机械专业外文文献翻译--论药品包装机械的概念设计

译文标题论药品包装机械的概念设计原文标题Comment on medicines and chemical reagents package machineryconceptual design作者BRIAN HUGH W ARNER译名布莱恩·休·沃纳国籍美国原文出处JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS MEASUREMENT& CONTROL动力系统，测量与控制杂志论药品包装机械的概念设计近年来，由于我国经济形势的持续高涨和国家对制药行业强制性推行GMP(药品生产质量规范)认证制度，药品包装机械取得了长足的进步。

新产品日益增多，技术水平有了很大的改进。

但与国际水平相比还存在着很大的差距，近60%的产品达不到发达国家上世纪80年代的水平，先进大型的设备主要依赖进口。

我国药品包装机械的低技术水平在很大程度上是由我国企业设计人员低水平设计引起的。

一、我国药品包装机械现状分析我国药品包装机械与国际先进水平相比尚有较大的差距.国产药品包装机械设计上主要存在以下几点不足：1) 机械性能落后，国产药品包装机械大多精度低、速度慢、平稳性差。

包装机械运转过程包含大量复杂的间歇式运动，主要由凸轮、连杆来实现。

然而许多设计人员不会根据工作循环图和精度要求独立设计计算凸轮连杆机构的运动学和动力学参数，只是简单的把国外样机的凸轮连杆零件拆卸下来进行逐点测绘，造成执行机构误差很大。

国产药品包装机械大多运行速度较低，如铝塑泡罩包装机的冲裁频率一般为100～300个/min，全自动药盒包装机的装盒速度50～200盒/min，而国际上先进的铝塑泡罩包装机的冲裁频率能够达到600个/min，全自动药盒包装机的装盒速度能够达到600~ 800盒/min。

国产药品包装机械不仅运行速度慢，而且还伴有较大的噪音。

2) 控制水平落后。

国产药品包装机械大多控制水平低、自动性差、故障率高。

国产药品包装机械(主要指盒装和灌装机械)大多采用PLC作现场控制，而国外先进的药品包装机械大多由计算机系统实现监控，控制水平相对落后。

中文译文包装机械的发展包装是必要的产品进入流通领域,包装是主要的手段,包装机械包装是产品进入流通领域的必要条件，而实现包装的主要手段是包装机械。

简单来说，包装机就是把产品包装起来的机器，起着保护，美观的作用。

包装机主要分为两个方面，一是流水线式的整体生产包装，二是产品外围包装设备随着时代的发展，科技的进步，包装机械在包装领域中正起着越来越大的作用。

我国包装机行业起步于20世纪70年代，在80年代末和90代中期的到了迅速发展。

已经成为机械行业中的10大行业之一，无论产量，还是品种上，都取得了令人瞩目的成就，为我我国的包装工业的快速发张提供了有力的保障目前。

目前，我国已成为世界包装机械工业生产和消费十大国之一。

新型包装机往往是机、电、气、一体化的设备.充分利用信息产品的最新成果，采用气动执行机构、伺服电机驱动等分离传动技术，可使整机的传动链大大缩短，结构大为化简，工作精度和速度大大提高。

机电一体化的实质就是从系统观点出发，运用过程控制原理，将机械、电子与信息、检测等有关技术进行有机组合，实现整体最佳化。

21世纪包装机发展趋势1.高生产率。

包装机的生产效率已经从每分钟数件发展到数10件，热成型-充填-封口机的生产率可达500件每分钟以上。

2.自动化。

3.单机多功能。

在单机上实现多功能，可方便地扩大使用范围，代表性的是德国BOSCH 公司所属的HESSER厂生产的心轴轮多工位制袋真空包装，其制袋、称重、充填、抽真空、封口等多功能可在一台单机上完成。

4.组成生产线。

当需要的功能越来越多是，将所有的功能集中在一个单机上结构非常复杂，这是可以把功能不同、效率相比配的几种机器组合成功铰齐全的生产线上。

外国包装机的发展现状：德国：德国的包装机械在计量、制造、技术性能方面均属于世界一流。

该国生产的啤酒、饮料灌装成套设备生产速率快、自动化程度高、可靠性好。

主要体现在：工艺流程的自动化、生产效率高，满足了交货期短和降低工艺流程成本的要求；设备具有更高的柔性和灵活性。

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献打包机打包机是一种农业机械,它用于压缩已切割和倾斜的作物（如草、稻草或青贮饲料）成易于处理、运输和储存的小包。

常用的打包机有几个不同类型,分别生产不同类型的包-矩形的、圆柱形的,大小各不相同,用麻绳、网或金属丝缠绕起来。

工业打包机还可以用在材料回收设备上,主要用于包装需要运输的金属、塑料或纸。

圆形打包机在工业化国家最常用的打包机是这种又大又圆的打包机。

它生产圆柱状的“圆”或“筒状”的包。

草在打包机内被捲起，使用橡胶带、固定滚筒,或两者的组合。

当包达到规定尺寸时,用网或麻绳裹住它,以保持其固有的形状。

打包机的后面打开,包被排出。

包在这个阶段完成,但也可以用塑料薄膜包裹,当在室外储存时能保持干草的干燥或者将潮湿的草变成青贮饲料。

可变仓打包机通常生产直径为48至72英寸（120~ 180厘米）、宽达60英寸（150厘米）的包。

无论在任何地区，这些包可以重达1100至2200磅（500-1000公斤），包的重量取决于大小，材料，和水分含量。

最初，圆形打包机的构思由Ummo Luebbens于大约1910年提出,第一台圆形打包机才生产出来,一直到1947年Allis-Chalmers 引进了旋转打包机之后。

由于它的干草包脱水干燥和重量轻的特点从而得以推向市场，到1960年生产结束时，AC已经销售了近70000台接下来的一个重大创新是在1972年，当时Vermeer公司开始出售其型号为605的第一台现代圆形打包机。

以前,圆的干草包仅仅是干草缚在一起的肿块,但Vermeer设计使用皮带将干草紧密结合起来形成一个圆柱体,正如今天所看到的样子。

大型矩形打包机另一种常用类型的打包机生产大型的矩形包,每个包缠绕半打左右的麻绳,然后再打结。

这样的包非常紧凑，重量又普遍比圆形的包大几分。

在加拿大的草原，它们被称为草原猛禽。

小型矩形打包机这种打包机现今是不常见的,但在许多国家却是相当流行,如新西兰和澳大利亚,除了大型包的生产，还生产小型矩形 (通常被称为“正方形的”) 包。

机械类外文文献及翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTIONAbstract:The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can't falter in traditional machine and modern machines.The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, using for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .Key words: Wheel gear; ShaftIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case ofbevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed heli : cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle areequal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand.Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is onein which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm.. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 0-deg. Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 0 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered.Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often go : od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of thehelical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous v ariations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment,and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability.Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two in : ertias I and I traveling at the respective angular velocities W and W, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows:. Rim type with internally expanding shoes. Rim type with externally contracting shoes. Band type. Disk or axial type. Cone type. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary:. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements.Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required.Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal.An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” bec ause the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This : type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth.Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.齿轮和轴的介绍摘要:在传统机械和现代机械中齿轮和轴的重要地位是不可动摇的。

The Sunflower Seed Huller and Oil PressBy Jeff Cox-- from Organic Gardening, April 1979, Rodale PressIN 2,500 SQUARE FEET, a family of four can grow each year enough sunflower seed to produce three gallons of homemade vegetable oil suitable for salads or cooking and 20 pounds of nutritious, dehulled seed -- with enough broken seeds left over to feed a winter's worth of birds.The problem, heretofore, with sunflower seeds was the difficulty of dehulling them at home, and the lack of a device for expressing oil from the seeds. About six months ago, we decided to change all that. The job was to find out who makes a sunflower seed dehuller or to devise one if none were manufactured. And to either locate a home-scale oilseed press or devise one. No mean task.Our researches took us from North Dakota -- hub of commercial sunflower activity in the nation -- to a search of the files in the U.S. Patent Office, with stops in between. We turned up a lot of big machinery, discovered how difficult it is to buy really pure, unrefined vegetable oils, but found no small-scale equipment to dehull sunflowers or press out their oil. The key to success, however, was on our desk the whole time. In spring 1977, August Kormier had submitted a free-lance article describing how he used a Corona grain mill to dehull his sunflower seeds, and his vacuum cleaner exhaust hose to blow the hulls off the kernels. A second separation floated off the remaining hulls, leaving a clean product. We'd tried it, but because some kernels were cracked and the process involved drying, we hadn't been satisfied. Now we felt the best approach was to begin again with what we learned from Mr. Kormier and refine it.Staff Editor Diana Branch and Home Workplace Editor Jim Eldon worked with a number of hand- and electric-powered grain mills. While the Corona did a passable job, they got the best results with the C.S. Bell #60 hand mill and the Marathon Uni Mill, which is motor-driven. "I couldn't believe my eyes the first time I tried the Marathon," Diana says. "I opened the stones to 1/8th inch, and out came a bin full of whole kernels and hulls split right at the seams. What a thrill that was!"She found that by starting at the widest setting,and gradually narrowing the opening, almost every seed was dehulled. The stones crack the hulls open, then rub them to encourage the seed away from the fibrous lining. The Bell hand mill worked almost as well. "As long as the stones open at least as wide as the widest unhulled seed, any mill will work," she says.Because the seed slips through the mill on its flat side, grading is an important step to take before dehulling. We made three sizing boxes. Thefirst is 1/4-inch hardware cloth [wire screen]. The second is two layers of1/4-inch cloth, moved slightly apart to narrow the opening in one direction, and the third is two layers of screen adjusted to make a still-smaller opening. Since the smallest unhulled seeds are about the size of the largest hulled kernels, the grading step prevents these undersized seeds from passing through unhulled. Processed together at a closer setting, the smallest seeds hulled out.Jim Eldon's workshop is littered with strange-looking pieces of apparatus. They represent initial attempts to build a workable winnowing box, using Kormier's vacuum exhaust idea for a source of air. Jim, Fred Matlack and Diana finally made a box with a Plexiglas front, through which they could observe what was happening.They cut a hole in the back of the box with a sliding cover to regulate the air pressure, and fiddled with various arrangements of baffles. The result was a stream of hulls exiting through one hole while the kernels fell to the bottom of the box. Now they were ready to try a five-pound sample of unhulled sunflower seeds to see how much they could recover.The five pounds were graded and dehulled, then winnowed. We got about one hull for every ten kernels in the final, winnowed product. These are easily picked out. They usually contain kernels still held behind the fibrous strings of the hull. Their weight prevents them from blowing out with the empty hulls. We found that bug-eaten seeds do blow away with the chaff, which was a bonus for cleanliness of the final product. Toss the hulls to the birds, who will find broken seeds among them.Starting with 80 ounces of unhulled seed, we ended up with 41-1/4 ounces of edible whole seeds, 1.8 ounces of damaged seeds suitable for animal feed, and 36.6 ounces of hulls. It took us about an hour. Notbad.Sunflower seeds store perfectly in the hulls, but they deteriorate more rapidly when shelled out. The grain mill dehuller and winnowing box give the gardener a way to have the freshest possible seeds for eating at all times of the year. With the construction of one more piece of equipment -- the oil press -- he can have absolutely fresh, unrefined, polyunsaturated sunflower oil for salads, mayonnaise and cooking.Most light, refined vegetable oils have been extracted using hexane, a form of naphtha. The oil is then heated to boil off the hexane. Lye is dumped into it. It's washed with steam, then heated to remove odors and taste before being laced with preservatives and stabilizers. It may feel oily in the mouth, but you might as well taste air. No so with fresh-made sunflower oil -- it's deliciously yet subtly nutty in flavor, adding unsurpassed flavor to salads.There's good reason to believe that sunflower oil may become the #1 vegetable oil in the U.S. in a few years. It's already #1 in health-conscious Europe. Corn oil has already caught on here for health reasons, and sunflower oil is so much better. Sunflower oil's 70 percent polyunsaturate is just under safflower, with corn oil bringing up the rear with 55 percent. And sunflowers yield 40 percent oil, soybeans only 20 percent.Our oil press isrelatively simple, but it must be welded together. Check the construction directions for details. The press consists of a welded tubular frame which accepts a three-ton hydraulic jack. You may already have one. If not, it can be purchased at most auto and hardware stores for about $16. A metal canister with holes drilled in its sides and one end welded shut holds the mashed sunflower seeds. A piston is inserted in the canister and then inverted and slipped over a pedestal on the frame. The jack is set in place, and the pressure gradually increased over half an hour. The oil drips from the sides of the canister into a tray -- the bottom of a plastic jug slipped over the pedestal works fine -- which empties the oil into a cup. You can filter the oil with a coffee filter to remove pieces of seed and other fine particles that would burn if the oil were used for cooking. If it's for salads or mayonnaise, there's no need to filter it.We first tried using "confectionary" sunflower seeds for oil. These are the regular eating kernels we're used to seeing. They give less than half as much oil as the oilseed types of sunflower. Although you can use confectionary types such as MAMMOTH RUS- SIAN for oil, don't expect to get more than an ounce and a half from a pound of seed. Oilseed produces three or more ounces of oil from a pound of seed and is well worth planting along with confectionary-type seeds. Oilseed has another big advantage -- to prepare it, you can put the whole, unhulled seed into a blender and whiz it until it forms a fine meal, while confectionary seeds must be dehulled first. The entire sequence of grading, dehulling and winnowing is avoided with oilseed.Oil types produce about a tenth of a pound of seed per head in commercial production. Gardeners, with their better soil and care, invariably do better than that. Our conservative estimate is that 1,280 plants will be enough for three gallons of oil. Spaced one foot apart in rows two feet apart, 1,280 oilseed plants will take a space 40-by-56 feet, or 80-by-28 if you want a more rectangular patch to face south.We worked in pound batches, since the canister just holds one pound of mash. After blending, we heated it to 170 degrees F. (77 deg C) by placing it in a 300-degree F. (149 deg C) oven and stirring it every five minutes for 20 minutes. Heating gets the oil flowing and doubles the yield of oil. In case you're wondering,"cold-pressed" oils sold commercially are also heated, and some are subjected to the entire chemical process. The term has no firm meaning within the industry, according to the literature we've surveyed.Heating does not change the structure of fats. It will not turn polyunsaturated fats into saturated fats. In fact, Dr. Donald R. Germann in his book, "TheAnti-Cancer Diet", says that "... an unsaturated fat must be heated to high temperatures -- above 425 degrees F. or 200 degrees C. -- at least 8 or 10 times before any shift toward saturation occurs..." Dean C. Fletcher, Ph.D., of the American Medical Association Department of Foods and Nutrition in Chicago, says, "It's true that either high temperature or repeated heatingdoes change the nature of some of the unsaturated oil molecules. (But) the flavor of the oil changes as these chemical changes occur, spoiling its taste. This effect is probably more profound than any of the physiological changes the altered oil might produce within the body."From 500 gm. of heated mash, we pressed 89 gm. of oil, 89 percent of the entire amount available and twice as much as we could press from unheated oil! The decision is up to you whether or not to heat the mash, but that extra 50 percent seems like an awful lot, especially when the whole technique is so labor intensive. The oil should be stored in the refrigerator, and it's probably best to use it within a month, since it has no preservatives. Mayonnaise made with such fresh oils should be kept refrigerated and used within two weeks. The leftover cake, still containing 50 percent of its oil, is a nutritious addition to your dishes, and makes excellent feed for animals or winter birds. Store the pressed cake in the freezer.We're talking then about a sunflower patch with two kinds of plants -- confectionary such as MAMMOTH RUSSIAN and oilseed such as PEREDOVIK. The oilseed plants should be grown 12 inches apart in rows two feet apart. Four average confectionary heads yield about a pound of unhulled seed. You'll need about 35 pounds of unhulled seed, or 140plants-worth, to yield 20 pounds of hulled kernels, about what a family of four will use in a year. That many plants can be grown in an area 26-by-10 feet. That's 260 square feet. Put that together with the 2,240 square feet for the oilseed sunflowers, and you need a patch about 2,500 square feet -- 25 100-foot rows -- to keep yourself supplied year-round with super nutrition and unsurpassable taste.Winnowing Machine For Sunflower SeedsThe winnowing machine operates on the age-old principle of blowing the chaff away from the heavy grain with a controlled current of air.The unit uses a household or shop-type vacuum cleaner for its air supply. A vacuum cleaner was used as a power source because it can supply a large volume of air over an extended period of time, and most homes and farms have a vacuum cleaner.A cloth bag has been attached to the chaff chute to catch the chaff as it is separated from the seed. The bag allows the hulls to be collected and greatly reduces the amount of waste material normally blown into the air by conventional systems.The unit has been constructed in such a way that the cloth bag and cleaner box can be placed inside the seed box, making a compact package for storage.Tools Required1. Table Saw2. Drill Press3. Band Saw4. Saber SawProcedure (cleaner box)1 . Cut out the two sides of the cleaner box from 1/4-inch plywood.2. Cut out the six interior pieces of the cleaner box from 3/4 x 3-1/2-inch select pine.3. Assemble the cleaner box elements with glue and nails.4. Cut four 1/4-inch square strips of pine four inches long.5. Glue the strips around the end of the chaff chute.6. Sand all surfaces and edges.7. Finish with clear lacquer finish.Procedure (seed box)1. Cut two pieces of pine /34" x 5 /12 x 15 inches for the sides.2. Cut two pieces of pine 3/4 x 5-1/2 x inches for the top and bottom.3. Plow a /14 x 1/4 groove for the front and back panels in all four pieces.4. Rip the top board to 5 inches so that the front panel can slide into the grooves in the side boards.5. Rabbet both ends of each 15-inch side piece to accept the top and bottom boards.6. Drill a hole in the left side board 2-1/2 inches from the top. The size of the hole is determined by the vacuum cleaner hose fitting.7. Cut a 3-1/4 x 4 inch hole in the top 1/2 inch from the right end. This hole will accept the cleaner box.8. Cut two pieces of pine for the baffle.9. Drill two 1-inch holes in the bottom of the baffle box.10. Cut a piece of 1/4 x 8-1/2 x 14 inch plywood for the back panel.11. Cut a 3-inch hole, centered 1-7/8 inches from the top and left sides of the plywood back.12. Assemble the sides, baffles, top, bottom, and back panel with glue and nails.13. Cut an 8-7/16 x 15-3/4-inch piece of Plexiglas for the front.14. Cut a one-inch radius on the top corners of the front.and sand the edges.15. Drill a one-inch thumb hole centered 7/8 inch from the top edge.16. Cut a 3-1/2-inch disk of 1/4-inch plywood for the vent cover.17. Drill a 3/16-inch hole 3/8 inch from the edge of the disk.18. Mount the disk over the vent with a #10 x 1-inch screw.19. Sand all surfaces and edges of the, box.20. Finish with clear lacquer finish.MaterialsCleaner Box2 -- 7-3/4 x 7-1/2 x 3/4" plywood (sides)6 -- 3/4 x 3-1/2 x 24" for all members (baffles)4 -- 1/4 x 1/4 x 4" pine (chute cleats)22 -- 1" x 18 ga. headed nailsWhite vinyl glueClear lacquer finishSeed Box2 -- 3/4' x 5-1/2 x 15" select pine (sides)2 -- 3/4 x 5-1/2 x 8-1/2" select pine (top and bottom)1 -- 3/4 x 3-1/2 x 4-1/2" select pine (baffle)1 -- 3/4 x 4-1/2 x 4-1/2" select pine (baffle)1 -- 1/4 x 8-1/2 x 14" plywood (back)1 -- 1/4 x 3-1/2" dia. plywood (control valve)1 -- 1/4' x 8-7/16 x 15-1/4" Plexiglas (front)1 - #10 x 1" flat head screw18 - 4d finish nailsWhite vinyl glueClear lacquer finish1 -- 17 x 31" cloth laundry bagSunflower Seed Oil PressThe press was designed so that homesteaders can produce sunflower oil from their own seeds. The oil can be pressed as is or heated to 170 degrees F., which doubles oil yield.Both methods require the seed to be ground to fine powder. If you are pressing the oil seed variety, a meat grinder or electric blender will do an excellent job of grinding the seed. The confectionary type of seed will require the seed to be hulled and winnowed before it is ground. A food mill with the stones set at the coarse setting can be used to accomplish this step. The ground kernels are placed in the cylinder with the piston closing the bottom portion of the cylinder.The cylinder is mounted in the press frame and a three-ton hydraulic jack is used to supply the pressure.Because of the great pressures created by the hydraulic jack, it is important that the frame be properly constructed and firmly mounted to the work surface before the pressing operation begins. The following instructions can be given to a welder.Tools Required1. Power Hacksaw2. Metal Band Saw3. Metal Lathe4. Drill Press5. Belt or Disk Grinder6. Arc Welder7. Hand ClampsProcedure (Frame)1. Cut two pieces of 1-3/4" O.D. x 1-3/8" I.D. x 24-1/2 inch long tubing for the uprights.2. Cut one piece of 1-3/4" O.D. x 1-3/8" I.D. x 6-1/2 inch long tubing for the center tube.3. Cut one 3/4" x 2-3/4 x 5-1/2 inch steel bar for the top cross member.4. Cut two pieces of 1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 8 inch angle iron for the base members.5. Drill two 9/32-inch holes in each base member 1/2 inch from the outer edges.6. Weld the base members, tubes and cross member together as per the drawing.7. Grind all edges to remove any burrs.8. Paint the frame.9. If a mounting board is desired, cut a piece of pine 1-1/4 x 6-1/2 x 12 inches long.10. Center the frame on the board and mark the location of the four mounting holes.11. Drill four 7/8-inch holes 1/4-inch deep to accept the T-nuts.12. Drill four 5/16-inch holes through the mounting board using the same centers created by the 7/8-inch holes.13. Round the edges of the base and sand all surfaces.14. Install four 1/4-20 T-nuts.15. Finish the base with clear lacquer finish.16. Assemble the base to the frame using four 1/4-20 x 1-1/4-inch round head bolts.Procedure (Cylinder)1. Cut a piece of 3-1/2" O.D. x 3-1/4" I.D. tubing 5-3/8 inches long.2. Face both ends on the lathe.3. Cut out a 3-1/2-inch round disk from 1/4-inch plate steel.4. Weld the disk to one end of the tube.5. Drill a series of 3/32-inch holes around the side of the tube on 1/2-inch centers.6. Remove all burrs on the inside and outside of the tube.Procedure (Piston)1. Cut out a 3-3/8-inch disk of 1/4-inch plate steel.2. Cut a 1-3/8" O.D. x 1-1/8" I.D. piece of tubing 1-1/8 inches long.3. Face both ends of the tube.4. Weld the tube in the center of the 3-3/8-inch disk. All welds should be made on the inside of the tube.5. Mount the piston in the lathe and turn the disk to fit the inside diameter of the cylinder. This will be about 3-15/64 inches in diameter.6. Remove any sharp edges.Procedure (Collector Ring)1. Cut the bottom out of a one-gallon plastic bottle. The cut line should be approximately 1-1/2 inches from the bottom of the bottle.2. Make a 1/8 x 1 inch slot at one edge of the bottom outside ring. This will allow the oil to pour into a receiving cup.3. Cut a 1-3/4-inch hole in the center of the bottom, so that the unit will fit over the center tube in the frame.MaterialsFrame2 -- 1-3/4 O.D. x 1-3/8 I.D. x 24-1/2" long H.R.S. (frame tubes)1 -- 1-3/4 O.D. x 1-3/8 I.D. x 6-1/2 inch long H.R.S. (center tube)1 -- 3/4 x 2-3/4 x 5-1/2" flat bar H.R.S. (top cross member)2 -- 1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 8" angle iron H.R.S. (base members)1 -- 1-1/4 x 6-1/2 x 12" #2 white pine (wood base)4 -- 1/4-20 x 1-1/4 R.H. mounting bolts4 -- 1/4-20 T-nutsBlack enamel for frame (finishing material)Clear lacquer finish for wood base3 -- 1/8" dia. welding rodsCylinder1 -- 1/4 x 3-1/2" dia. C.R.S. disk (top)1 -- 3-1/2 O.D. x 3-1/4 I.D. C.R.S. tube (cylinder)1 -- 1/8 dia. welding rodPiston1 -- 1/4 x 3-3/8 D.A. C.R.S. disk (piston top)1 -- 1-1/4 O.D. x 1 I.D. x 1" long H.R.S. (piston tube)1 -- 1/8 dia. welding rodCollector Ring1 -- Bottom from a one-gallon plastic bottle (oil collector ring)葵花籽脱壳机和油压机由Jeff考克斯-从有机园艺，1979年4月，罗代尔新闻2,500平方尺，一个四口之家每年可以长到足以产生三种葵花籽国产蔬菜沙拉或烹调油和20磅的营养丰富，适合脱皮加仑种子 - 与遗留养活一个冬天的产值，破碎的种子鸟类。

与机械相关的外文及翻译Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Modular Industrial Robots by Utilizing High Level CAD Templates1、IntroductionIn the design of complex and tightly integrated engineering products, it is essential to be able to handle interactions between different subsystems of multidisciplinary nature [1]. To achieve an optimal design, a product must be treated as a complete system instead of developing subsystems independently [2]. MDO has been established as a convincing concurrent design optimization technique in development of such complex products [3,4].Furthermore, it has been pointed out that, regardless of discipline, basically all analyses require information that has to be extracted from a geometry model [5]. Hence, according to Bow-cutt [1], in order to enable integrated design analysis and optimization it is of vital importance to be able to integrate an automated parametric geometry generation system into the design framework. The automated geometry generation is a key enabler for so-called geometry-in-the-loop[6] multidisciplinary design frameworks, where the CAD geometries can serve as framework integrators for other engineering tools.To eliminate noncreative work, methods for creation and automatic generation of HLCt have been suggested by Tarkian [7].The principle of high HLCts is similar to high level primitives(HLP) suggested by La Rocca and van Tooren [8], with the exception that HLCts are created and utilized in a CAD environment.Otherwise, the basics of both HLP and HLCt can, as suggested byLa Rocca, be compared to parametric LEGOV Rblocks containing a set of design and analysis parameters. These are produced and stored in libraries, giving engineers or a computer agent the possibility to first topologically select the templates and then modify the morphology, meaning theshape,of each template parametrically.2、Multidisciplinary Design FrameworkMDO is a “systematic approach to design space exploration”[17], the implementation of which allows the designer to map the interdisciplinary relations that exist in a system. In this work, the MDO framework consists of a geometry model, a finite element(FE) model, a dynamic model and a basic cost model. The geometry model provides the analysis tools with geometric input. The dynamic model requires mass properties such as mass, center of gravity, and inertia. The FE model needs the meshed geometry of the robot as well as the force and torque interactions based on results of dynamic simulations.High fidelity models require an extensive evaluation time which has be taken into account. This shortcoming is addressed by applying surrogate models for the FE and the CAD models. The models are briefly presented below. 2.1 High Level CAD Template—Geometry ModelTraditionally, parametric CAD is mainly focused on morphological modifications of the geometry. However, there is a limit to morphological parameterization as follows:•The geometries cannot be radically modified.•Increased geometric complexity greatly increases parameterization complexity.The geometry model of the robot is generated with presaved HLCts, created in CATIA V5. These are topologically instantiated with unique internal design variables. Topological parameterization allows deletion, modification, and addition of geometricelements which leads to a much greater design space captured.Three types of HLCts are used to define the industrial robot topologically; Datum HLCt which includes wireframe references required for placement for the Actuator HLCTs and Structure HLCts, as seen Fig.2.Fig. 2 An industrial robot (left) and a modular industrial robot(right) The names of the references that must be provided for each HLCt instantiation are stored in the knowledge base (see Appen-dix A.4), which is searched through by the inference engine. In Appendix A, pseudocode examples describes how the references are retrieved and how they are stored in the knowledge base.The process starts by the user defining the number of degrees of freedom (DOF) of the robot (see Fig. 3) and is repeated until the number of axis (i) is equal to the user defined DOF.In order to instantiate the first Structure HLCt, two Datum and two actuator instances are needed. References from the two Datum instances help orienting the structure in space, while the geometries of the actuator instances, at both ends of the link, are used to construct the actuator attachments, as seen in Figs. 2 and 3. For the remaining links, only one new instance of both datum and actuator HLCts are required, since the datum and actuator instances from adjacent links are already available.Appendix A.2 shows a pseudocode example of an instantiation function. The first instantiated datum HLCt is defined with reference to the absolute coordinate system. The remaining datum HLCt instances are placed in a sequential order, where the coordinate system of previous instances is used as reference for defining the position in space according to user inputs (see also AppendixA.3). Furthermore, the type of each actuator and structure instance is user defined.Fig. 3 The high level CAD template instantiation process Since it is possible to create new HLCts in the utilized CAD tool, the users are not forced to merely choose from the templates available. New HLCts can be created, placed in the database and parametrically inserted into the models.2.2 Dynamic ModelThe objective of performing dynamic simulation of a robot is to evaluate system performance, such as predicting acceleration and time performance, but it also yields loads on each actuated axis, needed for actuator lifetime calculations and subsequent stress analysis based on FE calculations. Thedynamic model in the outlined framework is developed in Modelica using Dymola, and it constitutes a seven-axis robot arm based on the Modelica Standard library [18].The dynamic model receives input from the geometry model,as well as providing output to the FE model, which is further described in Sec. 2.3. However, to better understand the couplings between the models, the Newton –Euler formulation will be briefly discussed. In this formulation, the link velocities and acceleration are iteratively computed, forward recursivelyWhen the kinematic properties are computed, the force and torque interactions between the links are computed backward recursively from the last to the first link2.3 FE Surrogate ModelTo compute the structural strength of the robot, FE models for each robot link is created utilizing CATIA V5, see Fig. 4. For each HLCt, mesh and boundary conditions are manually preprocessed in order to allow for subsequent automation for FE-model creation. The time spent on preprocessing each FE-model is thus extensive. Nonetheless, the obtained parametric FE-model paves way for automated evaluation of a wide span of concepts. Each robot link is evaluated separately with the load conditions extracted from the dynamicmodel. The force (fi-11and fi) and torque (ţi-1and ti) are applied on the surfaceswhere the actuators are attached.2.4 Geometric Surrogate Models.Surrogate models are numerically efficient models to determine the relation between inputs and o utputs of a model [19]. The input variables for the proposed application are the morphological variables thickness and link height as well as a topological variable actuator type. The outputs of the surrogate models are mass m, Inertia I, and center of gravity ri,ci.To identify the most suitable type of surrogate model for the outlined problem, a range of surrogate models types are created and evaluated using 50 samples. The precision of each surrogate model is compared with the values of the original model with 20 new samples. The comparison is made using the relative average absolute error (RAAE) and relative maximum absolute error (RMAE) as specified by Shan et al. [20], as well as the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), calculated as seen in Eq. (3). All precision metrics are desired to be as low as possible, since low values mean that the surrogate model is accurateThe resulting precision metrics can be seen in Appendix B and the general conclusion is that anisotropic kriging [21], neural networks [22], and radialbasis functions [23] are the most promising surrogate models. To investigate the impact of increasing number of samples, additional surrogate models of those three are fitted using 100 samples, and the results compiled in Appendix B. The resulting NRMSEs for 50 and 100 samples for anistotropic kriging, neural networks, and radial basis functions can be seen in Fig.5. The figures inside the parentheses indicate the number of samples used to fit the surrogate models.Fig. 5 Graph of the NRMSEs for different surrogate models,fitted using 50 and 100 samplesAccording to Fig. 5, anisotropic kriging outperforms the other surrogate models and the doubling of the number of samples usedfor fitting the surrogate model increases the precision dramatically.2.5 FE Surrogate ModelsFor generating FE surrogate models, the anisotropic kriging was also proven to be the most accurate compared to the methods evaluated in Sec. 2.4. Here, one surrogate model is created for each link. Inputs are thickness,actuators, force (fi-11and fi) and torque (ţi-1and ti). The output for eachsurrogate model is maximum stress (MS).A mean error of approximately 9% is reached when running 1400 samples for each link. The reason for the vast number of samples, compared to geometry surrogate models, has to do with a much larger design space.利用高水平CAD模板进行模块化工业机器人的多学科设计优化1 介绍指出,除了规则,基本上所有的分析都需要信息,而这些信息需要从一个几何模型中提取。

1 英文文献翻译1.1 Modern PackagingAuthor：Abstract1. Changing Needs and New RolesLooking back, historical changes are understandable and obvious. That all of them have had an impact on the way products are brought, consumed and packaged is also obvious. What is not so obvious is what tomorrow will bring. Yet, it is to the needs, markets, and conditions of tomorrow that packaging professionals must always turn their attention.The forces that drove packaging during the Industry Revolution continue to operate today. The consumer society continues to grow and is possibly best described by a 1988s bumper sticker, “Born to Shop”. We consume goods today at a rate 4 to 5 times greater than we did as recently as 1935. Most of these goods are not essential to survival; they constitute what we may call “the good life”.In the second half of the 20th century， the proliferation of goods was so high that packaging was forced into an entirely new role, that of providing the motivation rather than presenting the goods itself. On a shelf of 10 competing products, all of them similar in performance and quality, the only method of differentiating became the package itself. Marketer aimed at lifestyles, emotional values, subliminal images, features, and advantages beyond the basic product rather than the competitor’s. In some in instances, the package has become the product, and occasionally packaging has become entertainment.A brand product to carry the product manufacturer or product sales of theretailer’s label, usually by the buyer as a quality assessment guidance. In some cases, competing brands of product quality is almost no difference, a difference is the sale of its packaging. An interesting visually attractive packaging can give a key marketing advantage and convince impulse spending. However, the packaging should accurately reflect the quality of products/brand value in order to avoid the disappointment of consumers, encourage repeat purchases and build brand loyalty. Ideally, the product should exceed customer expectations.2. Packaging and the Modern Industrial SocietyThe importance of packaging to a modern industrial society is most evident when we examine the food-packaging sector. Food is organic in nature, having an animal or plant source. One characteristic of such organic matter is that, by and large, it has a limited natural biological life.A cut of meat, left to itself, might be unfit for human consumption by the next day. Some animal protein products, such as seafood, can deteriorate within hours.The natural shelf life of plant-based food depends on the species and plant involved. Pulpy fruit portions tend to have a short life span, while seed parts, which in nature have to survive at least separated from the living plant are usually short-lived.In addition to having a limited natural shelf life, most food is geographically and season-ally specific. Thus, potatoes and apples are grown in a few North American geographical regions and harvest during a short maturation period. In a world without packaging，we would need to live at the point of harvest to enjoy these products, and our enjoyment of them would be restricted to the natural biological life span of each. It is by proper storage, packaging and transport techniques that we are able to deliver fresh potatoes and apples, or the products derived from them, throughout the year and throughout the country. Potato-whole,canned, powdered, flaked, chipped, frozen, and instant is available, anytime, anywhere. This ability gives a society great freedom and mobility. Unlike less-developed societies, we are no longer restricted in our choice of where to live, since we are no longer tied to the food-producing ability of an area. Food production becomes more specialized and efficient with the growth of packaging. Crops and animal husbandry are moved to where their production is most economical, without regard to the proximity of a market. Most important, we are free of the natural cycles of feast and famine that are typical of societies dependent on natural regional food-producing cycles.Central processing allows value recovery from what would normally be waste by products of the processed food industry from the basis of other sub-industries. Chicken feathers are high in protein and, properly mill and treated, can be fed back to the next generation of chickens. Vegetable waste is fed to cattle or pigs. Bagasse, the waste cane from sugar pressing, is a source of fiber for papermaking. Fish scales are refined to make additives for paints and nail polish.The economical manufacture of durable goods also depends on good packaging.A product's cost is directly related to production volume. The business drive to reduce costs in the supply chain must be carefully balanced against the fundamental technical requirements for food safety and product integrity, as well as the need to ensure an. efficient logistics service. In addition, there is a requirement to meet the aims of marketing to protect and project brand image through value-added pack design. The latter may involve design inputs that communicate distinctive, aesthetically pleasing, ergonomic, functional and/or environmentally aware attributes. But for a national or international bicycle producer to succeed, it must be a way of getting the product to a market, which may be half a world away. Again, sound packaging, in this case distributionpackaging, is a key part of the system.Some industries could not exist without an international market. For example, Canada is a manufacturer of irradiation equipment, but the Canadian market (which would account for perhaps one unit every several years) could not possibly support such a manufacturing capability. However, by selling to the world, a manufacturing facility becomes viable. In addition to needing packaging for the irradiation machinery and instrumentation, the sale of irradiation equipment requires the sale packaging and transport of radioactive isotopes, a separate challenge in itself. In response to changing consumer lifestyles, the large retail groups and the food service industry development. Their success has been involved in a competition fierce hybrid logistics, trade, marketing and customer service expertise, all of which is dependent on the quality of packaging. They have in part led to the expansion of the dramatic range of products offered, technology innovation, including those in the packaging. Supply retail, food processing and packaging industry will continue to expand its international operations. Sourcing products around the world more and more to assist in reducing trade barriers. The impact of the decline has been increased competition and price pressure. Increased competition led to the rationalization of industrial structure, often in the form of mergers and acquisitions. Packaging, it means that new materials and shapes, increased automation, packaging, size range extension of lower unit cost. Another manufacturer and mergers and acquisitions, the Group's brand of retail packaging and packaging design re-evaluation of the growing development of market segmentation and global food supply chain to promote the use of advanced logistics and packaging systems packaging logistics system is an integral part of, and played an important role in prevention in the food supply or reduce waste generation.3. World Packaging.This discussion has referred to primitive packaging and the evolution of packaging functions. However, humankind's global progress is such that virtually every stage in the development of society and packaging is present somewhere in the world today. Thus, a packager in a highly developed country will agonize over choice of package type, hire expensive marketing groups to develop images to entice the targeted buyer and spend lavishly on graphics. In less-developed countries, consumers are happy to have food, regardless of the package. At the extreme, consumers will bring their own packages or will consume food on the spot, just as they did 2000 years ago.Packagers from the more developed countries sometimes have difficulty working with less-developed nations, for the simple reason that they fail to understand that their respective packaging priorities are completely different. Similarly, developing nations trying to sell goods to North American markets cannot understand our preoccupation with package and graphics.The significant difference is that packaging plays a different role in a market where rice will sell solely because it is available. In the North American market, the consumer may be confronted by five different companies offering rice in 30 or so variations. If all the rice is good and none is inferior, how does a seller create a preference for his particular rice? How does he differentiate? The package plays a large role in this process.The package-intensive developed countries are sometimes criticized for over packaging, and certainly over-packaging does exist. However, North Americans also enjoy the world's cheapest food, requiring only about 11 to 14% of our disposable income. European food costs are about 20% of disposable income, and in the less-developed countries food can take 95%of family income.4. The status and development trend of domestic and international packaging machineryWorldwide, the history of the development of the packaging machinery industry is relatively short, science and technology developed in Europe and America in general started in the 20th century until the 1950s the pace greatly accelerated.From the early 20th century, before the end of World War II World War II，medicine，food, cigarettes，matches，household chemicals and other industrial sectors, the mechanization of the packaging operations; the 1950s, the packaging machine widely used common electric switches and tube for the main components of the control system to achieve the primary automation; 1960s, Electrical and optical liquid-gas technology is significantly increased in the packaging machine, machines to further expand on this basis a dedicated automated packaging line; the 1970s, the micro- electronic technology into the automation of packaging machines and packaging lines, computer control packing production process; from the 1980s to the early 1990s, in some field of packaging, computer, robot application for service, testing and management, in preparation for the over-flexible automatic packaging lines and "no" automatic packaging workshop.Actively promoted and strong co-ordination of all aspects of society, and gradually establish a packaging material, packaging, printing, packaging machinery and other production sectors, and corresponding to the research, design, education, academic, management and organization, and thus the formation of independent and complete. The packaging of light industrial system, and occupies an important place in the national economy as a whole.Based on recent years data that members of the World Packaging Alliance output value of the packaging industry accounts for about 2% of the total output value of the national economy; in which the proportion of packaging machinery, though not large, but the rapid development of an annual average of almost growing at a rate of about 10%. Put into use at the packaging machine is now more than thousand species of packaging joint machines and automated equipment has been stand-alone equate. According to the new technological revolution in the world development trend is expected to packaging materials and packaging process and packaging machinery will be closely related to obtain the breakthrough of a new step, and bring more sectors into the packaging industry.China Packaging Technology Association was established in 1980. Soon, the China National Packaging Corporation have been born. Since then, one after another in the country organized a national and international packaging machinery exhibition, seminars, also published I had the first ever "China Packaging Yearbook and other packaging technology books. All this indicates that China is creating a new packaging historical perio d.1.2中文翻译现代包装1、不断变化的需求和新的角色,回顾以往,包装所带来明显的历史性变化是可以理解的, 一个产品包装方式的给他们的销量带来的影响也是显而易见的。

药物自动包装机外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：英文原文Automatic medicine packaging machineKim HTechnical field of inventionThe latest invention is a pharmaceutical packaging instrument. It can give drug packaging alone at each use. It is like the equipment used in hospitals and pharmacies for tablet packaging, powdered medicine packaging. More specifically, this instrument has storage drugs that distinguish between the same drugs on the shelf: pills, capsules. Description of Background ArtAs is well known, conventional medicine packaging devices classify medicines on the basis of species, and absorb the medicines in the medicine containers, and any one of a plurality of shelves is related to medicines in each container. In this type of drug packaging device, according to the shelf number of each shelf, the desired drug is taken out of the corresponding drug container and packaged.For example, Japan has examined the automatic packaging apparatus for a medicine disclosed in Patent No. 1-14081, in which the codes in the apparatus are allotted to the respective medicine containers, and thedesired medicines are obtained by operating an operation key on the apparatus. Put in a predetermined location to make a selection.Japanese Examined Patent No. 3-41208 discloses a tablet feeding device that determines position information based on identification information of each piece in the device, specifies a desired sheet feeder and a corresponding tablet supply.Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 2-933837 discloses a pharmaceutical packaging device which, once a medicine container is installed, reads its medical data and stores its link address. Therefore, according to the link address of each drug, the desired drug supply and packaging can be achieved.However, in the above-described conventional medicine packaging apparatus, the operability on the exchange medicine container has not been sufficiently considered. In other words, although each medication's own information is important, using the maintenance screen will change the medication shelf number, which of course makes it impossible to directly change the match between each shelf number and the corresponding medication. In the actual situation, as a pharmacist, it is necessary to know the corresponding relationship between each shelf and the corresponding drug, and this seriously reinforces the burden on the operator. In addition, the operation and maintenance screen is also complicated, and it often results in an input error. As a result, thedispensing and packaging process of the pharmacist's medicine becomes difficult. In addition, it also makes it difficult for pharmacists to accurately operate the process of installing or disassembling a drug container from a corresponding shelf. Because of this, it is more necessary to have a drug packaging device that can distinguish drugs that appear in a region to illustrate which drugs are affiliated and which drugs are used singly.In particular, in a small-sized drug packaging device, since the drug containers on some drug supply racks are small, the exchange of the drug containers is frequently performed, resulting in taking the drug containers from the drug holders. Will produce a higher error rate.Summary of the invention:Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to invent a drug packaging device and to allow it to perform additional operations, such as disassembling and exchanging drug containers during drug packaging operations.In order to achieve the above object, the pharmaceutical packaging device of the present invention, wherein the various drugs are respectively connected to a plurality of shelves according to their respective types, this is to facilitate the supply and packaging of the corresponding drugs from the corresponding drug containers, including a storage unit , Various numbers for various drug containers for storingindividual shelves and placing medicines. A control unit controls the storage unit to store the corresponding relationship between the drug container where the drug is located and the shelf on which the drug container is installed, and the process of removing the drug container from the shelf after wiping out the corresponding relationship from the storage unit.With this arrangement, merely mounting or disassembling the drug containers from their respective shelves will not affect the relationship between the shelf number and the corresponding drug. It is therefore possible to perform additional operations, such as displacing the drug container during drug packaging operations. For this reason, even in the case where the number of various medicines exceeds the number of existing shelves, it can handle such a situation by exchanging the medicine containers during the packing process.In addition, when a display element showing the relationship between the shelf number and the part where the medicine is stored or the relationship between the shelf number and the medicine retrieval part is added to the apparatus, it makes confirmation that the medicine container is installed and disassembled from the respective shelf part. The operation becomes possible. This arrangement makes it possible for the operator to prevent confusion during installation and disassembly.In this arrangement, the display unit sequentially displays thenumber of shelves of the shelf portion of the drug container, including the data connection of the shelf portion containing the prescription drug and the data connection of the shelf portion of the non-prescription drug shelf, so that the drug container of the shelf portion can be easily designated and replaced. It is possible to improve operability.Adding detection elements in the drug container can detect the presence or absence of a portion of the shelf of a drug container, and further add this arrangement. According to the detection signal of the drug container detection unit, the control unit commands the display unit to show that the drug container is connected to the shelf. It has been removed from the shelves. Therefore, it can automatically detect the mounting and dismounting operation of the drug container, and thus improve operability, while preventing erroneous installation operations.In this case, the unit is read out from the identification information of the identification information reading unit and the identification information of a medicine, and the medicine corresponding to the read identification information is in the rack with the medicine container, and further adds this. According to an arrangement, the control unit causes the display unit to display the corresponding medicine and the shelf number of the partial shelf according to the detection signal generated from the medical identification information reading unit. Therefore, it can automatically identify various drugs, thereby further improvingoperability.The drug packaging device includes a supply device (unit 1), a packaging device (unit 2), a display device (unit 3) such as a liquid crystal display or a CRT (cathode ray tube) display, and an input device (unit 4) such as a keyboard A mouse or a touch panel, and a storage device (unit 5) such as a hard disk or flash memory, and a medicine packaging device (unit 6) controlled by a central processing unit (CPU) as a whole, which are denoted by reference numeral 11 here A host computer.The medicine supply device (unit 1) is provided with medicines and containers for containing medicines such as tablets and capsules, and there are many supply racks from which the medicine containers can be freely installed and disassembled. In addition, a manual medicine supply unit (not shown) is also prepared to provide medicine without a medicine container. The medication supply and the corresponding shelf portion are specified so that a specified number of medications are selected from the medication container by the supplied medication packaging device within the time of each application. Here, the medicine supply rack can be made into various shapes such as a flat shape and a cylindrical shape.The drug packaging device (unit 2) is based on a piece of medically effective packaging paper with thermal fusion properties taken from the wrapping paper roll, and is determined by the length and widthdimensions of the packaging according to the amount of drug contained in the packaging bag.The display unit (3) and the input unit (4) are used to operate the operation of inputting the entire drug packaging device, inputting prescription data and various master files, such as operations of the drug master file.The display unit (3) displays a prescription data and a drug container installation and removal process on the screen. As shown in FIG. 4, the prescription data shows the current date as a period of drug manufacture through a calendar clock input screen installed in the central processing unit (CPU). The required prescription data is the patient number entered by the operator (pharmacist) below the box. For example, when the keyboard enters the patient number "9803 8671", the corresponding patient's name (kana character, Chinese character), gender (male = 1, female = 2), and date of birth (time of the name: Meiji = 1, Taisho = 2, Showa = 3, Heisei = 4) Read the patient's master file and display it. In terms of age, the corresponding age is calculated and displayed based on the current date and date of birth. The date of the prescription prescribed by the doctor is the prescription date. Although the current date is displayed first, any desired date can be overridden and entered. When the code is entered into the respective medical institutions, the respective name data such as the medical department, the doctor, the ward and theprescription room will be read and displayed from the respective master files. For example, when "01" is the code entered into the healthcare section, "Medical" is displayed. Outpatient/hospitalization (outpatient=1, hospitalization=2) is a patient's classification code. The "pharmaceutical exchange card", that is, the number of expenses required to be paid after the outpatient accounting process is completed. Since this example shows the outpatient prescription, the ward code and the ward number of the hospitalization site are blank.The "prescription" serial number of a combination of a drug and an application is entered into the table "prescription number". Most of the "prescriptions" can be entered. Then, drug packaging is mainly based on the “prescription”, that is, the basis for drug packaging is based on the data of the prescription number. The "Code" box is used to enter the drug code or application code. When these codes are entered, reading each data in the master file or application master file of the cervical plexus medicine is the first love. Although the "code" box is usually used to enter the drug code (for example, "tag.A"), when you enter the "/" symbol at the head of the box, you can enter the application code in the following section (for example, "301" ). Here, the drug name corresponds to the drug code and the corresponding application code "301", which is the name of the application displayed after "breakfast/lunch and dinner". With regard to the “dosage/day” box, the drug code for the daily dose ofthe drug has been entered at China Pharmaceuticals China. Read the unit (T, CAP, g, etc.) from the drug master file and display it. Here, the program code of the application program of the production line has been input, including the input of days (for example, "three days"). About the “Dosage Usage and Dosing” box, the dosage for one course of treatment, according to the situation (after waking up, morning, noon, evening, before going to bed, midnight, seventh, eighth), enter the result into the box.中文译文药物自动包装机研究Kim H技术领域最新的发明是一个药物包装仪器。

机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译unavailable。

The first step in the design process is to define the problem and XXX are defined。

the designer can begin toXXX evaluated。

and the best one is XXX。

XXX.Mechanical DesignA XXX machines include engines。

turbines。

vehicles。

hoists。

printing presses。

washing machines。

and XXX and methods of design that apply to XXXXXX。

cams。

valves。

vessels。

and mixers.Design ProcessThe design process begins with a real need。

Existing apparatus may require XXX。

efficiency。

weight。

speed。

or cost。

while new apparatus may be XXX。

To start。

the designer must define the problem and XXX。

ideas and concepts are generated。

evaluated。

and refined until the best one is XXX。

XXX.XXX。

assembly。

XXX.During the preliminary design stage。

it is important to allow design XXX if some ideas may seem impractical。

they can be corrected early on in the design process。

机械类英语论文及翻译Mechanical design involves the n of machines。

which are composed of mechanisms and other components that can transform and transmit ___ machines include engines。

turbines。

vehicles。

hoists。

printing presses。

washing machines。

and ___ and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to ___。

the term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design.When ___。

___ to take into account。

The n and structural aspects of the device。

as well as the ___。

___ apply not only to machines but also to other mechanical devices。

such as switches。

cams。

valves。

vessels。

and mixers.Mechanical design is a critical field in ___ disciplines。

It plays an essential role in the ___ the success of a mechanical design project。

it is essential to follow a set of rules for design。

Historical PerspectiveThe need for prototype, high frequency signal processors at the Mayo Clinic was originally driven by a project at Mayo in the 1970s to develop a very advanced, three dimensional, real time X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner, referred to as the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR).Figure EP-1Mayo Dynamic SpatialReconstructor (DSR)This experimental X-ray CT scanner (Figure EP-1) generated large volumes of data which needed to be acquired and displayed very quickly to be useful. By 1975 it had become apparent that the only viable integrated circuit (IC) technology which could be used to fabricate special purpose computers capable of addressing these required high data rates was the Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) 100K logic family. This family of logic, packaged in both 24 pin dual inline packages (DIPs) and flat packs (FPs), operated in the 100 megahertz (MHz) to 200 MHz clock rate range for signal processor prototypes utilizing approximately 200 ICs. Of critical concern was that the ECL 100K "data book" values indicated that clock rates at least twice as high should be achievable with these ECL 100K components.Laboratory testing at Mayo eventually revealed that the limitation in the performance of the ECL 100K chips was the packages into which they were typically installed by the chip manufacturer. To address the problem of the IC packaging limiting the performance of the ICs themselves, during 1976-78 Mayo performed evaluation studies on many different commercially available IC packages. The resistance, inductance and capacitance measurements conducted at Mayo revealed that the leads of the DIPS (and, to a somewhat lesser degree of the FPs) exhibited very high values of inductive and capacitive parasitics. Since the primary concerns of the packaging industry at that time were purely in regard to the mechanical aspects of the packages, with virtually no attention given to the electrical issues (with the possible exception of DC lead resistance), many of the packages simply could not perform well at higher frequencies. To address the high frequency AC packaging issues, in 1979 the Mayo group began the design of a family of custom leadless chip carriers (Figure EP-2), with serious attention given to their high frequency behavior. This family of chip carriers was designed to be used with both ECL 100K logic and memory components, thus requiring two different die (die refers to an unpackaged IC) cavity configurations, yet with a common input/output (I/O) pin footprint. This approach to the design of the packages in the family assured that a single package footprint could be used on the system boards to accommodate both package types.Figure EP-2Mayo Designed Packages(Leadless Chip Carriers)Early Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) components designed by Mayo were targeted for this package as well. Many different versions of the package, comprising an entire family, were designed and fabricated, utilizing multiple vendors. The evolution of this package design was based almost totally on measurement results from each previous version thereof, because of, at that time, a near total lack of suitable electromagnetic CAD/simulation tools. Over a four year period (1979-1983) , the original package evolved from a minimized parasitics version to a controlled impedance version with power/ground plane construction, in-cavity and back surface power supply decoupling, and signal termination. The final complete family contained nearly thirty slightly different versions of a common chip carrier footprint, each version emphasizing a different set of strengths and limitations.Coordinated with the 28 I/O chip carrier design was the development of high frequency prototyping printed circuit boards (PCB's) for developing high performance systems (Figure EP-3).Figure EP-3High Frequency Prototyping Board withFlat Pack Packages and Heat Sink TowersThe early versions of these printed circuit boards contained a power and ground plane sandwich construction, varying from three to twelve power/ground layers, but no buried signal layers. All signal connections were made with twisted pair wirewrap wire (Figure EP-4), which provided a moderately controlled 75 ohm impedance transmission line environment for each signal net. In conjunction with the prototype boards, custom terminator resistor networks were developed and capacitors were characterized to determine which materials and case styles performed the best over a broad frequency range. The combination of the chip carriers, specially designed circuit boards, and specialty components resulted in wire wrapped ECL circuits that operated as high as 570 MHz clock rates and direct, point to point, wired GaAS circuits which performed at over 1 gigahertz (GHz) clock rates.Figure EP-4Back Side of MayoWirewrap Prototype BoardThe completion of the 28 I/O package family was followed in the early 1980s by our development, for chips with higher pad counts, of four different types of 88 I/O packages (cofired alumina, cofired beryllia, single layer and metalization (SLAM) alumina, and thin film metalization on alumina), followed in the mid 1980s by a thin film 216 I/O package with 192 integral termination resistors. The ten year effort to create single chip packages for high performance integratedcircuits eventually was terminated after the development of a 240 I/O elastomer mounted package of dimensions .750 inches square. Each of these packages had a companion prototyping board, with prototype components that operated in the 500 MHz to 1 GHz range.During the development of the single-chip packages described above, it became clear that irrespective of the quality of the design of any given single-chip package, the package imposed significant electrical performance constraints on the chips because of residual parasitic inductance and capacitance, and on the circuit boards and the resulting signal processor systems because of the large amount of real estate consumed by the packages (package areas were 15-60 times the areas of the chips themselves). The solution to these electrical and mechanical problems was the complete elimination of the IC package, and a conversion to multichip packaging approaches such as hybrids and multichip modules (MCMs), which may be thought of as microminiature circuit boards, on which bare integrated circuits are installed and connected to extremely narrow traces on the surface of and buried within the MCM. In 1987 the Mayo SPPDG began investigating several potentially viable MCM technologies for use in the packaging of multiple bare chips (die) on the same microminiature circuit board (ie., MCM) substrate. Based on past experiences with cofired ceramic single chip packages, as well as with many advanced printed circuit board technologies (similar to what is now referred to as MCM-Laminate), it appeared that the MCM-Deposited (MCM-D) technology offered the most promising option for high clock rate signal processor systems. A two-step process was undertaken to evaluate the new MCM technologies. First, MCMs with passive interconnect line structures were designed and fabricated. These first experimental MCMs became known as passive test coupons, with each serving as the characterization vehicle for one of the MCM technologies. The second step was the design of active circuit demonstration modules using high performance GaAs chips. The very first MCM designed at Mayo was a combined passive/active vehicle; it was fabricated in 1988 (Figure EP-5).Figure EP-5Mayo's First MCM Design(Thin Film Process)The technology chosen for this first experimental coupon was a thin film, copper/polyimide, multilayer MCM-D process, which was at that time a state of the art fabrication process with five metal layers, with 1 mil line widths and the ability to support up to three 50 ohm, controlled impedance signal layers. This initial test coupon was characterized at frequencies up to 26 GHz. This coupon also contained eight bare GaAs die, with operational clock rates up to 1 GHz. This same approach was employed with many other subsequent MCM vendors and fabrication processes. A "standard passive coupon" design emerged from this work over a period of several years, so that the same structures could be implemented in each MCM technology, allowing comparisons and trade-offs to be made among the various MCM technologie。

英文原文Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spendsthe time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel's basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process.Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. Inorder to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem:(1)designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there iscompetitive ability(2)does this product compare with other companies' existing similar products?(3)produces this kind of product is whether economical?(4)product service is whether convenient?(5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method.Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, worker's health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customer's aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urgethe people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material.Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The functioncomplete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply.In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes.The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the materialapplication aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence.In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular;(d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.译文：机械设计理论机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。

机械专业文献带翻译Title: Research and Development of a Novel Mechanical Device for Automated Assembly of Small Parts。

Abstract:The assembly of small parts is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process, often requiring skilled workers to perform the task. In order to improve efficiency and reduce costs, a novel mechanical device for automated assembly of small parts has been developed. This device is capable of handling a variety of small parts with high precision and speed, and can significantly reduce the time and cost required for assembly.Introduction:The assembly of small parts is a critical process in many industries, including electronics, automotive, and medical device manufacturing. This process often requiresskilled workers to perform the task, which can be time-consuming and costly. In addition, human error can lead to defects and quality issues, further increasing costs and reducing efficiency.To address these challenges, a novel mechanical device for automated assembly of small parts has been developed. This device is capable of handling a variety of small parts with high precision and speed, and can significantly reduce the time and cost required for assembly.Design and Development:The mechanical device for automated assembly of small parts consists of several key components, including a feeder, a manipulator, and a control system. The feeder is responsible for delivering small parts to the manipulator, which then assembles the parts according to a predetermined pattern. The control system coordinates the movements of the feeder and manipulator, ensuring that the assembly process is carried out with high precision and speed.The design of the manipulator is particularly important, as it must be capable of handling a wide range of smallparts with varying shapes and sizes. The manipulatorconsists of a series of grippers and suction cups, whichcan be adjusted to accommodate different types of parts.The grippers and suction cups are controlled by a series of motors and sensors, which ensure that the parts are picked up and assembled accurately.Testing and Evaluation:The mechanical device for automated assembly of small parts has been tested extensively in a laboratory setting, and has demonstrated high levels of precision and speed.The device is capable of handling a wide range of small parts, including electronic components, screws, and bolts.In addition, the device has been shown to significantly reduce the time and cost required for assembly, compared to manual assembly methods.Future Directions:The mechanical device for automated assembly of small parts has significant potential for use in a variety of industries, including electronics, automotive, and medical device manufacturing. Further research and development is needed to optimize the design and performance of the device, and to explore its potential for use in new applications.Conclusion:The development of a novel mechanical device for automated assembly of small parts has the potential to revolutionize the assembly process in many industries. This device is capable of handling a wide range of small parts with high precision and speed, and can significantly reduce the time and cost required for assembly. Further research and development is needed to optimize the design and performance of the device, and to explore its potential for use in new applications.。

Packing machinery developmentOur country packs the mechanical profession start in the 20th century 70's, and the 90's intermediate stages obtains the rapid development in the end of the 80's. Has become in the mechanical industry one of 10 big professions, regardless of is the output, in the variety, has all obtained the amazing achievement, packed the industry for our country the fast development to provide the powerful safeguard. At present, our country has become the world packing mechanical industrial production and expends one of great nations.Current our country food and a packing machinery prominent question is the new product development cycle long, imitates much, innovates few, not only this with designs personnel's state-of-art related, also concerns with the correlation profession development. The international advanced method utilizes the simulation technology, by the computer automatic synthesis three-dimensional model, will pass has occurred production line breakdown data feeds the computer, then will demonstrate the actual operating mode, according to will need to carry on the revision in front of the user, finally will consummate. The packing machinery took one product, its meaning is not merely the product itself material significance, but is includes the form product, the stealth product and extends the product 3 meanings. The form product is refers to packaging machine itself the concrete shape and the basic function; The stealth product is refers to the packaging machine the actual utility which provides to the user; Extends the product is refers to the packaging machine the quality assurance, the use instruction and the post-sale service and so on. Therefore the packaging machine design should include: Market investigation and study, schematic diagram design, structural design, construction drawing design, instruction for use compilation and post-sale service predetermined plan and so on.The new packing machinery often is machine, the electricity, the gas integration equipment. The full use information product newest achievement, uses air operated separation transmission technologies and so on implementing agency, servo motor-driven, may cause the complete machine the transmission chain to reduce greatly, the structure is greatly the simplification, the work precision and the speed enhances greatly. One of key technologies has used the multi-electrical machinery dragging synchronization control technology. Actually grasps this kind of technology not very difficultly, only is some designs the personnel not to understand the packing machinery this trend of development. If beforehand our country packs the machine design is the imitation, the study stage, then we should have the innovation design consciousness now.“十五” period, our country packs the mechanical industrial development to be rapid, in recent years imports the equipment all is domestic cannot make or the manufacture level is far from, may see our disparity from the import to be at. Food security problem whole nation attention. “十一五” period should enhance food security domain the science and technology and the equipment level, the development fast, in accurate appraisal food harms the factor the technology and the equipment, further researches anddevelops the pathogenic microorganism resistance, cause of disease prevention technologies and the preserve technology and the equipment and so on control. Food and the packing machinery form the profession already for 20 years, is opposite in food packing, a new profession. This 20 years also are the world technological development quickest times, the new technology applies unceasingly in the profession, but the domestic profession foundation is weak, technical and the scientific research lack of strength, its development relative lag, has towed food and the packing industry hind leg to a certain extent. Although overall development quick, but food packing mechanical industrial development is quicker.the goal is must reduce this space, catches up with the world advanced level for the food industry, for causes the packing great nation to make great strides forward to the packing powerful nation, provides the advanced technical equip, lets import the equipment the role which only plays in the domestic market appropriates lost articles fills a vacancy. This request domestic food and the packing machinery year development speed surpasses 18%, the new product output value rate achieves 25%. On the international packing and food machinery development is take the big customer request as the goal, the impetus correlation machinery development. The big customer request mainly manifests in the below aspect: One, is higher well to the production efficiency request. This may reduce the product the cost, satisfies the date of delivery. The high speed packaging machine request must have the correlation engagement with the first working procedure, does not have to transport the link, including the control engagement, the entire production line must achieve the inverted order according to the production and the packing working procedure arrangement to start, smooth engine off. If Leng Guanzhuang the production line makes something a matter of political line automatically from the plastic raw material to the drink fills installs, the big packing piles buttress completely automatically in seals up in the workshop to carry on. Two, may adapt the product renewal change. The packing machinery must have the very high flexibility and the flexibility, the production line permission the packing material size may change in certain size scope. Because product life cycle far short in useful life of equipment, change product and packing not as for replacement expensive packing production line. Three is the equipment common breakdown rapid elimination. The solution inputs the computer in advance, when the equipment appears the common breakdown may diagnose voluntarily, also may implement the long-distance diagnosis to eliminate the breakdown abreast in row. Four, the request has the automatic diagnosis function. On the one hand may automatic diagnosis packing material thickness, degree of hardness, the counter-tension and so on, feed back through the computer to the manipulator adjusts the movement scope, does not guarantee the resilience. On the other hand, each different product, like shape each different chocolate or the dessert and so on, install to the identical box in, its arrangement is orderly. The production line transmits the product is a disorder, the available probe head scanning, determined the different shape the material position, feeds back again to the different manipulator, it can accurately unmistakably puts in the goods according to the accurate position and the direction in the tray, moreover, removes the manual control quickly the visionand finger weariness. Five, may reduce the environmental pollution as far as possible. The reduction including the noise, the dust pollution, and reduces the reject as far as possible, this point especially is important in the food processing process. Food raw material when processing not only harvests the main product, like corn processing, product besides corn starch, but also has the corn oil, the salad oil, the margarine, the glucose, the corn protein and the feed, as well as the sewage treatment and so on produces the entire process, is the automation. Does not have the reject, not to pollute, other product value has surpassed the corn starch greatly the value.Along with the science and technology development and the market competition aggravating, the customer demand more and more is also high. This kind of demand manifests in following several aspects: One, enhances the production efficiency, satisfies the date of delivery and reduces the production cost the need, to some products, but also requests the packing machinery and the production machinery links up; Two, is meets the product renewal change need, the packing machinery must have the high flexibility and the flexibility; Three is when the equipment appears the breakdown, the request can carry on the long-distance diagnosis service; Four, favors the environmental protection, the noise, the dust and the reject are few; Five is the equipment purchase investment are as far as possible few, the price must be as far as possible low. Therefore, must certainly in the market investigation and study foundation, the full understanding, analyze the user earnestly the demand, the definite packaging machine should complete the function and each technical specification, draw up the preliminary principle design proposal.The modern packaging machine design process should include: The market investigation and study, the user demand analysis, the packaging machine function determination, the feasible proof, the formulation design proposal, the user benefit analysis, the plan feasible proof, the schematic diagram design, the structural design, the construction drawing design, the prototypical manufacture (hypothesized manufacture), the technical confirmation and the construction drawing revise, the formulation post-sale service predetermined plan and the long-distance diagnosis plan, the improvement design, the serialized design and so on. .The market investigation and study is the foundation work which all packaging machines design. Without the market investigation and study, we do all design work all possibly is equal to the zero. The market investigation and study, may according to the policy guidance, the profession supply and demand information, the expert analyze, the profession unfolds clues and so on meeting, technical meeting, found the user the demand information, after and reorganizes the analysis, the definite packaging machine should complete function. In the principle project design process, first must understand fully the related information product, the electronic products function, understood the air operated part the performance, and uses to simplify the mechanical drive system, but also may use the multi-electrical machinery dragging to reduce the mechanical transmission chain. Regarding the essential mechanical drive system, should make the best the modernized design method, in to product functional analysis foundation in, throughinnovation idea, system modelling, mechanical analysis, dynamic optimization, thus obtains the best design proposal. The technical design is the principle design structurization, definite spare part quantity, the shape, the size, the material and so on, the essential components carry on the power computation, the power computation, the strength calculation, the rigidity computation to the major component in.When system design, must consider the entire packaging machine system comprehensively the layout, the movement coordination, the modelling design, the human - machine environment as well as the packing transportation and so on. The modular design is one advanced design method, its core thought is divides into systematically according to the function certain modules, the identical function unit designs the packaging machine in has the module which the different performance, may exchange, through the module different combination, causes the packaging machine multi-purpose, the seriation. Uses this method the merit is: (1) makes the packaging machine renewal speed to speed up. Because of the new type substitution, often is the partial improvement. The vanguard technology introduction corresponding module, compared with easy to realize the partial improvement; (2) reduction design cycle. After the user proposed the request, only must replace the module, or the design manufacture partial modules, then obtain the new type, meets the user need; (3) reduces the cost, is advantageous for the service; (4) performance stable reliable. Because time module design, to the packaging machine function division and the module design, has conducted the careful research, has guaranteed the module performance, for example: Cam gear, servo, examination system, transmission system, control system, measurement organization, yummy treats organization and so on. .other packing machinery seriation, modular profession standard, also arrived should formulate, the packing machinery has become our country one of ten big mechanical professions, but serialized, the modular profession standard formulation will certainly to promote our country to pack on the mechanical profession cross new stair.包装机械的发展我国包装机械行业起步于20世纪70年代，在80年代末和90年代中期得到迅速发展。

附录Overview of China Packaging MachineryDevelopmentDuring the last decade, joint efforts by the packaging and the food industries have reduced the amount of food packaging materials. Nonetheless, used packaging materials are still very visible to the consumer in the context of disposal. Environmental issues are becoming increasingly important to the European consumer. Consequently, consumer pressure may trigger the use of biobased packaging materials as an alternative to materials produced from non-renewable resources. Biologically based packaging is defined as packaging containing raw materials originating from agricultural sources, i. e. produced from renewable, biological raw materials such as starch and bioderived monomers. These materials are not necessarily biodegradable. Consequently, this review is not limited to biodegradable packaging. To date, biodegradable packaging has commanded great attention, and numerous projects are under way in this field. One important reason for this attention is the marketing of environmentally friendly packaging materials. Furthermore, use of biodegradable packaging materials has the greatest potential in countries where landfill is the main waste management tool. Biobased packaging materials include both edible films and edible coatings along with primary and secondary packaging materials. Excellent in-depth reviews on edible films and coatings are already available [1–3]. Therefore, this review focuses on biobased primary packaging materials for foods.Several concerns must be addressed prior to commercial use of biobased primary food packaging materials. These concerns include degradation rates under various conditions, changes in mechanical properties during storage, potential for microbial growth, and release of harmful compounds into the packaged food product. Furthermore, the biopackaging must function as food packaging and meet the requirements of the individual food product. This review evaluates the suitability of biobased packaging for foods. Additionally, it identifies the challenges involved when using biobased packaging for different foods.The development of packaging machinery for food, medicine of modern processing and mass production to provide the necessary guarantees, if the food production process, the internal process of drug production, then the packaging process is its outward form. As the special nature of drug production, drug packaging from materials to packaging, from the environmental requirements to identify the treatment more stringent than the food packaging, more stringent restrictions. This makes the development of pharmaceutical packaging machinery as a relatively independent of the machinery industry.1. Development of pharmaceutical packaging machineryChina's pharmaceutical packaging machinery from small to large; from imitation to independent research and development, after years of development, now China's pharmaceutical machinery industry has begun to take shape, and the GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) certification gained rapid development in recent years. Increasing number of new products, technology has been greatly improved, but denied that China's overall level of pharmaceuticalmachinery industry and abroad, there are many gaps, nearly 60% of the products reach the 80 developed countries, the level of the last century advanced large-scale equipment, mainly dependent on imports, exports less than 5% of GDP, imports and GDP are probably very, far from the developed countries.From the product structure, China's packaging machinery are about 1,300 kinds of species, supporting a small number, the lack of precision and large-scale products can not meet market demand. The performance gap between the quality of products low in product performance, stability and reliability is poor, unsightly appearance, surface roughness, and many parts of poor quality, short life, low reliability, affecting the overall quality of the product; mechanical properties behind, most of the precision Low, slow, poor stability; control the low level of auto-poor, high failure rate.From the enterprise situation, the lack of domestic packaging machinery industry leading enterprises, production scale, small companies with high product quality; from product development, our country has basically remain in the testing stage of imitation, self-development capacity is weak, the lack of research and production base in the trial , research funding accounts for only 1% of sales, and foreign high as 8% to 10%.2. Hot forming - Fill - Sealing Packaging Machine ApplicationHot forming - filling - sealing machine is a wide range of large products, general machinery, aircraft using a variety of plastic film or a single film on the block, granular, powder, liquid and viscous materials to packaging, can be automatically bag making, filling, sealing, cutting, and all the packaging process, after the packaging of goods to moisture, mold, pollution prevention, antioxidant, extend the storage period. It applies to all kinds of plastic bags or aluminum foil composite film film bag, such as polyester / polyethylene, nylon / polyethylene, polypropylene / polyethylene, polyester / foil / polyethylene, nylon / foil / polyethylene composites widely used in light industry, food, medicine, chemical and other industries, present in our domestic use and export a wide range of product packaging.The types of machines have a variety of products, a large bag, heavy bag machine, medium-sized packaging machines, pouch packaging machine also, measurement methods are electronic scale type, positive displacement, packaging materials can be divided into liquid, granule, powder and other types of packaging machine. From the eighties of last century, through the use of international standards and the absorption of foreign advanced technology features, this type of packaging machine in the standard level of design and manufacturing technology and product quality has greatly improved. Some of the quality of products at or near the advanced level of similar machines abroad. But with the development of the times growing manufacturer of such machines, but mostly medium and small enterprises, township and private enterprises also accounted for no small proportion, and some lack of skills, lack of self-development, quality management lower level of packaging machinery grasp the production process strictly. Some enterprises in order to take advantage in price, often to unhealthy competition means to reduce costs, the use of poor materials, shoddy work, simplify production process, resulting in poor quality of some packaging machines. Currently, such machines in the large amount of domestic production, in the production of various types of packaging machinery products among the best, and the production of minicomputers in the kinds of packaging machine, especially a large share of foreign production is not such a small machine, as Chinese products are cheap, currently a large number of export around the world, Southeast Asia, the demand for more prominent.The industry believes that the future automation of the packaging industry to meet the industry trend is moving in the technical development of mechanical features and functions; structural design standardization, modularity; intelligent control; structure of high precision, and several other direction. How do we in the packaging industry development trend, the nation's pharmaceutical packaging machinery industry bigger and stronger, in the international industry to play an active role in promoting the development of China's pharmaceutical packaging industry to contribute to every industry enterprises and technical staff need to think about.3. The design of pharmaceutical packaging machineryIn packaging machinery design, design considerations are not sufficient for further transformation without leaving enough space, resulting in the mechanical design can adapt to several simple template does not meet the size of packaging machinery changes in materials or templates; other Many mechanical designers drag synchronization of motor, servo drive technology do not understand simple electrical equipment can be used to solve problems are complex mechanical devices used to achieve; mechanical modeling pretty, people feel stiff, rigid and not dynamic."Conceptual design" means: "In determining the mission, through abstraction, developed functional structure, the role of finding the right combination of theory and so on, determined to solve the basic ways to come to solve the program, this part of the design is called the conceptual design . "pharmaceutical packaging machinery, the concept of design requirements based on product life cycle stages, product features to create, function decomposition, function and sub-function structure design; to meet the functional and structural requirements of the working principle of solving and to achieve functional structure of the working principle of carrier The conception and systematic design. The conceptual design ideas into the design of pharmaceutical packaging machinery design can reduce errors, shorten design cycles and accelerate product development, it makes the product more reasonable and more with affinity, more suitable for ergonomics, and it is also to reduce costs and improve the primary means of enterprise competitiveness.The concept of drug design is a charter creative process, the designer proposed higher requirements, designers need to master modern design, advanced manufacturing technology, professional theory and knowledge of aspects of business operations. A combination of these disciplines and need the expertise and rich practical experience, and by repeatedly thinking, reasoning and decision-making, to create unique, meet user requirements to design solutions.Since GMP pharmaceutical equipment is an important part of the hardware, since the national launch of mandatory GMP certification system has been all over the pharmaceutical companies have accelerated the pace of technological transformation, production equipment, a significant update to the upstream industry, the pharmaceutical industry has brought the pharmaceutical machinery industry major benefit to the production line of large machinery for the pharmaceutical companies to bring a huge market. On the whole, the current majority of our technology is more advanced packaging machinery is still in the imitation stage of development, the ability of independent development is also very limited. At present, China's pharmaceutical packaging industry's annual output value of about 150 billion yuan, annual growth rate of more than 10%. But pharmaceutical companies can only meet the domestic demand of about 80%, 65% of the level of pharmaceutical packaging in China still lags behind in the 20th century the world average of 80 years.中国包装机械发展概述在过去的十年中，通过共同努力，包装和食品行业已减少了食品包装材料的用量。

机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)英文原文Mechanical Design and Manufacturing ProcessesMechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product.People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed.Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the systemand then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design.On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.New designs generally have "bugs" or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowedto flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum.Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted.Basically, there are only three means of communication available tous. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is!The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learned from a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered:(1) Does the design really serve a human need?(2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies?(3) Is it economical to produce?(4) Can it be readily maintained?(5) Will it sell and make a profit?Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings.Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle [3].It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This fails in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way.Designing starts with a need, real or imagined. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiently, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly defined, the next step in design is the conception of mechanisms and their arrangements that will perform the needed functions.For this, freehand sketching is of great value, not only as a record of one's thoughts and as an aid in discussion with others, but particularly for communication with one's own mind, as a stimulant for creative ideas.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive east. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strength of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles ofmechanics, such as those of statics for reaction forces and for the optimumutilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress。

机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。

英语文献翻译Introduction of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the work piece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes aresuitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to.Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Rough machining and finishing machiningThere are two kinds of cuts in machine- shop work called, respectively, the "roughing cut" and the "finishing cut". When a piece is "roughed out", it is quite near the shape and size required, but enough metal has been left on the surface to finish smooth and to exact size." Generally speaking, bars of steel, forging, castings, etc. are machined to the required shape and size with only one roughing and one finishing cut. Sometimes, however, certain portions of a piece may require more thanone roughing cut. Also, in some jobs, for example, when great accuracy is not needed, or when a comparatively small amount of metal must be removed, a finishing cut may be all that is required. The roughing cut, to remove the greater part of the excess material, should be reasonably heavy, that is, all the machine, or cutting tool, or work, or all three, will stand. So the machinist’s purpose is to remove the excess stock as fast as he can without leaving, at the same time, a surface too torn and rough, without bending the piece if it is slender, and without spoiling the centers. The finishing cut, to make the work smooth and accurate, is a finer cut. The emphasis here is refinement - very sharp tool, comparatively little metal removed, and a higher degree of accuracy in measurement. Whether roughing or finishing, the machinist must set the machine for the given job. He must consider the size and shape of the work and the kind of material, also the kind of tool used and the nature of the cut to be made, then he proceeds to set the machine for the correct speed and feed and to set the tool to take the depth of cut desired.Automatic Fixture DesignAssembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipmentdamage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent; the synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.2 inches itinerary, 5 pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 400-inch clamping force. The characteristics of modern production are becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automation. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices -- the production of the devices to strengthen investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into: special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic.Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example: commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps.According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clampingfixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control.Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 60% of the time.Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program has appropriate documents.机械加工机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。