雅思写作考试笔记宝典

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建议大家仔细阅读本文（比一些培训班的老师还强，或许读完本文后，你也能当老师了。

^_^），我本人从中学习到不少经验和技巧，祝各位好运，取得好成绩别忘了通知我：Victor,E-Mail：xieyf@。

目录：4.0概述 (2)4.0.1注意答题的展示 (2)4.0.2了解问题的意思 (2)4.0.3用三节式写作方法 (2)4.0.4句子必须有意义 (3)4.0.5考生常问的问题 (3)4.1A类Task1 (3)4.2G类Task1 (6)4.3Task2 (6)4.4IELTS常用词语（一） (8)4.5IELTS常用词语（二） (9)4.0概述雅思作文包括两部分内容：Task1和Task2。

A类和G类主要区分在Task1。

A类Task1是描述一张图表。

G类Task1是写一封信。

Task1要求字数150。

在Task2，您必须写一篇至少250字的评论或报告。

因此，您必须合理分配写作时间。

4.0.1注意答题的展示12点应注意的事情：1） IELTS写作测验答题不用写题目，也不用重写问题在答案上方；2）左右必须留下约一寸的间格；3）您可用传统方法（即每段的下一行向右移一寸）或用现代方法（在段落之间留一行空行）来分段，但千万不要同时使用这种方法；4）千万不要邻行书写；5）应用尽每一行，由左到右的空间都应用尽，除非最后一个字太长会超过右面留空的间隔；6）切记不要分字；7）写大概10至12个字一行，这样可限制自己字体不会太大，字与字之间的空位也不会太大，而且数字时也比较方便；8）用草写。

草写令您的文章显得较成熟，但必须易看。

正写字体显得幼稚。

由于草写是一般受高深教育的西方人的写法，为留下良好的第一印象，您应采用这种写法；9）尽量选择粗线条的原子笔和蓝色墨水。

☐IELTS WRITINGTask 1☐“分类意识”图表题正文段分段原则☐单图: 先分类后分段☐双/三图: 每个图表一段☐四图: 先分类后分段（分类提取）☐如何写好小作文的3大段落☐ 1. 开头段的写法：改写原题，写1-2句。

剑桥考官提供的范文亦是如此: c7t1: The pie charts show units of electricity by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.考官满分范文开头段就简单改写为：The pie compares the sources of electricity in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.☐同义词替换The UK/ Britain/ the United KingdomProportion/percentageInformation/dataMales/men females/womenFrom… to (年代）／between …and , over a period of …. yearsThe number of /the figure for(可数不可数都可以）Family/ household☐介绍图表常用动词☐ 1. show 表明☐ 2.describe 描述，描写☐ 3.illustrate 阐明☐ 4.represent 展示☐ 5.display 呈现☐ 6. reveal 揭示☐7. demonstrate 显示☐8.indicate 暗示☐9.unfold 显露☐10. convey 表达☐11.reflect 反映☐开头段万能句☐Writing about data☐ 1. number☐ 2. figure（for）数字☐ 4. statistic （一项）数据☐ 5. percent／percentage☐ 6.proportion 比率／rate／ratio（比例）☐7.amount of（uncon连用）☐数据的表达方式1.From 数据in 年份to 数据in 年份2.Peak at 数据bottom at 数据3.用括号引出4.Decrease to 数据/ increase up to ／about 数据5.表达幅度用by：百分比（上升下降了）6.which was about 数据7.趋势with 数据☐主体段的写法☐主体段的首句写法c8t1☐描述趋势的几种句型1.以对象为主语（Band 6)1.1对象＋趋势v1.2对象＋经历＋趋势n2.以there be为主语(Band 5)there be +趋势＋in 对象3.以趋势做主语3.1趋势＋被看到＋in对象（Band 7)3.2 趋势＋发生＋in 对象（Band 7)4.以时间为主的主语☐时间＋witness ＋趋势＋in 对象（Band 7）☐主题段x句写法：分项描写信息步骤1:确定静态图/动态图步骤2:确定有3个比较说明对象（工业、农业和家庭用水）步骤3:类似的数据归类（如工业用水中的美国和日本的数据）步骤4:从三个对象的最高值（英国的工业用水／英国的家庭用水／中国的农业用水）开始分析☐结尾段的写法1. 重述总体特征；In conclusion, more teachers were in Chinese regular schools in the 1990s than 30 years before.☐时间先后关系then/afterwards/ after that/after which/before/follow by☐总分关系more/specifically/to be more specific说明趋势：trend, momentum.波动:fluctuate（between…. and),/fluctuation／rises and falls/ vary from….. to ☐小作文7分词汇☐Noteworthy/ remarkable 显著的☐Not surprisingly 意料之中地☐Per annum 每年☐By far 目前为止☐Discernable 可识别的☐Shift (from.. towards)☐Accompanying 伴随的☐Evenly 平均地throughout（the world) 贯穿遍布follow closely behind 紧跟着related to 相关as might be expected 正如所料☐starting/ initial/beginning/original /preliminary☐小作文7分词汇3.插入语(1)Europe, with the greatest consumption per head of cigarettes, was………(2)The greatest proportion of electricity, namely 59%, was generated by oil.☐地图题Map1.选址比较题：要求考生对建筑物不同地址的利弊进行比较，而且多数选址在两个场地上进行。

《雅思 懒人记词 实用 工具书系列 雅思写作词
汇宝典》
最新版读书笔记，下载可以直接修改
思维导图PPT模板
本书关键字分析思维导图
教育
科技
词汇
考生
类
媒体
数据
雅思
语境
作文 社会
九环境
写作
生活
交通
记忆
体育
高分
旅游业
目录
01 丛书序
03 Section One 大作 文 （ Ta s k . . .
02 前言 Preface 04 Section Two 小作
丛书序
前言 Preface
Section One 大作文（Task...
01
一、教育
02
二、社会 生活
03
三、科技
04
四、媒体
06
六、工作 就业
05
五、政府 职责与政 策
01
七、城市 化与建筑
02
八、体育 与健康
03
九、环境 与人
04
十、交通
06
十二、文 化语言
05
十一、旅 游业
01
十三、艺 术
02
十四、国 际化
03
十五、女 性
04
十六、老 龄化
06
十八、犯 罪
05
十七、动 物权益
Section Two 小作文（Task...
Part 1 数据类 图表写作词汇
雅思写作A类 Task 1图表类型
Part 2 非数据 类图表写作词汇
感谢观看
读
书
笔
记
文 （ Ta s k . . .
本书由启德教育具有丰富教学经验的一线教师编写。应对雅思写作大作文，本书按照不同的写作语境进行了 细分，分为教育、社会生活、科技、媒体等18个类别；应对雅思写作小作文，本书按照数据类图表和非数据类图 表进行了分类，帮助考生有的放矢地记词。在词汇记忆上，本书首先筛选了雅思写作考试历年真题，总结出该语 境下读题必备词汇、词组，并拓展出该语境下的基础词汇以及高分词汇，考生不仅可以选择不同语境进行词汇学 习，还可以有重点地选择记忆不同阶段的词语，真正帮助考生在短期内迅速学词、用词。恰当利用本书，能有效 帮助雅思考生获取写作高分。

Argument---A lot of children are using mobile phones. Some people think it is a positive development? Do you agree or disagree?Mobile phones, as is widely considered a communicating tool, have been penetrating into people’s daily life in a wide range of areas. There is an increasing number of children who tend to use mobile phones frequently, with regard to which is a positive or negative development, people hold divergent view.Living in such a world saturated with a significant number of[2]advanced technological innovations that children are granted a great many opportunities to apply mobile phones into their life, which has been universally believed beneficial to their future development. Initially, it is the mobile phones that render children enormous opportunities to contact with their friends and family members wherever they are in an effective manner. So efficient is this communicating tool that relationship among family members can be substantially guaranteed. Subsequently, it is a widely held perception that children’s interests in the advancement of technologies can, to a large extent, be fostered. In another word, via using mobile phones, children are more likely to catch up with the amazing advances in the area of technology, which is also rewarding for them to become experts specialized in innovating communicating technologies.Such a significant amount of[2] merits mobile phones c an bring about into children’s life that an array of people has lost sight of their demerits accompanying, thereby blindly encouraging the widespread application among children, which is evidently erroneous concerning children’s physical health and their academic performance. In the first place, overindulgence of the utilization of mobile phones may largely jeopardize children’s health. As a result of the tremendous radiation from mobile phones, a sizeable percentage of[2]children who are using mobile phones in their daily practice are more likely to develop diseases ranging from insomnia to in digestion. In the second place, it has been confirmed that【11】children using mobile phones during their education period may have a higher likelihood of failing to perform as well as they used to. This will probably result in their inability of graduation from school.Conclusively, baneful as the application of mobiles phones among children may be, however, the trend is inevitable due to the technological power.It is highly suggested that sufficient supervision and guidance should be given upon children.Some people argue that the technology such as mobile phone (cell phone) destroys social interaction. Do you agree or disagree?More often than not, people’s social life is extensively associated with the technological innovations, including computer and mobile phone. However, a sizzling debate with regard to whether people’s social interactions (= social life) are adversely affected by those technologies or not has been sparked off, which draws enormous attention from the public.So drastic is the development of modern technologies that a vast number of people assert thatnumerous baneful effects have been given rise to, saying technology is a curse for those living in contemporary society. In the first place, as a result of the so- called “efficiency” technologies bring about, scarcely will people need a face-to-face meeting in dealing with the business which can be done in a more effective and efficient manner, yet the relationships among people may be aggravated. In the second place, hardly can people have more opportunities to go for a holiday due to the full schedule of work induced from the remarkable progress of technologies. In other words, people are more likely to be occupied with a large quantity of work, so that they cannot have more leisure time to be with their family, which means the deterioration of family relationships.A number of others, who enjoy the benefits modern technologies impart, conversely, are in favor of the idea that social interaction has been largely enhanced. Initially, contacts among people are enormously facilitated with the advent of a series of technological innovations. This indicates a substantial proportion of time can be accordingly saved for other purposes, such as attending vocational training and traveling overseas to have a break with family members. Subsequently, a more solid friends’ circle can be, to a larger extent, maintained, consolidated and improved through fairly more contacts via mobile phone and a great many other forms of communication offered by technologies. Finally, without stepping out the door, people are more likely to make new friends on the internet, through which way may the workaholic have less fear for not finding a soul mate. It is the communicating technology that affords people with a platform of social interaction.To sum up, detrimental (=baneful) as the technological innovations are, by no means should people lose sight of the upsides offered by the application of technologies. This essay is inclined to maintain that social interaction may not necessarily be impaired given sufficient emphasis placed on face-to-face communication.Charity organizations should give aid to people in the greatest need, wherever they are from, or help people in their own countries. Discuss both views and give your opinion.As a result of the development of world economy, people’s donation to charity organizations is at an unprecedented level, which has brought attention to an ongoing debate concerning whether charity organizations should only assist people in their own countries.(观点一慈善的来源主要是本国，所以应该用在本国。

张驰新IDP testee R&D –Version/zhangchixin雅思写作互动及欣赏区雅友大联盟（班号）Full…archive 显示所有文章必下载文件：小新雅思课堂笔记version 8.0雅思回家复习计划—置顶的最后一个贴Routine Rubric 常项题型Seldom Rubric 偷袭题型Compare—summarize 共性Contrast—analyze 个性rocket plummetsoar slumpsurge subsideboom ebbcreep up creep downaccrue abateleap diprally retrievedormant整数单位10，100，1000程度副词每栏掌握两个Task 1的3种基本句型实义副词surge= rise moderatelysoar=rise sharplyboom=rise gently绝对描述系统verb.相对描述系统junk verb +adverbA: rise maximallyB: rise comparatively gentlyD: rise minimallyC: rise comparatively sharplyB2: rise sharplyA2: rise comparatively sharplyaccrue=rise gradually and gentlyleap=rise smoothly and sharply起落同幅PIE CHART60%= three-fifths// three out of five= a/the majority of= a large portion/part/share/proportion/percentage/margin of>80% （93%）= a lion’s share5%= a minority of, a tiny portion37.8%= maximum/comparatively a majority of （<50%的最大值）comparatively a minority of X7.3%87%/76%/53%饼图的三句万能句型：1）数据+抄题+导入宾语Band 52）主语+“占据”（先特征，后数据）Band 63）剩余数据Band 7(Combo)constitute, make up, be the instrument of 致成物in the charge of -- sbdue to//owing to//attributed to//for--sthPie Chart的审题过程：1.看文字信息2.审题标1\2\32>1>32:极端数据及其周围数据1:一般数据3:落单数据破纸P1:Food and drink, Other items cover ed comparatively a majority of the average weekly expenditure, with 26% and 24% respectively. On the other hand, Recreation and education, Clothing accounted for a small portion of the expenditure, with 17% altogether.“累加”的写法：totaling 17%//amounting to 17%//adding up to 17%//with a total of 17%19% of the expenditure was shared by Housing and power. Furthermore, the remaining 14% was due to Transport and communication.Coal occupied the maximum portion of the sources of energy, with 47% while Nuclear accounted for a tiny share, with only 1%. Furthermore, 12% and 16% of the energy were shared by Oil and Hydro respectively.The remaining 24% was due to Natural Gas.1）In 1980, the percentage of Coal increased/crept up by 4%//to 51%.2）There was an increase/creeping-up of 4% in the percentage of Coal.3）We can witness…4）The year of 1980 witness ed…5） A outnumber/ outpercentage B by…A: Coal in/of 1980B: that in 1970=its counterpart对等物while Nuclear rocketed by 10 times.参考红书P58-60There was an increase of 10 times in Nuclear.We can witness…The year of 1980 witnessed…Coal in 1980 outpercentaged its counterpart by 10 timesOil almost remained stable.There was a decrease of 4% in the percentage of Hydro. In addition, the year of 1980 witnessed a slump of 9% in Natural Gas. What is worth mentioning is Oil was almost morose during the decade.Through the charts, we can easily draw the conclusion that the new source of energy, particularly Nuclear was given full play while the traditional ones, though still dominant, reached their bottleneck/ceiling to some extent.●两个图的写作原则：3+53句万能句型2涨+2跌+（1平）破纸P2Social…, ad, edu, sci cover comparatively a majority of… while 2.24%, 1.84% and 2.10% are shared by... The remaining percentages are in moderation, with 5.53% for , 7.4% and 9.35% respectively.increase max:min Social Science●三个以上图的写作原则直接联动line chart连词、副词连接顺接：furthermore, moreover, in addition, additionally, next, in the following, what is worth mentioning（值得一提的是）, what is interesting, what should not be neglected(不能忽略的是), last, on the other hand转折：while, on the other hand, conversely, on the contrary, what is so different isLine Chart●形态划分法——最简单的图●点位划分法——较复杂的图●水平划分法——极其复杂的图●比较划分法——两根曲线Para 2:总分句All trends(动态)/statistics（静态）/charts（多图）can be categorized/classified into ____ stages（时间）2）predominance/prevalence of3）preference toAll statistics can be categorized into 2 stages with the popularity of listening to radio from about 6 am to 1 pm and the popularity of watching TV during the rest of the day.单线描写（天龙八部）As to the radio audience, it soared from about 6 am to 8am, reaching the peak at about 25% at 8 am, followed by ebbing till the end of a day. We can witness the nadir occurred at around 4 in the morning.Back to the people watching TV, most of them watched TV from 5 pm to 12 am. The trend almost rose and fell evenly with sharp rise and fall. 8 in the evening was the peak hour for people to watch TV. Furthermore, after 3 am, less than 5% of people would listen to radio or watch TV.单线描写红书P71All statistics can be categorized into 2 stages with the popularity of cinema from 1957 to 1960 and the popularity of TV from 1960 to 1974.As to/As for/In terms of/In respect of/In regard to/Concerning the curve of cinema admissions, it dipped from 1957 to 1960, followed by subsiding in the following/next 6 years. We can witness a trend of ebbing till 1972. In the end, there was an abating to its bottom at about 90 in 1974.P72All statistics can be categorized into 3 stages with the equilibrium均势of/in the birth and death rates in the first decade of the 20th century, the predominance of birth rate in the following two decades, and the predominance of death rate from 1930 to 1970.Version 1:As to the birth rate, stabilization in the first ten years was followed by leaping to its zenith at 60 per thousand in 1920. We can witness a clear slump to almost one-third of the zenith in 1940. The next 20 years reflected an even rise and fall. Finally it abated to the trough in 1970.Contrary to the birth rate, the death one continued to creep down after the overlapping period till 1930, when a rally was shown between 1930 and 1940. Fortunately, fewer people died in the rest years, with ebbing to the nadir in 1970. What is worth mentioning is that both birth and death rates reached the bottom level in 1970.Version 2:As to death rate, it abated from 1900 to 1930, followed by soaring to its peak at 50% in 1940. We can see an ebbing till 1970.In the respect of birth rate, the first decade witnessed stabilization, followed by leaping to its peak/zenith at nearly 60% in 1920. It slumped to 20% in 1940 and rose and fell evenly in the next two decades. Finally it had the similar trend with its counterpart, death rate.Sample Topic 13All charts can be categorized into 2 types with absoluteness type for Full-time males and Part-time femalesand alternation type for Full-time females and Part-time males.TABLE表格的描述顺序是以时间作为主线，非时间作为辅线basically soar except in 1995All trends can be categorized into 2 groups with fluctuating in Holiday, Visits to friends and relatives, Other reasons, TOTAL and rising in Business.23, 37, 41, 57, 6347, 53, 42, 46, 5813, 24, 27, 35, 4347, 56, 42, 49, 574，7，11，16，2345，56，60，76，86Holiday: basically soar ExtremeBusiness: boom RangeOther reasons: rise and fall evenly AverageTOTAL: Similarity举例方法评价：Omnipotent 万能法①/②Rare ③Frequent④/⑤类比的四种句型：This is the similar case with…This is true of …So does…This can be paralleled with …反比的三种句型：This is the opposite with…This is converse with …This is contrary to …无序（无规律）数据用1/2表格题的风格：Technical Table（随意选取栏目）Strategic Table (Screening甄别；筛选)红书P73●一定要写的项目：√●说明公司：Despite the increasing net sales of ABC Company, the rate of increase is deteriorating. Furthermore, theCosts and expenses were not controlled properly, leading to the plain increase of Net income with a decline after 1998.表格题审题顺序：1）确定写作顺序（横？纵？）10 sec2）表格审题编号——先趋势，后数据✧在表格左边空白区域标上trend编号30 sec✧写出all trends那句话（总分句）2 min✧在表格右边空白区域进行数据方法的编号2-3 min✧进行数据的描写10 min纵向比较结果：Food played a major part//accounted for comparatively a majority in the average family expenditure in Britain.Sample Topic 6:All trends can be categorized into 4 groups with falling in items such as Food, rising in items including Housing, fluctuating in Household goods and services, and stabilizing in Other items.Transport and communications soared, reaching an apex at 16% in 1996 and hitting a trough at 9% in 1967. Household goods and services was volatile dramatically with the vertex in 1996 and the nadir in 1977. Furthermore, there was a subsiding in Other goods and services, ranging from 8 to 14. Alcoholic drink reached a plateau at 7 from 1967 to 1977 and subsided to 4 in 1996, this was paralleled with the trend of Fuel, light and power. Food abated, averaging out at nearly 20. Similarly, the trend of Housing accrued from 1967 to 1996 with an average of 14 in 1977. This was almost the similar case with the trend of Recreation, entertainment and education, which was the opposite with that of Tobacco.To vary within specified limits:在…范围内变动：在某一特定的范围内变化：What is worth mentioning is that Other items, not making its debut until 1977, remained constant from 1977 to 1996.Sample Topic 11:趋势编号：1，2，2，23，1，1，2All trends can be categorized into 3 groups with rising in Agriculture of Britain, Computer Industry and Finance of China, fluctuating in Computer Industry, Finance, Manual Labour of Britain and Manual Labour表格题的类型：Dynamic Table（有趋势）Static Table（无趋势）BAR CHART柱状图的本质——其它三种题型用柱子来表示。

辩论型作文结构开头段3—5句：★（一句背景）+双方观点+说出自己观点+（引起下文）★★（一句背景）+对方观点及1到2个理由+说出自己观点+（引起下文）★★★2—3句背景+说出自己观点理由段2—3段: 主题句（1句）+支持句（3句左右）结尾段1—5句：重申观点+（重申理由，即各用一句改写各理由段的主题句）+（写点别的，如提出希望、发出号召、提出建议等）P.S. ①文章的分段方式：齐头式，每段之间空一行；②每个理由段只有一个main idea，各理由段之间可以有主次之分，但是字数不要相差太多。

blood relation 血缘关系individual care 个性化的照顾time-honored 长期尊崇的（~traditional）repay 回报show respect to 对…表示尊重sunset romance 黄昏恋four generation live under one roof 四世同堂the little screen\the one-eyed monster 电视机\电脑unwholesome 不健康的erotic\obscene\pornography\nasty 情欲的\淫秽的\黄色书刊\肮脏的、下流的开头段2—4句：（一句背景）+双方观点+引起下文3句左右背景二、三段14句左右: 每段概述句（1句）+3个理由（每个理由2句）结尾段3—5句：提出观点+重申理由（各用一句改写上一段中的每个理由）+（写点别的，如提出希望、发出号召、提出建议等）5P.S.①结尾段不能太短，重申理由时应站到第三段那一方，因为第三段的观点考官印象最深刻；②结尾段提出观点还可以是采取折中方案，认为双方观点分别适合不同的情况和不同的人。

Ⅰ.所有辩论型题目都能使用对称性结构，有些辩论型题目不能使用一边倒结构1. What is your opinion?2. What do you think?3. Do you agree of disagree?4. Discuss both sides and give your opinion.5. What are the advantages and disadvantages?Ⅱ.对称型结构比一边倒结构好写，因为支持句可大幅减少Ⅲ.一边倒结构起评分要高出0.5分Ⅰ.160个题库题目提前准备Ⅱ.20个典型题目（联想法）Ⅲ.围绕题目涉及的对象来构思理由Ⅳ.对于一边倒结构，最后一个理由反驳对方对自己的攻击Ⅴ.十大常用理由1. Money（省/费）spend a large sum of money on…lay a heavy financial burden on…create economy profitscontribute much to…release the financial burden of…2. Physical Healthbe beneficial / conductive / harmful / detrimental to / for one’s physical health lead to serious diseases such as lung cancer and heart diseases and even death do harm to one’s eyesignore outdoor activities3. Psychological Healthsuffer from great pressurelead to mental problems such as…loneliness and isolationviolent / obscene4. Fair & Unfairreasonable / unreasonableviolate one’s rights and freedomThose who ＿＿＿＿lay too much emphasis on the rights of ＿＿＿＿.It is one’s duty / responsibility / obligation to do…5. Timebring us great convenience and efficiencymake us work more efficientlyspend too much time on sth, ignoring sth6. Useful & Uselesseffective / ineffectivehave positive / negative effects on…7. Necessary & UnnecessaryNo other method has been discovered which can replace…We have found other methods to…8. Entertainmentbring us a lot of entertainmentsenrich our cultural life9. Educationplay an educational role in our daily lifebroaden one’s sightsprovide us with much useful information10. Safe & Dangerousensure one’s safetypose threat toit is dangerous解释型作文结构（解释的是原因和解决办法）开头段：3句左右背景+（引起下文）或一句过去+一句现在（改写题目）理由段1:1个主题句+3个左右支持句理由段2：同上理由段3：同上（最好写成反驳对方观点的形式，如some people may say…however…）Solutions开头段：3句左右背景Reason段：1句概述+3×2Solution段：1句概述+3×2结尾0-3句：说点别的p.s. 所有的解释型题目都能使用结构Ⅰ，少数解释型题目能使用结构Ⅱ。

一、概括：1.写作考试介绍：Time: 60mins 20mins TASK1 150words40mins TASK2 250words2.考试题型：TASK1Process 和Introduction 题目罕见出现。

TASK2I. DiscussEg: 2005年7月9日Some people think the government should pay for health care and education, but other people do not think it the government’s responsibility. Discuss both and give your opinion.II. Advantages and DisadvantagesEg: 2005年5月14日Some school leavers go to travel or work for a period of time instead of going directly to university. What are the advantages and disadvantages for their studies?III. Agree or DisagreeEg: 2005年6月25日People think that the news media has influenced people’s lives nowadays, and it is a negative development. To what extent do you agree or disagree?IV. Your OpinionEg: 2005年3月5日Some academic subjects are useful for children’s future career while others such as music and sports are not so useful. What is your opinion. Give your reasons.V. Problem, Reasons and SolutionsEg: 2005年1月22日Statistics suggest that nowadays an increasing number of crimes are committed by the young people. Explain the reasons for this and give solutions.二、小作文解析（T ASK 1）：1．通用格式：⑴OPENING—1SENTENCE--- A. Paraphrase 5W& B. Overall trendⅠ.Line phasesⅡ.Pie classificationⅢ.Bar the gap between A&Be.g. The graphs and charts tell us a clear overview of the characteristics and trends of……It can be seen from the table that…..详细见白书P6/下，“Referable IELTS Writing opening &writing”●RULE 1：A.不可以抄题目B.不可以写“According to ….”，只能写“In that figure….”C.不可以写“below/following”D.不可以写“that/this”E.第一段不出现数据⑵ENDING--- 1SENTENCE--- A. Repetition / FeatureB. Hidden characteristics(查找图表等中的隐性特质)e.g. What is worth mentioning is that since the overall percentages exceeded100%.It can be indicated that some adults chose several seasons forstudy.C. Exception (All rise, with the exception of A, a decline by…..) 拿高分的同位语D. No ending (多可爱的结尾啊，当然前提是字数够了)⑶BODY --- 6-8SENTENCES A. 整体趋势：分阶段描述（白书P7）e.g. The number of marriage in Scotland fell very sharply between 1960 and 1970, andcontinued to decline until around 1985 though at a slower rate. From 1985onwards there was a gradual increase in the number of marriage which leveled offin 1984.B．导入数据方式：整体趋势+数字（白书P8）●RULE 2：A.不可以有Objective (主观意见)B.不可以出现“cause\therefore\thus\hence”C.不可以用“I/We”等D.用TIME（时间）做主语会有高分e.g. The past decade saw/witnessed a dramatic/moderate/gentle increase of sth.白书P11/ Recite increase n / a.b.c●RULE 3: CAREFULB．用1分钟—看Rubric、X/Y轴、单位、图例、排列顺序。

候就没东西可写了。

明智的做法是投其所好，该如何就如何，这一原则适用于所有的考试。

另外，有的考生一方面有话则多，一发而不可收，控制不了自己;一方面无话则隐，该说的话没的有说出来。

我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落:一篇200词左右的作文一般不会超过15句话，把这15句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大模只说那么几句话，绝不多说。

事实上往往是说得越多，错误越多。

因此，跟着提纲走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收，这才是最稳妥的对策。

无话可说真难受无话可说是滔滔不绝的对立面。

有的考生题目看得懂，提纲也一目了然，就是不知道该说什么，在考场上头脑一片空白，想到的也只是空泛的东西。

这是一种常见的现象。

在这种情况下，即使是用中文也难以写好，更何况要用英文去表达。

针对这一情况，办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实、的具体的例证以及具体的现象。

联想起具体细小的事情，再形成观点。

把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的实质内容，这不失为一种很好的策略。

平时多练勤思考在写作时头脑出现空白，应该由具体细小的、的琐碎的、的微不足道的事物所引发的思考形成观点，再进行论述。

这种定式思维的形成需要平时多下功夫多练习。

从无话可说到有话可说，有个例子让人不无启发。

在种种场合下，经常要欢迎领导讲几句话。

领导往往首先开口说:同志们大家好，我利用这个机会讲三句话。

讲第一句话时，脑的子里不知道第二句话是什么，讲第二句话时，根本就没想第三句话要说什么。

但他最终说了三句话，以“谢谢大家”的结束讲话。

领导讲话 “1、2、3”成了一种定式，他总能找到有关内容讲几点，这种功夫是长期磨练的结果。

真情流露没必要考试时，监考老师通常发现有的考生坐在那里根本就是在玩深沉，他在那里思考人生的伟大哲理;他在那里要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一个措施，非要显得与众不同。

陷入这种境地的考生，显然犯了一个根本性的错误。

参考时间为40分钟的作文，一般应该在35分钟之内完成，再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。

文章结构：Introduction, 1-2 sentences, rewrite the questionBody1, 1+X sentences, 第一句总体概括，X句具体介绍数字Body2, 1+X sentences, 第一句总体概括，X句具体介绍数字Conclusion, 1-2 sentences, 第一句介绍总数（可不写）；第二句做总结。

开头段：1-2句，转述原题转述原题3法：①添加单词②删除单词③替换单词（注意：改动不需过多，3-4处，即可）原题一句变两句，两句变一句。

全部改写，要保证语法、句型的正确性。

开头段的时态：永远一般现在时【原文】The table shows the results of a survey in 2004 which asked undergraduate and postgraduate students of a UK university whether they were satisfied with the facilities at the university.【改写】The diagram gives a breakdown（明细表）about different attitudes among undergraduate and postgraduate students towards equipments of a UK college in the year 2004.【原文】The chart below shows the different levels of post-school qualifications in America and the proportion of men and women who held them in 1999.改后：The bar chart illustrates the diverse levels of post-school certificates in the US and the percentage of males and females holding them in 1999.Level out (变得水平；持平)Example: In 1985, earnings leveled out amongst people with a Master’s degree and with a Doctoral degree.句型、词汇、短语：As shown in the first/second …….. ,According to the …….. ,Overall, it can be seen thatThis table shows a striking difference/similarity betweenThe most striking feature of the graph is the sudden increase in the popularity in the computer games.Another fact worth noticing in the graph is that …….后面接完整的句子如果要跟名词不加thatAnother fact worth noticing in the graph is the high cost of fuels.The most remarkable point is that …….The graph shows the difference between the percentages注意用复数of males and females doing full-time jobs.在表示百分数时可以用percent或percentage percentage的一个意思就是百分比(名词)就不能直接跟在数词后面,要表示"百分之36"时,只能说"a PERCENTAGE of 36" 而不是"36 PERCENTAGE"(因为percentage只能作名词);前者用法是: 数词+percent+of+sth;这时后面谓语的单复数以percent后面跟的主语为主,例如:2 percent of the apples(这里是复数的可数名词) are(所以用复数) eaten.2 percent of the apple(这里是单数,指的是一个苹果的一部分) is(用单数) eaten.2 percent of the water(这里是不可数名词) is(单数) drunk.后者的用法是The percentage of +sth+ is, 注意这里不管后面跟的是什么词,都用is(这里忽略别的时态)1.The percentage of the students is 46.2.The percentage of the water is 46.The size of the population will increase shaply in the future..75.6 percent of the male population over sixteen ... …16岁以上男性人群的75.6％.A small/large proportion of students are ……..In Britain people spent the smallest amount of money on personal + sth.大量 a large/considerable/substantial number of 可数 a large/considerable/substantial amount of不可数少量 a small/limited/tiny number of a few of a small/limited/tiny amount of a little ofLots of /a lot of /plenty of 即可用于可数也可用于不可数过去一段时间内的情况变化，用过去式。

线图：例：Direction: You should spend no more than 20 minutes on this task.The graph contains information about the price in US dollars ofa barrel ofoil from 1995 with predictions to 2015.Summarize the main features and make comparisons where relevant.开头段：转述原题+时态永远是一般现在时■改变关键词的词性■改变关键词的位置a 同义词替代■灵活加入图表中的其它文字信息The graph provides information about the changes of crude oil price per barrel in US dollars since 1995 and predicts the tendency of the oil price till 2015.开头段常用词汇：Thegraph/the chart/theline graph shows …The graph give past and future dataconcerning …Thegraph demonstratestrends in/an overview of/trends in . …Shows: indicates/ unfolds/ displays/ reveals/ reflects/ relates/ illustrates/ demonstrates/ describes/depicts/portray/outlines/ provide an overview of…例：The graphs below show the enrolments of overseas students and local students in Britain's universities.The graphs provide information about the proportions of overseas students and local students enrolled in Britain's Universities from 1989 to 1999.主体部分1+X句：第一句总结总体趋势，之后分步描述(起点，极值，终点)。

雅思写作高分宝典（打印稿）雅思A类议论文写作第一节——教育与学习1、向老师还是从网络、电视上学知识Students at school and universities learn far more from lessons with teachers than from other sources (such as the Internet, television).To what extend do you agree or disagree?【Model Essay】In the Information Age, students have more accesses to all kinds of information. Some people argue that they should grasp every means to learn rather than learn from teachers, while others hold the opposite view. Speaking for myself, I stand on the side of the former one.No doubt, it is absolutely necessary for students to learn their lessons in class with teachers at schools and universities. But, at the same time, we find some knowledge seems practically useless, and teachers are often enthusiastic to explain some theories, which are not of much use for most of the students in their future. Such lessons are not suitable for everyone. Some students may feel boring and their requests for specific knowledge cannot be met, too.Using a range of sources such as the Internet and television to learn has obviously merits. On the one hand, students can study on line efficiently. For example, modern technology has provided many powerful computer assisted language learning programs that help students with pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, reading and writing of different languages. On the other hand, students can learn practical skills which are taught on the Internet and television by using specific examples. Knowledge and art from these sources would be useful supplements to those from lessons at schools and universities.From the above mentioned analysis, we can safely draw the conclusion that other sources like the Internet and television are indispensable supplements to the traditional education forms. And students should also learn much more from the Internet and television.【高分词汇】★grasp vt. 抓住，抓紧He thought mathematics more difficult to grasp than physics.他觉得数学比物理更难捉摸★enthusiastic adj. 热心的，热情的 China has the most enthusiastic fans in the world.○译中国有全世界最热情的球迷★be suitable for 适合……的 The weather is suitable for outdoor activities.○译天气适合户外运动★practical adj.实际的、实用的The plan takes on a more practical aspect.○译这个计划具有更切合实际的性质★supplement n. 补遗、补充 v.补充Try a B vitamin supplement.试着补充些维生素B★indispensable adj. 不可缺少的，绝对必要的 The computers are now an indispensable tool in many businesses○译目前，计算机是很多公司不可或缺的工具【万能句型】1.Some people argue that …, while others hold the opposite view. Speaking for myself, I standon the side of the former one.译文：一些人认为……，然而其他人持有相反的观点。

1.把more and more了；换成a growing number of..2.inevitable。

不可避免。

3.should/would/could/may/might；语气比较委婉，不会很肯定，显的谦虚；其次，可以不考虑动词的形式4.physically beneficial身体健康；副词+形容词的表达方式，比较好看，5.worldwide/globly/internationally famous 举世闻名6.convenient&efficient 方便、高效7.enrich lifestyle 丰富生活8.environmentlly friendly（副词修饰形容词）绿色环保9.physically harmful/detrimental 危害健康10.negative impact on the youth 危害青少年11.Insecurity of information 信息不安全12.开头方法一：background【controversy (2 different/opposite ideas)】i.As/Being a controversial issue，。

作为有争议的问题。

ii.Now days，the issue on。

is highly debatable and ideas vary from person to person。

不同的人有不同的观点。

（不要用different people 。

）iii.Some would claim 。

，while some others may suggest。

一些人认为。

另一些人认为。

iv.Some would claim。

，while the idea。

is still held by some others。

Idea倒装，句子更好看。

(不能用some。

the other。

这样只有两种可能性，太绝对。

)13.5个常用单词的替代Think →claim / suggest / believe / advocate / maintain / supposeGood →beneficial / profitable / helpful / sound / decent / positiveBad →harmful / detrimental / hazardous / negativeAdvantage →merit / virtue / benefit / profit / proDisadvantage →demerit / drawback / flaw / shortcoming / con / cost14.few 0-1 几乎没有 A few 一些，不多Several 若干15.赞成某个观点。

一．雅思考试介绍听力：听力教材、英语中级听力阅读：整理难句笔记本——摘抄分析写作：图表作文——柱状图、饼状图、曲线图、表格——上面有百分比、数据、固定 的时间段，善于从现象中发现规律，趋势，提炼，升华，得出结 论——科研能力口语：1.自信：不要太介意语音语调，语法，允许犯错误，关注内容，体态语言， 2.小心陷阱。

要时刻注意沟通，符合生活逻辑。

不要忘记提问卡上的问题逻辑 顺序。

3.争取主动。

4.有备而来。

在很大程度上可以预测。

二：写作总的指导5堂课：1.总的知道 2.写作流程，问题极其对策（审题）——重点第二篇 3.审题，指令，展开。

4.书信作文。

5.图表作文。

本身内容和语言。

最后总的串讲。

范文作用：吸取语言的营养，不能机械背诵。

三：写作总论1．用书面语言2．题目中有单词不认识：它可能是不重要的，或联系上下文可以知道意思，实在看不明白就抓住看得懂的部分做文章。

3．时间概念很重要。

重点在第二篇。

先写第二篇（写对位置）。

4．字数：第一篇至少140字（10到12句话）。

第二篇至少250字（15到18句话）。

5．四大原则：1.图表作文重点在描述，不要随意解释，根据文字可以复原图表。

2.要让考官觉得你的思路非常清晰，要有“路标行标”，承上启下的短语 结构词。

3.中心论点由几个分支论点支持。

并提供证据。

4.7分必须有复杂句子结构（并列句、复合句、非谓语动词形式）；用词面 宽一点，尽量不要多次重复。

第一篇用3个复杂结构，第二篇用5—7， 个复杂结构。

四：作业21页task 5　version c (多少个字，多少句话，每一段由几句话组成，找语法错误， 评论结构布局)　74页 task 2　严格按照40分钟写。

2002年3月28日星期四一．针对十个问题的思考1．情感分段和逻辑分段首先晾出观点，罩住一个自然段，2．文章中心思想句是读者体会（中文）还是作者交代（英文）——第一段就说3．引言段（开头第一段）是开门见山（英文）还是层层剥开（中文）议论文不可以太长，第一段只能3——5句话4．段落主题句有（英文）没有（中文）不要把每个主题句分散在不同处，在第一句写5．线性段落（英文）还是螺旋性段落（中文）说出来——为什么这样说6．人证（中文）与法证（英文）强调事实、数据、普通人事件、该领域专家7．一般具体（英文）还是曲折前进（中文）8．段内连贯：过渡词语（英语）还是词义重复（中文）英语：形式语言　中文：意合语言for, obviously, turn out, as a result, and, in the end英语靠过渡词的衔接、词汇的纽带、语法的照应9．段落之间的连贯：形和义10．结尾部分是概括（英文）还是训导（中文）二．点评文章　第一段一定要有整片文章的中心思想句　不要让读者体会，要交代主题　交代的观点就要展开，否则就不要展开　结构上的错误是致命的　不能机械抄袭题目　命题中给的信息应该扩充和延伸　中间几段必须是平行的、均匀的三．范文（p74）　共21个句子：第一段3句、二4、三5、四4、五2、六3 317个词，16个错误（不影响理解）　到第五段的old已经满250个词（3、5、5、3四段可满250句） p 22 version c : 263个词，14个句子：一4/5、二5、三4、四2 23个错误四．审题 p2 task 1: 正规语言、客观描述 p3 范文：第一段：交代三要素——研究时间段、研究具体类别、数据还是百分比 ——把命题的话细节性地拓宽一下 要有比较、运用图表中数据 不要有个人评价 p5 task 3: 雅思大作文五大类中的一类：问题+对策 考过三道：1.谈一谈你们国家的交通问题，分析原因，有什么好的建议，措施 2．现在家庭关系不如以前，什么原因，有什么好的建议 3．新生在上学第一天感到孤独，你怎么看待这一现象，假设你是校 长，你会采取什么措施 例：交通问题： 第一段：主题句，在我的文章中，将分析一下，造成这些交通事 故的几个因素 问题+对策，重心在原因分析 中间：司机忽视交通法规 交通阻塞，不平心静气地解决 行人对交通法规意识淡漠 其它原因…… 最后一段：拿方案（recommendation）first …… secondly…… （建议措 施可以代替结论） 不要每段列原因和对策，要集中，否则很难控制　p5 task 3 小孩看电视benefits——risks——recommendation (将负面和建议衔接) p5 task 4 五大题型之二利与弊 不要用more and more，用increasing(ly) (growing) large numbers ofclearly the benefits are perceived to outweigh the inevitable difficulties 四段：有利——不利——好的发扬，不好的除掉五．命题方式和基本的写作思路　分解动作：1。

I．定语从句1.that which who引导的定语从句a．The main reason that everyone can see is that television presents a vivid world in front of us.每个人都能看到的主要原因是，电视在我们面前展示了一个生动形象的世界。

同义词：reason=factor=cause原因•Reason：n. 理由；理性；动机•vi. 推论；劝说•vt. 推论；辩论；说服同义词：vivid=lovely=active（adj）生动活泼的present：n.礼物= giftadj.现在的、当前的= current ['kʌrənt]v.展现、显示= showb．Another factor （此处省略了which/that）we must consider is that television plays an educational role in our daily lives.我们必须考虑的另一个因素是电视在我们的日常生活中起到教育的作用。

Play a /an （important / key/ vital / significant / crucial ）role / part in sth :在····起关键的作用。

Play a leading role in : 在···中起到领导作用。

Make a /an XX function in：在···中起到····的作用c．T hose people who strongly oppose the practice claim that it violates people’s basic rights of working.强烈反对这种做法的人声称它侵犯了人们基本的工作权利。

一、雅思写作炼段法则：分类思维写TS话题句及SI拓展句注意：先写核心句，再写修饰句。

先说重点，再说辅助1 人群Car is very convenient●for businessmen:●for the old●for students●for white collar2 组成Car is very convenient.●The speed is very fast●The space is huge to load the goods●There are a lot of functions such as GPS….3 微观宏观The discount of the air ticket is should be encouraged●For individual: student/businessmen/travelers/●For the company: ladder up the fame●For the nation: promote the economy4 why/how/whatParent should teach kids to become good members of the societyWhy: first teacher/long time togetherHow: set up example/taking out to experience moreWhat: respecting the old/ diligence/good manners二、争议类几种串联TS法则几种问法To what extent do you agree or disagree?Ambition is positive. ?Discuss both sides and give your own idea？万能对应模板：On the one hand, 正面观点(TS+SI自己的话拓展)Among the numerous advantages of 话题stands out 好处1名词---TS ………Besides 好处1 follows 好处2---TS …….Accompanied what has been mentioned comes along 好处3---TS ……First, ….Second..thirdOn the other hand, 反面观点(TS+SI自己的话拓展)To begin with, 话题(sometimes) offers us/the public …坏处1In addition, the society also witnesses a great deal of/number of 坏处2 by 话题Besides,Furthermore……In conclusion, 个人观点1基本同意or不同意----针对agree or notGenerally, although…反面存在，I agree or disagree that….We should limit the car, do you agree or not?Although the car has some negative effects, I still believe its advantages outweighits disadvantages and I do not agree that we should limit them. What we should do is….2 选择一边，倾向一边generally, I believe ….. ----针对both sidesSome people think …art. Other….. public facilities. Discuss the both sides…In conclusion, although art has its advantages, I still believe that the basic facilitiesare more important and I think the government should pay more attention on it.3 结合：----针对both sidestalent or nurture后天?In conclusion, I think both of them are important but nurture has higher position for me.+建议补充连接TS 模板可以替换上面倒装句强调句模板•It is 好处1 that 话题offers 对象•It is also 好处2 that 对象will obtain from 话题三、文章结构3种争议类2 报告类1Intro ---both sides / agree or not agree….(表明自己观点同意或否)正反Con. 选择一边尽管反面存在，我依然坚持。

雅思写作宝典贫富悬殊扩大The widening disparity between the rich and the poor--影响influence两极化 polarize community –激化社会矛盾intensify the social conflict –社会对立social incompatibility –心理问题induce psychological problem –仇富心理result in hatred for the wealthy –自卑心理suffer from inferior mentality –行为过激aggressive behaviour –游行protest –罢工strike –强烈抗议outcry –暴乱riot –反政府反社会 anti-government/ anti-society –发泄不满 give vent to their anger and dissatisfaction –增加犯罪drive up the crime rate社会不公平social inequality –更可能获得公共资源have more access to public resources –比其他人更容易获得社会特权acquire special privilege over the poor –进一步分化社会，加剧社会仇恨Further polarize the society and fuel social hatred –产生恶性循环thereby creating a vicious circle多于：More than, just over, over少于：Less than, just under几乎：Approximately, almost, nearly完全：Exactly, precisely表示列举data/information句型1. Overall, A has the largest number of名词(NO1) and B the smallest (NO2). C and D both have NO3; E has NO4.Overall, Sweden has the largest number of enrolled students (17) and Syria the smallest (5). France and Spain both have 12 students; Germany has 11. It is noticeable that France and Germany have similar profiles.2. A has the most+名词+doing (NO1); B is next with NO2, while C has NO3. D and E have (相同) NO4 eachSweden has the most students studying CAD (9); Spain is next with 7, while France has 6. Germany and Syria have 4 CAD students each.3. According to the pie chart, A, which is %, is the most···among the total···, then next is B with %, followed by C, making up %; and finally come E, F and G at %, %, % respectively.According to the pie chart, chicken, which is 40%, is the most popular among the total meat sold, then next is pork with 20%, followed by beef, making up 18%; and finally come lamb, fish and other at 15%, 5% and 2% respectively.纵向比较1. Experience/witness/see/enjoy+修饰词(最高级)+增加/减少/震荡Experience/enjoy + a significant/the most dramatic + decrease/increase增加: increase, growth, rise 减少: decrease, drop快速: dramatic, drastic 缓慢: gradual, steady, slow大幅: significant, substantial 小幅: moderate, slight震荡: considerable/marked/sharp/minor fluctuation2. The number of··· was No1 in Yr and rose/reduced by % to No2The number of miles that car traveled was 3199 in 1985 and rose by 50% to 4806 in the subsequent years.增加/上升: increase, rise, grow 急促上升: jump, soar to, surge to减少/下降: decrease, drop, decline 急促下降: plummet to, plunge to3. 主语+上升/减少to··· or 主语+上升/减少 by4. The percentage/proportion/number of is 修饰词larger/smaller than that of修饰词明显: substantially, obviously 轻微: slightly, moderately5. A 修饰词 increase/decrease occurred修饰词大幅: considerable, significant, substantial 小幅: moderate, slight6. 表示不变的状态：主语remain constant/unchanged/stable/steady at表示趋势的句型1. there is a downward/ upward/ opposite/ general/ dominant trend下降的/上升的/相反的/总体的/主要的趋势2. ···tend to be more/less preferred 倾向越来越受(不)受欢迎As can be seen from the table, walk and certain short-distance transportation, such as cycled and local bus tend to be less preferred.3. There is a considerable increase/decrease in···There is a considerable increase in total miles by all modes of transportation, compared with the data (4,740 miles) in 1985.表示比较增长或减少趋势B also rose/increased/grew during this period, but less sharplydecreased/declined/droppedThe sales of games software also rose during this period, but less sharply. Sales increased from about 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars three years later.表示相同相似变化趋势的句式A similar situation was seen in the···, whereA similar situation was seen in the wholesale and retail trade sector, where the number of women rose from about 550 000 in 1975 to almost 800 000 two decades later.There are some similarities between A and BBe similar to/ A has something in common with B表示变化特征的词汇INCLUDEPICTURE"/doc/5a148313.html,/fmn053/20110 317/2110/b_large_cmTm_22600001002c5c41 .jpg"表示超过的词语Outnumber 比···多，在数量上超过In this profession, women outnumber men by two to one.= there are twice as many women as men 在这个行业，女性人数是男性的两倍The number of men outnumbered women by four to one. 我们的人数以4比1超过他们Exceed 超过···数量The price will not exceed $100.Overtake (在数量或重要性方面)大于，超过Nuclear energy may overtake oil as the main fuel.表示连续的时间段1. over a span of ··· years= over the period from···to···= in the years between···and···2. during the same period3. in the No. years spanning from 19xx through 19xx= from···to···within the 5 years period4. from then on= from this time onwards= in the subsequent years.横向比较1. ···程度副词doubled/trebled三倍/quadruple四倍/halve减半(NO. vs NO.), while···doubled/trebled/quadrupled/halved which were 数字(年份) and 数字(年份) respectively.The figure by long distance bus more than doubled during the same period (54 miles vs. 124 miles), while the miles by taxi trebled which were 13 miles and 42 miles respectively.2. 表示“A 占总体的多少”或“A为B···倍”或“A为B的···分之···"INCLUDEPICTURE"/doc/5a148313.html,/fmn047/20110 317/2055/b_large_3hOE_225d0000b5d35c41 .jpg"3. ···数字(A+B), of which A wer e···and B were···Italy received 20 million visitors, of which 1.2 million were from the UK and 1.8 million were from the USA.4. ···had a higher/lower total number of 名词than any of the other+名词France had a higher total number of visitors than any of the other countries on the list.表示比较的句型1. likewise, 句子. 同样地，···Likewise, the use of other, unspecified, forms of transport also increased.2. By contrast/In comparison, 句子. 相反地，···By contrast, the long distance vehicle enjoyed a significant increase over the period, spanning from 1985 to 2000, although there exists some differences.In comparison, student expenditure in country C was considerably lower, at only US$1500 per year3. compared with the data (数字) in 年份, 句子. 与···相比较，···Overall, there is a considerable increase in total miles by all modes of transportation, compared with the data (4,740 miles) in 1985.4. ···had half/twice/triple·times as many 可数名词as···, but/yet the number of···and ···was the same.Australia had half as many visitors as Thailand (3 million vs 6 million), but the number of visitors to those countries from the UK and the USA was the same, 0.3 million.5. 句子, while 句子.12 million Americans visited Canada while 5.5 million visited Mexico.6. ···had a higher/lower total number of···tha n any of the other+名词复数France had a higher total number of visitors than any of the other countries on the list.表示“%”的词语百分比：percentage, proportion, share高：High, large – highest, largest低：low, small—lowest, smallest表示“占%”的词组正向：A constitute/occupy/account for/compose/comprise B A占B的%负向：% of B be composed of A (总体)有%的(某一元素)% of 名词 be composed of (总体)有%的(某一元素)Around 15% of our diet is composed of protein. 我们的饮食中大约有15%的蛋白质composes (某一元素)构成总体的% Christians compose around 2.5% of the country’s population 基督教徒占这个国家人口的2.5%Comprise 构成Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty.Constitute 构成Constitute around 60% of the total/a larger percentage (around 20%) ofConstitute the majority of the labour force. 占劳动力的大多数Occupy 占据Dry lands occupy a third of the world’s surface. 陆地占了地球表面的三分之一Account for (数量上，比例上)占The Japanese market accounts for 35% of the company’s revenue. 日本市场占公司收入的35%.~表示“A位于”A is located/situated/lies···A is just off the road to··· A就在通向某地的路边上A is right at the center of··· A就在···的正中央表示“A靠近或者紧挨着B”:A is next to/near/close to表示“A在距离B某一面···公里处”A is located/situated/lies···kilometers/miles to the east/west/north/south of B表示“A位于B内的某个部分”A is located/ situated/ lies in the eastern/western/northern/southern part of B表示“A在B的某个角上”A lies/is located/is situated on/at the east/west/north/south/corner of B表示“剩下的”部分：The rest of the···表示“道路通向/河流流向某处”: The road runs from···to···The river runs/ flows from···to···表示“沿着河流/道路”: Along with river/road Alongside the river/road表示“A在道路或者河流的某一侧”A is located/situated/lies on the north/south side of the river/ the roade.g. situated on the south side of the River Thames, this hoteloffers its guests an ideal location in central London表示“A与B仅一河之隔/仅一路之隔”: A is right across from B 表示“A在道路或河流的南北端”A is located/situated/lies on the north/south end of the river/the road表示“A在B的对面”: A is opposite B表示“A在B某一侧的边界上”A is located/situated/lies on the eastern/western/northern/southern border of B表示“A在B某侧的边缘上”A is located/situated/lies on the eastern/western/northern/southern edge of B表示“A朝北/朝南/面朝公园等”A faces north/southA faces towards the north/ the southA faces a park表示“斜向的方位”:东北 north-east 东南 south-east西北 north-west 西南 south-west表示建筑物的布局：Layout指一个建筑物周边的环境：The surroundings of a building表示“A占据了某个空间”：A occupies表示A由几个不同的部分组成：A consists of/ is composed of/ is made up of B, C and D 表示A的长度是：The length of A is···=A is···in length表示A的宽度是：The width of A is···=A is···in width表示A的面积是：A is···in areaThe farm is 50 kilometers in areaThe building almost doubled in floor area.表示大约：approximately, roughly, about, around表示一块地：a patch of land/ a stretch of land表示从A·延伸到·：A extended/ stretched from···to···The park extended from Main Street to King George Street This period stretched from the mid-eighteenth century to the late nineteenth century 表示比较，“与···所不同的是”Unlike A, BCompared with A, BA···while/ whereas B···In comparison/ in contrast/ by contrast, B表示可以“使用”：available表示可以“容纳”：can accommodate表示理论上讲：in theory, theoretically, hypothetically表示但事实上：but in reality/ however, realistically/ yet in practice/ but in fact/as a matter of fact, though表示在某处建造了A：A was built in=was constructed in=was established in表示在某处又增建了A：A was added to=an addition was made to···,which w as A表示改动原建筑或原场地：v. change/ modify/ remodeln. change/modification/remodeling表示A被改造成了B：A was turned into/ was transformed into/ was converted into B表示A被搬走或拆掉：A was removed/ demolished/ taken down from···表示A被B取代了：A was replaced by B/ A made way for B 表示A的面积缩小：the size of A was reduced to only half of/ one third of the original size表示A的面积扩大: A was expanded to twice its size=the size of A almost doubled表示A向XX方向延伸：expand/extend northward/southward/eastward/westward表示A经历了：A experienced/ witnessed/saw起初：at first=initially=in the beginning=originally接着：then=next=after that=in the following stage=in the next/subsequent period=afterward在这个阶段：at this point=in this phase=in this stage最终：finally=eventually=in the end用下划线highlight的是适用那些总感觉雅思写作写不长、写不满250字、需要灌水的同学用粗体highlight的是适用于那些每次都写得太长、写爆格，务实的同学用斜体highlight的是适用于那些有强烈大词欲，渴望用大词整死考官的同学To signal sequence or additionAccordingly, actually, additionally, afterwards, again, also, and, another, as was previously stated, as well as, at the same time, besides this, consistent with this, correspondingly, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, in addition, in a like manner, in the first place, in the same way, including, initially, last, likewise, more importantly, moreover, next, originally, overall, primarily, similarly, to begin with, too, what is more.To signal timeAfter, afterward, as long as, at first, at last, at length, at the same time, before, concurrently, currently, during, finally, following, immediately, in the future, in the meantime, last but not least, later, meanwhile, next, once, presently, rarely, simultaneously, sometimes, subsequently, then, this time, until, until then, whenever, while.To show resultsAccordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence,in other words, in that case, it follows that, it is evident that, otherwise, owing to, resulting from this, so it can be seen that, that being the case, therefore this implies, this suggests that, thus, under these circumstances.To introduce evidence/support/reasonsContradictory to this, contrarily, in support of this, it follows, this is clear because, the evidence for···is,the reasons for···are, this is supported by, to affirm this, to attest to this, to corroborate, to explain, to further confirm, to further verify, to list, to substantiate this, in substantiation.To signal repetition, summary, or conclusionAccordingly, all in all, all together, as a final point, as a result, as I have noted, as indicated earlier, as mentioned, as previously stated, as we have seen, briefly, by and large, consequently, finally, given these facts, hence, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, to sum up, in summation, on the whole, overall, since, so, summing up, then, therefore, thus, thus we can see that, to conclude, to recapitulate, to repeat, to review.To introduce causes or effectsAccordingly, as a result, because, consequently, due to, for as much as, for that reason, hence, in as much as, in that, in view of, on account of, owing, since, then, therefore, thus, to narrow the focus, after all, from this perspective, from this point of view, given this context, in fact, in order to, in other words, in particular, in this case, in this context, indeed, particularly, put another way, specifically, that is, this is particularly true when, under certain, circumstances, up to a point, with this in mind.To contrast,After all, although, alternately, and yet, at the same time, be that as it may, bu, contrastingly, conversely,despite, dissimilarly,even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in contrast to this, in opposition to this, in reality, in spite of this, inconsistent with this is that, instead, meanwhile, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, paradoxically, rather than, regardless of, still, though, whereas, when in fact, yet.To compareAlso, analogous to, another similar issue is, at the same time, by the same token, equally, in comparison, in like manner, in similar fashion, in the same way, likewise, similarly.To clarifyIn other words, that is, that is to say, this means that, to clarify, to elaborate, to explain, to paraphrase, to put it another way.To show purposeIn order to, in the hope that, for the purpose, with this end, to the end that, with this objectiveTo dismissAll the same, at any rate, either way, in any event, in either case, whatever happens.To signal concessionAdmittedly, albeit, although it is true that certainly, even so, granted, it may appear that, knowing this, naturally, of course, this is only the case when, while this is true, while it may seem that.To signify a conditionGranting that, in the event of, on the condition that, providing that, so long asTo prove examplesAs an illustration, by way of example, for example, for instance, in particular, in support of this, notably, to demonstrate,to elaborate, to exemplify, to highlight, to illustrate, specifically, that is.To referenceConcerning this, considering this, with respect to, with regards toTo emphasiseAbove all, as a matter of fact, certainly, chiefly, especially, importantly, in any case, in particular, indeed, it must be emphasised, that, mainly, mostly, notably, obviously, of course, particularly, primarily, specifically, truly, undoubtedly.中性动词1. 导致：v. cause, bring about, give rise to, lead to, generate, create, Be a contributing factor to2. 认为：v. point out, argue, claim, assert, think, consider3. 强调：v. emphasize, bring/call attention to, accentuate, heighten, strengthen4. 集中：v. focus on, concentrate on5. 解决：v. combat, address, tackle, resolve, solve6. 从事：v. carry out, conduct, perform7. 承认：v. concede, admit, acknowledge, accept, allow, grant正向动词1. 支持：v. support, advocate, agree with2. 增加：v. increase, grow, rise, enlargen. increase, growth, rise, enlargement3. 改善：v. improve, enhance, upgrade, boostn. improvement, enhancement, boom4. 扩张：v. expand, enlarge, extend, widen, broadenn. expansion, enlargement, extension5. 提高：v. augment, increase, develop, intensifyn. augment, increase, development6. 发展：v. develop, advance, grow, evolve, flourishn. development, advancement, growth, flourishing7. 产生：v. develop, come into being/existence, come about8. 获得：v. acquire, gain, get, obtain, attain9. 执行：v. implement, execute, put into effect, performn. implementation, performance10. 实现：v. achieve, fulfill, gain, accomplish, attainn. achievement, accomplishment, attainment11. 开始：v. commence, begin, startn. commencement, beginning, start12. 促进：v. promote, further, advance, encourage, stimulate, foster n. promotion, advancement13. 鼓励：v. stimulate, encourage, act as stimulus, motivaten. encouragement, incentive, motivation14. 唤起：v. arouse, cause, induce, prompt, trigger, spark off15. 需要：v. call for, demand, require16. 取代：v. replace, take the place of, substitute forn. replacement, substitution for, in place of17. 加快：v. accelerate, speed up, quickenn. Acceleration, speeding up18. 减轻：v. abate, lessen, reduce, alleviate, mitigaten. abatement, lessening, alleviation, mitigation19. 保护：v. protect, preserve, conserven. protection, preservation, conservation20. 保卫：v. safeguard, defend, shieldn. safeguard, defence, shelter21. 建立：v. establish, set up, found, constructn. establishment, foundation, construction22. 遵守(规则，法律)：abide by, comply with, follow, respect, act in accordance with23. 允许：v. allow, permit, give the means to, facilitate负向动词1. 反对：v. object, raise objections, oppose2. 减少：v. decrease, lower, reduce, cut downn. decrease, reduction, drop, decline3. 耗尽：v. deplete, exhaust, use upn. depletion, exhaustion, using up,4. 阻碍：v. hamper, hinder, obstruct, impede, inhibitn. hindrance, obstruction, obstacle, impediment5. 限制：v. limit, curb, restrict, place a limit onn. limit, restriction6. 危及：v. endanger, imperil, jeopardize, put at risk7. 衰败：v. deteriorate, degrade, degenerate, rotn. deterioration, degeneration8. 恶化：v. exacerbate, aggravate, worsen, inflamen. exacerbation, aggravation, worsening9. 加剧：v. intensify, escalate, sharpen, aggravaten. escalation, intensification, aggravation10. 破坏：v. damage, destroy, ruin, devastaten. damage, destruction, ruin, devastationadj. devastating, destructive11. 污染：v. pollute, contaminaten. pollution, contamination12. 败坏：v. pervert, corrupt, deprave, lead astray, debase13. 扭曲：v. distort, pervert, misrepresent, falsify, misstate, misreport14. 削弱：v. weaken, undermine, impair, invalidate15. 干涉：v. interfere in/with, intervene in, impinge on/upon(侵犯)n. interference/intervention/involvement in/with16. 侵犯：v. encroach on/upon (time/rights/personal life)n. encroachment on/upon = impinging on/upon17. 与···相违背/相矛盾：run counter to = run contrary toContradict (each other)= conflict with = be at odds with sth18. 误解：v. misunderstand, misapprehend, misinterpretn. misunderstanding, misapprehension, misinterpretation19. 逃避：v. escape, break out, evade, elude20. 遭受：v. suffer from, be stricken with, be afflicted with21. 违反：v. violate, disobey, transgress, infringen. violation, infringement, contravention, breach22. 忽视：v. lose sight of, ignore, neglect23. 疏远：v. alienate, isolate, become/get estranged fromn. alienation, isolation, estrangement其他重要的同义词代换1. 大量的：enormous, massive, tremendous, considerable2. 重要的：significant, substantial, crucial, important3. 严重的：adj. severe, serious, acute, drasticadv. severely, seriously, acutely, drastically4. 有害的：adj. hazardous, dangerous, harmful5. 贫穷的：adj. poor, poverty-stricken, destitute, impoverished6. 富有的：adj. rich, wealthy, affluent7. 差距：n. gap, disparity, divergence8. 积极的：beneficial, advantageous9. 消极的：baneful, detrimental10. 明显的：manifest, obvious, evident, apparent11. 影响：impact, repercussion, effect, ramification12. 人类：the human race, human being, humankind, humanity13. 当代：in current society, in this day and age, in present-day society, in contemporary society14. 传统的：traditional, conventional, old-fashioned15. 健康的：healthy, vigorous, robust16. 有营养的：nutritious, nourishing, wholesome, healthy常用的正向形容词Adequate/ basic/ broad/ general/ sufficient 充分的/ 基本的/ 宽泛的/ 大概的/ 足够的Penetrating/ profound/ revealing/ remarkable/ proper/ thorough入木三分的/ 深刻的/ 发人心省的/ 出色的/ 正确的/ 彻底的Original/ unique/ fresh/ rare/ clear/ fascinating/ interesting 独到的/ 独特的/ 新鲜的/ 少有的/ 清楚的/ 生动的/ 有趣的Significant/ substantial/ considerable常用的负向形容词Unethical/ immoral/ unscrupulous/ unprincipled 不道德的Antisocial/ unacceptable/ undesirable 反社会的/ 不能接受的/ 令人不快的Aggressive/ criminal/ disruptive/ violent 挑衅的/ 犯罪的/ 扰乱的/ 暴力的Notorious/ appalling/ vicious/ bloody 臭名昭著的/ 令人震惊的/ 令人发指的/ 血腥的(c). 雅思写作必备写作单词--这一项是最虚最模糊的一项。