高考英语定语句大总结
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高考14种从句用法总复习之定语从句用法定语从句一、定语从句用法讲解用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
定语从句一般跟在先行之后。
用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词。
关系代词有who, whom, whose(指人);that, which(指物),用来代替先行词。
that也可以指人,which 不能指人。
who, whom, which, that 在定语从句中作主语或者宾语;whose在定语从句中作定语。
例如:This is the boy who is good at English.This the boy (whom) Mr. Cheng teaches every day.This is the boy whose father is an English teacher.This is the desk whose leg is broken.= This is the desk the leg of which is broken.= This is the desk of which the leg is broken.This is the book that/which was bought by Tom yesterday.This is the book (that /which) he bought yesterday.This is the book whose cover is gone.注意:关系代词在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。
用来引导定语从句的副词(when, where, why)叫关系副词。
when, where, why代替前面的表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。
关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
例如:I will never forget the day when I joined the Party.This is the school where Mr. Cheng works.This is the reason why Li Ping is often late for class.二、定语从句用法定语从句是中学阶段的语法重点,也是历年高考的热点。
定语从句总结一:定语后置的总结〔1〕介词短语作定语:the landlady in the bad situation/ the way in error/ thethiefwith a gun / the communication in English /The student in sorrow didn’t pass the English exam.〔2〕表语形容词作定语:the presidents alive in the U.S.A are all male.〔3〕不定合成代词被修饰:Although I had dinner tonight, I still need something delicious tohave.〔4〕副词作定语:the students here are all come from Shenyang.〔5〕不定式作后置定语:the destination to go / the cookbook to use / the movie to cast/ the match to fire / the classical music to listen / the hammerto use / the task to finish〔6〕现在分词作定语:the man pronouncing the wrong pronunciation is a principal. 〔7〕过去分词作后置定语:the service given in the hotel is 5-star. / the signal signed bythe students are for cheating in the final exam.(P10-1) English is a language spoken all around the world.(P10) In only fifty years, English has developed into thelanguage most widely spoken and used in the world.〔8〕定语从句:〔P4〕The lesson (that) we can learn from Chuck and all others who haveunusual friends is that friends are teachers.二:定语从句的概念和公式特点(P3-1):关系代词在从句中作主语Chuck is a businessmanwho is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.先行词〔被修饰的名词或代词〕+ 关系词〔起连接作用的代词和副词〕+〔,〕定语从句〔在句中作成分〕三:定语从句的分类When I took the money from her grandfather, I looked back at the girl, who was giving me the prettiest, largest smile (that)I have ever seen.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别1:限定性没有逗号,非有逗号。
高考英语要考的定语从句考点统计汇总定语从句作为英语语法,在学习过程中属于中较难理解与掌握的部分,也正是由于其复杂程度较高、逻辑性较强、理解难度很大。
概念定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、分词、不定式以及介词短语等来担任,也可以由一个句子来充当,充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。
定语从句“三要素”1.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词①指人的先行词②指物的先行词★ 先行词还可以是前面整个句子所叙述的事情。
He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us. (which替代前面所叙述的事情) 先行词2.关系词:引导定语的词(1)关系词的作用①替代前面的先行词(替代作用)②连接主句和定语从句(连接作用)③在定语从句中作句子成分(成分作用)(2)关系词的分类①标准:根据关系词在从句中做的句子成分种类②关系代词:在从句中做主,宾,表,定(that/which/who/whom/whose/as)③关系副词:在从句中作状语(When/where/why)3.定语从句:用来做定语,修饰限定先行词的句子定语从句的分类1.限制性定语从句:对先行词起限定修饰作用。
He is a teacher who works at our school.2.非限制性定语从句:对先行词起补充说明作用(先行词与定语从句之间有逗号隔开)Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city with a long history.比较:He has two sons, who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)He has two sons who work in the same company. (Perhaps he has two more sons)定语从句的10个难点1.关系代词的省略(限定性定语从句)(1)关系代词在定语从句中作宾语She is the girl (whom / that) I loved before. (可以省略whom/that)(2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语He is no longer the boy (that) he used to be. (可以省略that)(3)关系代词作介词宾语,介词在从句句尾时可以省略Housing price is a problem (that/which) people are interested in.比较:Housing price is a problem in which people are interested.(此时只能用which且不能省略)2.先行词是人(that/who的区别)(1)用that的情况①以疑问词who开头的句子中Who is the man that is shouting there?②关系代词在从句中作表语时She is not the girl that she used to be.③先行词被the very, the right, the only修饰This is the very person that we are looking for.(2)用who的情况①先行词是one, ones, anybody, all, none, those 等Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.②句子中有两个定语从句,一个用了that,另外一个用who Who is the boy that won the gold medal?③在there be 结构中There are many young men who are against him.④在非限定性定语从句当中Tom, who is my best friend, has gone abroad to study.3.先行词是物(that / which的区别)(1)用which的情况①在非限定性定语从句中She lost the game, which depressed her greatly.②关系词置于介词之后,作宾语The pen with which you write is Jack’s.③先行词是that或定语从句中套定语从句,一个关系词用that,另一个用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which is newly open to us.(2)用that的情况①先行词是不定代词如all, little, few, much,anything, everything, nothing, none, no one等She did all that she could to help us.②先行词被all, every, no, some, little, much, the only, he very, the right,the last等所修饰时This is the very book that I want.③先行词中既有人又有物时She described in her compositions the people and he places that impressed her most.④先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时This is the best book that I have ever read.This is the first film that I’ve seen since I came here.⑤定语从句中套定语从句,其中一个关系词以用which, 另外一个用thatHe built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.⑥当主句的主语是疑问词which,另一个用thatWho is the person that is standing at the gate? 4.As引导定语从句用法(1)As 既可以引导限制性定语从句也可以用于非限定性定句中充当主语,宾语,表语等。
干货高中英语语法归纳总结大全,高考必备1.定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who(宾格whom),所有格whose)和关系副词where when why 等,关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词that,which,who,whom等在从句中分别作主语或宾语,whose 在从句中作定语,而关系副词when,where,why等在从句中作状语。
如:①I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together.②I will never forget the days which/that we spent together.解析:在句①中,表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是状语,所以用关系副词when来代指,引导定语从句修饰先行词the days;而在句②中,表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语,所以用关系代词that或which来代指。
同样,表示地点或原因的名词如果在从句中作状语,则用关系副词where 或why 来代指;如果在从句中作动词的宾语,则用which或that来代替。
如:①This is the factory where/in which I worked.(作状语)②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.(作宾语)注:当先行词为time,reason, place时,引导词可以省略。
①This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss.②That is the reason (why) I did it.③This is the place (where) we met yesterday.另外,定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。
高考英语语法知识点专题复习—定语从句定语从句---基础篇一、定语从句(一):1. 定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
2. 先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
3. 关系词:引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。
如that、which、who、whom、whose、as、where、when、why等。
4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。
二、定语从句(二):1. 先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which. 但下列情况下,只能用that 不用which。
1). 当先行词为指物的不定代词,如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等时,只能用that。
There is nothing ______ I can do for you.2). 当先行词被the only、the very、the last、all、no、little等词修饰时,只能用that。
This is the very book ______ I’m looking for.3). 先行词被序数词修饰时,只能用that。
This is the first textbook ______ I studied in the middle school.4). 先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时,只能用that。
This is the most beautiful mountain ______ I have ever seen.=I have _____ seen _____ a beautiful mountian.5). 先行词既有人也有物时,只能that。
He told us many interesting things and persons _______ we had.2. 先行词是物时,一般情况既可用that也可用which. 但下列情况下,只能用which不用that。
专题一定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语;宾语或表语which 指物在从句中作主语;宾语或表语作宾语时可以省略who 指人在从句中作主语;宾语或表语whom 指人在从句中作宾语whose 指人或物在从句中作定语as 指人或物在从句中作主语;宾语或表语but 指人或物在从句中作主语;宾语或表语注意:指物时;whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词2、as 的用法1常用于下列结构:such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as注意:the same…as 表示同一类;不同一个the same…that 表示同一个2as与which的区别a、位置不同as可放在主句后;主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后..b、as起连接作用;表达说话人的观点、看法;并指出主句内容的根据或出处;意为“正如;正像”..Which相当于并列句;可以用and this来代替;意为“这一点;这件事’”..注意:as常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all; as we all can see; as has been said before/above;as might be excepted; as is often the case; 一般不能用which代替as..c、在从句中作主语时;which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语;而as只可作系动词be的主语..二、只用that不用which的情况1、.先行词为 all ; much; everything; nothing ;something ;anything; nothing; none; the one等不定代词时2、先行词被only; any; few; little; no ; all; just ;very ;right等修饰时.3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时..4、当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时..5、当先行词是数词时.6、当先行词既指人又指物时..7、如有两个定语从句;其中一个关系代词已用which;另一个关系代词则宜用 that..8、主句是There be结构;修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词..9、被修饰成分为表语;或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时;该关系代词宜用that..10、先行词为what;关系代词用that..11、有时为了避免重复而使用that引导定语从句..三、只用which不用that的情况1、当介词放在关系代词之前时..2、在非限制性定语从句中..3、当关系代词指整个主句的概念时..四、只用who不用that的情况1、当先行词是one; ones;anyone或those时..2、there be 结构中..3、当先行词是人;后面有较长修饰语时..4、为了避免重复或引起歧义..5、当先行词是I;you;he;they等时常用于谚语中..6、先行词是指成员的集体名词..7、who可以引导非限制性定语从句..8、先行词是拟人化的名词..9、先行词指特定的人时用who;不指特定的人用that..五、关系副词引导的定语从句1、when时间状语注意:It/Ihis/That + be + the first/ second/ last time that…只能用that;that可以省略;从句用相应的完成时..2、where 地点状语注意:当先行词为模糊的地点时;如point. Situation; case; position; stage; scene; spot; activity; family; job等名词时用where.3、why 原因状语先行词为reason..六、介词与关系代词1、介词如何确定1依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定2依据先行词的习惯搭配来确定3根据意思来确定4为了强调某一名词;不定式前加上关系词2、关系代词作介词的宾语时;介词的位置1whom和which可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间;也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面..2含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开;介词仍放在动词的后面..3关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时;介词不能放在它的前面;只能放在从句中有关动词的后面..4关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语..3、“名词/数词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构常见的形式有:名词/one/two/some/none/all/both/several/many/most/a few/alittle/the+比较级/the+最高级…+of+which/whom..七、定语从句中的主谓一致1、关系代词作从句的主语时;从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致;先行词是句子时;从句的谓语动词用单数形式..2、“one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时;关系代词在从句中作主语;从句的动词通常用复数;但当one前有the;the only;the very 等修饰时;从句的谓语动词要用单数..八、注意way和time后接定语从句的情况1、当先行词是way;且意为“方式、方法”时;引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式:that/in which/不填..注意:关系词在从句中必须作状语..如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语;按正常的定语从句分析..2、当先行词是time时;若time作“次数”讲;应用that引导定语从句;that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲;应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句..专题二状语从句一、时间状语从句1、when的用法1when既可引导一个持续性动作;也可引导一个短暂性动作;可用于表示主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作;有时还可表示从句动作后于主句;意为“当......时候”..2when在be about to do......when......;bedoing......when......;had done......when......;be on one’s way......when......;be on the point of doing......when......等结构中;作“那时突然”讲..3when “既然、鉴于;尽管;虽然位于主句之后;如果”2、while的用法1表示“当......时候”;引导的动作必须是延续性的..2用作并列连词;表示相对关系“然而”..3引导让步状语从句;相当于although;意为“虽然”;位于主句前..4引导条件状语从句;相当于as/so long as;意为“只要”..3、as 的用法1表示“当......时候”;强调同时发生;不指先后..2说明两种正在发展或变化的情况;表示“随着”;表示时间的推移..3表示“一边......一边......”..4强调两个动作紧接着发生..5表示“虽然;尽管”..6其他含义“正如;正像”;“作为”;“由于;因为”..4、before的用法1一般意为“在......之前”“......才”;“......就”“还没有......”“免得”“不知不觉”“宁可;宁愿”;“否则;要不然”..2It + will be/was + 时间段+before+一般现在时/一般过去时..在肯定句中;意为“多长时间之后才”;在否定句中;意为“用不了多长时间就”..5、until和till1与肯定句连用;必须是延续性动词..2与否定句连用;必须是非延续性动词;表示“直到......才;在......之前不......”..注意:not until可用于强调句和倒装句强调句:It is/was not until…that…倒装句:not until 放句首时;主句要部分倒装..6、since的用法1since后是非延续性动词;时间起点从该动作发生算起;意为“做某事多久了”;since后是延续性动词;时间起点从该动作结束算起;意为“不做某事已有多长时间”..2It is/has been +时间段+since+一般过去时7、表示“一......就......”的句型1as soon as; once;immediately;directly;instantly;the moment;the minute等引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生;主句的动作随即发生;常译作“一......就......”;这类从句中;经常用一般现在时态代替将来时态..2on doing sth.或“on one’s+名词”作时间状语..8、有些名词和副词可以起连接词的作用;引导时间状语从句..注意:时间状语从句中不用将来时态..若要表示将来时间;可用一般现在时态表示..但when引导名词性从句时;从句中要使用将来时..二、地点状语从句1、地点状语从句由where;wherever引导..注意:where与where的区别:Where表特定的地点;而wherever表示非特定的地点..Wherever=to/at any place where2、地点状语从句与定语从句的区别Where引导定语从句时;从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词;而状语从句前则无先行词..三、原因状语从句引导词:because; since;as; now that; not that…; but that…; seeing that; considering that; in that注意:for也可以表示原因;属并列连词;但不是说明直接原因;而是对某种情况加以推断;用于表示补充说明理由..四、目的状语从句引导词:so; so that; in order that; that; to the end that以便;为了;in case;for fear that;lest以免;以防;目的状语从句中通常有情态动词can;could;may;might;should;would 等..注意:1、in case 还可表示“万一;假如”..2、目的状语从句可以用so as to; in order to 等不定式代替;但主句和从句的主语必须一致..五、结果状语从句引导词:so...that如此......以至于......;such...that如此......以至于......;so that结果是;with the result that所以;结果是注意:1so...that与such...that的区别So+形容词such+a/an+形容词+单数名词So+形容词+a/an+单数名词such+形容词+复数名词So+副词such+形容词+不可数名词So many/few+复数名词So much/little+不可数名词2so that引导的目的状语从句与so that 引导的结果状语从句目的状语从句一般使用情态动词;结果状语从句一般不使用情态动词;结果状语从句常常用逗号与主句分开..3so...that与so...as;such...that与such...asSo...that/such...that为结果状语从句;so...as/such...as为定语从句..六、条件状语从句引导词:if如果;unless除非;if only只要;但愿;only if只有;in case万一;suppose/supposingthat假设;provided/providingthat只要;假若;on condition that要是;在......条件下;so/as long as只要;let's/let ussay假设七、方式状语从句引导词:as像......一样;正如......;as if/as though好像;宛如注意:1、固定句型A is to B what C is to D.意为“A对B而言正如C 对D一样”..2、as if; as though引导的从句若与事实相反;用虚拟语气;若与事实相符;不用虚拟语气..八、让步状语从句引导词:though/although/as虽然;尽管;even if/though即使;尽管;whether/no matter whether...ornot不管......是否;不管是......还是wh-ever/no matter wh-无论......注意:1though;although;as的区别一、that 从句1that从句作主语时;常用it作形式主语;常见的句型有:It+be+形容词obvious; true; natural;surprising;good;wonderful;funny;possible;likely;certain;probabl e;etc.+that从句It+be+名词词组no wonder; an honor; a good thing; a pity; no surprise; etc.+that从句It+be+过去分词said; reported; thought; expected; decided; announced; arranged; etc.+that从句2that可以省略;但that从句位于句首时;that不能省略..2、宾语从句1常见的可以接that从句作宾语的动词有see; say; know; imagine; discover; believe; tell; show; think; consider; be sure; be afraid等..在可以接复合宾语的动词之后;如think; make; consider等;可以用it作形式宾语..2That从句一般不能充当介词宾语;偶尔可作except; in 的宾语..3、表语从句that不可省略4、同位语从句连词that引导同位语从句时;应在某些抽象名词之后;如:fact; hope; desire; thought; suggestion; idea; news; problem; possibility等;对前面的名词起补充说明的作用;that在从句中不担当任何成分;不能省略..二、whether/if从句1、在表语从句和同位语从句中只能用whether不能用if;当主语从句放于句首时;只能用whether不用if;当it作形式主语;主语从句放在句末时用whether或if均可;discuss后引导宾语从句时;必须用whether.. 2、在宾语从句中:1及物动词后:whether从句中不能有否定式;宾语从句为否定句时用if;if不能与or not连用;但可以用whether or not;whether后可以加不定式..2介词后:只能用whether;不用if..三、特殊疑问词引导的从句1、主语从句:特殊疑问词引导主语从句时;常用it作形式主语..一、一般现在时1、表示经常发生的习惯性的、现在反复出现的动作或状态;常用的时间状语有:always;usually;seldom; sometimes; every day; now and then; once a week等..2、表示眼下或目前等现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态;这种状态带有一定的持续性..3、表示客观事实或普遍真理..4、书报的标题;故事的叙述;小说、戏剧、电影等情节介绍;图片的说明等..5、时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作;只限于go; arrive; leave; start; stay; return; begin; come等动词..6、在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中;表示将来的动作..注意:一般现在时可以用于定语从句或宾语从句中表示将来..7、用在某些表达中;表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态..Here comes the busHow it rains二、一般过去时1、表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态;与现在没有关系..常用的时间状语有:yesterday; last night; at that time等..2、表示在过去某一段时间里反复出现的动作或状态;与现在没有关系..3、用used to do或would do表示过去经常或反复发生的动作..4、有些情况发生的时间没清楚表明;但实际上是“刚才;刚刚”发生的;属于过去时间;应使用过去时态..常见的有I didn’t know…或I forgot…等..5、一般过去时可与today; this week; this month等时间状语连用..三、一般将来时1、will/shall do1表示将来会出现的动作或状态..常用的时间状语:this evening; tomorrow; next week/month…;at the end of this term; in a few minutes等..2表示将来经常发生的动作..3表示事物的固有属性或必然趋势、倾向..4表示说话过程中做出某种决定..注意:条件状语从句中的will表示“决心;意愿”;此时will是情态动词表示意愿..2、be going to do1表示已经决定或安排要做的事..2表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来将要发生的事..3、be to do1表示约定、计划或按职责、义务要求即将发生的动作..2表示说话人的意志、意图、职责、义务、命令..3表示注定要发生的事情..4、be about to do1表示即将发生的动作;意为“正要;即将”..2不可与表示具体的将来时间的副词或副词性短语连用;但可以同由as或when引导的时间状语从句连用..5、某些动词的现在进行时表示即将发生的动作..四、过去将来时1、would/should do表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态..通常用于其主句的谓语为过去时态的宾语从句中..2、were/was to do 表示过去将来时间的安排;如果这个安排后来被取消;没有实现;则用was/were to have done表示..五、现在进行时1、表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态..1、表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果..常用的状语有already; yet; just等..2、表示过去已经开始;持续到现在;而且还可能继续下去的动作状态..往往和表示一段时间的状语连用;如today; this week; lately; recently; in the past few days; since; for a long time等..注意:1非延续性动词在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用..2此类动词在否定句中则可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用..这类动词有:begin; leave; go; borrow; come; return; born; die; buy; arrive..3、在时间或条件状语从句中;现在完成时代替将来完成时;表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作..4、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时:表示某一已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果;强调的是现在的情况;不能喝表示过去的时间状语连用..一般过去时:只单纯表示过去的动作或状态;和现在不发生联系..它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用..九、现在完成进行时1、表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作;可能刚刚停止;也可能还在继续进行..2、重复的动作表示感情色彩..表示一直到说话时为止的一段时间内一再重复的动作..3、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别1表示动作已完成;着重结果;现在完成进行时表示动作的进行;强调动作的持续性..2状态动词、知觉动词或情态动词如:see; feel; know; love等;不用于现在完成进行时;但可用于现在完成时..十、过去完成时1、表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成了的动作;即“过去的过去”..----|-----------|----------|-------->过去完成过去现在注意:在含有时间状语从句的复合句中;若两个动作紧接着发生;则不需用过去完成时;尤其是在含有before和after的复合句中;常用一般过去时代替过去完成时..2、表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等..常用had hoped/ planned/ meant/ intended/ thought/ wanted/ expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式表示即:hoped/ planned…+to do..3、过去完成时用于hardly…when; no sooner…than等固定句型中..十一、不能用被动语态的情况1、there be 结构及所有的不及物动词或词组充当谓语时;无被动语态..2、系动词无被动语态..3、一些表示状态的及物动词;如cost; have; own; possess等不能用被动语态..4、表示“希望、意图”的动词;如wish; want; hope; like; love;hate 等不能变被动语态..5、当及物动词leave; enter; reach等的宾语是表示地点和处所包括组织、团体、军队、国家等的名词时;不可变为被动语态..十二、主动形式表被动意义1、某些动词形式上主动;但含有被动意思;往往表示主语本身的性质;而且主语应该是事物..2、在“have+宾语+to do”结构中;当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时;不定式用主动语态;否则用被动语态..3、在“be+形容词+to do”中;不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语;用主动表被动..4、在某些词组中;用动词的主动形式表被动..1be worth doing2want; require; need后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义..3with复合结构十三、被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况be seated坐着; be hidden躲藏;be lost迷路;be drunk喝醉;be dressed穿着专题五情态动词一、can和could1、can的用法1表示体力和脑力方面的能力..2表示对现在的动作或状态进行主观的猜测;主要用在否定句和疑问句中.. 3表示可能性;理论上的可能性;意为“有时候可能会”;可用于肯定句..4表示允许;意思与may接近..5表示说话人的推测、怀疑、惊异、猜测或不肯定等;主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中..6can的特殊句型cannot…too / enough表示“无论怎么......也不过分”..“越......越好”..cannot but+ do sth.表示“不得不;只好”..2、could的用法1表示能力;指的是过去时间..2表示允许;指的是过去时间..3表示可能;可以指过去时间;也可以指现在时间;表示语气缓和..4委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法;指的是现在时间..主要用于疑问句;回答时用can..3、can与could的区别can表推测时只用于否定句和疑问句could无此限制..couldn’t的可能性比can’t小..4、can与be able to的区别1现在时:无区别;但后者不常用..2完成时;can没有完成时;此时要用havehas;hadbeen able to..3将来时:can没有将来时;要用will be able to..4过去时:could表示一般能力;was/were able to 表示在具体场合通过努力成功做成某事的能力..二、may 和might1、may的用法1表示询问或说明一件事可不可以做..2表示一件事或许会发生或某种情况可能会存在;通常用在肯定句和否定句中..注意:表示可能性时;can’t语气强;表示“不可能”;may not语气弱;表示“可能不”..2、might的用法1表示询问或允许;指的是过去时间..2表示可能发生的事;可以指过去时间;也可以指现在时间;语气更加不肯定;可能性比may小一些..3、may与might的特殊用法1“may+主语+动词原形”表示祝愿..2“may/ might well+动词原形”表示完全能;很可能..3“may/ might as well+动词原形”表示最好;满可以;倒不如..4may be 是“情态动词+系动词be”结构;表示“可能有;可能在”;否定式为may not be..maybe是一个词;为副词;意为“大概;或许;可能”;在句中作状语..三、must的用法1、表示“必须”;多强调说话人的主观看法..2、must和have to 的区别:1must表示说话人的义务或说话人主观认为“必须;应当”做某事;have to表示由于某种外界原因而“必须;不得不”做某事..即must侧重说明主观看法;have to强调客观需要..2must只有一种形式;可用于现在、过去或将来时;但have to有不同的形式;可用于不同的时态..3在否定句中;don’t need to; don’t have to; needn’t表示没有义务;mustn’t表示禁止..3、must的否定形式must not/ mustn’t 意为“不许;禁止”;表示绝对禁止..若表示“没必要;不必”;应使用ne edn’t或don’t have to..注意:对must作否定回答时;不用mustn’t;用needn’t或don’t have to..4、must 表示“偏偏”;指令人不快的事情..5、must用来表示推测;意为i“准是;肯定是”;一般用于肯定句;肯定程度比may;might大的多..四、need的用法1、need用作情态动词;后面接动词原形;通常用在否定句和疑问句中..2、回答need时;肯定回答用must;否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to..3、need用作实义动词时;有时态、人称和数的变化;后面加to do..4、need to do和need doingneed to do中不定式的逻辑主语就是主句的主语;need doing是主动形式表示被动含义;即need前的主语就是need后面的动词所表示的动作的承受者..注意:want和require作“需要”讲时;和need的用法相同..5、needn’t have done与didn’t need to doneedn’t have done表示过去本不必做但实际上却做了某事didn’t need to do表示过去不必做而实际上也没做某事五、dare的用法1、dare用作情态动词;后面接动词原形;通常用在否定句和疑问句和条件句中;它没有人称和数的变化;但有过去式dared..2、dare用作实义动词时;有时态、人称和数的变化;后面加to do..注意:1I dare say意为“我认为;我相信;很可能”..2dare用作实义动词时;表示“敢冒危险;不俱”..3dare可用于激将或挑战..例:He dared me to jump down.六、will和would1、will的用法1可以表示主观意志、意愿;可用于各种人称..2可以表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性等;意为“经常;惯于;总是”..3表示命令说话这确信命令一定会得到执行或允诺..4will可用于祈使句的附加疑问句..5用于疑问句;表“邀请;请求”;常与第二人称you连用..2、would的用法1作为will的过去时态;用于过去时中;表示主观愿望或意志;意为“愿意;执意”..2用与第二人称;表示谦恭的请求或征求意见;比will更为客气..3表示过去的习惯;后接动词原形;意为“总是;总会”..4would表意愿用于词组中..Would like “喜欢;想要”=would loveWould rather “宁愿”..七、shall和should1、shall的用法1shall用于第一、三人称陈述句中;表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示..2shall用于第二、第三人称陈述句中;表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁..3用于所有人称;表示规章、法令、预言等;可译为“必须”..2、should的用法1表示义务、责任或劝告、建议、命令等;意为“应该”..2表示有一定根据的推测、推论或可能性;意为“可能;该”肯定的语气没有must表推测时强..3多用于疑问句中;表示惊讶、难以相信或不应该的事..4ought to和should的比较A、ought to也可以表示推论、可能性;和should用法一样..B、在省略回答中;ought to中的to可以省略..C、should和ought to表示做正确的事情或理应做的事情..be supposed to 意为“被期望;应该”;表示被期望发生或根据安排、要求做某事;或认为做某事是正常的..八、had better 意为“最好”;’d better 为其缩写形式;其后续跟动词原形..注意:had better 的否定形式had better not..九、used to “过去常常”;仅用于过去时态中;通常用于所有人称..1、used to +动词原形;表示过去有规律的习惯或过去某一时期的的状况;但现在已不存在..2、其反意疑问句简略回答中;也有两种形式:didn’t ;usedn’t3、used to 和would的区别1used to 可表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态;而would仅表示过去习惯性或重复性的动作..2used to 强调过去的行为同现在的对比;含有“过去如此;现在已不再这样了”之意..Would仅表示过去习惯性动作;没有预先在对比的含义..3used to不能跟表确定时间短的时间状语连用..4used to 可用于无人称句和存在句;而would则不可..4、used to与be used to do和be used to doing1used to表示“过去常常”隐含现在不这样了;其中to是不定式符号;后跟动词原形;仅用于过去时态..2be/get/become used to 表示“习惯于”时;意为“变得习惯于“或“开始习惯于”..3be used to do表示“被用来”..十、情态动词后的某些动词形式1、情态动词+have done1“must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测;译成“一定做过某事”;该结构只用于肯定句..2“can't+have+done”表示对过去事情的否定推测;译成“不可能做过某事”..3“can+have+done”表示对过去行为的怀疑;用于疑问句;译成“可能做过……吗”4“could+have+done”是虚拟语气;表示对过去事情的假设;意思是本来能够做某事而没有做..5“may+have+done”表示对发生过的事情的推测;意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”;用于肯定句中..6“might+have+done”表示对过去事情的推测;might与may意思相同;多用于虚拟语气结构中;还可以表示“本来可能……”..7“would+have+done”虚拟语气;表示对过去事情的假设;意思是“本来会做”..8“should+have+done”意思是“本来应该做某事;而实际没做..” “shouldn't + have+done”表示本来不应该做某事;而实际做了..含有指责对方或自责的含意..9“ought to+have+done”表示过去应该做而实际并没有做;译成“理应做……”;往往表示遗憾..与“should+have+done”用法基本一样..10“need+have+done”表示本来需要做某事而没有做..“needn't+have+done”则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”..2、情态动词+be doing:表示对现在正在做的事情的推测..十一、含有某些情态动词的反意疑问句1、must当must表示命令时;反意疑问句用needn’t..当must表示推测时;反意疑问句与实际情况保持一致;即与把must删掉后的陈述句的反意疑问句保持一致..2、can’t当can’t表示没能力做某事时;反意疑问句用can sb.当can’t用于表推测时;反意疑问句由实际情况决定;即由去掉can’t 后的真实陈述句决定..。
高考英语定语从句100句1. The man who talked to you just now is an engineer. 刚才和你说话的那个人是一位工程师。
2. This kind of book is for children whose native language is Chinese. 这种书是供母语是汉语的儿童看的。
3. I enjoyed the evening that we spent together by the sea. 我们一起在海边度过的那个晚上,我过得很愉快。
4. Here is the pen that you lost the day before yesterday. 这是你前天丢失的那支笔。
5. He is the person I met in the park yesterday. 他就是我昨天在公园里遇到的那个人。
6. The book you need is sold out. 你需要的那本书售完了。
7. The lady who came to our class is from Australia. 那位来过我们班的女士来自澳大利亚。
8. The man who shook hands with our teacher just now is Li Lei’s father. 刚才和我们老师握手的那个人是李雷的父亲。
9. I’ll never forget the summer holiday I spent with you. 我将不会忘记和你一起过的那个暑假。
10. She is one of the students in our class who are good at English. 她是我们班上英语很好的学生之一。
11. He’s the only one of my friends who comes from a foreign country. 他是我唯一一个来自外国的朋友。
高考英语语法考点归纳总结:高考英语语法:定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句一.关系代词的用法: 关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中作主语在定语从句中作动词的宾语或者介词的宾语, 介词在后指人that / whothat / who / whom指物that / whichthat / which上表中黑框内的关系代词可以省略; 在口语及非正式文体中whom常被who所替代; 另外, 关系代词whose表示 (先行词)的二.示例:1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语a. Do you know the man that / who came to see Xiao Yang this morning ?b. This is a book that / which tells about space rocket.2.关系代词在定语从句中作动词的宾语a. The comrade ( that / who / whom ) they came to visit is a scientist.b. I will never forget the day ( that / which ) we spent in the countryside.3.关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语, 介词在后a. This is the house ( that / which ) he was born in.b. The person ( that / who / whom ) you should write to is Mr Ball.c. The man ( that / who / whom ) you talked with is our English teacher.4.whose引导的定语从句a. I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel Prize winner.b. The child whose mother died in the fire is now an engineer in our company.c. He is living in a house whose windows are painted white.三.应注意的问题:1.指物时, 关系代词只用that而不用which的情况:①.先行词被最高级或the only, the very, the same等修饰时a. This is the best play that was written by Jack.b. He is the only person that I can trust.②.先行词被序数词或the last等词修饰时a. This is the first car that arrived this morning.③.先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything等不定代词时或被不定代词all, any, no等修饰时a. All the people that come from the country work much harder.b. This is all that I can tell you.④.人+动物或事物共同作为先行词时a. My father and Mr Brown talked of things and persons that they remembered for about an hour.⑤.句中又有which作为疑问词出现时a. Which is the train that goes to Beijing ?2.关系代词who, which, that在定语从句中作主语时, 要注意定语从句中的主谓一致问题. 因为who / that / which指代先行词, 所以定语从句的谓语与先行词保持一致即可a. I came to get the book that was left in the classroom.b. I came to get the books that were left in the classroom.关系副词引导的定语从句一.关系副词的用法: when在定语从句中作地点状语; where在定语从句中作地点状语; why 在定语从句中作原因状语二.示例:a. He was well at the time when I saw him.b. Let’s meet at the place where we met yesterday.c. This is the reason why I am in favor of the singer.三.应注意的问题:1.在某些表示时间的名词后的关系副词可省略, 这样的名词如: the time, every time, each time, the moment, the minute, the second等 (也有语法家认为是这些名词直接引导了时间状语从句)a. By the time ( when ) he was fourteen years old he had learned much English.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句一.说明: 关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时, 介词可以位于关系代词之前, 从而构成介词+关系代词引导的定语从句二.这种定语从句中关系代词的用法: 在这种定语从句中, 关系代词只能用whom(指人)和which(指事物), 而不能使用that / who三.示例:a. This is the house in which he was born.b. The person to whom you should write is Mr Ball.c. The man with whom you talked is our English teacher.d. The gentleman, with whose daughter I worked, looked down upon woman.四.应注意的问题:1.关系代词前的介词可以是单个介词, 也可以是短语介词或类似短语介词的词组a. This is the house in which he was born.b. At five o’cloc k we reache d the house, in front of which there is a big tree.c. At five o’clock we reached the mountain, at the foot of which lie some farmhouses.2.根据表达的需要, 介词之前还可以有其他词, 从而构成名词或代词+介词+关系代词引导的定语从句a. I used to live in a small room, the window of which faces the street.b. At the gate stood a group of students, some of whom are girls.3.介词若为短语动词中的介词, 则不可将介词拆开放在关系代词之前a. This is the magazine whic h you are looking for.( for不能放在which之前)b. The child whom Aunt Li takes care of is ill.( of不能放在whom之前)4.关系副词when / where / why常可与介词+关系代词互换a. Do you remember the days when we were in Beijing? ( =in which we were in Beijing )b. Do you remember the park where we once played for a whole day?( =in which we once played for a whole day )c. This is the reason why he was absent yesterday. (= for which he was absent )限定性与非限定性定语从句一.两者的区别: 见下表形式作用译法限定性定语从句无逗号与主句分开修饰限定作用, 即不可缺少的定语其译文常位于先行词之前, 并体现的非限定性定语从句有逗号与主句分开附加、补充说明的作用, 若缺少它, 句意仍然完整常将其译成一个和主句并列的分句二.关系词的用法: 非限定性定语从句不能用that引导, 并且关系词在任何情况下都不能省略, 除此之外, 在关系词的使用上, 非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句完全相同三.示例:a. My book, which is very old, is on the table.b. President Kennedy, who had heard of King before, was interested to meet him.c. His father, who is working in Beijing, is an engineer.d. The house, where he was born, has been destroyed in the earthquake.e. Mr. Smith, with whom you just talked, is our English teacher.f. The gentleman, with whose daughter I worked, looked down upon woman.四.应注意的问题:1.as / which都可以引导一个非限定性定语从句, as / which是关系代词, 指代主句中所提到的某种情况, 它们的不同点是:①.as引导的这种定语从句位置比较灵活, 可位于句首, 句中, 句尾; 但which引导的这种定语从句只能位于主句之后②. as还带有正如, 正象之意, 而which不含此意a. The earth is like a ball, as everyone knows.b. As everyone knows, the earth is like a ball.c. They said they were French, which wasn’t true.常见问题一.定语从句还原法: 试题中有很多有关定语从句的, 这类题往往需选择引导词部分. 做好这类题的关键首先是要有这样的观念: 定语从句应有完整而合理的句子成分. 基于这一点, 我们可以用还原法来检验定语从句是否正确, 即把定语从句还原成为一个简单句. 具体做①.第一步: 替换. 将关系代词直接替换成先行词, 如果是关系副词, 先替换成介词+关系代词, 再将关系代词替换成先行词②.第二步: 调整, 即调整语序, 看能否构成一个合理的简单句例如, 还原以下例句a中的定语从句的过程是: 先将that / which替换成先行词the park, 再调整语序, 就能得到一个合理的简单句: We visited the park last year. 再如, 还原以下例句b中的定语从句的过程是: 先将where替换成in which, 再将which替换成先行词the park, 再调整语序, 就得到一个合理的简单句: We once played for a whole day in the park.a. Do you remember the park that / which we visited last year?b. Do you remember the park where we once played for a whole day?c. Do you still remember the days that / which we spent together ?d. Do you still remember the days when we were together?二.分隔定语从句: 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后, 但有时也被分隔开来, 在阅读时要注意根据定语从句所表达的意思来分辨先行词是什么a. I was the only person in the office who was invited.b. He was the only o ne of the students who passed the GRE.①.as引导的这种定语从句位置比较灵活, 可位于句首, 句中, 句尾; 但which引导的这种定语从句只能位于主句之后②. as还带有正如, 正象之意, 而which不含此意a. The earth is like a ball, as everyone knows.b. As everyone knows, the earth is like a ball.c. They said they were French, which wasn’t true.常见问题一.定语从句还原法: 试题中有很多有关定语从句的, 这类题往往需选择引导词部分. 做好这类题的关键首先是要有这样的观念: 定语从句应有完整而合理的句子成分. 基于这一点, 我们可以用还原法来检验定语从句是否正确, 即把定语从句还原成为一个简单句. 具体做①.第一步: 替换. 将关系代词直接替换成先行词, 如果是关系副词, 先替换成介词+关系代词, 再将关系代词替换成先行词②.第二步: 调整, 即调整语序, 看能否构成一个合理的简单句例如, 还原以下例句a中的定语从句的过程是: 先将that / which替换成先行词the park, 再调整语序, 就能得到一个合理的简单句: We visited the park last year. 再如, 还原以下例句b中的定语从句的过程是: 先将where替换成in which, 再将which替换成先行词the park, 再调整语序, 就得到一个合理的简单句: We once played for a whole day in the park.a. Do you remember the park that / which we visited last year?b. Do you remember the park where we once played for a whole day?c. Do you still remember the days that / which we spent together ?d. Do you still remember the days when we were together?二.分隔定语从句: 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后, 但有时也被分隔开来, 在阅读时要注意根据定语从句所表达的意思来分辨先行词是什么a. I was the only person in the office who was invited.b. He was the only one of the students who passed the GRE。