生理学英文练习题-第一章-绪论

“第一章绪论”习题一、单选题1．人体生理学的主要任务是阐明A．人体物理变化的规律B．人体化学变化的规律C．人体细胞的功能D．人体正常功能活动的规律E．人体与环境之间的相互作用规律答案：D2．可兴奋细胞包括A．神经细胞、肌细胞、骨细胞B．神经细胞、腺细胞、骨细胞C．神经细胞、肌细胞、软骨细胞D．神经细胞、肌细胞、腺细胞E．神经细胞、心肌细胞、骨骼肌细胞答案：D3．衡量组织兴奋性高低常用的指标是A．静息电位B．局部电位C．阈电位D．阈强度E．动作电位答案：D4．组织兴奋性降低时，组织的A．静息电位减小B．动作电位幅度减小C．阈强度减小D．阈强度增大E．反应性增大答案：D5．组织处于绝对不应期时，其兴奋性为A．零B．低于正常C．高于正常D．等于正常E．无法测出答案：A6．机体的内环境是指A．血液B．细胞内液C．组织液D．血浆E．细胞外液答案：E7．生物机体内环境的稳态是指A．细胞外液的化学成分保持不变B．细胞内液的化学成分保持不变C．细胞外液理化性质相对恒定的状态D．细胞内液理化性质相对恒定的状态E．以上都不对答案：C8．神经调节的基本方式是A．反射B．反应C．兴奋D．正反馈E．负反馈答案：A9．反射活动的结构基础是A．感受器B．效应器C．神经中枢D．反射弧E．突触答案：D10．关于反射的错误论述是A．是神经调节的基本方式B．包括条件反射和非条件反射C．反射的结构基础是反射弧D．反射必须要有完整的反射弧E．反射必须有大脑皮层参与答案：E11．下列生理活动不属于反射的是A．风沙入眼引起眼泪B．闻到食物香味引起唾液分泌C．天气炎热引起出汗D．肾上腺素分泌过多引起心跳加快E．膀胱贮尿过多引起排尿答案：D12．下列生理过程中，不属于非条件反射的是A．食物入口引起唾液分泌B．伤害性刺激引起肢体屈曲C．疼痛引起心跳加快D．看到酸梅引起唾液分泌E．膀胱贮尿过多，引起排尿答案：D13．下列生理过程中，属于自身调节的是A．强光照射引起瞳孔缩小B．叩击股四头肌引起小腿伸直C．情绪紧张引起心跳加快D．平均动脉压在一定范围内升降时，肾血流量维持相对稳定E．垂体调节甲状腺激素分泌答案：D14．维持人体体温相对稳定有赖于A．条件反射B．反射C．自身调节D．负反馈E．正反馈答案：D15．维持内环境稳态的重要调节方式是A．自身调节B．正反馈调节C．负反馈调节D．体液调节E．神经调节答案：C16．电刺激坐骨神经腓肠肌标本引起肌肉收缩的现象属于A．反射B．反应C．兴奋性D．反馈E．条件反射答案：B17．用控制论原理分析，人体内的反馈控制系统是A．开环系统B．半开环系统C．闭环系统D．半闭环系统E．半开半闭环系统答案：C18．可兴奋细胞兴奋时的共有特征是产生A．神经冲动B．收缩反应C．分泌D．动作电位E．反射活动答案：D19．关于刺激的定义，下列哪项是正确的A．外环境的变化B．内环境的变化C．能引起机体产生反应的环境的变化D．环境的一切变化E．能引起机体产生反射活动的环境变化答案：20．下列生理活动中，属于负反馈调节的是A．排尿反射B．排便反射C．血液凝固D．减压反射E．分娩答案：D21．神经调节的特点是A．调节幅度小B．反应速度慢C．调节的敏感性差D．作用迅速、短暂而精确E．作用广泛而持久答案：D22．下列体液不属于机体内环境的是A．血浆B．组织液C．淋巴液D．脑脊液E．细胞内液答案：E23．正常人体内环境的理化性质经常处于的状态时A．固定不变B．相对恒定C．随机多变D．绝对平衡E．大幅度波动答案：B24．关于负反馈的错误叙述是A．属于自动控制系统B．使某项生理活动不断加强、加快，直到迅速完成为止C．反馈信息与控制信息作用方向相反D．起减弱或纠正的作用E．是维持稳态的重要调节方式答案：B25．将神经调节和体液调节进行比较错误的是A．神经调节发生迅速B．神经调节作用时间短C．神经调节作用范围广泛D．神经调节占主导地位E．神经调节的基本方式是反射答案：C26．内环境稳态的最重要意义在于A．为细胞提供适宜的生存环境B．使营养物质不致过度消耗C．保证足够的能量储备D．与外环境保持一致E．将内部功能活动固定在一个水平答案：A27．心迷走神经在减压反射中属于A．感受器B．传入神经C．反射中枢D．传出神经E．效应器答案：D28．胰岛分泌胰岛素降低血糖属于A．神经调节B．体液调节C．自身调节D．负反馈调节E．正反馈调节答案：B29．全身动脉血压在80-180mmHg范围内变动肾血流量保持相对稳定，属于A．神经调节B．体液调节C．自身调节D．负反馈调节E．正反馈调节答案：C30．食物进入口腔引起唾液分泌，这一过程主要属于A．神经调节B．体液调节C．自身调节D．负反馈调节E．正反馈调节答案：A31．分娩过程属于A．神经调节B．体液调节C．自身调节D．负反馈调节E．正反馈调节答案：E（二）X型题1．神经调节的特点是A．基本方式是反射B．作用范围广泛C．作用速度快D．作用持续时间短E．在机体调节中占有主导地位答案：ACDE2．体液调节的特点是A．速度慢B．作用范围广泛C．作用较精确D．作用持续时间短E．参与维持机体内环境稳态答案：ABE3．自身调节的特点有A．调节幅度小B．调节范围局限C．调节不够灵敏D．依赖神经或体液调节E．调节的作用是保持生理功能稳定答案：ABCE4．下列生理活动中属于正反馈调节的是A．排尿反射B．排便反射C．血液凝固D．减压反射E．分娩答案：ABCE5．负反馈调控的特点有A．反应可逆B．能反复再生C．有滞后现象D．无预见性E．维持机体内环境稳态答案：ACDE6．正反馈调控的特点有A．反应可逆B．能反复再生C．反应不断增强D．输出变量可加大反馈信息E．使反应迅速完成答案：BCDE7．下列关于反应的叙述，正确的是A．机体受到刺激后产生的功能活动变化B．困倦是一种抑制反应C．肾上腺素分泌增加是一种兴奋反应D．机体兴奋时有反应，而抑制时无反应E．兴奋和抑制是反应的两种表现形式答案：ABCE9．下列生理活动中属于负反馈调节的是A．减压反射B．体温调节C．血糖浓度调节D．分泌E．血液凝固答案：ABC。

生理学(选择)双语试题训练苏州大学医学部生理学系王国卿Part one:1 What are specialized to produce force and movement?A. muscle cellsB. connective tissuesC. nerve cellsD. epithelial cellsE. synapse2 The fluid environment surrounding each cell is called theA. intracellular fluidB. infracellular fluidC. internal environmentD. external environmentE. nuclear fluid3 How much of normal body weight is made up of water?A. 10%B. 35%C. 60%D. 90%E. 70%4 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?A. growthB. responsivenessC. reproductionD. organ systemsE. adaption5 Which of the following does NOT occur in a skeletal muscle during contraction?A. thick and thin filaments bind to each otherB. muscle fibers stretchC. thick and thin filaments “slide” past each otherD. muscle fibers shortenE. thick and thin filaments overlap6 About the forming mechanism of action potential, ascending branch is due toA. Ca2+ excurrent flowB. K+ incurrent flowC. Na+ excurrent flowD. K+ excurrent flowE. Na+ incurrent flow7 The random thermal motion of molecules from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration is termedA. fluxB. diffusionC. osmosisD. bulk flowE. pump8 If the end-diastolic ventricular volumes are increased (within physiological limits)A. the stroke volume would be decreasedB. cardiac output would be decreasedC. venous pressure would be decreasedD. the force of cardiac contraction would be decreasedE. above-mentioned results would be incorrect9 The maximum of ventricular pressure will occur inA. Period of isovolumetric contractionB. Period of atrium SystoleC. Period of ventricular ejectionD. Period of isovolumetric relaxationE. Period of ventricular filling10 A decrease in heart rate, with stroke volume and peripheral resistance held constant, will result in a decrease in all of the following, exceptA. arterial diastolic pressureB. arterial systolic pressureC. cardiac outputD. arterial pulse pressureE. mean arterial pressure11 Myocardial contractility is best correlated with the intracellular concentration ofA. Na+B. K+C. Ca2+D. Cl-E. Mg2+12 The greatest pressure drop in the circulation occurs across the arterioles becauseA. they have the greatest surface areaB. they have the greatest cross-sectional areaC. the velocity of blood flow through them is highestD. the velocity of blood flow through them is lowestE. they have the greatest resistance13 The most important chemical factor to stimulate respiratory excitation isA. HCO3-B. K+C.H+D. CO2E. O214 Correct description of the dead space does not includeA. dead space is the volume of air that does not reach areas of the lung where gas exchange occurs.B. anatomical dead space is due to the conduction airways.C. alveolar dead space is due to alveoli that receive inadequate blood flow.D. physiological dead space is the sum of anatomical and alveolar dead spaces.E. dead space volume is always changeable15 The most strong digestive liquid isA. salivaB. gastric liquidC. pancreatic liquidD. bileE. small intestinal liquid16 The function of intrinsic factor is to helpA. Digestion and absorption of Vitamin DB. Digestion and absorption of V itamin CC. Digestion and absorption of V itamin AD. Digestion and absorption of V itamin EE. Digestion and absorption of V itamin B1217 The most effective component of bile isA. bile acidsB. phospholipidsC. cholesterolD. PigmentsE. electrolytes18 The quickest stomach emptying isA. WaterB. carbohydrateC. proteinsD. fatsE. ions19 The primary site for digestion and absorption of food isA. esophagusB. stomachC. small intestineD. colonE. mouth20 The most important excretive organ isA. lungB. kidneyC. skinD.GI tractE. breast21 The highest percentage of glomerular filtrate reabsorption occurs inA. Bowman‟s capsuleB. proximal tubuleC. ascending limb of loop of HenleD. distal tubuleE. collecting duct22 The kidney “handles” K+ byA. filtration onlyB. filtration and reabsorption onlyC. filtration and secretion onlyD. filtration, reabsorption, and secretionE. filtration, reabsorption, and metabolism23 Pygmy, may be, in the childhood resulted from deficiency ofA. growth hormoneB. T3C. CortisolD. insulinE. Aldosterone24 Cretinism, may be, in the childhood resulted from deficiency ofA. growth hormoneB. T3C. epinephrineD. oxytocinE. glucagon25 Following hormone may elevate blood glucose concentration, exceptA. epinephrineB. glucagonsC. CortisolD. calcitoninE. growth hormone26 Blood from a marathon runner near the end of a race will contain all of the following, exceptA. decreased glucoseB. increased insulinC. increased glucagonsD. increased free fatty acidsE. increased glycerol27 Under the exercise condition, the most heat-producing tissue isA. musclesB. fatsC. liverD. bloodE. nerves28 Heat transfer occurs byA. radiationB. conductionC. convectionD. evaporationE. above-mentioned all29 The basic nervous centre for body temperature regulation isA. medulla oblongataB. pontine neuronsC. hypothalamusD. spinal cordE. brain cortex30 Aspirin can reduce fever becauseA. it directly depresses body temperatureB. it directly increases heat lossC. it directly decreases heat generationD. it directly reduces temperature set point in the hypothalamusE. it directly lets person take behavioural measures against feverPart two:1 When the air temperature is higher than body temperature, body can loss heat byA. radiationB. conductionC. convectionD. evaporationE. above-mentioned all2 Which one is the main organ for heat loss?A. respiratory tractB. digestive tractC. skinD. kidneyE. bone3 What is NOT the reflex response to cold ?A. decreasing skin blood flowB. shiveringC. increasing thyroxin releaseD. sweatingE. increasing clothes4 Among the following method to take body temperature, which one is the most standard?A. rectal temperatureB. oral temperatureC. armpit temperatureD. skin temperatureE. finger temperature5 What is approximate percentage of filtered water usually reabsorbed by the kidney tubules?A. 1%B. 20%C. 70%D. 90%E. 50%6 Active reabsorption of glucose across the apical membrane of proximal tubule cell is accomplished byA. a glucose pumpB. facilitated diffusionC. glucose-sodium cotransportD. simple diffusionE. endocytosis7 About 70% of filtered sodium is reabsorbed in theA. collecting ductB. distal convoluted tubuleC. loop of HenleD. proximal convoluted tubuleE. ureter8 Antidiuretic hormone increase epithelial water permeability ofA. collecting ductsB. proximal tubulesC. thick ascending limbsD. capsular spaceE. all of the above9 Antidiuretic hormone release from the posterior pituitary is stimulating byA. a fall in plasma osmolarityB. severe hemorrhageC. stimulation of arterial baroreceptorsD. stretch of left atrial receptorsE. all of the above10 Which of the following lung volumes can not be measured with a simple spirometer:A. total lung capacityB. vital capacity C tidal volumeD functional residual capacity E. residual volume11 Pulmonary surfactant is made by the:A. alveolar macrophagesB. goblet cellsC. endotheliumD. type Ⅰalveolar cellsE. type Ⅱalveolar cells12 Which of the following shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right:A. reduction in temperatureB. reduction in pHC. reduction in PCO2D. reduction in PCE. reduction in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red blood cell13 V ital capacity is equate toA. inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volumeB. expiratory reserve volume + tidal volumeC. inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volumeD. expiratory reserve volume + residual volumeE. inspiratory reserve volume + residual volume14 A person, breath frequency=16, tidal volume=500ml, dead space=150ml, so the alveolar ventilation is equate to (ml)A. 8000B. 2400C. 5600D. 10400E. 280015 What are specialized to produce force and movement?A. muscle cellsB. connective tissuesC. nerve cellsD. epithelial cellsE. synapse16 The fluid environment surrounding each cell is called theA. intracellular fluidB. interstitial fluidC. internal environmentD.external environmentE. nuclear fluid17 Which of the following does NOT occur in a skeletal muscle during contraction?A. thick and thin filaments bind to each otherB. muscle fibers stretchC. thick and thin filaments “slide” past each otherD. muscle fibers shortenE. thick and thin filaments overlap18 About the forming mechanism of action potential, ascending branch is due toA. Ca2+excurrent flowB. K+ incurrent flowC. Na+ excurrent flowD. K+ excurrent flowE. Na+ incurrent flow19 If the end-diastolic ventricular volumes are increased (within physiological limits),A. the stroke volume would be decreasedB. cardiac output would be decreaseC. venous pressure would be decreasedD. the force of cardiac contraction would be decreasedE. above-mentioned results would be incorrect20 The maximum of ventricular pressure will occur inA. Period of isovolumetric contractionB. Period of atrium SystoleC. Period of ventricular ejectionD. Period of isovolumetric relaxationE. Period of ventricular filling21 Myocardial contractility is best correlated with the intracellular concentration ofA. Na+B. K+C. Ca2+D. Cl-E. Mg2+22 The greatest pressure drop in the circulation occurs across the arterioles becauseA. they have the greatest surface areaB. they have the greatest cross-sectional areaC. the velocity of blood flow through them is highestD. the velocity of blood flow through them is lowestE. they have the greatest resistance23 The most strong digestive liquid isA. salivaB. gastric liquidC. pancreatic liquidD. bileE. small intestinal liquid24 The function of intrinsic factor is to helpA. Digestion and absorption of Vitamin DB. Digestion and absorption of V itamin CC. Digestion and absorption of V itamin AD. Digestion and absorption of Vitamin EE. Digestion and absorption of V itamin B1225 The most effective component of bile isA. bile saltsB. phospholipidsC. cholesterolD. PigmentsE. electrolytes26 The quickest stomach emptying isA. WaterB. carbohydrateC. proteinsD. fatsE. ions27 The primary site for digestion and absorption of food isA. esophagusB. stomachC. small intestineD. colonE. mouth28 Pygmy, may be, in the childhood resulted from deficiency ofA. growth hormoneB. T3C. cortisolD. insulinE. aldosterone29 Cretinism, may be, in the childhood resulted from deficiency ofA. growth hormoneB. T3C. epinephrineD. oxytocinE. glucagon30 Following hormone may elevate blood glucose concentration, exceptA. epinephrineB. glucagonsC. CortisolD. calcitoninE. growth hormone Part three:PHYSIOLOGY1. SI unit for measuring blood pressure is: CA. TorrB. mrnHgC. kPaD. Bar2. Glucose mediated insulin release is mediated through: AA. A TP dependent K+ channelsB. cAMPC. Carrier modulatorsD. Receptor phosphorylation3. Sudden decrease in serum calcium is associated with: CA. Increased thyroxine and PTH secretionB. Increased phosphateC. Increased excitability of muscle and nerveD. Cardiac conduction abnormalities4. Ablation of the …somatosensory area 1‟ of the cerebral cortex leads to: DA. Total loss of pain sensationB. Total loss of touch sensationC. Loss of tactile localization but not of two point discriminationD. Loss of tactile localization and two point discrimination5. Non shivering thermogenesis in adults is due to: CA. Thyroid hormoneB. Brown fat between the shouldersC. Adrenaline from adrenal medullaD. Muscle metabolism6. In metabolic acidosis, which of the following changes are seen: BA. Increased K+excretionB. Decreased K+ excretionC. Increased Na+ excretionD. Increased Na+ reabsorption7. Tropomyosin:A. Helps in the fusion of actin and myosin BB. Covers myosin and prevents attachments of actin and myosinC. Slides over myosinD. Causes Ca2+ release8. TRH stimulation testing is useful in diagnosis of disorders of following hormones: CA. InsulinB. ACTHC. ProlactinD. PTH9. During muscular exercise all are seen except: CA. Increase in blood flow to musclesB. Stroke volume increasesC. O2 dissociation curve shifts to leftD. O2 consumption increases10. An increase in which of the following parameters will shift the O2 dissociation curve to the left: DA. TemperatureB. Partial pressure of CO2C. 2,3 DPG concentrationD. Oxygen affinity of haemoglobin11. A lesion of ventrolateral part of spinal cord will lead to loss (below the level of lesion) of: CA. Pain sensation on the ipsilateral sideB. Proprioception on the contralateral sideC. Pain sensation on the contralateral sideD. Proprioception on the ipsilateral side12. Two students, V ineet and Kamlesh were asked to demonstrate in dogs the role of sinus nerve in hypovolemic shock.V ineet severed the sinus nerve when the mean blood pressure (MBP) was 85 mm Hg and Kamlesh cut the sinus nerve when the mean blood pressure was 60 mm Hg. On cutting the sinus nerve: AA. Vineet recorded an increase in MBP but Kamlesh recorded a decrease in MBP.B. Vineet recorded a decrease in MBP but Kamlesh recorded an increase in MBP.C. Both recorded an increase in MBP.D. Both recorded a decrease in MBP.13. As a part of space-research program, a physiologist was asked to investigate the effect of flight-induced stress on blood pressure. Accordingly the blood pressure of the cosmonauts were to be measured twice: once before the take-off, and once after the spacecraft entered the designated orbit around the earth. For a proper comparison, the preflight blood pressure should be recorded in: AA. The lying down position.B. The sitting position.C. The standing positionD. Any position, as long as the post-flight recording is made in the same position.14. The renal plasma flow (RPF) of a patient was to be estimated through the measurement of Para Amino Hippuric acid (PAH) clearance. The technician observed the procedure correctly but due to an error in the weighing inadvertently used thrice the recommended dose of PAH. The RPF estimated is likely to be: BA. False-highB. False-lowC. False-high or false-low depending on the GFR.D. Correct and is unaffected by the PAG overdose.15. The EEG record shown below is normally recordable during which stage of sleep ? BA. Stage I.B. Stage II.C. Stage III.D. Stage IV.16. Figure below represents the pH of the digestive juice aspirated from the alimentary tract as a function of position along the alimentary tract during digestion of a meal: DA. A typical value for Y2 is 9.0.B. A typical value for Y3 is 10.0.C. The segment C represents the pylorus.D. The digestive enzymes active in segment A are inactivated in segment B.17. Which of the following statements is true for excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP): CA. Are self propagating.B. Show all or none response.C. Are proportional to the amount of transmitter released by the presynaptic neuron.D. Are inhibitory at presynaptic terminal.18. Synaptic conduction is mostly orthodromic because: DA. Dendrites cannot be depolarized.B. Once repolarized, an area cannot be depolarized.C. The strength of antidromic impulse is less.D. Chemical mediator is located only in the presynaptic terminal.19. The cell junctions allowing exchange of cytoplasmic molecules between the two cells are called: AA. Gap junctions.B. Tight junctions.C. Anchoring junctionsD. Focal junctions.20. Tidal volume is calculated by: AA. Inspiratory capacity minus the inspiratory reserve volumeB. Total lung capacity minus the residual volumeC. Functional residual capacity minus residual volumeD. V ital capacity minus expiratory reserve volumes21. Surfactant production in lungs starts at: AA. 28 weeksB. 32 weeksC. 34 weeksD. 36 weeks22. Initiation of nerve impulse occurs at the axon hillock because: AA. It has a lower threshold than the rest of the axonB. It is unmyelinatedC. Neurotransmitter release occurs hereD. None of the above23. Albumin contributes the maximum to oncotic pressure because it has: DA. High molecular weight, low concentrationB. Low molecular weight, low concentrationC. High molecular weight, high concentrationD. Low molecular weight, high concentration24. After 5 days of fasting a man undergoes oral GTT, true is all except: BA. GH levels are increasedB. Increased glucose toleranceC. Decreased insulin levelsD. Glucagon levels are increased25. Metalloproteins help in jaundice by the following mechanism: BA. Increased glucoronyl transferase activityB. Inhibit heme oxygenaseC. Decrease RBC lysisD. Increase Y and Z receptors26. Which protein prevents contraction by covering binding sites on actin and myosin: DA. TroponinB. CalmodulinC. ThymosinD. Tropomyosin27. Which of the following is not correct regarding capillaries: BA. Greatest cross sectional areaB. Contain 25% of bloodC. Contains less blood than veinsD. Have single layer of cells bounding the lumen28. A 0.5 litre blood loss in 30 minutes will lead to: BA. Increase in HR, decrease in BPB. Slight increase in HR, normal BPC. Decrease in HR and BPD. Prominent increase in HR29. Single most important factor in control of automatic contractility of heart is: DA. Myocardial wall thicknessB. Right atrial volumeC. SA node pacemaker potentialD. Sympathetic stimulation30. Which of the following is not mediated through negative FEEDBACK mechanism: CA. TSH releaseB. GH formationC. Thrombin formationD. ACTH release31. Force generating proteins are: BA. Myosin and myoglobinB. Dynein and kinesinC. Calmodulin and G proteinD. Troponin32. Which is true about measurement of BP with sphygmomanometer versus intraarterial pressure measurements: BA. Less than intravascular pressureB. More than intravascular pressureC. Equal to intravascular pressureD. Depends upon blood flow33. Secondary hyperparathyroidism due to vitamin D deficiency shows : CA. HypocalcemiaB. HypercalcemiaC. HypophosphatemiaD. Hyperphosphatemia34. Maximum absorption of water takes place in: AA. Proximal convoluted tubuleB. Distal convoluted tubuleC. Collecting ductD. Loop of Henle35. The type of hemoglobin that has least affinity for 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) or (2,3-BPG) is: BA. Hg A.B. Hg F.C. Hg B.D. Hg A2.36. Cellular and flagellar movement is carried out by all of the following except: DA. Intermediate filamentsB. Actin.C. Tubulin.D. Myosin.37. Heme is converted to bilirubin mainly in: CA. Kidney.B. LiverC. SpleenD. Bone marrow.38. Normal CSF glucose level in a normoglycemic adult is: BA. 20-40 mg/dlB. 40-70 mg/dlC. 70-90 mg/dlD. 90-110 mg/dl.39. Which one of the following molecules is used for cell signaling? CA. CO2B. O2C. NOD. N240. Osteoclasts are inhibited by: BA. Parathyroid hormone.B. Calcitonin.C. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.D. Tumor necrosis factor.41. CO2 is primarily transported in the arterial blood as: DA. Dissolved CO2.B. Carbonic acidC. Carbamino-hemoglobinD. Bicarbonate.42. Both vitamin K and C are involved in: BA. The synthesis of clotting factors.B. Post translational modifications.C. Antioxidant mechanisms.D. The microsomal hydroxylation reactions.43. The main site of bicarbonate reabsorption is: AA. Proximal convoluted tubule.B. Distal convoluted tubule.C. Cortical collecting duct.D. Medullary collecting duct.44. The membrane protein, clathrin is involved in: BA. Cell motility.B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis.C. Exocytosis.D. Cell shape.45. The parvocellular pathway from lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortex is most sensitive for the stimulus of: AA. Color contrastB. Luminance contrast.C. Temporal grequency.D. Saccadic eye movements.46. The fibers from the contralateral nasal hemiretina project to the following layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus: CA. Layers 2, 3 & 5.B. Layers 1, 2 & 6.C. Layers 1, 4 & 6.D. Layers 4, 5 & 6.47. All endothelial cells produce thrombomodulin except those found in: CA. Hepatic circulationB. Cutaneous circulationC. Cerebral microcirculation.D. Renal circulation.48. SA node acts as a pacemaker of the heart because of the fact that it: DA. Is capable of generating impulses spontaneously.B. Has rich sympathetic innervations.C. Has poor cholinergic innervations.D. Generates impulses at the highest rate.49. The first physiological response to high environmental temperature is: BA. SweatingB. V asodilatation.C. Decrease heat production.D. Non-shivering thermogenesis.50. All of the following factors normally increase the length of the ventricular cardiac muscle fibres except: DA. Increased venous tone.B. Increased total blood volume.C. Increased negative intrathoracic pressure.D. Lying-to-standing change in posture.51. The vasodilatation produced by carbon dioxide is maximum in one of the following: BA. Kidney.B. Brain.C. Liver.D. Heart.52. Which one of the following statements regarding water reabsorption in the tubules? AA. The bulk of water reabsorption occurs secondary to Na+ reabsorption.B. Majority of facultative reabsorption occurs in proximal tubule.C. Obligatory reabsorption is ADH dependent.D. 20% of water is always reabsorbed irrespective of water balance.53. Urinary concentrating ability of the kidney is increased by: AA. ECF volume contraction.B. Increase in RBF.C. Reduction of medullary hyperosmolarity.D. Increase in CFR.54. Distribution of blood flow is mainly regulated by the: BA. Arteries.B. Arterioles.C. Capillaries.D. V enules.55. In which of the following a reduction in arterial oxygen tension occurs? DA. Anaemia.B. CO poisoning.C. Moderate exercise.D. Hypoventilation.56. With which one of the following lower motor neuron lesions are associated? AA. Flaccid paralysis.B. Hyperactive stretch reflex.C. Spasticity.D. Muscular incorrdination.57. Which of the following statements can be regarded as primary action of inhibin? DA. It inhibits secretion of prolactin.B. It stimulates synthesis of estradiol.C. It stimulates secretion of TSH.D. It inhibits secretion of FSH.58. Normal PH of blood- 7.36-7.4459. Longest life span for(lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes)60. Normal glomerular capillary pressure(15,25,35,45 mm Hg)61. Ion which is not interfered at loop of Henle(Na, K, Cl, urea)62. MC Hb in adult(Hb A1, HbA2, Hb F)63. Feacal mass mainly derived from(indigested food, undigested food, intestinal flora, intestinal secretions)64. Nicotinic receptors are seen in all except(adrenal medulla, NMJ, bronchial smooth muscle)65. Anterior Pituitary secretes (ADH, oxytocin, FSH, GnRH)66. Mucin acini cells characteristic all except(peripherally placed nucleus,distinc t lumen,zymogen granules,transparent)67. In synaptic cleft max concn of( Na, K, Ca, protein anions)68. Charecteristic for smooth muscle cells(don‟t require Ca, cant do recurrent contraction, cant do sustained contraction)69. All or none law is obeyed by (spike potential, post synaptic potential, )70. All carried through lat spino thalamic tract except(crude touch, pressure, pain, Temperature)Part four:第一章生理知识绪论一．A型题：1 可兴奋细胞兴奋时，共有的特征是产生（E）A.神经活动B.肌肉收缩C.腺体分泌D.反射活动E.动作电位2 机体处于应激状态时，糖皮质激素分泌增多是属于（C）A.全身性体液调节B.局部性体液调节C.神经体液调节D.神经调节E.自身调节3 维持机体稳态的重要途径是（B）A.正反馈调节B.负反馈调节C.神经调节D.体液调节E.自身调节4 下列生理过程中，不属于负反馈调节的是（E）A.血液中红细胞数量的恒定B.降压反射C.呼吸节律的维持D.体温恒定的维持E.排尿反射5 下列生理过程中，不属于正反馈调节的是（C）A.血液凝固B.排便反射C.血浆晶体渗透压升高时ADH释放增加D.排尿反射E.分娩反射6 人体生理学是研究（E）A.人体与环境关系B.人体细胞功能C.人体功能调节D.各器官的生理功能E.人体功能活动规律7 神经调节的基本方式是（A）A.反射B.反应C.适应D.正反馈E.负反馈8 衡量组织兴奋性高低的客观指标是（D）A.动作电位B.阈电位C.组织对刺激的反应能力D.强度阈值E.除极速度9 机体功能调节中，最重要的调节方式是（A）A.神经调节B.体液调节C.自身调节D.反馈调节E.前馈调节10 下列关于刺激和反应的说法，哪项是错误的（A）A.有刺激必然产生反应B.产生反应时，必然接受了刺激C.阈刺激时，必然产生反应D.有刺激时，不一定产生反应E.有时反应随刺激强度加大而增强二．B型题：A.感受器B.传入神经C.中枢D.传出神经E.效应器11 皮肤黏膜的游离神经末梢属于（A）12 迷走神经内的副交感节后纤维属于（D）13 窦神经在减压反射中属于（B）14 骨骼肌、平滑肌和腺体属于（E）三．X型题：15 关于生理学，下列叙述哪些是正确的（ABCD）A.是生物科学中的一个分支B.是医学的一门基础理论课程C.是研究生物体的生命活动及其活动规律的科学D.主要从细胞、器官和整体三个水平研究对象E.与解剖学无关16 下列情况中不属于自身调节的是（BDE）A.一定范围内心肌纤维初长度愈长，收缩力愈大B.人过度通气后，呼吸暂停C.动脉血压升高后，肾血流量相对稳定D.人在寒冷中出现寒战E.碱中毒时，尿中泌H+减少第二章细胞的基本功能一．A型题：1 人体内O2、C02和NH3进出细胞膜是通过（A）A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.主动转运D.入胞出胞E.继发性主动转运2 葡萄糖进入红细胞属于（D）A. 主动转运B.入胞C. 单纯扩散D. 易化扩散E.继发性主动转运3 肠上皮细胞由肠腔吸收葡萄糖属于（D）A.单纯扩散B. 易化扩散C.原发性主动转运D. 继发性主动转运E.入胞4 产生细胞生物电现象的离子跨膜移动属于（C）A.单纯扩散B.载体为中介的易化扩散C. 通道为中介的易化扩散D. 入胞E. 出胞5 运动神经纤维末稍释放Ach属于（D）A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.主动转运D.出胞E.继发性主动转运6 钠钾泵的作用是（A）A.将Na+泵出细胞外，将K+泵入细胞内B.将Na+泵入细胞内，将K+泵出细胞外C. 将Na+泵入细胞内D.将Na+ 和K+泵入细胞内E. 将Na+ 和K+泵出细胞外7 在一般生理情况下，每分解一分子A TP，钠泵运转可使（D）A.2个Na+移出膜外B. 2个K+移出膜外C. 2个Na+移出膜外，同时有2个K+移出膜内D. 3个Na+移出膜外，同时有2个K+移出膜内E. 3个Na+移出膜外，同时有3个K+移出膜内8 细胞膜内，外正常的Na+和K+浓度差的形成和维持是由（D）A.膜在安静时对K+通透性大B. 膜在兴奋时对Na+通透性增加C. Na+ 、K+易化扩散的结果D.膜上钠-钾泵的作用E. 膜上A TP的作用9 判断组织兴奋性高低最常用的指标（B）A.基强度B. 阈强度C. 阈时间D.利用时E. 时值10神经细胞在接受一次阈上刺激后，其兴奋性的周期变化是（D）A. 相对不应期→绝对不应期→超常期→低常期B. 绝对不应期→相对不应期→低常期→超常期C. 绝对不应期→低常期→相对不应期→超常期D. 绝对不应期→相对不应期→超常期→低常期E. 绝对不应期→超常期→低常期→相对不应期11组织兴奋后处于绝对不应期时，其兴奋性为（A）A.零B.无限大C.大于正常D.小于正常E.等于正常12神经细胞产生静息电位的主要原因是（A）A.细胞内高K+ 浓度和安静时膜主要对K+ 有通透性B. 细胞内高K+ 浓度和安静时膜主要对Na+ 有通透性C. 细胞内高Na+浓度和安静时膜主要对K+ 有通透性D. 细胞内高Na+ 浓度和安静时膜主要对Na+ 有通透性E. 细胞外高K+ 浓度和安静时膜主要对K+ 有通透性13神经细胞产生静息电位的大小接近于（B）A.钠平衡电位B. 钾平衡电位C. 钠平衡电位和钾平衡电位之和D. 钠平衡电位和钾平衡电位之差E. 锋电位与超射值之差14下列关于可兴奋细胞动作电位的叙述，正确的是（C）A.动作电位是细胞受刺激时出现的快速而不可逆的电位变化B.在动作电位的去极相，膜电位由内正外负变成内负外正C.动作电位的幅度大小不随刺激强度和传导距离而改变D.动作电位由去极化波构成E. 不同细胞的动作电位幅度均相同15神经细胞动作电位的幅度接近于（C）A.钾平衡电位B.钠平衡电位C.二者之和D.二者之差E. 超射值16.人工地减少细胞浸浴液中Na+ 浓度，则单根神经纤维动作电位的超射值将（B）A.增大B.减少C.不变D.先增大后减少E.先减少后减少17.下列关于单细胞动作电位的描述，正确的是（E）A.刺激强度小于阈值时，出现低幅度的动作电位B. 刺激强度达到阈值时，再增加刺激强度能使动作电位幅度增大。

生理学名词中英文对照第一章绪论1.机体的内环境(internal environment)2.稳态（homeostasis）3.反射(reflex)4.反射弧(reflex arc)5.旁分泌调节（paracrine regulation）6.自身调节（autoregulation）7.负反馈（negative feedback） 8.正反馈（positive feedback）9.前馈(feed-forward)第二章细胞的基本功能10. 被动转运（passive transport） 11. 单纯扩散（simple diffusion）12. 经载体易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via carrier）13. 经通道易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via ion channel）14. 电压门控通道(voltage gated ion channel)15. 离子通道（ion channel）16. 化学门控通道(chemically gated ion channel)17. 机械门控通道(mechanically gated ion channel)18. 原发性主动转运（primary active transport）19. 继发性主动转运（secondary active transport）20. 同向转运（symport） 21. 反向转运（antiport）22. 出胞（exocytosis） 23. 入胞（endocytosis）24. 跨膜信号转导（transmembrane signal transduction）25. 刺激(stimulation) 26. 兴奋(excitation)27. 兴奋性(excitability) 28. 阈值(threshold)29. 极化（polarization） 30. 去极化（depolarization）31. 超极化（hyperpolarization） 32. 复极化（repolarization）33. 内向电流（inward current） 34. 外向电流（outward current）35. 电化学驱动力（electrochemical driving force）36. 静息电位(resting potential) 37. K+平衡电位（K+ equilibrium potential）38. 动作电位(action potential) 39. 超射（overshoot）40. “全或无”现象（“all or none”phenomenon）41. 阈电位（threshold potential） 42. 局部电位（local potential）43. 时间性总和（temporal summation） 44. 空间性总和（spatial summation）45. 量子释放（quantal release）46. 兴奋-收缩耦联（excitation-contraction coupling）47. 等长收缩（isometric contraction） 48. 等张收缩（isotonic contraction）49. 前负荷（preload） 50. 后负荷（afterload）51．肌肉收缩能力(contractility) 52．不完全强直收缩（incomplete tetauns）53．完全强直收缩（complete tetanus） 54.运动单位（motor unit）第三章血液55. 血细胞比容（hematocrit） 56. 血浆渗透压（plasma osmotic pressure）57. 血浆晶体渗透压（plasma crystal osmotic pressure）58. 血浆胶体渗透压（plasma colloid osmotic pressure）59. 悬浮稳定性（suspension stability）60.红细胞沉降率（erythrocyte sedimentation rate）61.红细胞渗透脆性（osmotic fragility） 62.血小板黏附（platelet adhesion）63.血小板聚集（platelet aggregation） 64.生理性止血（hemostasis）65.出血时间（bleeding time） 66.凝血时间（clotting time）67.血液凝固（blood coagulation） 68.血清（serum）69.凝血因子（clotting factor） 70.内源性凝血途径（intrinsic pathway）71.外源性凝血途径（extrinsic pathway） 72.纤维蛋白溶解（fibrinolysis）73.血型（blood group） 74.红细胞凝集（agglutination）75.凝集原（agglutinogen）76.凝集素（agglutinin）77.交叉配血试验（corss-match test）第四章血液循环78. 心动周期（cardiac cycle）79. 等容收缩期（period of isovolumic contraction）80. 等容舒张期（period of isovolumic relaxation）81. 每搏输出量（stroke volume）82. 射血分数（ejection fraction）83. 心输出量（cardiac output）84 心指数（cardiac index）85. 异长调节（heterometric regulation）86.心室功能曲线（ventricular function curve）87.心肌收缩能力(myocardial contractility)88.等长调节（homometric regulation）89.快反应细胞（fast response cell） 90.慢反应细胞（slow response cell）91.期前收缩（premature systole） 92.代偿间歇（compensatory pause）93.自动节律性(autorhythmicity) 94.正常起搏点（normal pacemaker）95.潜在起搏点（latent pacemaker） 96.异位起搏点（ectopic pacemaker）97.房室延搁（atrioventricular delay）98.膜反应曲线（membrane responsiveness curve）99.钙触发钙释放（calcium-induced Ca2+ release）100.外周阻力（peripheral resistance）101.动脉血压（arterial blood pressure）102.收缩压（systolic pressure）103.舒张压（diastolic pressure） 104.平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure）105.中心静脉压（central venous pressure）106.微循环（microcirculation） 107.压力感受性反射（baroreceptor reflex）第五章呼吸108.肺通气（pulmonary ventilation） 109.肺换气（gas exchange in lungs）110.呼吸运动（respiratory movement） 111.弹性阻力（elastic resistance）112.顺应性(compliance) 113.肺的静态顺应性（static compliance）114.比顺应性(specific compliance) 115.肺表面活性物质（pulmonary surfactant）116.气道阻力(airway resistance) 117.潮气量(tidal volume)118.余气量(residual volume)119.功能余气量(functional residual capacity)120.肺活量(vital capacity) 121.用力肺活量(forced vital capacity) 122.用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume)123.肺通气量(pulmonary ventilation)124.解剖无效腔(anatomical dead space) 125.肺泡无效腔(alveolar dead space) 126.肺泡通气量(alveolar ventilation)127.通气/血流比值(ventilation/perfusion ratio)128.血氧容量(oxygen capacity) 129.血氧含量(oxygen content)130.血氧饱和度(oxygen saturation) 131.氧解离曲线(oxygen dissociation curve) 132.肺牵张反射(pulmonary stretch reflex)第六章消化与吸收133.消化（digestion） 134.机械性消化（mechanical digestion）135.化学性消化（chemical digestion） 136.吸收（absorption）137.慢波（slow wave） 138.胃肠激素（gastrointestinal hormone）139.脑-肠肽（braingut peptide）140.黏液-碳酸氢盐屏障（mucus bicarbonate barrier）141.胃黏膜屏障（gastric mucosal barrier）142.容受性舒张（receptive relaxation）143.紧张性收缩（tonic contraction） 144.胃的排空（gastric emptying）145.肠-胃反射（entero-gastric reflex） 146.分节运动（segmentation contraction）147.胆盐的肠-肝循环（enterohepatic circulation of bile salt）第七章能量代谢与体温148. 能量代谢(energy metabolism)149. 食物的热价(thermal equivalent of food)150. 氧热价(thermal equivalent of oxygen)151. 呼吸商(respiratory quotient) 152. 基础代谢率(basal metabolic rate) 153. 体温（body temperature） 154.温热性发汗（thermal sweating）155.精神性发汗（mental sweating 156.热敏神经元(warm-sensitive neuron) 157.冷敏神经元(cold-sensitive neuron)第八章尿的生成和排出158. 管-球反馈（tubuloglomerular feedback）159. 肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate)160. 滤过分数(filtration fraction)161. 有效滤过压(effective filtration pressure)162. 肾糖阈（renal threshold for glucose）163. 葡萄糖吸收极限量（transfer maximum of glucose）164. 渗透性利尿（osmotic diuresis）165. 球-管平衡(glomerulotubular balance) 166. 水利尿（water diuresis） 167.清除率（clearance）第九章感觉器官的功能168. 感受器（receptor） 169. 感觉器官（sense organ）170. 适宜刺激（adequate stimulus） 171. 换能作用（transducer function）172. 瞳孔对光反射（pupillary light reflex）173.互感性对光反射（consensual light reflex）174. 瞳孔近反射（near reflex of the pupil）175.视敏度（visual acuity）176.暗适应（dark adaptation） 177.明适应（light adaptation）178.视野（visual field） 179.听阈（hearing threshold）180.耳蜗内电位(endocochlear potential)181.耳蜗微音器电位（cochlear microphonic potential）182.眼球震颤（nystagmus）第十章神经系统的功能183.突触（synapse） 184.经典的突触（classical synapse）185.兴奋性突触后电位(excitatory postsynaptic potential)186.抑制性突触后电位(inhibitory postsynaptic potential)187.非定向突触（non-directed synapse） 188.电突触（electric synapse）189.神经递质（neurotransmitter） 190.神经调质（neuromodulator）191.受体（receptor） 192.激动剂（agonist）193.拮抗剂（antagonist） 194.上调（up regulation）195.下调（down regulation） 196.胆碱能纤维（cholinergic fiber）197.肾上腺素能纤维（adrenergic fiber） 198.突触后抑制（postsynaptic inhibition）199.传入侧支性抑制(afferent collateral inhibition)200.回返性抑制(recurrent inhibition) 201.突触前抑制（presynaptic inhibition）202.特异投射系统(specific projection system)203.非特异投射系统(nonspecific projection system)204.牵涉痛（referred pain） 205.脊休克（spinal shock）206.牵张反射（stretch reflex） 207.腱反射(tendon reflex)208.肌紧张(muscle tonus) 209.去大脑僵直（decerebrate rigidity）210.α僵直（α-rigidity） 211.γ僵直（γ-rigidity）212.自发脑电活动（spontaneous electric activity of the brain）213.脑电图（electroencephalogram）214.脑干网状结构上行激动系统(ascending reticular activating system) 215.慢波睡眠（slow wave sleep） 216.异相睡眠（paradoxical sleep）第十一章内分泌217. 激素(hormone) 218. 允许作用(permissive action) 219. 长反馈（long-loop feedback） 220. 短反馈（short-loop feedback）221. 超短反馈（ultra-short-loop feedback）222. 下丘脑调节肽(hypothalamic regulatory peptides)223. 应激反应（stress reaction） 224.应急反应（emergency reaction）第十二章生殖225. 月经（menstruation） 226. 月经周期（menstrual cycle）227. 增生期（proliferative phase） 228. 黄体期（luteal phase）。

Examination Paper of PathophysiologyFor English Class1. Single-choice questions ( There are four answers in each question, pick out the best one and mark “√”)(1) Hypertonic dehydration is defined asA. [Na+] >150 mmol/L, osmotic pressure> 310 mOsm/LB. [Na+] <130 mmol/L，osmotic pressure< 280 mOsm/LC. [[Na+] =150 mmol/L，osmotic pressure = 310 mOsm/LD. [Na+] >150 mmol/L，osmotic pressure < 310mOsm/L(2) The characteristic cause of hypertonic dehydration isA. increased loss of body fluid and decreased intake of waterB. water loss is excess of Na+ loss.C. no water during navigation .D. increased loss of water via gastrointestinal tract(3) Which is not the reason of hypertonic dehydration?A. no sense of thirst due to brain injury.B. severe vomitingC. difficulty in swallowing because of esophageal diseases.D. hypoventilation.(4) Increased loss of pure water via skin will causeA. hypotonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypertonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(5) Intracellular dehydration can be seen inA. hypotonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypertonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(6) Loss of body weight can not be seen inA. hypotonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypertonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(7) There is severe thirst inA. hypertonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypotonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(8) The change of electrocardiogram in hyperkalemia isA. low P-waveB. peaked T-waveC. widen T-waveD. narrow QRS complex(9) The reason of increased interstitial fluid isA. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.B. increased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure.C. decreased permeability of the capillary wall.D. increased lymphatic return.(10) Increased permeability of the capillary wall will lead toA. increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure.B. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.C. increased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure.D. increased interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure.(11) Metabolic alkalosis will lead toA. decreased intracellular [K+].B. increased intracellular [K+].C. increased extracellular [K+].D. normal intracellular [K+].(12). The effect of respiratory acidosis on the body isA. increase of myocardial contraction.B. depression of mental activity.C. arteriole contraction.D.hypokalemia.(13) The main reason of pulmonary hypertension caused by acute hypoxia is:A. increase of right cardiac outputB. left heart failureC. increase of pulmonary blood flowD. spasm of pulmonary arterioles(14). The most important factor deciding blood oxygen saturation is:A. blood pHB. blood temperatureC. blood oxygen pressureD. blood carbon dioxide pressure(15). Hypoxemia isA. blood oxygen pressure is lower than normal levelB. blood oxygen content is less than normal levelC. blood oxygen capacity is less than normal levelD. arterial blood oxygen content is less than normal level(16) Which parameter doesn’t decrease in hypotonic hypoxia?A. oxygen capacityB. PvO2C. blood oxygen content in veinD. arterial blood oxygen content2. Explain the following concepts(1) brain death(2) hypertonic dehydration(3) hypokalemia(4) edema(5) cyanosis3. Answer the following questions:(1) Explain the causes of hypokalemia.(2)Please tell the alteration of PaO2, Cao2, O2 capacity, Sao2 and the difference between Cao2 and Cvo2 in various kinds of hypoxia.4. Case discussionA 52-year-old man with chronic obstructive lung disease was admitted to the hospital with worsening dyspnea. He appeared cyanotic and in respiratory distress. The pH=7.34, PaCO2=60 mmHg, [HCO3-] =37mmol/L.Please answer the following questions:(a) What type of acid-base imbalance did the patient have?(b) Why did the acid-base imbalance occur?【参考答案】(1) A (2) B (3) D (4) C (5) C (6) D (7) A (8) B (9) A (10) D (11) B (12) B (13 D (14)C (15)D (16) A。

Examination Paper of PathophysiologyFor English Class1. Single-choice questions ( There are four answers in each question, pick out the best one and mark “√”)(1) Hypertonic dehydration is defined asA. [Na+] >150 mmol/L, osmotic pressure> 310 mOsm/LB. [Na+] <130 mmol/L，osmotic pressure< 280 mOsm/LC. [[Na+] =150 mmol/L，osmotic pressure = 310 mOsm/LD. [Na+] >150 mmol/L，osmotic pressure < 310mOsm/L(2) The characteristic cause of hypertonic dehydration isA. increased loss of body fluid and decreased intake of waterB. water loss is excess of Na+ loss.C. no water during navigation .D. increased loss of water via gastrointestinal tract(3) Which is not the reason of hypertonic dehydration?A. no sense of thirst due to brain injury.B. severe vomitingC. difficulty in swallowing because of esophageal diseases.D. hypoventilation.(4) Increased loss of pure water via skin will causeA. hypotonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypertonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(5) Intracellular dehydration can be seen inA. hypotonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypertonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(6) Loss of body weight can not be seen inA. hypotonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypertonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(7) There is severe thirst inA. hypertonic dehydration.B. isotonic dehydration.C. hypotonic dehydration.D. water intoxication.(8) The change of electrocardiogram in hyperkalemia isA. low P-waveB. peaked T-waveC. widen T-waveD. narrow QRS complex(9) The reason of increased interstitial fluid isA. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.B. increased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure.C. decreased permeability of the capillary wall.D. increased lymphatic return.(10) Increased permeability of the capillary wall will lead toA. increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure.B. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.C. increased plasma colloidal osmotic pressure.D. increased interstitial colloidal osmotic pressure.(11) Metabolic alkalosis will lead toA. decreased intracellular [K+].B. increased intracellular [K+].C. increased extracellular [K+].D. normal intracellular [K+].(12). The effect of respiratory acidosis on the body isA. increase of myocardial contraction.B. depression of mental activity.C. arteriole contraction.D.hypokalemia.(13) The main reason of pulmonary hypertension caused by acute hypoxia is:A. increase of right cardiac outputB. left heart failureC. increase of pulmonary blood flowD. spasm of pulmonary arterioles(14). The most important factor deciding blood oxygen saturation is:A. blood pHB. blood temperatureC. blood oxygen pressureD. blood carbon dioxide pressure(15). Hypoxemia isA. blood oxygen pressure is lower than normal levelB. blood oxygen content is less than normal levelC. blood oxygen capacity is less than normal levelD. arterial blood oxygen content is less than normal level(16) Which parameter doesn’t decrease in hypotonic hypoxia?A. oxygen capacityB. PvO2C. blood oxygen content in veinD. arterial blood oxygen content2. Explain the following concepts(1) brain death(2) hypertonic dehydration(3) hypokalemia(4) edema(5) cyanosis3. Answer the following questions:(1) Explain the causes of hypokalemia.(2)Please tell the alteration of PaO2, Cao2, O2 capacity, Sao2 and the difference between Cao2 and Cvo2 in various kinds of hypoxia.4. Case discussionA 52-year-old man with chronic obstructive lung disease was admitted to the hospital with worsening dyspnea. He appeared cyanotic and in respiratory distress. The pH=7.34, PaCO2=60 mmHg, [HCO3-] =37mmol/L.Please answer the following questions:(a) What type of acid-base imbalance did the patient have?(b) Why did the acid-base imbalance occur?【参考答案】(1) A (2) B (3) D (4) C (5) C (6) D (7) A (8) B (9) A (10) D (11) B (12) B (13 D (14)C (15)D (16) A。

第一章绪论一、名词解释1.反射2.神经调节3.体液调节4.反馈5.负反馈6.正反馈7. 阈强度8.内环境9.体液二、填空题1.以细胞膜为界将体液分为_______和_______。

血浆是_______最活跃的部分，它可沟通各部分组织液，成为细胞与外环境间进行物质交换的_______。

2.内环境的相对稳定状态称为_______。

3.激素或代谢产物对器官功能进行调节，这种方式称_______。

4.生理学的动物实验方法可分为_______和_______。

5.生理功能的自动控制方式为反馈，它可分为_______和_______。

6.体内在进行功能调节时，使控制部分发放信息加强，此称_______。

7.维持稳态的重要途径是_______反馈调节。

8.体液调节是通过_______完成的。

9.观察马拉松赛跑时心脏活动和呼吸的变化属_______水平研究。

10.在中枢神经系统参与下，机体对刺激作出有规律的反应称_______。

三、判断题1.生命活动的基本特征主要有新陈代谢、兴奋性等。

( )2.破坏中枢神经系统，将使反射消失。

( )3.条件反射和非条件反射，都是种族所共有的，生来就具备的反射活动。

( )4.自身调节需要神经中枢参与完成。

( )5.在取消了器官的神经调节和体液调节后，将丧失调节能力。

( )6.破坏中枢神经系统，将使反应消失。

( )四、各项选择题(一) 单项选择1. 关于反射，下述哪项是错误的( )A.是机体在神经中枢参与下发生的反应B.可分为条件反射和非条件反射两种C.机体通过反射，对外界环境变化作出适应性反应D.没有大脑，就不能发生反射2. 以下哪项不属于反射弧的环节( )A.突触B.中枢C.效应器D.外周神经3. 躯体运动神经属于( )A.传入神经B.中枢C.传出神经D.效应器4. 关于体液调节，下述哪项是错误的( )A.体液调节不受神经系统的控制B.通过化学物质来实现C.激素所作用的细胞称为激素的靶细胞D.体液调节不一定都是全身性的5. 自主神经系统对于心血管系统是( )A.控制系统B.受控系统C.控制信息D.反馈信息6. 心血管系统是自主神经系统的( )A.控制系统B.受控系统C.控制信息D.反馈信息7. 迷走神经传出纤维的冲动可看作是( )A.控制系统B.受控系统C.控制信息D.反馈信息8. 动脉壁上的压力感受器感受动脉血压变化，使相应的传入神经产生动作电位可看作( )A.控制系统B.受控系统C.控制信息D.反馈信息9. 正反馈调节的作用是使( )A.人体血压稳定B.人体体液理化特性相对稳定C.人体活动按某一固定程序进行，到某一特定目标D.体内激素水平不致过高10. 下列生理过程中，属于负反馈调节的是( )A.排尿反射B.排便反射C.血液凝固D.减压反射11. 在人体功能调节中，处于主导地位的是( )A.全身性体液调节B.自身调节C.神经调节D.局部性体液调节12. 条件反射的特征是( )A.种族遗传B.先天获得C.数量较少D.个体在后天生活中形成13. 体液调节的特点是( )A.迅速B.准确C.持久D.短暂14. 排尿反射是( )A.自身调节B.负反馈调节C.体液调节D.正反馈调节(二)多项选择1. 下列各项叙述，属于条件反射的是( )A.刺激性质与反应之间的关系不固定，灵活可变B.刺激性质与反应之间的关系由种族遗传决定C.需后天学习获得D.数量有限，比较恒定、少变或不变E.反射活动的适应性比较有限2. 神经调节的特点是( )A.出现反应迅速B.局限而精确C.作用持续时间较长D.作用范围广泛E.适于缓慢进行的一些生理过程的调节3. 属于条件反射的有( )A.食物入口引起唾液分泌B.沙粒入眼引起流泪C.望梅止渴D.叩击髌腱引起小腿伸直E.谈起美食引起唾液分泌4. 以下何属细胞、分子水平的研究( )A.心脏生物电现象的原理B.突触传递的原理C.肌肉收缩的原理D.缺氧时肺通气的变化E.运动时心功能的变化5. 有关神经调节的叙述正确的是( )A.反应速度慢B.参与维持机体的稳态C.作用范围广D.持续时间短E.反应迅速而准确6. 反射弧组成包括( )A.效应器B.感受器C.传出神经D.神经中枢E.传入神经7. 属于非条件反射的有( )A.雏鸡出壳就能啄食B.沙粒入眼就眨眼流泪C.新生儿嘴唇触及乳头便会吸吮D.学生听见上课铃声就立即进教室E.看见酸梅唾液立即分泌【参考答案】一、名词解释：1.反射: 在中枢神经系统参与下，机体对内外环境变化产生的适应性、规律性的应答反应，称为反射.2.神经调节: 神经系统是调节全身各种功能活动的调节系统，通过神经系统的调节称为神经调节.3.体液调节: 机体的某些细胞能生成并分泌某些特殊的化学物质，后者经体液运输到达全身的组织细胞或体内某些特殊的组织细胞，调节其功能活动，称为体液调节4.反馈: 在整体，被调节的器官(效应器)，在功能活动发生改变时，往往这一变化的信息又可以通过回路反映到调节系统，改变其调节的强度，形成一种调节回路。

第一章练习题《绪论》（一）一、选择题1.人体生理学是研究（）A人体物理变化的规律B人体化学变化的规律C正常人体功能活动及其规律 D 异常人体功能活动的规律2.内环境的稳态是指（）A维持细胞外液理化性质保持不变 B 维持细胞内液理化性质保持不变C维持细胞外液理化性质相对恒定D维持细胞内液理化性质相对恒定3.机体中细胞生活的内环境是指（）A细胞外液 B 细胞内液 C 脑脊液 D 组织液4.刺激引起机体反应需要具备三个基本条件分别是（）A神经调节、体液调节和自身调节 B 反应、反射和反馈C阈刺激、阈上刺激和阈下刺激BD刺激强度、刺激作用的时间和刺激强度-时间变化率5.神经调节的基本方式是（）A适应B 反应C 反射D正反馈调节6.神经调节的特点是（）A调节幅度小 B 反应速度慢C作用广泛和持久 D 作用迅速、准确和短暂7.神经调节和体液调节相比，下述各项中错误的是（）A神经调节发展快 B 神经调节起主导作用C神经调节的范围比较小D神经调节的基本方式是反应8.关于反射的描述，不正确的是（）A在中枢神经系统的参与下发生的规律性反应B结构基础为反射弧C是神经系统活动的基本过程D没有中枢神经也能发生发射9.下列哪些不属于反射弧的组成部分（）A感受器B 效应器C 神经垂体D传入神经10.不属于神经调节的特点是( )A出现反应快 B 持续时间短C是最主要的调节方式 D 能提供生理反应的能量11.不属于体液调节的特点是（）A缓慢B广泛C持久D灵敏度高12.属于自身调节的特点是（）A精确B 稳定C范围局限 D 灵敏度高13.负反馈的调节意义是（）A维持机能状态的相对稳定 B 使机能状态速度C使机体对刺激作出持久反应D使机体对刺激作出快速反应14.下列哪项不是机体的调节途径（）A神经调节B体液调节C自身调节D反馈调节15.阈强度是指（）A能够引起组织产生最大反应的最小刺激强度B能够引起组织兴奋的刺激强度C能够引起组织反应的最小刺激强度D能够引起组织兴奋的最适刺激强度16.将神经调节和体液调节相比较，下列哪项错误（）A神经调节发生快B体液调节持续时间长C所谓神经调节既是反射性调节D体液调节可不受神经控制17.具体的说，内环境是指（）A体液B细胞内液C细胞外液 D 血液18.衡量组织兴奋性的指标是（）A阈电位 B 动作电位C静息电位 D 阈强度19.维持内环境稳态的重要调节方式是（）A神经调节 B 体液调节C自身调节 D 负反馈调节20.可兴奋细胞包括（）A神经细胞肌细胞 B 神经细胞、腺细胞C神经细胞、肌细胞、腺细胞 D 神经细胞、肌细胞、骨细胞21.关于负反馈的叙述，错误的是（）A属于自动控制系统B与神经调节和体液调节无关C反馈信息与控制信息的作用性质相反 D 起减弱控制信息的作用22.在自动控制系统中，从受控部分到达控制部分的信息称为( )A干扰信息B控制信息 C 反馈信息 D 参考信息23.下列哪些活动属于条件反射（）A看到酸梅时引起唾液分泌 B 食物进入口腔后，引起胃腺分泌C大量饮水后尿量增加 D 寒冷环境下皮肤血管收缩二、是非题（）1.生理学是研究生物体功能活动及其规律的一门实验科学。

第一章绪论习题一、名词解释1. 内环境2. 稳态（homeostasis）3. 反射（reflex）4. 反馈（feedback）5. 正反馈（positive feedback）6. 负反馈（negative）7. 前馈二、选择题单选题1. 机体内环境的homeostasis 是指：A. 细胞内液理化性质保持不变B. 细胞外液理化性质保持不变C. 细胞内液化学成分相对恒定D. 细胞外液化学成分保持恒定E. 细胞外液理化性质相对恒定2. 下列关于稳态的叙述，错误的概念是：A. 生物体内环境的理化性质经常保持绝对平衡的状态，称为稳态B. 稳态是一种复杂的由机体内部各种调节机制所维持的动态平衡过程C. 维持机体内环境的理化性质相对恒定的状态，称之为稳态D. 稳态一旦不能维持，生物体的生命将受到威胁E. 稳态的概念首先由美国科学家Cannon提出3. 能引起生物机体发生反应的各种环境变化，统称为：A. 反射B. 兴奋C. 刺激D. 反应E. 阈值4. Neuroregulation的基本方式是:A. 反射B. 反应C. 适应D. 正反馈调节E. 负反馈调节5. Neuroregulation的特点是A. 调节幅度B. 作用广泛而持久C. 作用迅速、准确和短暂D. 反应速度慢E. 调节的敏感性差6. 下列不直接参与体内信息传递的物质是：A. 神经递质B. 调制物C. 内分泌激素D. 旁分泌物质E. 局部体液因素7. 下述情况中，属于autoregulation的是：A. 人在过度通气后呼吸暂停B. 全身血压维持相对恒定C. 体温维持相对恒定D. 血糖水平维持相对恒定E. 平均动脉压在一定范围内升降时，肾血流量维持相对恒定8. 下列生理过程中，属于negative feed-back的调节是：A. 排尿反射B. 排便反射C. 血液凝固D. 减压反射E. 分娩9. 维持机体homeostasis的重要调节过程是：A. neuroregulationB. humoral regulationC. autoregulaionD. positive feedbackE. negative feedback10. 在自动控制系统中，从受控部分发出到达控制部分的信息称为：A. 偏差信息B.干扰信息C. 控制信息D. 反馈信息E. 自动控制信息11. 家兔，雄性，体重2.1kg。

⽣理学第⼀章绪论练习题及答案第⼀章绪论⼀、填空题1.⽣理学是研究①________的科学，⼈体⽣理学是研究②________的科学。

2. ⽣理学主要从①________、②________和③________三个不同⽔平进⾏研究。

3. ⽣命的基本特征是①________、②________、③________和④________。

4. 新陈代谢过程可分为①________代谢和②________代谢两个⽅⾯。

5. 刺激引起组织发⽣反应必须具备三个条件，即①________、②________和③________。

6. 细胞外液是机体细胞所处的①________。

它是机体与外环境进⾏物质交换的②__________ ;它的各项理化性质是保持相对③________的状态，称为④________。

7. 机体活动的调节⽅式有①________、②________和③________，其中最主要的调节⽅式是④________。

8. 神经调节的基本⽅式是①________，其结构基础称为②________。

9.根据形成的过程和条件不同，反射可以分为①_______反射和②______反射两种类型。

10.反馈调节控制有①________和②________两种类型。

11.可兴奋细胞包括①________、②________和③_________ 。

它们受刺激时易发⽣④________反应。

⼆、选择题[A型题]1.最能反映内环境状况的体液部分是（）A.细胞内液B.脑脊液C.尿液D.淋巴液E.⾎液2. 正常⼈体内环境的理化特性经常处于（）A.固定不变B.相对稳定C.随机多变D.绝对不变E.剧烈波动3.可兴奋组织接受刺激后所产⽣反应的共同特征是（）A.分泌活动B.收缩反应C.电位变化D.神经冲动4.机体处于寒冷环境时，甲状腺激素分泌增多属于（）A.神经调节B.体液调节C.⾃⾝调节D.神经-体液调节E.负反馈调节5.在⾃动控制系统中，由输⼊信息与反馈信息⽐较后得出的信息称为（）A.控制信息C.参考信息D.⼲扰信息E.调节信息6.反馈信息是指（）A.控制部分发出的信息B.调定点的改变C.外界⼲扰的强度D.中枢的紧张性E.受控变量的改变情况7.破坏反射弧中的任何⼀个环节，下列哪⼀种调节将不能进⾏?（）A.神经调节B.体液调节C.⾃⾝调节D.旁分泌调节E.⾃分泌调节8.条件反射属于（）A.正反馈调节B.负反馈调节C.⾃⾝调节D.前馈调节E.后馈调节[B型题]A.神经调节B.体液调节C.⾃⾝调节D.负反馈调节1.维持机体稳态的重要调节过程是（）2.分娩过程属于（）3.⾷物进⼊⼝腔后，引起唾液分泌，这⼀过程主要属于（）4.全⾝动脉⾎压变动在80~180 mmHg(1 mmHg=9.806 Pa)范围内，肾⾎流量仍能保持相对稳定，这属于（）5. 胰岛B细胞分泌胰岛素、降低⾎糖，属于（）[C型题]A.机体的内环境B.机体的外环境C.两者都是D.两者都不是1.⾎浆属于（）2.细胞内液属于（）3.脑脊液属于（）[X型题]1.下列中属于条件反射的有（）B.杯⼸蛇影C.谈虎⾊变D.望梅⽌渴E.寒冷引起⽴⽑肌收缩2.下列中属于正反馈调节的有（）A.降压反射B.⾎液凝固过程C.分娩过程D.排便反射和排尿反射E.神经动作电位去极化期时的Nat内流3.下列中属于负反馈调节的有（）A.降压反射B.体温调节C.甲状腺激素的分法D.糖⽪质激素的分泌E.吞咽反射4.神经调节的特点有（）A.反应速度快B.作⽤范围较精确C.作⽤持续时间题D.基本⽅式是反射E.是机体最主要的调节⽅式5.体液调节的特点有（）A.反应速度慢B.作⽤范围⼴C.作⽤持续时间长D.作⽤很精确E.参与维持机体的稳态6.⾃⾝调节的特点有（）A.调节幅度较⼩B.调节范围⼩C.调节不够灵敏D.不依赖于神经或体液调节E.调节的效果是保持⽣理功能的稳定7.负反馈调控的特点有（）A.反应可逆B.有波动性C.有滞后现象D.⽆预见性E.维持机休的稳态8.正反馈调控的特点有（）A.反应不可逆B.能反复再⽣C.反应不断增强D.输出变量可加⼤反馈信息E.使反应迅速完成9.下列中属于⾃⾝调节的有（）A.⼀定范围内，⼼肌收缩⼒与其纤维初长度成正⽐B.平均动脉压在⼀定范围内变动时，脑⾎流量保持相对恒定C.动脉⾎压在⼀定范围内变动时，肾⾎流量保持相对恒定D.动脉⾎压突然升⾼时，⾎压可以回降E.环境温度在⼀定范围内波动，体温保持相对恒定三、名词解释1.内环境(internal environment)2.稳态(homeostasis)3.反射(reflex)4.神经调节(nervous regulation)5.体液调节(humoral regulation)6.⾃⾝调节(autoregulation)7.神经-体液调节(neuro-humoral regulation)8.反馈(feedback)9.正反馈(positive feedback)10.负反馈(negative feedback)11.调定点(set point)12.重调定(resetting)13.前馈(feedforward)四、问答题1.试⽐较神经调节、体液调节和⾃⾝调节的作⽤、特点及⽣理意义。

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONSummaryPhysiology is the study of how living organisms work. It is the science that describe the normal functions and their regular patterns of the living organisms. The vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant physiology, human physiology,and many more subdivisions. However, the Human Physiology is very important and basic biomedical course for medical students.The body has three fundamental characteristics of living organism which are metabolism, excitability and reproduction. The metabolism include material metabolism and energy metabolism. The material metabolisms of carbonhydrate, lipid, proteins etc. have mainly been learned in BIOCHMISTRY. The energy metabolism will be learned in the 7th Chapter in PHYSIOLOGY. The excitability is very important physiological term, the property of living organisms that permit them to react to stimuli is defined as excitability.Since the normal functions of organs or organ systems was emphasized, homeostasis is another very important physiological concept. Homeostasis signifies a stable and constant status of the internal enviroment in the body of living organism. It is a dynamic balance of pH, osmostic pressure, temperature, ions concentrations, and so on. Homeostasis is a necessary for the normal functions of cells, organs and organ systems. Therefore, homeostasis is the soul concept of PHYSIOLOGY.The living organism needs to overcome the possible disorder caused by the metabolisms, then homeostasis could be maintained and the normal functions of the living organisms could be gone on. How to maintain the homeostasis? There are mainly three mechanisms to maintain the homeostasis. They are neural regulation, humoral regulation and auto-regulation. Three regulatory patterns exhibit different mechanisms and features.Feedback, a term borrowed from engineering, is a fundamental feature of homeostasis. Feedback regulation anticipates changes in a regulated variable, improves the speed of the body’s homeostatic responses, and minimizes fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated. In the negative feedback system, a change in the variable being regulated brings about response that tend to push the variable in the direction opposite to the original change. The homeostasis could be maintained after negative feedback regulation. In positive feedback system, an initial disturbance in the system sets off a train of events that increases the disturbance even further. Some special physiological activities in the living organism are carried out by the positive feedback system such as processes of giving birth, blood coagulation, micturition.Definition1.Physiology（生理学）2.Acute experiment（急性实验）3.Chronic experiments（慢性实验）4.In vitro（离体）5.In vivo（在体）6.Metabolism（新陈代谢）7.Interstitial fluid（组织间液）8.Internal environment（内环境）9.Homeostasis（稳态）10.Excitability（兴奋性）11.Excitation（兴奋）12.Inhibition（抑制）13.Stimulus（刺激）14.Neural regulation（神经调节）15.Neuro-humoral regulation（神经体液调节）16.Reflex arc（反射弧）17.Unconditioned reflex（非条件反射）18.Conditioned reflex（条件反射）19.Humoral regulation（体液调节）20.Auto-regulation（自身调节）21.Feedback（反馈）22.Negative feedback（负反馈）23.Positive feedback（正反馈）24.Feedforward（前馈）Choose the ONE best answer, then fill the corresponding letter in the blank.( C ) 1. Which one of the following is a physiological process with negative feedback?A.Blood coagulationB.Process of passing urineC.Sino-aortic baroreceptor reflexD.Na+ influx during action potentialE.Process of parturition( D ) 2. Which one of the following is not the property of regulation by hormone?A.Slow in onsetB.Diffuse in natureC.Longer in durationD.Accurate in actionE.Action in overcorrection( D ) 3. Which of the following is not the fundamental characteristic of living organisms?A.MetabolismB.ExcitabilityC.ReproductionD.Passive diffusionE.Adaption( D ) 4. The concept of homeostasisA.includes the concept of an error signal.B.refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stable condition.C.refers only to the regulation of body temperature.D. A and BE. B and C(A) 5. This term refers to the existence of a stable internal environmentA.HomeostasisB.FeedbackC.AutoregulationD.All the aboveE.None of the above(C) 6. Which one of the following provides long-term regulatory control that results in relatively unchanging internal conditions.A.Positive FeedbackB.DiseaseC.Negative FeedbackD.All the aboveE.None of the above(B) 7. Moving your hand away from a hot stove is an example of a basic function calledA.Positive feedbackB.ResponseC.RegulationD.All the aboveE.None of the above(E) 8. On the objects that Physiology researches and observes, which of the following is correct description ?A.Whole body levelan and organ systems levelsC.Cellular levelD.Molecular levelE.All the above(E) 9. On the methodology applied in Physiology, which of the following is correct?A.Acute experimentB.Chronic experimentC.Experiment in vivoD.Experiment in vitroE.All the above(D) 10. The acceleration of heart beat caused by catecholamine hormones released from adrenal gland after doing exercise, it isA.Neural regulationB.Humoral regulationC.AutoregulationD.Neural-humoral regulationE.None of the aboveQuestions:1.What are the five components of the reflex arc?2.What are fundamental characteristics of living organism?3.Explain the mechanisms of how to maintain the homeostasis in living organism.4.Contrast the properties of the neural regulation, humoral regulation and auto-regulation.5.Describe the category of the humoral regulation.Answers:Definitions:1.Physiology（生理学）: Physiology is the study of how living organisms work, the goal ofphysiology is to study the normal functions and their regular patterns of organs or organ systems of living organism.2.Acute experiment（急性实验）：Experiment performed is to study the physiologicalactivities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in short time is called acute experiment. The animals used are oftenly under anesthesia, and the experiments are oftenly destructive and irreversible, even induce the death of animals. The acute experiment include experiment in vivo and in vitro.3.Chronic experiments（慢性实验）: Experiment performed is to study the physiologicalactivities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in long time is called chronic experiment. The Chronic experiments may be performed on conscious subject for a long period of time after recovery from the operation.4.In vitro（离体）：Experiment is performed on an isolated tissue or organ that is taken outfrom the body of the animal.5.In vivo（在体）：Experiment is performed on the whole body of the animal to observe oneor some physiological functions of the organ or organ systems.6.Metabolism（新陈代谢）：Metabolism is the one of basic characteristics of livingorganism. It means all the chemical reactions in all the cells of the body, and includes all material and energy transformations that occur in the body. The material metabolism includes catabolic and anabolic reactions.7.Interstitial fluid（组织间液）：The spaces between cells are called the interstitutium, thefluid in these spaces is the interstitial fluid.8.Internal environment（内环境）：It is the environment that all cells of the body live in theextracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment of the body.9.Homeostasis（稳态）：The state maintenance of a constancy and balance in one’s internalenvironment. It is the soul of the physiology.10.Excitability（兴奋性）：It is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to makeresponse to the stimulus. Essentially, It is the ability of cells to generate action potential.Excitability is a fundamental property to all tissues and cells.11.Excitation（兴奋）：It signifies a beginning of an activity or increase in physiologicalactivity after stimulus, such as the acceleration of the heart beat after stimulating the sympathetic nerve.12.Inhibition（抑制）：Inhibition is a stop of an activity or a decrease in physiological activityafter stimulus, such as the slowing of the heart beat after stimulating the vagus nerve.13.Stimulus（刺激）：Any changes from external or internal environmental factors that causesa response in a sense organ or an organism are called the stimulus. It includes the physical,chemical and biological stimuli.14.Neural regulation（神经调节）：The functions of organs or organ systems are regulated bythe central nervous system via the reflexes. The reflex is the regular response of effectors to the stimulus based on the reflex arc.15.Neuro-humoral regulation（神经体液调节）：In many cases, the endocrine system is soclosely related to the nervous system that it can be regarded as an extension of the efferent limb of the reflex arc . In this instance it is called neuro-humoral regulation.16.Reflex arc（反射弧）：Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, it is the basic unit of integratedneural activity, consisting of receptor, afferent nerve, nervous center, efferent nerve and effector.17.Unconditioned reflex（非条件反射）：A fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposedto be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.18.Conditioned reflex（条件反射）：A learned reflex in which the nervous system istrained to produce a new and unusual response to a stimulus.19.Humoral regulation（体液调节）：The functions of organs or organ systems areregulated by the special chemicals released by the endocrine glands or cells, or metabolic products released by the living cells.20.Auto-regulation（自身调节）：In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to theenvironmental change, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.21.Feedback（反馈）：It is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy ofphysiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the control system so as to modify the nature of control.22.Negative feedback（负反馈）：A regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to acontroller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.23.Positive feedback（正反馈）：With a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforcechange of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.24.Feedforward（前馈）：control mechanisms often sense a disturbance and can therefore takecorrective action that anticipates changes. Conditioned reflexes belong to the feedforward control system.。

第一章绪论习题一、名词解释1. 内环境2. 稳态（homeostasis）3. 反射（reflex）4. 反馈（feedback）5. 正反馈（positive feedback）6. 负反馈（negative）7. 前馈二、选择题单选题1. 机体内环境的homeostasis 是指：A. 细胞内液理化性质保持不变B. 细胞外液理化性质保持不变C. 细胞内液化学成分相对恒定D. 细胞外液化学成分保持恒定E. 细胞外液理化性质相对恒定2. 下列关于稳态的叙述，错误的概念是：A. 生物体内环境的理化性质经常保持绝对平衡的状态，称为稳态B. 稳态是一种复杂的由机体内部各种调节机制所维持的动态平衡过程C. 维持机体内环境的理化性质相对恒定的状态，称之为稳态D. 稳态一旦不能维持，生物体的生命将受到威胁E. 稳态的概念首先由美国科学家Cannon提出3. 能引起生物机体发生反应的各种环境变化，统称为：A. 反射B. 兴奋C. 刺激D. 反应E. 阈值4. Neuroregulation的基本方式是:A. 反射B. 反应C. 适应D. 正反馈调节E. 负反馈调节5. Neuroregulation的特点是A. 调节幅度B. 作用广泛而持久C. 作用迅速、准确和短暂D. 反应速度慢E. 调节的敏感性差6. 下列不直接参与体内信息传递的物质是：A. 神经递质B. 调制物C. 内分泌激素D. 旁分泌物质E. 局部体液因素7. 下述情况中，属于autoregulation的是：A. 人在过度通气后呼吸暂停B. 全身血压维持相对恒定C. 体温维持相对恒定D. 血糖水平维持相对恒定E. 平均动脉压在一定范围内升降时，肾血流量维持相对恒定8. 下列生理过程中，属于negative feed-back的调节是：A. 排尿反射B. 排便反射C. 血液凝固D. 减压反射E. 分娩9. 维持机体homeostasis的重要调节过程是：A. neuroregulationB. humoral regulationC. autoregulaionD. positive feedbackE. negative feedback10. 在自动控制系统中，从受控部分发出到达控制部分的信息称为：A. 偏差信息B.干扰信息C. 控制信息D. 反馈信息E. 自动控制信息11. 家兔，雄性，体重2.1kg。

第一章绪论feedback 正反馈体液负反馈内环境negativefeedback什么是内环境的稳态？它有何生理意义第二章细胞的基本功能等长收缩spike potential， repolarization， motor unit，微终板电位，preload，电化学驱动力，depolarization，阈强度，阈电位，兴奋性，运动单位，终板电位，原发性主动转运1、局部电位与动作电位相比有何不同？2、试述钠泵的本质、作用和生理意义试述横纹肌的收缩过程。

3、电刺激坐骨神经-腓肠肌标本引起的骨骼肌收缩经历了哪些生理反应过程4、简述动作电位产生和恢复过程中Na＋通道功能状态的改变6、简述肌肉收缩和舒张的原理简述同一细胞动作电位传导的本质、特点和机制7、试比较单纯扩散和易化扩散的异同8、简述横纹肌的收缩机制及影响横纹肌收缩效能的因素简述G 蛋白的激活过程9、简要说明细胞内液K＋较多，细胞外液Na＋较多的机理10、试比较经载体和经通道易化扩散的异同11、何谓动作电位“全或无”现象12、简述兴奋性与兴奋的区别与联系局部电位与动作电位相比有何不同？13、用阈刺激或阈上刺激刺激神经干时产生的动作电位幅度有何不同？14、同样的两种刺激分别刺激单根神经纤维时情况如何15、什么是肌肉的最适初长度？为什么在最适初长度时肌肉收缩的效果最好第三章血液crystal osmotic pressure， erythrocyte sedimentation rate，1、什么是红细胞悬浮稳定性?如何测定?2、血浆渗透压是如何构成的?其相对稳定有何生理意义3、红细胞生成所需的物质有哪些?缺乏后会出现何种贫血？4、简述各类白细胞的生理功能5、简述血小板的生理特征简述6、白细胞的分类及各自所占百分比7、什么是红血细胞悬浮稳定性?8、如何测定内源性凝血系统和外源性凝血系统有什么区别9、组织液生成的有效滤过压与哪些因素有关10、简述血液凝固的基本过程红细胞的生理特性11、血小板有哪些生理功能第四章血液循环心房钠尿肽normal pacemake r血-脑屏障1、试述窦房结细胞和浦肯野细胞动作电位2、4期自动去极化的形成机制心室肌细胞的动作电位有何特征？3、简述产生各时相的离子机制4、简述冠脉循环的血流特点5、急性失血时可出现哪些代偿性反应6、试述心肌兴奋过程中兴奋性的周期性变化及其生理意义7、何谓心电图？心电图各波及间期所代表的意义是什么？8、试述正常心脏兴奋传导的途径、特点及生理意义9、微循环有哪些重要的血流通路？它们各自的生理作用是什么10、试述影响静脉回流的因素11、简述血管升压素的来源、作用和分泌调节因素12、简述心室肌细胞动作电位的产生机制13、试述影响静脉回流的因素14、简述颈动脉体和主动脉体化学感受器反射对血压的调节作用15、简述房-室延搁及其生理意义16、循环血量减少时，醛固酮的分泌有何变化，机制如何？其生理意义如何17、以左心为例，试述心脏泵血的全过程心肌有哪些生理特性？与骨骼肌相比有何不同18、试论述影响动脉血压的因素19、试比较肾上腺素与去甲肾上腺素对心血管的作用20、试述心肌兴奋过程中兴奋性的周期性变化及其生理意义21、冠脉循环的血流特点22、说明人从卧位迅速站起时动脉血压改变及其机制23、论述颈动脉窦和主动脉弓压力感受性反射及其生理意义23、简述心迷走神经对心血管的作用心室肌细胞的动作电位有何特征？24、简述产生各时相的离子机制25、什么是期前收缩？期前收缩之后为什么会出现较长的舒张时间26、以左心室为例，试述心动周期中冠脉血流量的变化27、输血的基本原则是什么28、在动物实验中，夹闭一侧颈总动脉后，动脉血压有何变化其机制如何29、什么是期前收缩？期前收缩之后为什么会出现较长的舒张时间30、电刺激家兔迷走神经向心端（外周端）引起动脉血压变化的机制是什么？31、为什么一般选择右侧迷走神经进行此项实验？32、说明组织液的生成过程及其影响因素。

初二英语人体生理练习题30题1<背景文章>The human digestive system is a complex and fascinating process. It consists of several important organs that work together to break down food and extract nutrients. The main organs of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.The mouth is the first part of the digestive system. It is where food enters the body. Teeth in the mouth help to break down food into smaller pieces. Saliva, produced by the salivary glands, moistens the food and begins the process of digestion by breaking down starches.The esophagus is a long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. It uses muscular contractions called peristalsis to move food down to the stomach.The stomach is a large, muscular organ that continues the process of digestion. It secretes acids and enzymes that break down food further. The stomach also churns the food to mix it thoroughly.The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place. It is a long, coiled tube lined with tiny finger-like projections called villi. These villi increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining undigested food. It also forms and stores feces until they are eliminated from the body.Understanding the digestive system is important for maintaining good health. A healthy diet and proper digestion are essential for the body to get the nutrients it needs to function properly.1. The first organ of the digestive system is the ___.A. esophagusB. mouthC. stomachD. small intestine答案：B。

生理学复习题--英文版1.静息电位的形成2.心肌浦肯野纤维动作电位的特点和形成机制3.一个人大量发汗并没有补充水分，尿量的变化和变化原因4.基底神经核在调解动作中的作用。

名词10个：Positive feedbackGFRRespiration membraneNonspecific projection systemInward retificationHemostasisSymportPhotopic VisionBEWHepothalumus regulation peptide大题四个1.Threshold ,threshold stimulus ,stimulus potential的各个定义以及联系2.描述心动周期中心室的volume，pressure，以及动脉pressure的变化3.描述胃的头期分泌的特点。

3.描述spinal cord 的牵张反射。

Terminal Examination of Physiology for English ClassI. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1.Extracellular fluid was termed “ Internal Environment” of the human body byA.Claude BernardB. HarveyC. PavlovD. HodgkinE. Cannon2. Inactivation of the sodium-potassium pump will causeA.An increase in intracellular volumeB.An increase in intracellular K+ concentrationC.Hyperpolarization of membrane potentialD.Increase in the excitability of nerve cellE.An increase in flow of sodium out of cell3. Depolarization of an axon is produced byA.Inward diffusion of Na+B. Active extrusion of K+C. Outward diffusion of K+D. Inward active transport of Na+E. Inward diffusion of Ca2+4. Which one of the following processes is not included in a cross bridge cycle?A. Myosin head is energizedB. B. Attachment of cross bridge to actinC. Power stroke causes contractionD. Detachments of heads from actinE. Excitation causes filament sliding5. Which one of the following is not the effect of preload on muscle contraction?A. In a limited range, tension caused by isometric contraction increases with the length.B. At optimal initial length a maximum tension is developedC. Tension declines when the length is shorter than optimal initial lengthD. Tension increases when the length is longer than optimal initial lengthE. Maximal active tension developed at length2~2.2 μm of sarcomere6. Which of the following would cause a decrease in stroke volume:A．block the conduction of the vagus nerve B．stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the heart C．decrease of the pressure in the carotid sinus D．an increase in the end-diastolic pressure E．from lying position to upright position7. If a person has an arterial pressure of 125/75 mmHg,A. The pulse pressure is 40 mmHgB. The mean arterial pressure is 92 mmHgC. Diastolic pressure is 80 mmHgD. Systolic pressure is 120 mmHgE. The mean arterial pressure is 100 mmHg8. Of the following substances, which has an effect on vascular resistance that is opposite to the effect of the others?A. vasopressinB. bradykininB. norepinephrineD. angiotensionE. none of the above9. The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potential of K+ duringA. Phase 0 of the action potentialB. Phase 2 of the action potentialC. Phase 3 of the action potentialD. Phase 4 of the action potentialE. The effective refractory period10. Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropic effect on the heartA. Increased heart rateB. Sympathetic stimulationC. NorepinephrineD. AcetylcholineE. Cardiac glycosides11. Minimum aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle is attainedA. immediately after closure of the aortic semilunar valveB. immediately before opening of the aortic semilunar valveC. immediately before opening of the atrioventricular valvesD.in mid-diastoleE. none of the above12. If you know the stroke volume, the only other thing you need to know to be able to determine the cardiac output isA. heart rateB. afterloadC. preloadD. ventricular contractilityE. end-systolic volume13. The main reason of the formation of intrapleural negative pressure isA. Elastic recoil force of the lungB. Surface tensionC. Airway resistanceD. Contraction of the inspiratory musclesE. Intrapulmonary pressure14. Which of the following in arterial blood exerts the most important control on ventilation under normal conditions?A. PO2,B. PCO2,C. pHD. 2,3-DPGE. PCO15. A lack of normal surfactant will result inA. Increased lung complianceB. Stabilization of alveolar volumeC. Increased retractive force of the lungsD. Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension differenceE. Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood16. Which of the following shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?A. Reduction in temperatureB. Reduction in pHC. Reduction in PCO2D. Reduction in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red blood cellE. Reduction in PCO17. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat isA. RadiationB. ConductionC. ConvectionD. EvaporationE. Brown fat tissue18. Which of the following is not a significant function of the stomach?A. short term storage of ingested foodB. release of chyme into the small intestineC. mixing and liquefaction of foodD. initiation of protein digestionE. absorption of amino acids19. Which of the following enzymes would you expect to be most active in an environment where the pH was 2.0 ? What is the substrate for this enzyme?A. pepsin, starchB. trypsin, proteinC. amylase, starchD. pepsin, proteinE. enterokinase, neutral fat20. During digestion, the small intestine is flooded with proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. What is the source of trypsin (actually secreted as trypsinogen) ?A. salivary glands and gastric epitheliumB. hepatocytesC. gastric epithelial cellsD. bile duct epithelial cellsE. pancreatic exocrine cells21. Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is true?A. it functions both autonomously and by communication with the central nervous systemB. it's neurons are embedded in the tunica mucosaC. it controls secretion, but has no effect on motility in the intestineD. it innervates the esophagus and stomach, but not the intestinesE. it’s not communicated with the central nervous22. The main difference between primary urine and blood plasma is:A. Glucose concentration.B. Crystal osmotic pressure.C. NaCl concentration.D. Plasma protein concentration.E. pH value.23. Proximal tubule of kidneys reabsorbsA. 85% of filtrated water.B. 85% of filtrated Na+C. 65~70% of filtrated Na+ and water.D. 65~70% of filtrated glucose.E. 65~70% of filtrated HCO3-.24. Which type receptor is the naked peripheral end of an afferent neuron?A. nociceptorsB. mechanoreceptorsC. photoreceptorsD. opiate receptorsE. vitreous receptors25. Sensory receptors convert carious forms of energy into electrical energy. What is the conversion process called?A. depolarizationB. hyperpolarizationC. frequency modulationD. somesthetic propagationE. transduction26. Which receptors do not adapt at all or adapt slowly?A. tactileB. nociceptorsC. phasicD. tonicE. taste 27. An increase in the action potential frequency in a sensory nerve usually signifiesA. increased intensity of the stimulusB. cessation of the stimulusC. adaptation of the receptorD. constant and maintained stimulusE. An increase in the action potential28. Why is the blind spot on the retina not usually perceived?A. it is very small, below the ability of the sensory cells to detectB. It is present only in very young childrenC. Its location in the visual field is different in each eyeD. constant eye motion prevent the spot of spot from remaining stillE. lateral input from adjacent cells fills in the missing information29. The condition known as presbyopia is due toA. change in the shape of the eyeball as a result of ageB. an age-related loss of cells in the retinaC. change in the elasticity of the lens as a result of ageD. a loss of transparency in the lensE. increased opacity of the vitreous humor30. Which of the following is the principal function of the ossicles of the middle ear?A. they provide mechanical support for the flexible membranes to which they are attached (i.e., the eardrum and the oval window)B. they reduce the amplitude of the vibrations reaching the oval window, protecting it from mechanical damageC. they increase the efficiency of vibration transfer through the middle earD. they control the opening of the Eustachian tubes and allow pressure to be equalizedE. they have little effect on the process of hearing in humans, since they are essentially passive structures.31. The most important role of the gamma motoneurons is toA. Stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contractB. Maintain I? afferent activity during contraction of muscleC. Detect the length of resting skeletal muscleD. Prevent muscles from producing too much forceE. Above-mentioned are wrong.32. Which one of the following is not the cholinergic neuronA. All preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous systemB. The neurons in the caudate nucleus, putaman, globus pallidusC. Motor neurons in the spinal cordD. The postganglionic neurons of parasympatietic nervous systemE. Most of postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system33. The reason of decerebrate rigidity isA. Overactivity of the spinocerebellumB. Overactivity of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemC. Non-functional of the medullary reticular inhibitor systemD. Non-functional of the pontine excitatory systemE. Non-functional of the spinocerebellum34. Which one is not belong to the feature of visceral painA. The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe pain.B. Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely pain.C. Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficult.D. Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesia.E. The signals are transmitted by Ad fibers GABA(a gammaaminobutyric acid)35. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the fast wave sleep?A. It is the first state of sleep entered when a person falls asleepB. It is accompanied by the vivid dreamingC. It is characterized by a slow but steady heart rateD. It occurs more often in adults than in childrenE. It lasts longer than periods of slow-wave sleep36. During a voluntary movement, the muscle spindle provide the central nervous system with information aboutA. The blood flow to the muscle being movedB. The velocity of the movementC. The length of the muscle being movedD. The tension developed by the muscle being movedE. The change in joint angle produced by the movement37. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum isA.Dopamine,B.Acetylcholine,C.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate38. Which of the following hormones is associated with acromegaly?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. thyroid stimulating hormoneD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. thyrotropin releasing hormone39. Which of the following hormones is associated with cretinism?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid hormoneC. prolactinD. adrenocorticotropic hormoneE. melanophore stimulating hormone40. Which of the following hormones is not secreted from adenohypophysis?A. growth hormoneB. thyroid stimulating hormoneC. prolactinD. luteinizing hormoneE. corticotropin releasing hormone.II Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channel2. Threshold potential3. Ejection fraction4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)5. Hemostasis6. Basic electrical rhythm7. Visual Accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effect9. Forced expiratory volume10. Axoplasmic transportIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1.Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion.5. Describe the detail of the neuronal circuit and function of the skeletal muscle stretch reflex. Examination of PhysiologyClass_____ Name_____________ Numbers_____ Scores_____I .Choose the best answer for each of the following ( 1 point for each, total 40 points)1.The most important mechanism to maintain the homeostasis isA.Negative feedbackB.Positive feedbackC.Nervous regulationD.Humoral regulationE.Autoregulation2. Which of the following is not an example of cotransport?A.Movement of glucose and Na+ through the epithelial membrane in the intestinal epitheliumB.Movement of Na+ and K+ through the action of the Na+ pumpC.Movement of Na+ and glucose across the kidney tubulesD.Movement of Na+ into a cell while Ca2+ moves outE.Exchange between Na+ and H+ ions3. What would happen if the threshold potential were increased?A.Amplitude of AP will be higher than normalB.Propagation velocity of AP will be increasedC.Sodium channels will be more activatedD.Excitability of cells will be increasedE.Excitability of cells will be decreased4.Ca2+ triggers contraction by binding toA.TropomyosinB.ActinC.Cross bridgeD.TtroponinE.Myosin5. In resting muscle, tropomyosinA. Inhibits Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulumB. Prevents Ca2+ from binding to troponinC. Excites the binding of heavy meromyosionglobular heads to actin subunits.D. Prevents the formation of cross-bridgesE. Promots Ca2+ transport from plasma to sarcoplasmic reticulum6. An increase of intracellular Na+ concentrationwould expected toA.Stimulate Ca2+ pumpB. Stimulate Na+ pumpC.Low excitability of the cellD.Increase intracellular level of amino acidE.Decrease intracellular Ca2+ concentration7. The transmission at neuromuscular junction is characterized byA.Two way directional propagationB. No time delayC. Affected uneasy by drugs and changes of environmentD. One to one transportE. All above are false8. A hematocrit of 45% means that in the sample ofblood analyzedA.45% of the hemoglobin is in the plasmaB.45% of the total blood volume is made of blood plasmaC.45% of the total blood volume is made of plateletsand red and white blood cellsD.45% of the hemoglobin is in the red blood cellsE.45% of the formed elements in blood are red blood cells9.When the radius of the resistance vesseles is increased, which one of the following is increased?A. Systolic blood pressureB. Diastolic blood pressureC.Viscosity of the bloodD.HematocritE.Capillary blood now 10.Stroke volume is increased by A.Decrease in venous compliance B.Increase in afterload C.Increase in contractility D.Increase in heart rate E.Decrease in coronary blood now 11. When a person moves from a supine position to a standing position, which of the following compensatory changes occurs? A.Decreased heart rate B.Increased contractility C.Decreased total peripherad resistance D.Decreased cardiac output E.Increased phase 0 of the action potential 12.The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potential of K+ during A.Phase 0 of the action potential B.Phase 2 of the action potential C.Phase 3 of the action potential D.Pphase 4 of the action potential E.The effective refractory period 13.If systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, diastolic pressure is 80mmHg, the mean blood pressure is A.100mmHg B.93.3mmHg C.95.3mmHg D.90mmHg E.80mmHg 14.If the ejection fraction increases, there will be a decrease in A.Cardiac output B.End-diastolic volume C.Heart rate D.Pulse pressure E.Stroke volume 15.Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropic effect on the heart? A.Increased heart rate B.Sympathetic stimulation C.Norepinephrine (NE) D.Acetylcholine(ACh) E.Cardiac glycosides 16.Total lung capacity is the sum of A.Residual volume + Functional residual volume B.Residual volume + Vital capacity C.Residual volume + Expiratory volume + Tidal volume D.Residual volume + Inspiratory reserve volume E.Functional residual volume + Tidal volume 17.A lack of normal surfactant will result in A.Increased lung compliance B.Stabilization of alveolar volume C.Increased retractive force of the lungs D.Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference E.Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood 18.Hypoxemia (low partial pressure of PO2 in blood) produces hyperventilation by a direst effect on the A.Phrenic nerve B.J receptors C.Lung stretch receptors D.Medullary chemoreceptors E.Arotid and aortic body chemoreceptors 19.If an area of the lung is not ventilated because of bronchial obstruction, the pulmonary capillary blood serving that area will have a Po2 that is A.Equal to atmospheric PO2 B.Equal to mixed pulmonary venous PO2 C.Equal to normal systemic arterial Po2 D.Lower than mixed pulmonary venous PO2 E.Higher than the mixed pulmonary venous PO2 20.The most versatile and important digestive juice is A.Gastric juice B.Small intestinal juice C.Pancreatic juice D.Bile E.Saliva 21.Which of the following factors inhibits the gastricemptying?A.Gastric tonic contractionB.The enterogastric reflexC.The distention of foods on gastric wallD.AcetylcholineE.Gastric peristalsis 22. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat is A.Radiation B.Conduction C.Convection D.Evaporation E.Brown fat tissue 23.Which one of the following is not the important factor that determines the rate of heat production ? A.BMR of all the cells B.Extra metabolism caused by muscle activity C.Extra metabolism caused by the effect of hormone D.Shivering thermogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesis E.Decreasing of the skin vascular tone 24.The force opposing glomerular filtration is A. Arterial blood pressure B. Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure C. Plasma colloid osmotic pressure D. Blood pressure of afferent arteriole E. Blood pressure of efferent arteriole 25.Which of followings can increase glomerular filtratioon rate ? A. Arterial blood pressure increases from 80 mmHg to 180 mmHg B. Arterial blood pressure decreases from 80 mmHg to 60 mmHg C. Increased action of renal sympathetic nerve D. Intravenously infusing a large volume of normal saline ? E. Intravenously infusing hyperosmotic glucose solution ? 26. When reabsorption of water filtrated by glomerulus decrease 1%, how much the quantity of urine will increase ? A.1% B.10% C.50% D.70% E.100% 27. The location reabsorbing glucose is A.proximal tubule B. Henle’s loop C.distal convoluted tubule D. collecting duct E. proximal tubule and distal tubule 28. The location regulated by antidiuretic hormone is A. Proximal convoluted tuble B. Thick segment of descending limb C. Thick segment of ascending limb D. Thin segment of Henle’ loop E. Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct(Test Paper B) 29. When sound wave is transmitted by tympanic membrane and ossicular chain to oval window, which of followings is correct A. Both amplitude and pressure intensity of sound wave increase B. Both amplitude and pressure intensity of sound wave decrease C. Amplitude of sound wave decreases and pressure intensity of sound wave increases D. Frequency of sound wave increases E Frequency of sound wave decreases 30.which of the following is related to after discharge? A.Divergence B.Convergence C.Chain circuit D.Recurrent circuit E.Synaptic sensitization 31.All of the following are true for neuromodulator, except A.Often synthesized by presynaptic cell B.Involved in rapid communication C.Co-released with neurotranmitter D.Amplifying or dampening the effectiveness of ongoing synaptic activity E.Change the presynaptic cell’s meta bolism of a transmitter 32. Which of the following is not important in saltatory conduction of the action potential along the axon A.The myelin sheath surrounding the axonB. The node of ranvierC. Loading neurotransmitter in the synaptic vesicleD.Passive current flow along the length of the membraneE.Voltage-sensitive Na+ gates33. Which one is not the feature of visceral pain ?A.The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe painB.Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely painC.Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficultD Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesiaE.The signals are transmitted by A? fibers GABA (a gamma-aminobutyric acid)34.Which one of following is wrong about tendon reflexA.It is caused by rapid stretch of the muscleB.An instantaneous, strong reflex contraction of the same muscleC.A dynamic stretch reflexD.Multiple synaptic pathway, continues for a prolonged periodE.Transmitted to spinal cord from the IA sensory ending of the muscle spindle35. The most importment output pathway from the motor cortex isA.The rubrospinal tractB.The reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tractsC.The corticospinal tractD.The pontocerebellar fibersE.The olivocerebellar fibers36. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum isA.DopamineB.AcetylcholineC.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA)D.NoradrenalineE.Glutamate37.The cause of the acromegaly isA.High concentration of growth hormone in adultB.Low concentration of growth hormone in adultC.Low concentration of growth hormone in childhoodD.High concentration of thyroid hormones in adultE.High concentration of growth hormone in childhood38.About the humoral regulation of protein metabolism, which is right?A.GH increases the breakdown of proteinsB.Thyroid hormones decreases the synthesis of the protein in normal levelC.In patients with hyperthyroidism, high level ofT3/T4 always promote the catabolismD.Cortisol increases the breakdown of proteins in liverE.Cortisol inhibits the breakdown of proteins in muscle39.Which one of the following is not the hormone that increases the glucose of blood?A.CortisolB.EpinephrineC..NorepinephrineD.Growth hormoneE.Somatostatin (SS)40.Which one of the following is right?A.ACTH increases the release of CRHB.Wolf-Chaikoff effect is caused by the increase of T3/T4C.Stimulation of parasympathetic nerve inhibits the release of T3/T4D.Cortisol increases the release of ACTHE.Cortisol decreases the number of red blood cell II. Define the terms (2 points for each term,total 20 points)1.Optimal length2.Oxygen capacity3.Forced expiratory volume4.Effective refratory period5.Basic electrical rhythm6.Hypothalamic regulatory peptide7.Filtration fraction8.Dark adaptation9.The specific dynamic action of protein（food specific dynamic effect）10.Afferent collateral inhibitionIII.Answer the questions (10 points for each question,total 40 points )1.Describe the types of glucose transport across epithelial cell.2.To describe the mechanism of production of an action potential in ventricular muscle cell.3. Describe the composition and function of gastric juice.4.Describe the function of the muscle spindle.I. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1 A2 A3 A4 E5 D6 E7 B8 B9 D 10 D 11 B 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 C16 B 17 D 18 E 19 D 20 E 21 A 22 D 23 C 24 A 25 E 26 D 27 A 28 D29 C 30 C 31 B 32 E 33 B 34 A 35 B 36 C 37 A 38 39 B 40 DII Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channelIt is a type of ionic channel which gate is controlled by changes in the membrane potential.2. Threshold potentialIt is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur. The value of threshold potential of most excitable cell membrane is about 15 to 20 mV less negative than the resting potential.3. Ejection fraction55-65％stroke volume/ end-diastolic volume4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)The quantity of ultrafiltrate formed by both kidneys per unit time (each minute) is called GFR5. HemostasisProcess to stop bleeding automatically of small vessel.6. Basic electrical rhythmThe smooth muscle membrane automatically and slowly, depolarizes and repolarizes in a cyclic fashion, this electric activity is called the slow wave or basic electric rhythm.7. Visual Accommodation The process whereby near objects are brought to a sharp focus on the retina is called accommodation of eye or visual accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effectAfter a meal that contains a large quantity of carbohydrates or fats, the metabolic rate usually increases only about 4 per cent. However, after a meal that contains large quantities of protein, the metabolic rate usually begins rising within 1 hour, reaching a maximum about 30 per cent above normal, and this lasts for 3 to 12 hours. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic action of food9. Forced expiratory volumeThe volume of air expelled during the first second of forced expiration is called the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). It is normally in excess of 83% of the FVC.10. Axoplasmic transportVarious organelles and materials must be moved from the cell body, where they are made, to the axon and its terminals in order to maintain the structure and function of the cell axonIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1. Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane.(1) Facilitated diffusion via carrierFacilitated Diffusion means the diffusion of lipid insoluble or water soluble substances across the membrane down their concentration gradients by aid of membrane proteins. Facilitated diffusion via carrier is the diffusion carried out by carrier protein. Mechanism is a “ferry ” or “shuttling ” process carried out by carrier protein in the cell membrane. (2) Secondary Active TransportSecondary Active Transport is a type of active transport in which process the expending energy is supplied indirectly from ATP.Mechanism is a Na+ -glucose co-transport mechanism, a process carried out by Na+ - glucose transporter or symporter.Process: ①Na+ ions diffuse from higher to lower concentration because the intracellular concentration of Na+ is kept low by the primary active transport of Na+ out of the cell across the basolateral membrane, where all of the Na+ pumps are located. In other words, Na+ moves downhill into the epithelial celland then uphill out of it to the blood. ②The transporter (symporter) on the lumen membrane has 2 binding sites on its exterior side, one for Na+ ion and one for glucose molecule. Once both Na+ and glucose bind to these two sites, a conformational change of the transporter occurs automatically, and this allows both Na+ and glucose to be transported together into the inside of the cell at same time. Therefore, glucose moves from a lower concentration in the lumen fluid to a higher concentration in the epithelial cell, and the intracellular concentration ofglucose becomes higher than lumen fluid. ③Glucose in the epithelial cell is then transported by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion across the basement membrane of the epithelial cell into blood.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?(1) Stroke volume—systolic .pulse pressure increase(2) HR –diastolic,(3) Peripheral resistence—diastolic(4) Electic property of the aortic ---pulse pressure(5) Rate of the circulatory volume and vessel system volume3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.(1) Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure: It is the force driving filtration, it promotes thefiltration ,GFR is is in direct proportion to (positive related to) it. The higher the Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, the more the GFR(2) Pplasma colloid osmotic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it(3) Bowman’s capsular hydrostatic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it(4) Renal plasma flow(RPF): GFR is in direct proportion to RPF.(5) Filtration coefficient ( KF): GFR is in direct proportion to both the fluid permeability and surface area of filtration membrane..4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion.Hypothalamus – Anterior Pituitary – Adrenocortical Axis(1) Action of ACTH: Cortisol secretion is almost entirely controlled by ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone). ACTH causes formation of adrenocortical hormones .(2) The action of CRH is to promote synthesis and release of ACTH in the cells of anterior pituitary gland(3) Cortisol has direct negative feedbacks on the hypothalamus to decrease formation of CRH and ACTH. ACTH inhibits the formation of CRH(4) Other factors: stress5. Describe the detail of the neuronal circuit and function of the skeletal muscle stretch reflex.3.(1) The basic circuit: Sudden stretch of a muscle excites the muscle spindle, and Ia proprioceptor nerve fiber sends signals to the spinal cord, synapses directly with anterior motor neurons that send nerve fiber back to the extrafusal muscle fibers of the same muscle, causing reflex contraction of the muscle (4 marks);(2) Functions: Tendon reflex causes an instantaneous, strong reflex contraction of the same muscle; Muscle tonus is good for maintaining the posture of the body.Answer Points for Examination of PhysiologyI .Choose the best answer for each of the following(I point for each total 40 points)1.A2.B3.E4.D5.D6.C7.B8.C9.D10.D11.B 12.B 13.D 14.B 15.C 16.E 17.D 18.C 19.B 20.D 21.E 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.A 38.C 39.E 40.C II. Define the terms (2 points for each term,total 20 points)1..optimal length2. Oxygen Capacity3.Forced expiratory volume4.Systolic Pressure5..Basic electrical rhythm6.Hypothalamic regulatory peptide7. Filtration fraction（FF）8 Dark adaptation9.Receptive relaxation10.The specific dynamic action of protein（foodspecific dynamic effect）。

复习思考题
1.生理学研究任务有哪些？可从什么水平、采用何种研 究法解决？
2.稳态的概念及生理意义。 3.生理功能调节的方式有哪些？并比较其异同。 4.体内的控制系统有哪几类？并比较其异同。 5.负反馈和正反馈的概念及生理意义？举例说明。
二、生理学与医学的关系 ——医学的重要基础理论学科
“医学是关于疾病的科学，而生理学是关于生命 的科学。所以后者比前者更有普遍性。这就是为什么 说生理学必然是医学的科学基础。”
——Claude Bernard Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
二、生理学与医学的关系
排尿反射
盆神经传入 盆神经传出
阴部神经传出
（三）前馈控制系统
生理功能的反馈控制系统和前馈控制系统。红色框部分为前馈控制系统。
前馈（feed-forward）：是一个开环系统。控制部分在反 馈信息尚未到达前已受到纠正信息（前馈信息）的影响， 及时纠正其指令可能出现的偏差。如：条件反射
意义：前馈控制可以更快地对生理活动进行调节，并对 可能出现的反应偏差提前予以纠正，起到“防范于未然” 的作用。
新城代谢、兴奋性、适应性和生殖
生理学的任务
1、阐明机体及其各组成部分所表现的各种正常的生 理功能、活动规律及其产生机制；
2、阐明不同器官和系统之间的功能相互联系和相互 作用；
3、内、外环境变化对机体功能活动的影响和机体进 行的相应调节，并揭示各种生命活动在整体生命 活动中的意义。
生理学的重点
功能（Function） 机制（Mechanism） 调节（Regulation）
反应的表现形式：兴奋和抑制 决定兴奋还是抑制的因素：
外部因素：刺激的质和量； 内部因素：组织、细胞的功能状态和特性 可兴奋细胞：神经、肌肉和腺体细胞 可兴奋细胞的共同特征：动作电位

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONSummaryPhysiology is the study of how living organisms work. It is the science that describe the normal functions and their regular patterns of the living organisms. The vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant physiology, human physiology,and many more subdivisions. However, the Human Physiology is very important and basic biomedical course for medical students.The body has three fundamental characteristics of living organism which are metabolism, excitability and reproduction. The metabolism include material metabolism and energy metabolism. The material metabolisms of carbonhydrate, lipid, proteins etc. have mainly been learned in BIOCHMISTRY. The energy metabolism will be learned in the 7th Chapter in PHYSIOLOGY. The excitability is very important physiological term, the property of living organisms that permit them to react to stimuli is defined as excitability.Since the normal functions of organs or organ systems was emphasized, homeostasis is another very important physiological concept. Homeostasis signifies a stable and constant status of the internal enviroment in the body of living organism. It is a dynamicbalance of pH, osmostic pressure, temperature, ions concentrations, and so on. Homeostasis is a necessary for the normal functions of cells, organs and organ systems. Therefore, homeostasis is the soul concept of PHYSIOLOGY.The living organism needs to overcome the possible disorder caused by the metabolisms, then homeostasis could be maintained and the normal functions of the living organisms could be gone on. How to maintain the homeostasis? There are mainly three mechanisms to maintain the homeostasis. They are neural regulation, humoral regulation and auto-regulation. Three regulatory patterns exhibit different mechanisms and features.Feedback, a term borrowed from engineering, is a fundamental feature of homeostasis. Feedback regulation anticipates changes in a regulated variable, improves the speed of the body’s homeostatic responses, and minimizes fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated. In the negative feedback system, a change in the variable being regulated brings about response that tend to push the variable in the direction opposite to the original change. The homeostasis could be maintained after negative feedback regulation. In positive feedback system, an initial disturbance in the system sets off a train of events that increases the disturbance even further. Some special physiological activities in the livingorganism are carried out by the positive feedback system such as processes of giving birth, blood coagulation, micturition.Definition1.Physiology（生理学）2.Acute experiment（急性实验）3.Chronic experiments（慢性实验）4.In vitro（离体）5.In vivo（在体）6.Metabolism（新陈代谢）7.Interstitial fluid（组织间液）8.Internal environment（内环境）9.Homeostasis（稳态）10.Excitability（兴奋性）11.Excitation（兴奋）12.Inhibition（抑制）13.Stimulus（刺激）14.Neural regulation（神经调节）15.Neuro-humoral regulation（神经体液调节）16.Reflex arc（反射弧）17.Unconditioned reflex（非条件反射）18.Conditioned reflex（条件反射）19.Humoral regulation（体液调节）20.Auto-regulation（自身调节）21.Feedback（反馈）22.Negative feedback（负反馈）23.Positive feedback（正反馈）24.Feedforward（前馈）Choose the ONE best answer, then fill the corresponding letter in the blank.( C ) 1. Which one of the following is a physiological process with negative feedback?A.Blood coagulationB.Process of passing urineC.Sino-aortic baroreceptor reflexD.Na+ influx during action potentialE.Process of parturition( D ) 2. Which one of the following is not the property of regulation by hormone?A.Slow in onsetB.Diffuse in natureC.Longer in durationD.Accurate in actionE.Action in overcorrection( D ) 3. Which of the following is not the fundamental characteristic of living organisms?A.MetabolismB.ExcitabilityC.ReproductionD.Passive diffusionE.Adaption( D ) 4. The concept of homeostasisA.includes the concept of an error signal.B.refers to maintaining physiological functions in a stablecondition.C.refers only to the regulation of body temperature.D. A and BE. B and C(A) 5. This term refers to the existence of a stable internal environmentA.HomeostasisB.FeedbackC.AutoregulationE.None of the above(C) 6. Which one of the following provides long-term regulatory control that results in relatively unchanging internal conditions.A.Positive FeedbackB.DiseaseC.Negative FeedbackD.All the aboveE.None of the above(B) 7. Moving your hand away from a hot stove is an example of a basic function calledA.Positive feedbackB.ResponseC.RegulationD.All the aboveE.None of the above(E) 8. On the objects that Physiology researches and observes, which of the following is correct description ?A.Whole body levelan and organ systems levelsD.Molecular levelE.All the above(E) 9. On the methodology applied in Physiology, which of the following is correct?A.Acute experimentB.Chronic experimentC.Experiment in vivoD.Experiment in vitroE.All the above(D) 10. The acceleration of heart beat caused by catecholamine hormones released from adrenal gland after doing exercise, it isA.Neural regulationB.Humoral regulationC.AutoregulationD.Neural-humoral regulationE.None of the aboveQuestions:1.What are the five components of the reflex arc?2.What are fundamental characteristics of living organism?3.Explain the mechanisms of how to maintain the homeostasis inliving organism.4.Contrast the properties of the neural regulation, humoralregulation and auto-regulation.5.Describe the category of the humoral regulation.Answers:Definitions:1.Physiology（生理学）: Physiology is the study of how livingorganisms work, the goal of physiology is to study the normal functions and their regular patterns of organs or organ systems of living organism.2.Acute experiment（急性实验）：Experiment performed is to studythe physiological activities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in short time is called acute experiment.The animals used are oftenly under anesthesia, and the experiments are oftenly destructive and irreversible, even induce the death of animals. The acute experiment include experiment in vivo and in vitro.3.Chronic experiments（慢性实验）: Experiment performed is to studythe physiological activities or to observe the reaction to the external interference in long time is called chronic experiment.The Chronic experiments may be performed on conscious subject for a long period of time after recovery from the operation.4.In vitro（离体）：Experiment is performed on an isolated tissueor organ that is taken out from the body of the animal.5.In vivo（在体）：Experiment is performed on the whole body of theanimal to observe one or some physiological functions of the organ or organ systems.6.Metabolism（新陈代谢）：Metabolism is the one of basiccharacteristics of living organism. It means all the chemical reactions in all the cells of the body, and includes all material and energy transformations that occur in the body. The material metabolism includes catabolic and anabolic reactions.7.Interstitial fluid（组织间液）：The spaces between cells arecalled the interstitutium, the fluid in these spaces is the interstitial fluid.8.Internal environment（内环境）：It is the environment that allcells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment of the body.9.Homeostasis（稳态）：The state maintenance of a constancy andbalance in one’s internal environment. It is the soul of the physiology.10.Excitability（兴奋性）：It is the ability of certain kinds of cells(excitable cell) to make response to the stimulus. Essentially, It is the ability of cells to generate action potential.Excitability is a fundamental property to all tissues and cells.11.Excitation（兴奋）：It signifies a beginning of an activity orincrease in physiological activity after stimulus, such as the acceleration of the heart beat after stimulating the sympathetic nerve.12.Inhibition（抑制）：Inhibition is a stop of an activity or adecrease in physiological activity after stimulus, such as the slowing of the heart beat after stimulating the vagus nerve.13.Stimulus（刺激）：Any changes from external or internalenvironmental factors that causes a response in a sense organ or an organism are called the stimulus. It includes the physical, chemical and biological stimuli.14.Neural regulation（神经调节）：The functions of organs or organsystems are regulated by the central nervous system via the reflexes. The reflex is the regular response of effectors to the stimulus based on the reflex arc.15.Neuro-humoral regulation（神经体液调节）：In many cases, theendocrine system is so closely related to the nervous system that it can be regarded as an extension of the efferent limb of the reflex arc . In this instance it is called neuro-humoralregulation.16.Reflex arc（反射弧）：Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, itis the basic unit of integrated neural activity, consisting of receptor, afferent nerve, nervous center, efferent nerve and effector.17.Unconditioned reflex（非条件反射）：A fixed reflex whose mechanismmay be supposed to be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.18.Conditioned reflex（条件反射）：A learned reflex in which thenervous system is trained to produce a new and unusual response to a stimulus.19.Humoral regulation（体液调节）：The functions of organs or organsystems are regulated by the special chemicals released by the endocrine glands or cells, or metabolic products released by the living cells.20.Auto-regulation（自身调节）：In certain cases, a tissue or organcan respond directly to the environmental change, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.21.Feedback（反馈）：It is a flow of information along a closed loop.Usually, a constancy of physiological variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to thecontrol system so as to modify the nature of control.22.Negative feedback（负反馈）：A regulated variable is sensed,information is sent to a controller, and action is taken to oppose change from the desire value.23.Positive feedback（正反馈）：With a variable is sensed and actionis taken to reinforce change of the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.24.Feedforward（前馈）：control mechanisms often sense a disturbanceand can therefore take corrective action that anticipates changes. Conditioned reflexes belong to the feedforward control system.。

生理学综合测试卷一及答案（Physiological comprehensive testvolume 1 and answer）Physiological comprehensive test volume 1 and answerFirst, the noun explained: (4 points per subject, 12 points)1. threshold potentialThreshold potential: the value of the critical membrane potential that triggers the action potential.2. ventilation / blood flow ratio[ventilation / blood flow ratio: the ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow per minute. Normal for 0.84.3. osmotic diuresisAnswer] osmotic diuresis: as the concentration of solute in the tubule fluid increases, the osmotic pressure of the tubule fluid is increased, and the tubular reabsorption of water in the tubular fluid is reduced, and the amount of urine excreted is increased, which is called osmotic diuresis.Two, fill in the blanks (1 points per minute, 6 points)Including the main way of transmembrane transport of 1. substances: simple diffusion, _____, ____, exocytosis and endocytosis.[answer] facilitated diffusion and active transportIncludes three basic factors: 2. the formation of arterial blood pressure blood filling, enough circulatory system ____, ____.[answer] cardiac ejection, peripheral resistance.The three part includes 3. respiratory ____, ____, intrabreath. [answer] cardiac ejection, peripheral resistance.Three, individual choice questions (1 points per game, a total of 25 points)1. main factors form the resting potential of ___A.K+ internal flow;B.Cl-; internal flow;C.Na+ flow;D.K+ outflow;E.Ca2+ internal flow[answer] DThere are 2. ___ conduction characteristics of myelinated nerve fiberA. conduction velocity slowB. jump conductionC. attenuation conductionD. unidirectional conductionE. cable conduction[answer] B3. neuromuscular junction transmission, elimination of acetylcholine enzyme is ___A. phosphodiesterase,B. adenylyl cyclase,C., cholinesterase,D.ATP enzyme,E., choline acetyl enzyme[answer] C4. hematocrit refers to blood cells _________The ratio of A. to plasma volume, the ratio of B. to vascular volume, the ratio of C. to WBC volume, and D. to the percentage of blood volumeThe ratio of E. to the volume of inorganic matter in plasma[answer] DThe 5. factor is due to lack of internal cause anemia: ______A. red cell maturation and division of the barrier,B. hemoglobin synthesis decreases,C. hematopoietic raw material is insufficient,D. EPO decreasesE. erythrocyte fragility increased[answer] AThe 6. ventricular function curve reflects the following relation which between them: _____A. stroke volume and cardiac output,B., stroke work and end diastolic pressure,C. stroke volume and heart rate,D., stroke work, and heart rateE. cardiac output and stroke work[answer] B7. atrioventricular junction conduction slowing may induce ______The A.P is wide wide B.QRS complex. C.T duration of prolonged D.P-R interval prolonged E.ST segment[answer] D8. central venous pressure could reflect the ______:The relationship between A. blood flow and blood flow resistanceThe relationship between the volume of B. vessels and circulating blood volumeThe relationship between C. venous blood volume and cardiac ejection capacityRelationship between systemic circulation blood flow and pulmonary circulation blood flow of D.The relationship between E. peripheral venous pressure andvenous flow resistance[answer] CNineIn different organs of blood vessels, sympathetic vasoconstrictor fiber is the most densely distributed: ____A. skin vascularB., skeletal muscle vesselC., coronary vesselD., cerebral vesselE., splanchnic vessel[answer] AIntrapleural pressure is equal to 10.: _______A. atmospheric inelastic resistanceB. atmospheric elastic resistanceC. atmospheric pressure - alveolar surface tensionD. atmospheric pulmonary retraction forceE. pulmonary elastic fiber recoil force[answer] D11. alveolar ventilation is defined as:A. the amount of gas that goes into and out of the lungs everyminuteB. the amount of gas entering the alveoli that can exchange gas with the bloodC. the amount of air that can be exhaled after trying to breathe inD. the amount of gas inhaled or exhaled each timeE. void volume[answer] BDirect stimulus is the most sensitive 12. central chemoreceptor is ______A. CO2 in CSF,B. in blood,C. in CO2, H+ in CSF,D. in blood, H+ in bloodE. in CSF PO2[answer] CThe 13. main functions of pneumotoxic center is: ______A. activates the respiratory center of medulla oblongataB. limits the time of the inspiratory phaseC. is the center of pulmonary stretch reflexD. receives information about vagus nerve transmissionE. forms the basic respiratory rhythm[answer] B14.: ______ VAGOTONIAA. increased gastrointestinal smooth muscle activity and decreased digestive gland secretionB. gastrointestinal smooth muscle activity decreased and digestive gland secretion increasedC. increased gastrointestinal smooth muscle activity and increased digestive gland secretionD. gastrointestinal smooth muscle activity decreased and digestive gland secretion decreasedNo more than E.[answer] C15., the correct account of the inner factor is:A. the main cell of gastric gland secretesB. peptide hormone,C. promotes gastric acid secretion, andD. promotes VitB12 absorptionE. promotes protein digestion[answer] D16. trypsinogen activator is:A. chymotrypsin,B., pancreatic amylase,C., intestinal kinase,D., pancreatic lipase,E. pepsin[answer] C17. the main function of the large intestine is absorption:A., glucose,B., amino acids,C., fatty acids,D., water,E. cholesterol[answer] D18. what is the minimum rate of energy metabolism in normal subjects?:A. was completely resting atB., and whenC. was asleep at, 20 hours after E., 12 hours afterD.[answer] B19. in a quiet state, the main organ responsible for heat production is the body:A. heart,B. liver,C. brain,D. skin,E. skeletal muscle[answer] A20. all the substances absorbed in the proximal tubule are:A. glucose, amino acids, vitaminsB.H2O, Na+, Cl-, K+,C., urea, uric acid,D., creatinineE. ammonia[answer] C21. normal renal blood flow:A. is positively related to arterial blood pressureB. medulla is larger than cortexC. is relatively stable by self regulationD. is closely related to the metabolic activity of the renal tissueE.The neurohumoral regulation mainly[answer] C22. osmotic diuresis is due directly to:A. filtration rate increasedB. increased plasma crystal penetrationSolute concentrations in the tubules of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct of C. were increasedThe permeability of D. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to water decreasedThe permeability of E. distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to Na+ decreased[answer] C23., the renal sugar threshold refers to:A. the concentration of blood glucose in the urine when it begins to appear glucoseB. the blood glucose concentration of the glomerulus when it begins to filter glucoseC. the concentration of blood glucose when the renal tubule begins to absorb glucoseD. renal tubular maximum capacity to absorb glucoseE. started the critical concentration of the filtered urine glomerular glucose[answer] AIn the refractive system of 24. eyes, the refractive index is the largest:A. lens,B. cornea,C. vitreous,D., anterior chamber water,E., aqueous humor[answer] B25. when the human eye sees the near object:A. lens flattened and refractive power increasedB. lens becomes convex, refractive power dropsC. lens flattened and refractive power decreasedD. lens is convex, refractive power is increasedE. the curvature of the lens decreases and the refractive power increases[answer] CFour, questions and answers (8 points per game, 16 points)1. describe the factors that affect venous return[answer] (1) average filling pressure of circulatory system;(2) cardiac contractility; (3) postural change; (4) extrusion of skeletal muscle; (5) respiratory movement.2. why pancreatic juice is one of the most important of all the digestive juice?[answer] (1) digestive enzyme in pancreatic juice contains three main food: hydrolysis of pancreatic amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin; (2) clinical and experimental results show that when the disorder of pancreatic secretion, secretion of digestive gland even if other foods are normal, fat and protein are still not fully digest thus, also affect the absorption.Five, the English translation (1 points per subject, a total of 6 points)1.Passivetransport[answer] passive transport2.Electrocardiogram[answer] ECG3.Absorption[answer] absorption4.Basalmetabolismrate[answer] basal metabolic rate5.Renalglucosethreshold [answer] renal sugar threshold6.Darkadaptation[answer] dark adaptation。