英语(二)(0015)

Text-B The Language of ConfidenceThe language we use program s our brain s.Master ing our language gives us a great degree of mastery over our lives and our destinies. It is important to use language in the best way possible in order to dramatically improve your quality of life.program 程序brain 大脑master 主人、精通degree 程度destinies 命运possible 可能的dramatically 显著的improve 改善quality 品质Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our sub-conscious mind.It is like a child,it doesn’t really understand the difference between what really happens and what you imagine. It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it-whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you."Try"even 甚至effect 影响sub-conscious 潜意识mind 记忆imagine 想象eager 渴望to carry out 执行command 命令knowingly 故意的entirely 完全的It is a small word yet it has an amazing impact upon us. If someone says, "I'll try to do that" you know that they are not going to be putting their whole heart into it, and may not even do it at all. How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you? Do you say "I'll try to be more confident" or "I'll try to do that" or "I'll try to call"?amazing 令人吃惊的impact 影响whole heart into 全身心的confident 信心Think about something that you would like to achieve, and say it to yourself in two different ways. Firstly say, "I'll try to ?" and notice how you feel. Next say "I will do ?" and see how you feel.The latter made you feel better than the first one didn't it? It gives you a sense of determination; a feeling that it will be done. Listen to the people around you and when they say they will try notice if it gets done or not. Eliminate the word try from your dictionary and see how your life improves."Can't"achieve 实现firstly 首先notice 通知latter 后者sense of 感觉到determination 决心eliminate 消除dictionary 字典improve 改善This is another small word with big impact. It dis-empowers us, makes us feel week and helpless, and damages our self-esteem. It limits our infinite abilities and stifles creativity. Rub it out from your internal dictionary and replace it with something that makes you feel great.Instead of saying you can't, why not say something like "I choose ?" or "I choose not to ?". Using words like this allows you to take back your power and to be in control of your life.impact 影响dis-empower 削弱weak 软弱self-esteem 自尊心limit 限制infinite 无限ability 能力stifle 扼杀creativity 创造力rub 擦internal 内部replace 替换instead 替代control 控制Words may appear small and insignificant, yet they can have a deep and lasting effect on us. Mastering your language gives you the power to live whatever life you desire.What words do you use a lot that dis-empower you? Make a list of words you commonly use and then write next to them some alternatives you can use. Make these alternatives words that make you feel fabulous, not only about yourself, but about life and what you are doing!appear 显得insignificant 无关紧要的deep 深desire 渴望commonly 一般alternative 替代选择fabulous 难以执行。

0015 (英语二)UNIT:01-A. What Is a Decision?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of m aking a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a deci sion is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplis hing them.Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involv es decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cann ot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often man agers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, hut since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decisio n are slight; at other times they are serious.Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be ma de. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For exampl e, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternati ves, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorou gh job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds the m to other alternatives.At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.be made fromDecision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best -- that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, dep artments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the adva ntages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the m arketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organizat ion.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneous ly. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same probl em in different terms. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, pro duction managers see production problems, and so on.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision ma ker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dyna mic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problem s have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoi ng entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager lo oks toward the future consequences of current decisions.UNIT: 01-B. Secrets of Success at an InterviewThe subject of today's talk is interviews.The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.Do your homework first.Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. "They have no idea what the da y to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of "furthering the company's prosp ects’ or o f 'serving the community', but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be require d to do.”Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pl easant personality and a real interest in the job.Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the intervi ew to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.Write down (and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If al l your questions have been answered during the interview, reply: "In fact, I did have several questions, but y ou have already answered them all.”Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interviewif you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.Just before you go to the interview, look again at the original advertisement that you answered, any corresp ondence from your prospective employer, photocopies of your letter of application or application form and y our resume.Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for man y jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building (but not inside the office) a day or two before, if necessary, to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview, then you will have a little time in hand and y ou will not panic if you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.Dress in clean, neat, conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or (girls) t o wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts. Make sure that your shoes, hands and hair (and teeth) are clean and neat.Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating, but do not let it worry you too much. The interviewer will probably have a table in front ofhim/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.If you have a bag or a case, put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or, worse still, d rop it, spilling everything.Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to g o though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.Shake hands firmly -- a weak hand suggests a weak personality, and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do no t drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person. Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions.If you cannot understand, ask: "Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?" The question will then be r epeated in different words.If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot, ask: "When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?"If you do receive a letter offering you the job, you must reply by letter (keep a photocopy) as soon as possi ble.UNIT: 02-A. Black HolesWhat is a black hole? Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to d escribe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing ) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape ?not even ligh t. So we can't see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space -- or so we think. How can this happen?The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and s ometimes a supernova occurs. From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines e ven in the daytime. Supernovae were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star -- a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the fo rce of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having th e same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matt er near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have c alled the boundary area around the hole the "event horizon." We know nothing about events which happen on ce objects pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. Ho wever an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the o nly one which can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so t hat there is no "absolute" time and space. There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and spac e depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black ho les before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronom ers have begun specific research into black holes. In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data ab out the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way. And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes,The most convincing evidence of black holes comes frown research into binary star systems. Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that the re is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. Matter from the one wh ich we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a grea t force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.The story of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them. are endless. There might be a massive bl ack hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one day meet this fate. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. These speculations sound like science fiction. But the theory of blac k holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers. They show us a world which operate s in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time. UNIT: 02-B. Worlds within WorldsFirst of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world) as a planet revolving round the sun. The eart h is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun. These nine planets, together with the sun, make u p what is called our solar system. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such won derful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of ot her solar systems more or less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them. About our own solar system, however, we are learning more every d ay.Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult f or us to realise what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth. The earth is, however, very different from the moon, whi ch the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much aliv e in every respect. The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as roun d the sun. In other words, it goes round the sun with our earth.The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water. Let us consider the water areas first. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. The very large separate are as of water are called "oceans” and the lesser areas are called "seas.”In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction -- that is t o say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned. The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a "current." There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the ocean s and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great im portance. These currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where th ey flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a l arge part of the food for fishes.The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place. The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains. If one made a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropical forestlands an d empty areas covered permanently byice and snow.When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a very great many different people -- peoples with different coloured skins, living very different lives and having very dif ferent ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviou r.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which the y live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circ umstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we un derstand their ideas and,as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.UNIT: 03-A. Euthanasia: For and Against"We mustn't delay any longer ... swallowing is difficult ... and breathing, that's also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too ... we mustn't delay any longer.”These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected w ith a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recov ery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal t here. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme s uffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr. Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, ex plains how he looks at the question:"Well, it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine. But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I tr y to ensure that they don't suffer too much. That's a very different thing.”Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia. Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the o rganisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that "in the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communicati on for them with their loved ones or family -- there's nearly always another question behind the question.”Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices -- special hospitals which care only for the dying and their spe cial needs. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. Sh e is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide r ange of people: "It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that t hey are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. I think that anything that legally allows the shor tening of life does make those people more vulnerable.”Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is impor tant and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: "What those people w ho oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases, why no t?But "why not?" is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees van Wendel's death w as both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husband's interest s at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention. UNIT: 03-B. Advantage UnfairAccording to the writer Walter Ellis, author of a book called the Oxbridge Conspiracy, Britain is still domina ted by the old-boy network: it isn't what you know that matters, but who you know. He claims that at Oxfor d and Cambridge Universities (Oxbridge for short) a few select people start on an escalator ride which, over the years, carries them to the tops of British privilege and power. His research revealed that the top profe ssions all continue to be dominated, if not 90 per cent, then 60 or 65 per cent, by Oxbridge graduates.And yet, says Ellis, Oxbridge graduates make up only two per cent of the total number of students who grad uate from Britain's universities. Other researches also seem to support his belief that Oxbridge graduates start with an unfair advantage in the employment market. In the law, a recently published report showed tha t out of 26 senior judges appointed to the High Court last year, all of them went to private schools and 21 o f them went to Oxbridge.But can this be said to amount to a conspiracy? Not according to Dr. John Rae, a former headmaster of one of Britain's leading private schools, Westminster:"I would accept that there was a bias in some key areas of British life, but that bias has now gone. Some tim e ago -- in the 60s and before ?entry to Oxford and Cambridge was not entirely on merit. Now, there's abso lutely no question in any objective observer's mind that, entry to Oxford and Cambridge is fiercely competit ive."However, many would disagree with this. For, although over three-quarters of British pupils are educated in state schools, over half the students that go to Oxbridge have been to private, or "public" schools. Is this b ecause pupils from Britain's private schools are more intelligent than those from state schools, or are they simply better prepared?On average, about $ 5,000 a year is spent on each private school pupil, more than twice the amount spent on state school pupils. So how can the state schools be expected to compete with the private schools when the y have far fewer resources? And how can they prepare their pupils for the special entrance exam to Oxford University, which requires extra preparation, and for which many public school pupils traditionally stay at sc hool and do an additional term?Until recently, many blamed Oxford for this bias because of the university's special entrance exam (Cambri dge abolished its entrance exam in 1986). But last February, Oxford University decided to abolish the exam to encourage more state school applicants. From autumn 1996, Oxford University applicants, like applicants t o other universities, will be judged only on their A level results and on their performance at interviews, alth ough some departments might still set special tests.However, some argue that there's nothing wrong in having elite places of learning, and that by their very nat ure, these places should not be easily accessible. Most countries are run by an elite and have centres of aca demic excellence from which the elite are recruited. Walter Ellis accepts that this is true:"But in France, for example, there are something like 40 equivalents of university, which provide this elite t hrough a much broader base. In America you've got the Ivy League, centred on Harvard and Yale, with Princ eton and Stanford and others. But again, those universities together -- the elite universities -- are about te n or fifteen in number, and are being pushed along from behind by other great universities like, for example, Chicago and Berkeley. So you don't have just this narrow concentration of two universities providing a const antly replicating elite.”When it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist because of the number of private school pupils they a ccept, Professor Stone of Oxford University argues that there is a simple fact he and his associates cannot ignore:"If certain schools do better than others then we just have to accept it. We cannot be a place for remedial education. It's not what Oxford is there to do.”However, since academic excellence does appear to be related to the amount of money spent per pupil, this does seem to imply that Prime Minister John Major's vision of Britain as a classless society is still a long wa y off. And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didn't himself go to Oxbridge, most of his m inisters did.UNIT: 04-A. Slavery on Our DoorstepThere are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (the exact figur e is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep st atistics). Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad. Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive an y payment. They can be physically, sexually and psychologically abused. And they can have their passports re moved, making leaving or "escaping" virtually impossible.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier th is year in several highly publicised cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after bei ng convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately esta blished. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of atten tion, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:"I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989. I was supposed to b e paid $ 120 but I never received that amount. They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.”Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka. The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she ac cepted a job working as a domestic in London. She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where sh e worked:"No days off -- ever, no breaks at all, no proper food. I didn't have my own room; I slept on a shelf with a sp ad0 of only three feet above me. I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody. I wasn't even allowed to open the wind ow. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.”At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers fro m abuse by their employers. This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and, understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should se e a copy).However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. For the main probl em facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer. (They are allowed in the Uni ted Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allows foreigners to bring domestic st aff with them.) So if they do complain, they risk being deported.。

2021 年 4 月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷（课程代码 0015）Ⅰ. Vocabulary and Structure (10 points,1 point for each item)从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。

1.We go out to restaurants, but mostly we eat at home.A、occasionallyB、relativelyC、continuallyD、absolutely2.A、grantedB、praisedC、pointedD、appointed3.If payment is not received, legal action will be our only .A、aggressionB、advantageC、alternativeD、ambition4.Don’t trust everything you have read in the newspapers.A、whichB、thatC、asD、what5.The conclusion from the study is not definite; it is just .A、tentativeB、validC、technicalD、thorough6.She everything else and concentrated on the task before her.A 、set offB 、set backC 、set asideD 、set up7.When you know Bob better, you will like him.A、go toB、got toC、went toD、get to8.I’ve got the order from the boss that the work finished before 5 p.m. today.A、would beB、beC、will have beenD、could be9. Tom has done really amazed everyone in his class.A、WhatB、WhichC、ThatD、Who10.It is not decided the conference will be held.A、whatB、whichC、whenD、thatⅡ. Cloze Test (10 points,1 point for each item)下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。

Friendship and LoyaltyHow many of us recognize true loyalty in a friend? Loyalty consists of a friend,who will stick by you,through thick and thin.A friend who is always honest with you and never betrays the friendship with lies is a loyal friend.If you have a loyal friend,you have indeed found a true virtue in that friend.reflection 反思recognize 认出consist 在于stick 坚持through 通过thick 粗的部分thin 细小部分betray 背叛virtue 美德The current trend on the Internet is befriending anyone who requests to be your friend.However,this new trend may lead to disasters.It may be popular and trendy to have a network filled with a multitude of mutual friends. However, one true loyal friend may be the only friend you need.current 现在的trend 趋势befriend 扶助request 请求however 然而lead 领导disaster 灾难popular 流行的trendy 时髦network 广播网multitude 群众mutual 共同的a term used on the popular facebook’s site if B.F.F. This acronym means best friends forever.Are they really your best friends forever?You might ask yourself this question,“Will they share my private matters with others on the pages of Facebook,or perish the thought,engage in gossip about me with others？If the answer to that is,”I don’t know”,more than likely,they will not be your best friends forever.Maybe not,even for a day.I choose to have a B.L.F.,a best loyal friend,for those of you who may be challenged by the use of acronyms duringthis age of technology and fast-talking.term 学期site 地点acronym 首字母might 可以share 分担private 私人perish 打消engage 从事gossip 闲聊likely 有希望的challenged 受挑战的during 在什么时候technology 技术fast-talking 快速聊天Loyalty found in a friend is akin to making a deposit in a bank account.More often than not,your deposits gain interest,an interest in your well-being and welfare.A loyal friend attracts another loyal friend.In essence,water does seek its own level.akin 类似be akin todeposit存款interest兴趣well-being幸福welfare福利attract吸引essence本质in essencelevel水平If you were a B.L.F.way before Facebook gained notoriety, then I’m sure you under stand the premise of loyalty in a friend. You should never exploit your B.L.F.to gain more friends or make yourself seem more important to others.These are not the traits of a best loyal friend.gain 收获notoriety 恶名premise 前提exploit开发seem 似乎trait 特点A best loyal friend does not care who is invited to your party.They will attend your party and celebrate you,just in the way a best loyal friend should do.care 在意invite 邀请attend 出席celebrate 庆祝Reconnecting with a best loyal friend is easier to do on the pages of Facebook.However a virtual friend does not assure you of his loyalty.My caution to you is that you’d better pay attention to the smiling faces on the Facebook pages. In the eighties we were warned of smiling faces in a song, which contained these lyrics,“A smile is just a frown turned upside down,my friend.”Now,that is the undisputed truth for my generation.reconnect 使再结合virtual 虚拟的assure 担保caution 告诫attention 注意关心pay attention toeighties 八十年代in the eightieswarn of 警告contain 包含lyric 歌词frown 皱眉upside 上面turn upside down 完全颠倒undisputed 无可争辩truth 真实generation 一代。

2019年10月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语(二）试卷（课程代码：00015）本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。

考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。

必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。

第一部分：阅读判断（第1〜10题，每题1分，共10分）下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A ；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C 。

在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。

To Lease(租赁)or Not to LeasePlanning to lease a car because you don't think you can afford to buy?Think again.Leasing can end up being just as expensive as buying.Most people think about leasing because they believe it will cost them less money.They're right-it is cheaper,but only in the short term.For example,if you were to lease anew Subaru Forester,you might pay $300per month for the car.If you were to buy the same car,you would pay about $400per month.Over a three-year,you would save $3600-a big savings.But after your lease is over,you have to give the car back.Many people want to lease because they can drive a more expensive car than they might otherwise be able to afford.For example,if you spend $300monthly on a car,you might be able to lease a new Ford Explorer.For the same price,you might have to buy a used Explorer,or buy a new but much less expensive model.A lease ，therefore ，allows you to drive the latest models of more expensive cars.However,whatever car you can afford to buy you get to keep it,and it will always have a resell or trade-in(以新旧换)value if you want to upgrade to a new car later.Furthermore,people who lease cars are often shocked by how much they must pay when the lease is over .Most leases limit you to a certain number of严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制miles.If you go over that,you must pay for each mile.As a result,you may end up paying thousands of dollars in mileage(里程)fees.In addition,when you lease ,you have to pay for regular maintenance and repairs to the vehicle.Since you must return the car finally,you are paying to repair someone else's car.By now,the benefits of buying over leasing should be clear.Remember:whatever model you can afford to buy,it is yours after you make the payments.There's no giving back,and that makes all the difference.1.People usually think leasing a car can save money.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given2.Leasing a car costs less in the long term.B.False C.Not Given A.True3.More people like to lease cars than before.A.TrueB.FalseC Not Given4.People can lease a car they cannot afford.A.True B.False C.Not Given严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制5.Young people prefer to lease the latest models of cars.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given6.Ford Explorer is the most popular model in the leasing market.A.True B.False C.Not Given7.People often pay more than they expect for a lease.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given8.People need to pay for each mile they drive during the lease.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given9.Leasing companies pay for repairs to the leased cars.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制严禁复制10.The author advises people to buy an affordable car.A.TrueB.FalseC.Not Given第二部分：阅读选择（第11〜15题，每题2分，共10分）阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项（A 、B 、C 、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。

0015英语（二）复习提纲及答案2012英语（二）复习提纲I. 语法、词汇从每小题列出的四个备选项中，选出一个最佳选项。

1.——What made her so upset？——____ _the necklace______ yesterday.A. Lost，bought B. Lost，buying C. Losing，having boughtD. Losing，bought2.The three children looked after their sick mother______A. in returnB. by turnC. in turnD. being done3. Not until_______ the whole thing to him______ that he was wrong.A. had I explained，he realizedB. had I explained，that he realizedC. I had explained，that he realizedD. I had explained，did he realize4._____ TV sets they produced was increased to 20,000 last year.A. A number ofB. The number ofC. A quantity ofD. The amount of5.It is required that these homeless children _______ by the government.A. is taken care ofB. to be taken care ofC. should be taken careD. be taken care of6.It is necessary that this work ____ as soon as possible.A. must be finishedB. is to be finishedC. be finishedD. has to be finished7. You are sure to succeed _______ you keep on trying.A. as long asB. as much asC. unlessD. however8. ______the room when the bell rang loud enough to wake the dead.A. Hardly had I enteredB. Hardly I had enteredC. Hardly will I enter C. No sooner had I entered9.The president _______ Mr.Baker medical adviserA. promisedB. praisedC. imaginedD. appointed10.Wood furniture does not depreciate in value__________.A. if they are handled properly and protected propylB. unless handling and protecting properlyC. if properly handled and protectedD. unless for all its handling and protection11.I didn’t know anything about it. Why didn’t you tell me ______ ?A. at onceB. in factC. in advanceD. ahead of time12.Many people had the bad habit of buying things ______A. in advanceB. on impulseC. without delayD. in surprise13.After the rain, the moon ______ from behind the clouds.A. vanishedB. emergedC. resultedD. originated14.Harker Brayton was lying comfortably on a sofa, reading newspaper. Suddenly something in a dark corner of the room ______ his attention.A. pulled b. reached C. ignored D. captured15.To get the job started, ______ I need is your permission.A. all whatB. but whatC. all thatD. only that16.________, it was finished on time.A. However was the work difficultB. whatever difficult the work wasC. However difficult the work was C. no matter difficult the work was17.A completely new situation will______when the examination system comes into existence.A. ariseB. riseC. raiseD. arouse18. Some of the guests______to the party were from other cities.A. to inviteB. invitedC. being invitedD. had been invited19. In 2008, 27 people were arrested because of the contaminated milk powder______A. incidentB. accidentC. eventD. occurance20. You cannot ignore the situation forever, one day you will have to _______the consequences.A. look up toB. wake up toC. stand up toD. face up to21.Some animals can ____ in the desert on very little water.A. persistB. hangC. lastD. survive22.The parents had to put the books ______ the reach of their son who was seriously ill and needed rest badly. A. beyond B. behind C. below D. after23.The police chief ordered that parking______on Main Street during the rush hour.A. be prohibitedB. be prohibitingC. is prohibitedD. was probihited24.No culture exists in___.It all comes from someplace.Ancient customs were modern one time.A. vacuumB. emptinessC. blankD. space25.Interestingly,many people hold the belief that imports are_____to domestic goods.A. contraryB. relevantC. superiorD. essentialII. 完形填空每小题列出的四个备选项中，选出一个最佳选项。

Text-A Critical ReadingCritical reading applies to non-fiction writing with which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement.Critical reading is active reading.It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying.Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying,and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.Critical 批判non-fiction 非小说类put forth 提出Position 态度、位置Seek 寻找Statement 声明Involve 包含、参与Evaluate 评价Opinions 意见Consider the context of what is written.You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than yours.Or,you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours.In either case,you must recognize andtake into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.Consider 考虑Context 背景Cultural 文化Recognize 意识Attitude 态度Question assertions made by the author.Don‘t accept what is written at face value. Before accepting what is written,be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made.Look forfacts,examples,and statistics that provide support.Also,look to see if the author has integrated the work of authorities.Assertion 断言Certain 确信Provide 提供Sufficient 足够的Support 支持Statistic 统计数据Integrate 整合Authority 权威Compare what is written with other written work on the subject.Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject.If there are inconsistencies,carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies.Compare 比较、对照Subject 主题Consistent 一致Inconsistencies 矛盾Provide 提供Analyz e assumptions made by the author.Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions.In many cases,the author’s assumptions are not directly stated.This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions. Once you identify an assumption,you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.Analyze 分析Directly 直接、立即in order to 为了Identify 确定Decide 决定Valid 有效Evaluate the sources the author uses.In doing this,be certain that the sources are credible.For example,Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics.Also be certain that the sources are relevant.Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry.Finally,if the author is writing about a subject in its current state,be sure that the sources are current.For example,studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.Credible 可信Landmark 里程碑Achievement 达成Physics 物理学Relevant 有关联的Poetry 诗Current 现在的、流行的Appropriate 适当的Identify that possible author bias.A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat*or a Republican*. What is written may very well reflect a biased position.You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written.That is,take what is written with “a grain of salt.”By being a critical reader,you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate.Identify 识别、认同Bias 偏见Politics 政治depending on 依据Reflect 反射，考虑Position 位置a grain of salt 一粒盐Appropriate 适当。

2006年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）试卷及答案（课程代码：00015）PART ONE (50 POINTS)I．Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1point each)1. It would be better to make a decision now, ______ leave it until next week.A. other thanB. rather thanC. less thanD. more than2. We'll inform you as soon as tickets become ______.A. valuableB. capableC. acceptableD. available3. The foreign company has been______ running this factory for decades.A. enormouslyB. effectivelyC. infinitelyD. extremely4. If you ______ my advice, you wouldn't be in such trouble now.A. tookB. takesC. has takenD. had taken5. The meeting ______, we left the room quickly for dinner.A. overB. was overC. is overD. been over6. All the money ______, Frederick started looking for work.A. having spentB. has been spentC. having been spentD. had been spent7. ______ his talk when Mary ran out of the lecture hall.A. Hardly had be begunB. Hardly he had begunC. Hardly he has begunD. He hardly had begun8. The two sisters are _____ in many ways, not only in appearance but also in temperament.A. likeB. likelyC. alikeD. lively9. The purpose of the program is to provide training for employees so that they can work ______.A. lateB. laterC. latelyD. latest10. I hope my boy friend will be handsome, strong and ______ kind.A. above allB. in allC. at allD. after allII. Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point each)However careful one may be, he cannot possibly listen carefully to everything that he hears. There are 11 of reasons for this. One of them is the overload of messages most of us 12 each day. In addition to the numerous hours we 13 hearing other people speak, we may spend several hours listening to the radio or sitting in front of a television set. 14, it is impossible to focus our attention completely on what is said; our mind might be 15 elsewhere. Preoccupation with our personal concerns is 16 reason we don't always listen carefully. A romance 17 sour or a good grade on a test may take prominence in our mind even as 18 is speaking to us. Furthermore, we are surrounded by all kinds of noises which interfere 19 listening. For example, voices at a party or 20 of traffic may simply make it difficult for us to catch everything that is being said.11. A. the number B. a number C. number D. numbers12. A. accept B. obtain C. receive D. possess13. A. put B. consume C. spend D. spare14. A. Besides B. Whereas C. Otherwise D. Nevertheless15. A. wondering B. swinging C. recycling D. wandering16. A. other B. some C. the other D. another17. A. gone B. going C. goes D. went18. A. anyone B. everyone C. someone D. few19. A. to B. with C. of D. about20. A. sound B. noise C. voice D. screamIII. Reading Comprehension (30 points, 2 points each)Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Many of today's most trusted sales techniques were invented over a century ago by a young merchant named Eaton in Toronto. When he was young, Eaton worked briefly with his brothers in small-town stores. In 1869, he sep up his own shop in downtown Toronto. He had many competitors, but he was also ambitious and had a plan for success. He offered a unique style of trade, but as was expected, all the other shopkeepers laughed at him, believing he would eventually fail. However, Eaton was not a man to be easily defeated; he came up with a brand new notion of business - "Goods satisfactory, or money refunded." He sold all his goods at fixed prices and only for cash.With a sharp sense of what the public wanted, he went out of the way to meet their needs. His business grew rapidly. He set up new branches and started mail order service that allowed people to buy from a list of his goods.Eaton's list-advertisements of his day-was the first of its kind. It was distributed and read all over the country. It was the only way to access good-quality goods at reasonable prices for people living far away from big cites. It became part of their life. They even called it The Wishing Book. The secret of the list's success was that Eaton gained the respect of this customers; they trusted him for good prices and quality goods. Probably because he remembered his miserable early days in Ireland, Eaton thought much of the welfare of his employees: better working conditions, shorter weekday hours than his competitors and Saturday afternoons off in the summer. In all this, he was a leader.21. The best description of Eaton is that ______.A. he was the richest merchant in TorontoB. he was a successful technical inventorC. he introduced new sales practicesD. he changed people's ideas about businessmen22. Eaton's success lay primarily in that ____.A. he sold only good quality goodsB. he was the first person to provide good serviceC. he treated his employees better than any of his competitorsD. he won respect from his customers23. From the passage we can infer that ______.A. Eaton invented the idea of the internet shoppingB. Eaton drove other businessmen to failureC. Eaton never sold his goods on creditD. Eaton was defeated by his rivals24. The best title for this passage is _____.A. Good Goods, of Money RefundedB. Eaton, a Sales InventorC. Customers' Respect, a Secret of SuccessD. Eaton's list, a Welcome Event in Sales History25. Eaton's List was important to people on farms because it was a convenient way of getting _____.A. good-quality goods at reasonable pricesB. goods at unreasonable pricesC. good-quality goods at unreasonable pricesD. poor-quality goods at reasonable pricesPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.The threat of a global outbreak (疾病大爆发) of bird flu makes it urgent for the international community to cooperate effectively. Wealthy countries will have to provide hundreds of millions of dollars for the testing and production of medicines necessary for treating patients suffering from bird flu. Developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, where the bird flu virus (病毒) has spread since 1997, must work out special programs so that farmers will not hide sighs of possible outbreaks. In addition, the way such farm birds as chickens and ducks are traditionally raised and marketed in the developing world should be changed; there should be more distance between the birds and their keepers. Countries should deal with the disease with joint effort. If one country is inadequately prepared, it will be a threat to every other country.The potential effects of a national outbreak of bird flu are enormous. Firstly, an outbreak may kill large numbers of people. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that an outbreak similar to the mild Hong Kong flu of 1968 could kill as many as 7.4 millions people. If it were as dangerous as the 1918 Spanish flu, which killed 50 million, the number would be much higher. Secondly, such an outbreak may cause great financial damage. The latest outbreak of bird flu, which began in December 2003, has cost Southeast Asia more than $10 billion and depressed its GDP by 1.5 percent. If a new outbreak of bird flu were to last for a whole year, $800 billion would be lost. Despite the 124 human cases and 63 deaths from bird flu since December 2003, the virus remains mainly a disease animals. However, the more animals that die of the disease, the more chances it has of spreading to people. Large numbers of dead or dying birds mean that more people will be exposed to the virus and change into a virus with new characteristics. If the international community works together efficiently, man can surely prevent such a virus and possibly save millions of lives.26. Faced with the threat of a global outbreak of bird flu, the international community should ________.A. establish new marketsB. work together effectivelyC. stop birds from flying to other countriesD. raise fewer chickens and ducks27. The second paragraph focuses on ______.A. World Health OrganizationB. flus in Hong Kong and SpainC. the economy of Southeast AsiaD. possible effects of a bird flu outbreak28. The number of people who have died of bird flu since 2003 is _______.A. 63B. 124C. 7.4 millionD. 50 million29. In the third paragraph, the author is mainly interested in _____.A. stimulating financial growthB. reducing economic damagesC. saving human livesD. protecting bird species30. The passage deals with all the following aspects bird flu EXCEPT _______.A. the origin and history of bird fluB. the importance of international cooperationC. the possible dangers of a national outbreakD. the significance of preventing it from spreadingPassage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The long summer holidays are finally over and some parents are pleased. "We worry more about their safety in the holidays," explains one mother from North London. If teenagers are not wandering around on public transport in a big and potentially dangerous city, they are chatting to strangers in an internet chat room! Well, that's an extreme picture of the UK today, but many parents are worried about how much freedom they can give their children during the holidays and at weekends.Weekends are not the only time to worry! Newspaper are full of stories about too many school kids going to school by car because their parents do not want them to travel alone on a bus or train. This summer there were more frightening stories of teenagers disappearing with questionable friends that they met on the net. All the Media stories help increase parents fears, but is the UK really so dangerous?Many young people feel that life for their parents was easier. In the 1960s young people played in the streets more and traveled around town without their parents. "At least our parents can keep tabs on us," says 16-year-old Julia. "So many people have mobile phones now and their parents ring to find out where they are. I use my mobile to get Dad to come to the station when I arrive late." Mobiles are not just expensive toys; they help keep young people safe. Most significantly, they help keep young people safe. Most significantly, they make parents feel better. Only one problem is, though, that some young people have been attacked by thieves who want to steal their mobile phones.Young people like going out with friends, but they now need to learn how to get home safely. Five million young people in the UK between the ages of 9 to 16 use chat rooms to make friends, but they, too, need to be careful and never give their personal details to a stranger. Young people today have more opportunities to meet new people and go out at night more than their parents ever did. Now school, television programs and newspapers must help teenagers to enjoy their freedom and to be responsible for their own safety.31. Some parents are upset about the summer holidays mainly because their children ______.A. wander around on bus in the cityB. chat to strangers in Internet chat roomsC. make questionable friends on the netD. are taken little care of by teachers32. For the sake of the safety, many parents send their kids to school ________.A. by carB. by busC. by trainD. by public transport33. Most significantly, mobile phones _______.A. enable parents keep a close watch on their kidsB. help keep teenagers safeC. make parents feel less worriedD. protect teenagers from being attacked34. Teenagers should never give any strangers ______.A. their mobile phone numbersB. their family addressC. their personal informationD. their parents' names35. This passage is mainly about ________.A. freedom for teenagers in summer holidaysB. safety for teenagers in summer holidaysC. activities for teenagers in summer holidaysD. troubles for teenagers in summer holidaysPART TWO (50 POINTS)将下列汉语单词译成英语。