语域理论新探_汪少华

委婉语中概念隐喻和概念转喻机制的认知分析--以经济报道中的委婉语为例孙雪羽;汪少华【期刊名称】《江苏广播电视大学学报》【年(卷),期】2015(000)003【摘要】认知语言学的概念隐喻理论和概念转喻理论可用于解析委婉语的认知机制。

结合该二者理论分析有关经济报道中表述经济危机的委婉语，从源域到目标域的概念化映射总结出三种委婉表达经济危机的概念隐喻类别；剖析有关经济危机的两个例句中事物之间的替代关系论证概念转喻也是构成委婉语认知机制的基础；探讨经济危机与空间概念“向下”之间的关联说明了委婉语的认知机制还可以通过概念隐喻与概念转喻的交织得以实现。

%Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Metonymy Theory of cognitive linguistics can be used to analyze the cog-nitive mechanism in euphemism.Through the theoretical analysis of the two theories on the euphemistic expressions in economic reports, and the conceptual mappings from source domain to target domain, three types of conceptual metaphors of euphemisms a-bout economic crisis are summarized.The analysis of the substitution relation between subjects in two examples about economic crisis verified that conceptual metonymy is also the foundation of cognitive mechanism of euphemism.The exploration of the corre-lation between the economic crisis and the spatial concept of"down"shows that the cognitivemechanism of euphemism can also be realized through the interaction of conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy.【总页数】6页(P59-64)【作者】孙雪羽;汪少华【作者单位】江苏开放大学国际教育学院;南京师范大学外国语学院【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315.9【相关文献】1.委婉语中概念隐喻和概念转喻机制的认知分析——以经济报道中的委婉语为例[J], 孙雪羽;汪少华;2.委婉语中的隐喻机制认知研究 [J], 马红芳3.委婉语的概念隐喻机制分析——以与金融危机有关的委婉语为例 [J], 孙雪羽4.关于"生"的汉英委婉语文化透视——以《红楼梦》汉英版本中的委婉语为例 [J], 孙桂平;陈天5.委婉语在线理解中的概念整合——以篇章委婉语为例 [J], 谌莉文因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

谚语在外语教学中的应用研究◆邓仁毅李敏（西北农林科技大学）【摘要】通过对国内外有关谚语的语言、语用、以及翻译和外语教学之间的研究进行梳理，发现谚语在外语教学中尚未被挖掘的语言文化等多方面潜力，提出应当在外语教学的大纲设计，教材编写和课堂教学中重视谚语的作用。

【关键词】谚语外语教学文化谚语，是人们交流人生经验以及更为广阔的世界中的知识和智慧的有效工具。

作为特殊的语言形式在语言教学，特别是外语教学中，谚语除了能激发学习者的学习兴趣之外，还能在加强学习者语言能力的同时，拓展学习者的视野，增进学习者对目的语国家或民族文化的了解，提高跨文化交际的水平等。

一、国外关于谚语在外语教学中应用的研究就谚语这一特殊的语言形式，早在上世纪５０年代末就有两位语言学家富尔里奇和雷蒙德就对其与语言教学的关系进行了研究，并持有不同的观点。

美国学者富尔里奇认为，语言的存在是与运用这种语言的国家和时期相关的，每一种语言的演变都与其所在国家或民族的变化紧密相关。

故此，外语教师应当努力的了解国外文明，包括其历史，哲学，经济生活，音乐，艺术，地理，教育等方面的知识。

此外，他还认为，学习谚语的价值不如牢记该国山川河流的名字具有文化价值；谚语本身有自相矛盾的地方，并不值得下功夫研究。

事实上，国与国之间的谚语具有相似性也是它不值得被学习的原因；并且，在谚语中的一些老式、陈腐的词和结构可能会给初学者带来困扰。

这样的观点并不为笔者所认可。

针对富尔里奇的观点，雷蒙德提出了反对意见。

他认为，谚语在语言学习中是非常值得推崇的学习材料。

首先，学习谚语与记忆地理名词的目的还是大有区别的。

由于谚语反应了一个集体或社会的观点态度，无论是从心理还是哲学的角度，学习谚语都是具有不可比拟的兴趣性。

其次，谚语的资源是很广泛的，并不只包括陈词滥调，其韵律性、节奏性、形象性、包含的智慧、反应的思维模式以及丰富的内涵意义都可以从很大程度上吸引学生。

俄罗斯学者古鲁伯瓦通过对谚语在非专业语言类学生英语课堂中的应用进行研究，揭示了谚语可以从心理效应方面给学生一种个体折衷的模型，并认为可以将谚语运用到互动式英语课堂之中。

- 246-校园英语 / 翻译研究旅游文本英译赏析华北理工大学/郑璇【摘要】21世纪以来，越来越多的国外游客来到中国参观游览，旅游景点介绍的英译显得尤为重要。

本文旨在语域理论指导下，通过对文本功能的分析，实现文本概念功能，人际功能，语篇功能对等，吸引更多游客来华参观。

【关键词】旅游翻译 功能对等 系统功能语言学一、引言旅游翻译是一个老生常谈的话题，正是因为很多学者都探讨过此类问题，才能彰显其重要性。

在市场经济时代，成功的旅游翻译效带来巨大的经济效益，吸引来自世界各地的游客参观游览。

在翻译的过程中，如果只是简单的意义传递，可能会使旅游文本的功能效应和社会效应有所损益，因此本文旨在运用系统功能语言学语域相关理论指导旅游翻译，以期实现旅游文本功能对等。

二、旅游文本简介1.旅游文本的特点。

旅游文本包括旅游指南、旅游行程、旅游委托书、旅游意向书、旅游合同、旅游广告、旅游宣传标语、演出节目单、菜单、宾馆指示牌、各类通知、路标、地名等等。

因此所涉及的词汇量大、知识面宽、文化面广、措辞讲究、风格人性、具有可读性和亲和力，以及功能多样化。

2.英汉旅游文本对比。

一般而言，英语旅游文体大多风格简约，结构严谨而不复杂，行文用字简洁明了，“表达直观通俗，注重信息的准确性和语言的实用性，最忌啰嗦堆砌”，多数情况下，景物描写往往用客观的具象罗列来传达实实在在的景物之美，为求忠实再现自然，让读者有一个明确具体的印象。

而汉语讲究音韵和谐、形式对称，用词空泛含蓄，具有强烈的主观色彩。

汉语旅游文本常大量使用修饰语形容词、华丽之词。

根据汉语的审美习惯，多用修辞语可以加强气势，突出强调某种思想感情或增强节奏感，这些修饰语的使用在汉语文化中能够取得好的信息效果和实际效果。

三、旅游翻译实例1.语场与旅游翻译。

“语场”指的是实际发生的事，或者说是指语言发生的环境，包括谈话的话题。

在旅游翻译中，应首先考虑旅游文本的语场。

“在旅游文本翻译中，语场的错位主要表现在译者对源语信息的取舍策略的不合适性”。

语域理论概述1964年，依据韩礼德的界定，语域指的是“语言的功能变体”( functional variety of language )，而功能变体是因情景语境的变化而产生的语言变化形式。

韩礼德作为系统功能语言学的代表人物，把语域看作一种意义潜势，这种潜势由具体的情景语境决定。

不同语篇中语域有着不同的语言意义。

语言意义决定语言形式，语言形式体现语言意义。

由于语境决定语域，我们可以根据所处的语言环境来预测语篇，即预测什么样的意义有可能在这一语境中交换。

因此，韩礼德说：“语域这个概念是预测的一种形式。

如果我们知道语境，知道语言运用的社会环境，我们就可以预测出大部分所用的语言，而且这种预测很可能是正确的。

”即我们可以根据语境预测语篇意义进而预测语篇结构甚至词汇语法等；反之，我们也可以根据语篇来预测语境，即根据语篇的某些特征来预测出所交换的意义和产生这一语篇的语境，从而实现从语境到语篇，从语篇到语境的双向预测。

而这一双向预测功能正是通过分析语域来实现。

韩礼德一直把语域看作一个意义概念，是由话语范围，话语基调和话语方式来支配的。

1976年，格里高利( Gregory )的语境理论，说明情景语境指的是语言的直接环境，主要包括三个语境因素：话语范围( field of discourse )，话语基调( tenorof discourse )和话语方式( mode of discourse )。

1978年，韩礼德改变了原来的语域概念，把语域看作是“通常和某一情景类型( situation type )相联系的意义结构。

”即一种“意义潜势”，语言的意义系统。

韩礼德认为语言首先是一种社会行为，或称作“行为潜势( behavioral potential )”。

即一整套在行为上讲话者可选择的系统。

文化语境决定这一整套可选择系统环境，而情景语境则是对这一系统所作的某一具体选择的环境。

行为潜势既包括语言行为，也包括非语言行为，当行为潜势和句子，单词联系起来就变成了“语言潜势 ( linguistic potential )”，即整个语言系统。

认知语言学发展的演变规律和研究动态
荣正浩;汪少华
【期刊名称】《外语研究》
【年(卷),期】2024(41)2
【摘要】本文旨在探究认知语言学发展的演变规律、最新动态和发展趋势。

近50年来,认知语言学不断向纵深发展,并与其他学科交叉互动,历久弥新。

其嬗变呈现以下五个特征:研究内容不断扩增,从理论创建走向理论修补和完善;研究方法不断完善,从内省的认知机制探索到实证的神经机制验证;研究视角不断更新,从语言与认知研究走向语言与认知、社会和语用互动的多视角研究;研究对象不断多元,从单一认知语言学科走向认知语言学与其他学科的交叉;研究维度不断丰富,从理论引介与英语研究走向理论应用与本土化研究及其汉语研究。

认知语言学理论本体推陈出新,并且不断向邻近学科辐射,呈现理论本体进一步“再语境化”、学科整合及本土化研究加强的发展态势和多维发展、适用面广的研究前景。

【总页数】10页(P22-30)
【作者】荣正浩;汪少华
【作者单位】南京师范大学外国语学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H030
【相关文献】
1.国际认知语言学研究的新发展——2011年11届世界认知语言学大会综述
2.认知语言学与历史词汇学研究的融合创新——《认知语言学与词汇演变》述评
3.从认知语言学看名词临时作量词的语义演变规律
4.认知语言学研究的最新动态——《认知语言学综观》评介
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

山东外语教学2002年第3期(总第88期)语言意识活动与交际能力的培养崔义平1　汪少华2(1.安徽省淮北煤炭师范学院,安徽淮北235000;2.复旦大学外文系,上海200433)作者简介:崔义平(1967-),男,安徽庐江人,讲师。

研究方向:语言学和应用语言学研究。

汪少华(1968-),男,安徽宿松人,博士生,副教授。

研究方向:认知语言学、功能语言学以及外语教学。

收稿时间:2002204216摘要:语言意识活动是指对语言知识的感悟与运用。

它可以作为培养学生交际能力的一种有效途径。

本文运用定量的方法,调查了60名大学生的语言意识水平和他们对语言意识活动在交际能力的培养过程中所起作用的看法,并就语言意识活动与交际能力的培养之间的相关性进行了探讨。

关键词:语言意识;交际能力中图分类号:H319 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100222643(2002)03200782041.引言国外语言学研究与语言教学理论的发展为我国的外语教学不断注入新的活力。

国外语言学研究如话语分析、认知语言学为人们提供了更多的理论指导与启迪。

近十年来,外语教学理论主要侧重研究学习主体的特点、学习策略,开始了“从教到学”的转变。

这些都使人们对外语教学有了新的认识。

人们纷纷重新审视各种教学理论与方法。

有的对交际法提出了一些批评;有的则体现了回归传统教学法的思想;有的干脆提倡“折中法”。

虽然众说纷纭,但是在人们交往日渐频繁、交际的重要性越来越明显的情况下,交际能力的培养仍然是学生外语学习的主要目标和外语教学的根本宗旨。

何为交际能力?“交际能力”发端于美国社会语言学家Hymes 于1971年提出的“交际能力”这一概念,其中包括可能性、可行性、得体性和现实性四个变量。

后来Canale 与S wain 又进一步把交际能力概括为语法能力,社会语言能力、语篇能力和策略能力(Canale &S wain ,1980)。

90年代Bachman 又提出交际语言能力模式,其中包括语言能力、策略能力和心理生理机制(Bachman ,1990)。

摘要《干校六记》是由中国著名散文家、剧作家和翻译家杨绛所写的一部以文化大革命为背景的回忆性散文集。

这本书主要记述了杨绛及其丈夫钱钟书去干校接受劳动改造时的所见所闻，所感所悟，给人们了解文化大革命这一历史以及在这一历史阶段下知识分子的生活状况和精神世界提供了一份真实有效的参考资料。

无论是其艺术表现，还是其忠实于“文化大革命”这段历史的内容，都有很大的研究价值。

《干校六记》一经发表，陆续被翻译成日语、英语和法语版本，在文学界引起广泛关注。

其中英语版本有三个。

基于译者的不同国籍、语言和文化背景，本文选取葛浩文和章楚的英译本来进行对比研究。

两位译者都有着丰富的翻译经验。

前者是专门研究汉语文化且多年来一直致力于中国文学英译的翻译家，后者是多年从事联合国公文翻译的中国译员。

两译者对原文风格的理解与诠释不甚相同。

两个英译本体现了《干校六记》中描写的这段文革历史是如何在译者的笔下向西方传播的。

本研究将在语域理论的指导下进行。

语域理论是系统功能语言学的基础理论之一。

语域指的是由语场、语旨和语式三个情景语境变量决定的语言变异。

情景语境三要素则分别体现为语言语义层的经验功能、人际功能和语篇功能。

相应地，这些功能又分别体现为词汇语法层的及物性、语气和主位等系统和结构。

本文在语域理论的框架下对《干校六记》的葛浩文译本和章楚译本进行对比分析，目的并非是比较两个译本的优劣，而是探讨从语域视角看，两个译本各有何特点，哪一个译本更大程度的实现了与原文的语域对等。

通过定性和定量相结合的研究方法对原文和两个英译本的概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能的分析发现，葛浩文译本在语域的三个情景变量——语场、语旨、语式的表达上都更加贴近原文。

而章楚译本也在一定程度上与原文语域相符，但相比之下，葛浩文译本略胜一筹。

关键词：语域理论，话语范围，话语方式，话语基调，三大元功能CONTENTS原创性声明 (ii)DECLARATION (iii)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (iv)ABSTRACT (v)摘要 (vii)CONTENTS (viii)Chapter One INTRODUCTION (1)1.1Research Background (1)1.2Research Objective (3)1.3Research Methodology (3)1.4Research Significance (4)1.5The Layout of the Thesis (4)Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW (6)2.1Previous Studies on Translation Based on Register Theory (6)2.1.1Previous studies on translation based on register theory abroad (6)2.1.2Previous studies on translation based on register theory at home (7)2.2Previous Studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and Its English Versions (10)2.2.1Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions abroad (10)2.2.2Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions at home (10)Chapter Three THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (13)3.1Brief Introduction to Register Theory (13)3.2The Relations between Meta-functions of Language and Register Parameters.143.2.1Field and experiential function (14)3.2.2Tenor and interpersonal function (16)3.2.3Mode and textual function (18)Chapter Four A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TWO ENGLISH VERSIONS OF GAN XIAO LIU JI FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF REGISTER THEORY..214.1The Analysis of Field (21)4.1.1Lexical choice (22)4.1.2Transitivity analysis of the source text and the target texts (28)4.2The Analysis of Tenor (39)4.2.1Mood system (40)4.2.2Modality system (46)4.3The Analysis of Mode (55)4.3.1Thematic and information structure (55)4.3.2Cohesion system (64)Chapter Five CONCLUSION (72)5.1Major Findings (72)5.2Limitations (77)REFERENCES (78)Chapter OneINTRODUCTION1.1Research BackgroundGan Xiao Liu Ji is written by Yang Jiang who is an outstanding writer, playwright and translator in China,after her return from the cadre school to Beijing. Gan Xiao Liu Ji is composed of six chapters which records that Yang Jiang and her husband Qian Zhongshu were forced to devolve to the cadre school from November 1969to March1972.In the Cultural Revolution,the cadre school(that is,the“May7”cadre school)is nominally a cadre school with labor and study as its main task,but in fact,it is a reform-through-labor farm that punishes revolutionary cadres and persecutes intellectuals.This event itself belongs to the absurd life in turbulent times, which contains the destruction and torture of cadres and intellectuals from the body to the spirit by far-left politics.However,the work does not straightforwardly describe the main content of life in the cadre school——to carry out endless political movements and struggles but takes the initiative to get away from political events, describing the trifles of life,comradeship and spousal love.Gan Xiao Liu Ji was serialized in China-Hong Kong Wide Angle magazine in1981,a single edition was published by SDX Joint Publishing Company in July of the same year.Soon after the publication of Gan Xiao Liu Ji,it was translated into Japanese by Japanese sinologist Nakajima,published by installments in Water Yan magazine in Japan in1982,and published in separate booklets.The three English versions were respectively translated by American sinologist Howard Goldblatt,Chinese scholar Djang Chu who was living in the United States and Australian scholar Geremie Barme.And the two French versions were published in Paris.In The History of Contemporary Chinese Literature,Hong Zicheng made comments on Gan Xiao Liu Ji,“Yang Jiang’s words are simple and implicit.Her tone is gentle.And She keeps a moderate distance to historical events and makes a calm examination of them.She focuses on the episodes of the events of the great age.In the account of her own experiences and feelings,shecan also see the times.”Gan Xiao Liu Ji is regarded as one of the most remarkable proses which describe the Cultural Revolution artistically.Based on the translators’different nationalities and linguistic backgrounds,this thesis makes a comparative study of two English versions of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu.Both Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu have rich experience in translation.While the former is a translator of Chinese literature with high status in the world,the latter is a Chinese translator who has been working in the United Nations for many years.Howard Goldblatt’s English version was evaluated as“the most prominent English translation of Chinese literature in the20th century”by the Times Literary Supplement.The two translators Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu represent the East and the West cultures.There are many differences in their educational backgrounds,views and values,their translation motivations and translation strategies so that the styles of their English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji are distinct.But each has its own virtues.It should be more appropriate to use these two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji to examine the translation events from the perspective of the register theory.Register theory originates from Malinowski’s thought of ter,Halliday, the founder of Systemic Functional Linguistics,put forward his thoughts of context and register,and incorporated register analysis into the theoretical system of the Systemic Functional Linguistics.Register refers to language variation determined by three situational context variables:field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse,which are respectively called field,tenor and mode for short.Field refers to what happens in the world,including the topic,participant,time,place,etc.Tenor refers to the relationship between participants,including the status and role of participants.Mode refers to the role of language in communication,including communication channels(spoken/written),media,rhetorical way,etc.For the Systemic Functional Linguistics,the change of any situational factor will give rise to different language variation and different types of register.The differences between registers determine the grammatical and lexical selection.The three elements of situational context are respectively associated with three strands of meanings,or “discourse semantics”,in the text.These three strands are known as“metafunctions”,which are the experiential function,the interpersonal function and the textual function. Specifically,the discourse of field,the discourse of tenor and the discourse of mode respectively stimulate the experiential meaning,the interpersonal meaning and the textual meaning in the semantic system.In other words,the discourse of field,the discourse of tenor and the discourse of mode are realized by the experiential function, the interpersonal function and the textual function of language in the discourse, respectively.Correspondingly,these three functions are embodied in the system and structure of the lexico-grammatical level,such as transitivity,mood and thematic structures(Halliday,1985,1994).1.2Research ObjectiveThe purpose of this thesis is not to find out the pros and cons of the two English versions,but to explore the characteristics of the two versions from the perspective of register and which version achieves register equivalence to a greater extent. Meanwhile,this thesis discusses the contents and methods of register analysis, specifically,from the perspective of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,which discusses the method of register analysis of the English translation of Gan Xiao Liu Ji, as well as the direction and standard of evaluation of the translation.1.3Research MethodologyThe analytical method used in this study is a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis.First of all,the lexico-grammatical analysis of the source text and the two target texts is carried out,that is,the functional grammatical analysis is carried out in the unit of clauses at the semantic layer.Through the analysis of the transitivity system,mood system and modality system,theme system and information system of the source text and the target texts,it will be clear that what forms of expression are chosen and what meanings are expressed in the three texts,that is, experiential meaning,interpersonal meaning and textual meaning.And then to compare the meanings conveyed by the three texts can reveal whether the two target texts are“equivalent”or“deviated”from the source text.Then based on the analysis of experiential meaning,interpersonal meaning and textual meaning of the source text and the two translated texts,the thesis will analyze the situational context of the three texts,that is,field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.In other words,the content,the participants and their relationships which are expressed in the text outside the language,and the linguistic medium,channel,rhetorical devices in which the original author chooses to express social meaning in the communication are analyzed.Finally,according to the analysis of the register of the source text and the two target texts,and the final judgment is made on whether the register of the two translated texts are equivalent to that of the source text or not.1.4Research SignificanceIn this study,the Systemic Functional Linguistics is used to study translation practice.The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the English versions of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu from the perspective of the register theory,and to obtain the register analysis methods of translation studies including Gan Xiao Liu Ji, and to evaluate the criteria and principles of the translation.In practice,this thesis has reference significance for translation practice,discourse analyses and translation studies related to Gan Xiao Liu Ji.In general,the register theory links the context and the various levels of the language system,which is conducive to comprehensively interpreting the circular process between the context and the language in the process of translation.Register theory provides a theoretical platform for comparison between the source text and the source context,the target text and the target context of Gan Xiao Liu Ji.1.5The Layout of the ThesisAccording to the nature and content of the study,this thesis is divided into five parts.Chapter one is a brief introduction to the background,object,significance and framework of the study.Chapter two is a literature review,summarizing the previous studies on theregister theory,translation practice based on the register theory,as well as the source text and two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji.Chapter three is the theoretical framework on which this research relies,that is, the description of the register theory.Chapter four is of great significance in the thesis,which is the author’s comparative analysis of the two English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji using the combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis under the register theory.Chapter five is the conclusion made from the above analysis and the limitations of this study.Chapter TwoLITERATURE REVIEW2.1Previous Studies on Translation Based on Register TheoryThis part focuses on the studies at home and abroad of register theory and the combination of register theory and translation practice.2.1.1Previous studies on translation based on register theory abroadThere are many scholars studying translation from the perspective of register analysis abroad.Catford(1965)tried to establish a new theory of translation by analyzing the discourse involved in translation based on Halliday’s theory of Scale and Category Grammar.He also discussed the language variants in translation and introduced dialect,register,language type and way of language,and then put forward the concept of translation shift and classified the shift in translation.Ure(1971) initially defined the concept of the register from the perspective of lexical grammar, trying to distinguish the categories of register according to lexical categories.As far as Gregory(1988)concerned,in the translation studies,the research of the translatability can not leave the register equivalence alone.From the perspective of language use, Bell(1991)analyzed the three elements of the discourse:field,tenor and mode.He believes that social factors are closely related to the discourse,and the translator should analyze the original text based on the three parameters——field,tenor and mode before translating.As a translation theorist,Mona Baker(1992)investigated discourse analysis from a functional perspective.In her exploration of translation,she put emphasis mainly on the textual function of texts.Hatim and Mason(1990,1997) paid special attention to the meaning of context analysis.They studied the context from three aspects:communicative process,pragmatic behavior and symbolic communication.Among them,communicative process refers to the content of discourse theme,participants and their relationship,means of discourse and so on, which is actually the content of Halliday’s register analysis.House(1997,1981)putforward a systematic model of translation quality assessment based on register analysis.Steiner(1997)began to study translation from the perspective of the register in1997.Based on register analysis,Steiner(1998)explored the methods of analysis and evaluation of translation and put forward some new interpretations of some translation problems.Munday(2001)introduced and analyzed the main translation theories up to the end of the20th century.Among them,he analyzed and commented on the translation studies of House,Baker,Hatim and Mason whose studies were based on Halliday’s discourse analysis and register analysis.Matthiessen(2001) studied the translation in context,arguing that context is the greatest environment for translation and the value of the translation can be determined by using the field,the tenor and the mode.However,they only analyze the situational variables involved in the source text and lack systematic analysis of the target text.In recent years,the rise of Corpus Linguistics has provided a new tool for translation studies based on register theory. For example,Kruger(2012)focused on the register of the translated texts and found that there was relatively few register variation in the target text compared with the source text.Kreinkühle(2014)explored register shifts in scientific and technical translation.Neumann(2014)discussed the analysis of cross-linguistic register in translation studies at the theoretical and methodological level.These studies have achieved good results to a certain extent which provide a reference basis and direction for register research and make a certain contribution to the development of register theory.As for the related research of combining register theory and translation practice,it has gradually increased in recent years.However, more systematic methods that are used to analyse translation from the perspective of register theory need to be further improved,and the operational level of elaboration and examples need to be explored.2.1.2Previous studies on translation based on register theory at homeThe introduction of register theory into China was first done by Zhang Delu.He (1987)explained the status of this theory in the systemic functional grammar,thecharacteristics and functions of register.Guo(1989)also discussed the register theory in terms of the lexical level of language and language style.He introduced this theory into the Chinese to English translation and developed the application of this theory. Hu(2005)conducted the study on the equivalence of register in translation study.The equivalence in both the source and target text can be realized in both the form and content.Wu(2002)proposed how to grasp the register at the same time of “agreement”,and then achieve“fitness”in translation.Specifically,the target text is not only faithful to the content of the source text,but also faithful to the style of the source text.Tang(2002)elaborated on a combination of traditional stylistics with modern approaches to the analysis of language varieties and registers at various levels of comprehension of translation.Wang and Chai(2009)intended to integrate the concept of“register”in the Systemic Functional Linguistics into“transformation”, and put forward the concept of“register transformation”to expand the connotation of “transformation”at the level of pure language and connect the study of culture, context and text in the analysis of corresponding texts.Wang(2009)put forward the concepts of semantic drift and intertextual interference and analyzed the semantic drift and intertextual interference of polysemy.By comparing the Olympic slogan of China,the slogan of Asian Games in China and the slogan of Asian Games in Korea, Wang discussed how to evaluate the risk of translation choices in the context of semantic evolution to avoid possible negative intertextuality.Cao(2007)believes that in the process of translation,the translator’s grasp of the register of the original text helps the translator to understand the stylistic characteristics of the original text,so it is necessary to rebuild the register of the translated text corresponding to that of the original text.Then he(2016)chose specific examples in the translation of children’s literature to analyze and explore how the translator reproduces the register of the original text and what the suppositional social role of the translator acts in the context of the target text.While agreeing with Halliday’s thought of register,Gao(2013) found that register not only has the characteristics of situational context,but also has the characteristics of language.He(2014)applied the register analysis to the translation study and put forward the three-level model of register analysis oftranslation study.Then he(2015)proposed that the register has two sides,which provides the basis for the new concept of register reconstruction.Chen(Chen,Wang, &Zhang,2014)combined with the specific examples of Yang Xianyi’s and Hawkes’translation of Hong Lou Meng,exploring the correspondence of the register(field, register,tenor)of address translation in literary works,to ensure that the target text is faithful not only to the conceptual meaning of the original address,but also to the typological meaning of the potential structure of the text determined by the functional domain,in order to achieve its communicative and rhetorical functions.Liu(2016) compared the register space of English and Chinese with a qualitative method, concluding that the register level of Chinese is narrower than that of English.The root of the narrowing of register level in Chinese probably has a close relationship with the May4th Movement.From the perspective of register theory,Jing(Jing,&Duan,2017) discussed the equivalence of culture-loaded words in translation shift.Huang(Huang, &Sun,2017)conducted the research on the causes and methods of the register transformation in textual translation based on the register theory.And they put forward the strategy and type of three-step register transformation.Also,in recent years,many graduate students have written master’s degree theses in register and translation.These studies analyze different texts from the perspective of the register which have certain value and significance and provide different degrees of reference for further research.However,these studies are still in the introductory stage or primary stage in terms of research methods and perspectives.Most of these studies analyze different corpus based on the concept of three variables of situational context in the Systemic Functional Linguistics.The combination of register theory and analysis is not very close,that is,some analyses of translation are not built on lexical grammar which embodies the three language meta-functions,but on personal subjective impressions so that most of the analyses are interpreted at the linguistic level of words, sentences and so on.Some research is not deep and specific enough.2.2Previous Studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and Its English VersionsThis part combs the research thread of the source text and the two target texts of Gan Xiao Liu Ji at home and abroad.2.2.1Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions abroadHowever,according to the literature the author holds,few scholars are studying the translating characteristics of the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji,let alone studying that from the perspective of the register.The story itself is more welcome abroad.2.2.2Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions at homeGan Xiao Liu Ji is an outstanding work in the setting of the Cultural Revolution. It describes what the author Yang Jiang and her husband Qian Zhongshu saw,felt and realized in the special period of the Cultural Revolution,which not only shows people their difficult experiences,but also directly provides people with real and valuable materials for understanding this history.Yang Jiang has always enjoyed a high reputation in the Chinese literary world,and her literary attainments are quite high. The style of her article is unique,especially prose.Therefore,most of the domestic studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji focus on its plain and simple writing style and its historical or cultural significance.Zhang(1994)believes that Yang Jiang’s placid narration is to convey her inner feelings and depict her painful soul with moderation.Her self-soothing and self-deprecating words express the irony of this historical event.Li (2009)combed the process of publishing Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its increasing popularity in the literary circles at home and abroad and praised Yang Jiang’s plain and simple writing style and her pure and unfiltered aesthetic realm.Wu(1991) considers that it is narrow to put Gan Xiao Liu Ji into the type of“optimism”prose because there is the protest in calmness and sympathy.Thus,the author called it “indefinite-form prose”.Wei(2012)interpreted Gan Xiao Liu Ji from Yang Jiang’s female perspective and intellectual standpoint.Under the method of10“society-literature,”Zhu(2019)tried to utilize the theory of cultural memory to show how the memory of intellectuals was edited by the literature of that period in the Gan Xiao Liu Ji.These studies are based on Yang Jiang’s writing style and the deep implication conveyed in her writing,which slightly involves in the language level,but not in-depth.Since the publication of Gan Xiao Liu Ji,it has aroused widespread concern in Chinese academic circles.However,there is not much research on the English translation of the book.Chen(2010)explored the translation strategies adopted in the three English versions to reflect the salient meaning of reduplicative words and the translation model embodied by these translation strategies.Zhang(2010)pointed out that interpretation on the part of the translators could work out well only when it complied with the intention of the source texts and the authors by quoting examples of amplification from the two English versions(respectively translated by Goldblatt and Djang Chu)of Yang Jiang’s Gan Xiao Liu Ji.Deng(2011)tried to analyze the two English versions respectively translated by Djang Chu and Geremie Barme from three aspects:the translator’s interpretation of the source text,the translator’s translation strategy and translation style,in order to explain the embodiment of the translator’s subjectivity in the target text.Xu(2016)studied the translation process of Goldblatt’s English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji based on83letters between Goldblatt and editors, publishers,authors,scholars and readers in the period of translating Gan Xiao Liu Ji, which were collected by the Archives of Chinese Literature Translation at the University of Oklahoma.Besides,this topic has aroused many graduate students’attention in recent years. On the basis of the German scholar Albrecht Neubert’s viewpoint on the theory of translation competence,Wu(2017)made a comparative study of two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji which were respectively translated by Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu from aesthetic,thematic,linguistic,cultural,textual and transformational aspects combined with the characteristics of the source text.Based on the theory of adaptation,Wang(2018)discussed the adaptation made in the process of translating Gan Xiao Liu Ji by Howard Goldblatt,the corresponding translation methods and thefactors that affect the author’s choice of adaptation from four aspects:contextual relationship,structural object,the dynamics of adaptation and the degree of consciousness in the process of adaptation.Han(2018),from the perspective of social semiotics,studied the difficulties encountered in the process of the translation of the language meaning,and the compensation strategy adopted by Howard Goldblatt to minimize the loss of meaning in the translation process.There are not many pieces of research on the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji in China.Moreover,the above researches on the translation phenomena in the translated texts of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji is not thorough and comprehensive,and there are few examples revealing the characteristics of the translated texts.However,the above researches are of great significance to the study of the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji,which can enlighten future scholars.The author finds that no one has studied the translated texts of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji from the perspective of the register theory of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,and the results of the comparative study of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu are rare.Most domestic scholars tend to study Howard Goldblat’s English translation and his translation ability and style.Chapter ThreeTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK3.1Brief Introduction to Register TheoryThe research of register analysis originated from Malinowski’s related researches.He put forward the concept of situational context in1923,he thought that language activities of human always occur in a specific context,and the use of language should consider the context in which it is located(Malinowski,1923). However,to succeed in verbal communication,especially when communicative activities occur between people who speak different languages,the role of culture can not be ignored,so Malinowski proposed the concept of cultural context in1935 (Malinowski,1935).The initial development of register analysis benefits from Firth. He incorporated Malinowski’s thought of situational context into his linguistic theory. In his opinion,linguistics is the study of meaning of language which is the function of language in context(Firth,1935).The concept of the register was first put forward by Reid when he studied bilingual phenomena in1956(Reid,1956).In the early1960s, Halliday,the funder of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,inheriting and developing the concept of situational context raised by Malinowski and relation theory of meaning presented by Firth,held that language varies with its function,and this linguistic variant distinguished by function was register.In1964,Halliday summarized that the situational context consists of three elements or variables,namely, field of discourse,mode of discourse and style of discourse.In1978,for the sake of avoiding ambiguity,Halliday transformed“style of discourse”into“tenor of discourse”(Halliday,1978).And these three situational variables are called the field, tenor and mode for short.Meanwhile,Halliday found that these three situational variables were related to the three metafunctions of language(experiential, interpersonal and textual function).He believed that a particular register was a given type of situation,which acted on the semantic system and selected and activated a specific semantic network.The meaning potential determined by this process is the。