英语中的明喻暗喻30页PPT

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Money is the lens in a camera. 金钱就象照相机的镜头，能检验一个人
的不同品质。
A house divided against itself can’t stand.
团结就是力量 一根筷子易断，一把筷子难折 内部分裂的结局就是灭亡。 家庭纷争必然导致四分五裂。
他一定是从小就宠坏了。
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The kettle is boiling. 水开了。
The pen is stronger than the sword. 笔利于剑。/文优于武。 The grey hair should be respected. 老年人应当受到尊重。
2. She spoke hurriedly, as if her heart had leaped into her throat at the boy’s words. 她说的很快，好象那个男孩的话让他的心都 跳到嗓子眼上了。
3. With the quickness of a long cat, she climbed up into the nest of cool-bladed foliage. 她象猫一样“嗖嗖嗖”几步就爬到了用密密麻 麻树叶编织的鸟巢里。
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类比（analogy）
类比是就两种本质上不同的事物之间的 共同点加以比较。从结构上看，它常常 既有带比喻的明喻，又有直接把本体说 成喻体的隐喻；它是通过比喻手法的综 合运用来说明道理或情况。Alexander Pope曾用类比来说明人们的想法，看法 何以千差万别。
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常见的比喻词有：like, as, as if, as though, as…as, as…so, similar to, to bear a resemblance to, etc.

had just emerged from an illness of some crisis.
though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez.
• 2、what型 常见的句式有两种：A is to B what C is to D和 What C is to D, A is to B。例如： • Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars. • 卡洛斯· 雷德与可卡因的贩运的关系，正如亨利· 福特与汽车的关 系。 • 卡洛斯· 雷德是著名的哥伦比亚毒枭（Colombian drug lord）， 亨利· 福特是美国汽车大王，本句通过喻体（福特）说明本体（ 雷德）。此明喻起说明的作用。 • Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers. • (Bovee) • 明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用。 • The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter. • 作家的笔犹如战士的枪。 • Intellect is to the mind what sight is to the body. • 智力对思想犹如视力对于身体一样重要。
• (Isacca Bashevis Singer: The Briefcase) • 她看上去既老又年轻，好像是新病初愈或是刚 遭了一场灾难的样子。 • He was a beautiful horse that looked as
(Ernest Hemingway: For Whom the Bell Tolls) • 那匹马很漂亮，像是维拉斯凯兹油画上的马变 活了。

little vessels then and there arranged in order, r
eady to gave imperial gallons of faell full to the brim.
那位讲话的人, 校长和在场的第三位成年人都
metaphor
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Definition
Metaphor（汉译名为“隐喻”或“暗喻”），是 一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把甲事物 （喻体）当作乙事物（本体）来描述，其 比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动、更 深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力
.
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Definition
Webster’s New World Dictionary的解释是： “a figure of speech containing an implied c
谁也没有料想到, 尤其是我, 更没有想到我的案子会越搞 越大, 以至成了美国历史上最闻名的审判之一。 would snowball (滚雪球) 是把“案件”比喻为“雪球”
The street around the threestorey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands s elling hot dogs.
omparison, in which a word or phrase o
rdinarily and primarily used of one thing is a pplied to another”这个解释的意思是说，隐 喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，他通常的 基本用法是，表述某一事物的词或短语被 用来表述另外的一种事物。由于比喻是隐 含的，决定了它的本体与喻体的关系必然 十分紧密。

It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one’s pocket.
言语上的反语往往需要配合上下文来理解，它不尽然表达 批评或讽刺，有些时候也能表达赞扬和幽默。
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My love is like a red, red rose2
Metaphor 暗喻
对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比；所不 同的是在形式上，暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通过Be 动词来联系。省掉比喻词。
明喻：Life is like an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises .
提喻的本体与喻体之间的关系是局部—全体，具体—抽象 之间的关系，而换喻的本体与喻体之间的关系更为复杂。
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类比 analogy
将两类本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较，
在形式上很像比喻，也用比喻词。常用来阐释复杂的概念。
类比最常见的句型为 A is to B as C is to D
The friendly gardner had a lot of thyme(time) for the woman.
那位和善的园丁留了许多百里香（与“时间”谐音）给那 个女人。
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矛盾修辞法 oxymoron
用两种不调和、甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事 物，在矛盾中寻求哲理，以达到修辞效果。它是反 论的一种浓缩形式。
Can enemies become mortal friends ? 敌人能 成为不共戴天的朋友吗？

• 我是在书本中生，在书本中长的， 一见到 书就有一种自由自在的感觉，就像一个小 马倌在马群中一样。
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• 5.1.2 Patterns of Simile
• 1、用介词引导
• 2、用从属连词引导
• 3、用what引导
• 4、用形容词比较级引导
• 5、用并列连词“and”引导
• 6、用the way或 that 引导
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• You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.
• 你把钱借给他好比/还不如把钱扔进海里。
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• 5.1.3 Three main uses of simile • 1、Descriptive（描述） • 2、Illuminative （阐释，启发） • 3、Illustrative（解释，说明）
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• Definition
• It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱistic in common. to make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
colorful than the first one.
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• The purpose of learning figures of speech

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Shall I compare you to a summer’s day?
我能把你比作夏日吗？ (William Shakespeare)
My heart is like a singing bird 我心就象正在唱歌小鸟。
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任何明喻必须具备以下条件：
（1）本体和喻体分属不一样性质事物并同时出 现在句中；
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EXAMPLES OF METAPHOR
"noun" pattern名词型: A is B Time is money. 时间就是金钱。 Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance. 没有德行漂亮好比没有芬芳玫瑰。 Some people think that marriage is a lottery. 有些人认为婚姻是缘分。 He is the eyes and ears of the manager. 他是经理耳目。 Look at that guy all meat and no potatoes. 瞧那个家伙，满身都是肉。 I was, inwardly, all white flag. 我内心里却妥协了。 Greece was the cradle of Western culture. 希腊是西方文化发源地/摇篮。 The old man's face is a map of time. 那老人脸就是岁月写照。
战士就像国家钢铁长城 一样，守卫祖国边疆
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在英语中，也有很多习语也属于明喻 As busy as a bee （极为忙碌） As cross as a bear(怒气冲冲) Like the bolt from the blue(晴天霹雳) To follow like sheep(盲从) To spring up like mushrooms(雨后春笋)

The sea was singing; The forests were dancing. 海在欢唱，林在舞动。 The racing car strained impatiently at the starting line. 那辆赛车站在跑道上急迫地紧张起 来 Prices are low in sympathy with the general depression. 物价是随着市面的普通萧条而低落 的
He tailed her into the cave. 他尾随着她走进洞穴。
2. 明 喻
SIMILE
He has a heart of stone. 他有一副铁石心肠。 He has the heart of a 1ion, but he does everything in a down-to-earth way. 他有狮子般的勇气，但办事十分认真。 He is sometimes bad-tempered but really he’s got a heart of gold. 有时候他似乎脾气不好，但他的心眼可好 了。
他这人就像一只骄傲的公鸡，以为太阳升 起是为了它的啼叫。3.拟Biblioteka 人 personification
Thirsty soil drank in the rain. 饥渴的土壤在雨中畅饮。 Did you see the anger of the tempest? 你看 到暴风雨的愤怒吗? The flowers nodded in the breeze. 花儿在微风中点头。 Tat sea, at the mercy of wind and weather. 他们在海上迷失了方向，任凭风和天气 的摆布。
He smokes like a chimney. 他抽烟很厉害。 Life is like a yo-yo. 生活是一个悠悠球,充满一连串的起伏不定。 He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him to crow. ( George Eliot )

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Metonymy (转喻/借代）
e.g. The pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces/war). Beware of bottle. (谨防喝醉酒) The red eyes walked into the classroom. He has a good ear for music. 他善于欣 赏音乐。 He has a sharp tongue.他言语尖刻。
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Hyperbole: (夸张）
e.g. He almost died laughing. Hamlet: I love Ophelia: forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love, make up my sum. His eloquence would split rocks. My legs weigh three tons.
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Simile：(明喻）
It is an expressed likeness, which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
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Synecdoche (提喻）

大学英语写作讲座 ：修辞
1. Figures of Speech Semantically ( 语义修辞) 1. 1 明喻 (simile)： 用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语
指出两个不同事物的相似之处
➢ That boy is as dumb as an oyster
2021
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1.9 夸张（hyperbole）
运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观 事物，以达到强调的效果。
➢ My blood froze.
➢When I told our father about this, his heart burst.
➢My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my daughter’s voice on the phone.
➢ Intelligence is like a river. The deeper it is the less noise it makes.
➢ He jumped as if he had been stung.
2021
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1. 2暗喻 (metaphor)：
用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外 一个事物 .
➢ Good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.
2021
2021
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1.10 矛盾修饰 (oxymoron)

Personification 拟人
• • • 拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物. 例如: 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化） • 2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人 化）
Metonymy 借喻,转喻
• • • • • • • • • 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个 与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集
通ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ（synesthesia）
• 通感（synesthesia）是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到 另一个感官的心理感受。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少 数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。 书是“尝”不出味道的，也是不能“吃”下去将其“消化” 掉的。这里把读书中的精读和泛读，阅读欣赏与吸收知识 的感受，用味觉功能和消化功能来表示，心理感受是如此 逼真和奇特。
• Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山， 我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。） •