三部分。

其中，资产主要包括货币黄金、外汇、政府债券等；负债主要包括存款、政府债券、对金融机构的贷款等；所有者权益主要包括实收资本、盈余公积、未分配利润等。

资产负债表的作用资产负债表是中央银行财务状况的反映，通过分析资产负债表，可以了解中央银行的资产质量、流动性状况、风险状况等，为货币政策制定提供参考。

资产负债表的重要性资产负债表是中央银行财务报表的核心，对于分析中央银行的财务状况、货币政策执行效果、金融市场状况等具有重要意义，也为投资者和监管机构提供重要信息。

资产负债表的作用与重要性资产负债表的结构与特点资产负债表的结构中央银行资产负债表的结构主要包括资产、负债和所有者权益三个部分，每个部分又包含若干科目。

资产负债表的特点中央银行资产负债表具有规模巨大、科目复杂、更新迅速等特点，需要不断进行更新和调整。

同时，由于中央银行所处的经济环境和政策目标的不同，不同国家的中央银行资产负债表也存在差异。

02中央银行负债业务概述负债业务定义与类型负债业务定义负债业务是指中央银行在接受储户存款、流通货币、发行债券等过程中形成的各项金融负债的业务活动。

负债业务类型主要包括存款业务、债券业务和其他负债业务。

中央银行的负债业务可以吸收社会上的闲散资金，为经济发展提供稳定的货币基础，保持金融市场的稳定。

负债业务的作用与重要性保持金融稳定中央银行通过负债业务，可以调节货币供应量，控制通货膨胀，保持物价稳定。

调节货币供应量中央银行的负债业务是货币政策实施的基础，通过调控负债业务，可以影响市场上的货币供应量，实现经济政策的调整。

央行资产负债表解读作者：翟帅男（Z0013395），宋晓东（助理分析师）央行的六大资产和七大负债见表1。

在央行6个资产科目中，“国外资产”和“对其他存款性公司债权”绝对规模较高，几乎占据央行总资产规模的90%，且这两项分别反映经济增长伴随的外汇占款变动以及央行择机对冲的货币政策。

央行7个负债科目中，“储备货币”、“政府存款”为主要负债科目，两者占据央行总负债规模的95%以上。

其余科目占比较小，对整体资产负债表的理解作用不大，因此，本文将就这四项核心资产和核心负债进行详细解读。

数据来源：中国人民银行一、资产端如下图所示为2018年9月货币当局资产端的各个组成部分，外汇占款占比58.46%，对其他存款性公司债权占比29.85%，是最大的两个组成部分，对政府债权占比4.17%，其余部分占比较小。

图1 2018年9月货币当局资产端构成数据来源：央行官网南华研究1.1 国外资产国外资产是央行资产负债表资产端的重要组成部分，外汇是最主要的国外资产，在2018年9月，外汇资产规模约为21.41万亿元，占总资产的58.46%。

2002年1月外汇资产规模占总资产的比例不足40%，随后不断走升，自2011年2月超过80%，随后几年一直维持高位。

这意味着中国加入WTO后，因招商引资、人口红利等原因，经常帐和资本帐出现“双顺差”，由于我国实行结售汇制度，最终央行资产端的外汇资产占比越来越大。

2008年金融危机之后，美联储采取大幅度降息和三轮量化宽松政策供给流动性以促进经济恢复，同时也导致其资产负债表急剧扩张。

随着美国经济的复苏，美联储着手退出宽松计划，2014年10月彻底结束资产购买计划即标志着QE退出的开始。

货币政策的不同步叠加部分对中国经济的担忧导致我国资本不断外流，使得央行的外汇资产自2015年“811汇改”开始出现明显下滑。

到了2017年初，外汇占款才有所企稳，但至今一直维持在低位震荡。

为应对新增外汇占款的不足，央行逐渐以公开市场操作和MLF等新型货币政策工具进行主动管理。