尔雅课程国际商务管理平时课后作业答案2019

国际商务管理学试题及答案一、选择题1. 国际商务管理是指（）。

a) 在国际商务环境下进行企业管理b) 国内企业与海外企业之间的贸易活动c) 按照国际贸易规则进行企业间的交流和合作d) 在国外开展商务活动的管理2. 国际商务中，市场选择是企业成功的关键因素之一。

以下哪项是一个好的市场选择标准？a) 市场规模大b) 市场竞争激烈c) 市场文化与本土企业相似d) 市场政府管理机构完善3. 国际商务管理中，供应链管理是指（）。

a) 管理国际贸易的各个环节b) 控制国际贸易过程中的风险c) 维护供应链的稳定性和效率d) 实施国际采购和供应管理4. 下列哪种市场进入模式风险最小？a) 直接投资b) 联盟合作c) 出口d) 特许经营5. 企业国际化的主要动因包括以下哪些方面？（多选）a) 扩大市场份额b) 寻求资源优化配置c) 降低生产成本d) 扩展企业影响力答案：1. a) 在国际商务环境下进行企业管理2. a) 市场规模大3. c) 维护供应链的稳定性和效率4. c) 出口5. a) 扩大市场份额b) 寻求资源优化配置c) 降低生产成本d) 扩展企业影响力二、简答题1. 国际商务管理的核心理念是什么？答：国际商务管理的核心理念是在全球化的商业环境中进行有效的企业管理和国际贸易活动。

它包括企业的国际化战略、市场开拓、供应链管理、风险控制等方面的内容，旨在实现企业的持续发展和国际竞争力的提升。

2. 国际商务管理中，企业在选择市场进入模式时需要考虑哪些因素？答：企业在选择市场进入模式时需要考虑多个因素，如市场规模、竞争程度、文化差异、政府政策等。

此外，企业还需考虑自身资源实力、风险承受能力和国际经验等因素，以确定最适宜的市场进入模式，如直接投资、合作联盟、出口等。

3. 请简要介绍一下国际供应链管理的主要内容。

答：国际供应链管理是指在国际贸易活动中协调和管理供应链各个环节，以实现供应链的稳定性和效率。

主要内容包括供应链战略规划、供应商选择和管理、物流和运输管理、库存控制和配送管理等方面。

经济学院《国际商务管理》课程习题库一、名词解释：（每小题3分）第一章：1.国际商务: （易）2.国际商务学: （易）3.跨国公司: （中）4.国际市场: （易）5.贸易条约和协定: （中）6.经济全球化: （中）第二章：7. 比较成本论：（中）8. 相互需求原理：（中）9. 产业内贸易：（中）10. 波特四因素：（较难）11. 生产要素：（易）12. 需求条件：（中）13. 相关及支持产业：（较难）14. 比较成本论：（中）15. 相互需求原理：（较难）16. 产业内贸易：（中）17. 波特四因素：（中）18. 生产要素：（易）19. 需求条件：（中）20. 相关及支持产业:（中）21. 国际竞争力: （中）22. 国际竞争的类型: （中）23.所有权优势：（易）24. 内部化优势：（中）25. 区位优势：（较难）第三章：26.直接标价法:（中）27.间接标价法：（中）28.固定汇率: （易）29.浮动汇率: （易）30.即期汇率: （中）31.远期汇率: （中）32.单一汇率: （易）33.复汇率: （易）34.国际资本流动：（中）35.政治风险：（较难）36.国际收支：（中）37.外汇市场：（中）38.外汇期货：（较难）39.外汇期权：（较难）40.掉期交易：（较难）41. 货币市场：（易）42. 资本市场：（易）43. 贴现：（中）44. 信贷市场：（易）45. 证券市场：（中）46. 国际债券：（较难）47. 市场经营环境: （易）48.次级影响因素:（中）49. 一级影响因素: （中）50. 国际收支: （中）51. 技术环境: （易）52. 环境威胁: （易）53. 环境机会:（中）54. 交易风险：（较难）55. 经济风险：（较难）56. 储备风险：（中）第四章：57. 商品出口：（易）58. 间接出口:（中）59. 直接出口：（易）60. 彩车效应:（难）61. 新建进入: （中）62. 收购进入: （中）63. 外贸收购：（中）64. 独家代理：（中）65.易货贸易：（易）66.回购贸易：（较难）67.互换贸易：（较难）68.转手贸易：（较难）69. 补偿贸易：（中）70.合同安排：（中）71.管理合同：（较难）72.国际分包合同：（难）73.对外直接投资：（中）第五章：74. 国际市场细分:（中）75. 国际目标市场:（易）76. 国际目标市场选择:（中）77. 集中性市场策略:（中）78. 无差异性市场策略:（易）79. 差异性市场策略:（易）80. 国际市场定位战略:（中）81.渗透策略：（较难）82. 国际分销渠道:（较难）83. 撇脂策略：（中）84．国际市场促销活动:（较难）85．渠道长度策略：（较难）86．选择性分销渠道策略：（较难）87．需求导向定价法：（较难）88. 全球统一定价策略：（易）89.市场差别定价策略：（易）90. 成本差别定价法：（易）91. 直接渠道策略：（易）92. 渠道宽度策略：（易）93. 广泛性分销渠道策略：（中）94.独家分销渠道策略：（易）95. 国际标准化广告：（中）第六章：96. 外向型企业：（易）97. 广义的“走出去”战略：（较难）98.狭义的“走出去”战略：（较难）99. 竞争战略: （较难）100. 成本领先战略: （易）101. 差异化战略: （易）102. 集中战略: （易）第七章：103.横向发展模式：（易）104.纵向发展模式:（易）105.前向发展: （易）106.向后发展: （易）107.混合发展模式: （易）108.范围经济:（较难）109.战略实施计划:（较难）110.跨国并购:（较难）111.战略联盟:（较难）第八章：112. 营运资本:（易）113. 营运资本流量管理:（较难）114. 营运资本存量管理:（较难）115. 国际财务管理:（中）116. 转移定价：（中）117.项目融资：（较难）二、判断改错题：（每小题2分，要求：先判断对错，将错误改正过来。

国际商务课后习题参考答案HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】C h a p t e r1:G l o b a l i z a t i o n1. Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Great Britain? North America? Hong Kong?Answer: The world economy has shifted dramatically over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960s, four stylized facts described the demographics of the global economy. The first was U.S. dominance in the world economy and world trade. The second was U.S. dominance in the world foreign direct investment picture. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational U.S. firms in the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half of the globe - the centrally planned economies of the Communist world - was off-limits to Western international businesses. All of these demographic facts have changed. Although the U.S. remains the world's dominant economic power, its share of world output and world exports have declined significantly since the 1960s. This trend does not reflect trouble in the U.S. economy, but rather reflects the growing industrialization of developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and South Korea. This trend is also reflected in the world foreign direct investment picture. As depicted in Figure 1.2 in the textbook, the share of world output (or the stock of foreign direct investment) generated by developing countries has been on a steady increase since the 1960s, while the share of world outputgenerated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady decline. Shifts in the world economy can also be seen through the shifting power of multinational enterprises. Since the 1960s, there have been two notable trends in the demographics of the multinational enterprise. The first has been the rise of non-U.S. multinationals, particularly Japanese multinationals. The second has been the emergence of a growing number of small and medium-sized multinationals, called mini-multinationals. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union have brought about the final shift in the world economy. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia seem to share a commitment to democratic politics and free market economies. Similar developments are being observed in Latin America. If these trends continue, the opportunities for international business may be enormous. The implications of these shifts are similar for North America and Britain. The United States and Britain once had the luxury of being the dominant players in the world arena, with little substantive competition from the developing nations of the world. That has changed. Today, U.S. and British manufacturers must compete with competitors from across the world to win orders. The changing demographics of the world economy favor a city like Hong Kong. Hong Kong (which is now under Chinese rule) is well located with easy access to markets in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and other Asian markets. Hong Kong has a vibrant labor force that can compete on par with the industrialized nations of the world. The declinein the influence of the U.S. and Britain on the global economy provides opportunities for companies in Hong Kong to aggressively pursue export markets.2. "The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large multinational enterprise, but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in smaller firms." Evaluate this statement.Answer: People who believe in this view, and the firms that they work for, may find that they do not achieve their full potential (at best) and may ultimately fail because of their myopia. As barriers to trade decrease and state of the art technological developments take place throughout the world, new opportunities and threats exist on a worldwide basis. The rise of the mini-multinationals suggests there are global opportunities even for small firms. But staying attuned to international markets is not only important from the perspective of seeking profitable opportunities for small firms; it can also be critical for long-term competitive survival. Firms from other countries may be developing products that, if sold internationally, may wipe out small domestic competitors. Scanning international markets for the best suppliers is also important for small firms, for if a domestic competitor is able to tap into a superior supplier from a foreign country, it may be able to seriously erode a small firm's competitive position before the small firm understands the source of its competitor's competitive advantage and can take appropriate counter actions.3. How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of markets and of production? Would the globalization of production and markets have been possible without these technological changes?Answer: Changes in technology have contributed to the globalization of markets and of production in a very substantive manner. For instance, improvements in transportation technology have paved the way for companies like Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss, Sony and McDonalds to make their products available worldwide. Similarly, improvements in communications technology have had a major impact. The ability to negotiate across continents has been facilitated by improved communications technology, and the rapidly decreasing cost of communications has lowered the expense of coordinating and controlling a global corporation. Finally, the impact of information technology has been far reaching. Companies can now gain worldwide exposure simply by setting up a homepage on the Internet. This technology was not available just a few short years ago. The globalization of production and markets may have been possible without improvements in technology, but the pace of globalization would have been much slower. The falling cost of technology has made it affordable for many developing nations, which has been instrumental in helping these nations improve their share of world output and world exports. The inclusion of these nations, such as China, India, Thailand, and South Korea, has been instrumental in the globalization of markets and production. In addition, improvements in global transportationand communication have made it relatively easy for business executives from different countries to converse with one another. If these forms of technology, including air-travel, fax capability, e-mail, and overnight delivery of packages were not available, it would be much more difficult for businesses to conduct international trade.4. "Ultimately, the study of international business is no different from the study of domestic business. Thus, there is no point in having a separate course on international business." Evaluate this statement.Answer: This statement reflects a poor understanding of the unique challenges involved in international business. Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business for at least four reasons. These are: (1) countries are different; (2) the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business is wider and the problems themselves more complex than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business; (3) an international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system; and (4) international transactions involve converting money into different currencies. As a result of these differences, there are ample reasons for studying international business as a specific field of study or discipline.5. How might the Internet and the associated World Wide Web impactinternational business activity and the globalization of the world economy? Answer: According to the text, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) promise to develop into the information background of tomorrow's global economy. This improved technology will not only make it easier for individuals and companies in different countries to conduct business with one another, but will also further decrease the cost of communications. These improvements will undoubtedly hasten the already rapid pace of globalization. Another distinct attribute of the Internet and the WWW is that they act as an equalizer between large (resource rich) and small (resource poor) firms. For instance, it does not cost any more for a small software firm to gain visibility via the WWW than it does for a large software company like Microsoft. As a result, the WWW helps small companies reach the size of audience that was previously only within the reach of large, resource rich firms.6. If current trends continue, China may emerge as the world's largest economy by 2020. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for(1) The world trading system.(2)The world monetary system.(3)The business strategy of today's European and U.S. based global corporations.(4)Global commodity prices.Answer: The world trading system would clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within theWorld Trade Organization as a “developing” country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively affect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have fully convertible and trading currency, and it could become one of the “benchmark” currencies of the world. From the perspective of Western global firms, China would represent both a huge market, and potentially the home base of some very capable competitors. Finally, commodity prices would probably fall.7. Read the Country Focus in this chapter on the Ecuadorian rose industry, the answer the following questions:a) How has participation in the international rose trade helped Ecuador’s economy and its people? How has the rise of Ecuador as a center for rose growing benefited consumers in developed nations who purchase the roses? What do the answers to these questions tell you about the benefits of international trade?b) Why do you think that Ecuador’s rose ind ustry only began to take of 20 years ago? Why do you think it has grown so rapidly?c) To what extent can the alleged health problems among workers in Ecuador’s rose industry be laid at the feet of consumers in the developed world and their desire for perfect Valentine’s Day roses?d) Do you think governments in the developed world should place trade sanctions on Ecuador roses if reports of health issues among Ecuadorian rose workers are verified? What else might they do to improve the situation in Ecuador?a) Ecuador is the world’s fourth largest producer of roses. In fact, roses represent the country’s fifth largest export. The industry is vital to Ecuador’s economy, creating tens of thousands of jobs, jobs that pay significantly above the country’s minimum wage. Taxes and revenues from the rose growers have also helped to pave roads, build schools, and construct sophisticated irrigation systems. For Ecuador’s consumers, the success of the industry means bigger, more vibrant flowers than were previously available. Most students will recognize that the conditions in Ecuador give the country a distinct advantage in rose growing, and that by focusing on the industry, Ecuador has been able to benefit from international trade. Consumers in other countr ies also benefit from Ecuador’s flower exports with better products.b) Ecuador’s rose industry began some 20 years ago, and has been expanding rapidly ever since then. Most students will probably focus advances in technology as a key to the industry’s s uccess. Roses are a very fragile, perishable product. Modern technology enables growers to used refrigerated air transport to get the product to markets around the globe. Without that ability, the growers would be limited to the market immediately surroundingthe country.c) Students will probably be divided on this issue with some students arguing that consumers are to blame for the problems, and others placing the blame on the growers. Students taking the first perspective will probably suggest that most consumers purchase their roses with little consideration for how they are grown. Rather, most consumers simply focus on their beauty and price. Students blaming the growers might argue that growers, because they feel the effect of less-than-perfect roses in the form of smaller profits, will be motivated to find ways to produce ever more perfect flowers. Certainly, the use of pesticides and other products can produce a better crop. In the end, there is probably blame on both sides. If more consumers were aware of the health problems resulting from the improper use of pesticides, they would probably demand some changes. Similarly, if pressure were put on the growers to use pesticides safely, health problems could be reduced.d) Trade sanctions are a tool that is often employed by governments that are making a statement against a specific action or actions. In the case of Ecuador, trade sanctions certainly would be an option, as would publicizing the situation so that more consumers were aware of the conditions. In the end though, it is important to consider the effect of the sanctions or other measures on people like Maria who might lose their livelihood as a result. Chapter 2: National Differences1. Free market economies stimulate greater economic growth, whereas state-directed economies stifle growth! Discuss.Answer: In a market economy, private individuals and corporations are allowed to own property and other assets. This right of ownership provides a powerful incentive for people to work hard, introduce new products, develop better advertising campaigns, invent new products, etc., all in the hopes of accumulating additional personal capital and wealth. In turn, the constant search on the part of individuals and corporation to accumulate wealth enriches the entire economy and creates economic growth. In contrast, in a command economy, private individuals and corporations are not allowed to own substantial quantities of property and other assets. The objective of a command economy is for e veryone to work for “the good of the society.” Although this sounds like a noble ideal, a system that asks individuals to work for the good of society rather than allowing individuals to build personal wealth does not provide a great incentive for people to invent new products, develop better advertising campaigns, find ways to be more efficient, etc. As a result, command economies typically generate less innovation and are less efficient than market economies.2. A democratic political system is an essential condition for sustained economic progress. Discuss.Answer: This question has no clear-cut answer. In the West, we tend to arguethat democracy is good for economic progress. This argument is largely predicted upon the idea that innovation is the engine of economic growth, and a democratic political system encourages rather than stifles innovation. However, there are examples of totalitarian regimes that have fostered a market economy and strong property rights protection and experienced rapid economic growth. The examples include four of the fastest growing economies of the past 30 years – South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong – all of which have grown faster than Western economies. However, while it is possible to argue that democracy is not a necessary precondition for the establishment of a free market economy, it seems evident that subsequent economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes. Several of the fastest-growing Asian economies have recently adopted more democratic governments.3. What is the relationship between corruption (i.e., bribe taking by government officials) in a country and economic growth? Is corruption always bad?Answer: Economic evidence suggests that high levels of corruption significantly reduce the economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits, corrupt politicians and bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment, and hence, reduce the incentive that both domestic and foreign businesses have to invest in that country. The lower level of investment that results has a negative impact on economic growth. However, while most studentswill probably agree that corruption is bad, some may point out that the U.S., despite its Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, does allow “grease payments” to expedite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action. According to Congress, “grease payments” while technically bribes are not being used to obtain or maintain business, but rather are simply made to facilitate performance of duties that the recipients are already obligated to perform. 4. The Nobel prize-winning economist Amartya Sen argues that the concept of development should be broadened to include more than just economic development. What other factors does Sen think should be included in an assessment of development? How might adop tion of Sen’s views influence government policy? Do you think Sen is correct that development is about more than just economic development? Explain.Answer: Sen has argued that development be assessed less by material output measures such as GNP per capita, and more by the capabilities and opportunities that people enjoy. Sen suggests that development be seen as a process of expanding real freedoms that people experience, and as such, that development requires the removal of major impediments to freedom. Governments influenced by Sen might ensure that basic health care and education programs are available especially for women. Many students will agree with Sen and the notion that development is not just an economic process, but a political one too, and that to succeed citizens must be given a voice in the important decisions made for the country.5. You are the CEO of a company that has to choose between making a $100 million investment in either Russia or the Czech Republic. Both investments promise the same long-run return, so your choice of which investment to make is driven by considerations of risk. Assess the various risks of doing business in each of these nations. Which investment would you favor and why? Answer: When assessing the risks of investment, one should consider the political, economic, and legal risks of doing business in either Russia or the Czech Republic. At this time (Fall 2002), the risk in Russia would probably be considered higher than the risk in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic has just been accepted as a future member of the EU, and as such gains the benefits and stability offered by the EU. Russia, by contrast, is still many years away from even being in a position to be considered by the EU for membership. Depending upon when you are using the book, this situation could be different. (You also may want to substitute other countries into this question depending on current events and the countries with which you feel your students will be most familiar.)6. Read the Country Focus on India in this chapter and answer the following questions:a. What kind of economic system did India operate during 1947-1990? What kind of system is it moving towards today? What are the impediments to completing this transformation?b. How might widespread public ownership of businesses and extensive government regulations have impacted (i) the efficiency of state and private businesses, and (ii) the rate of new business formation in India during the 1947-1990 time frame? How do you think these factors affected the rate of economic growth in India during this time frame?c. How would privatization, deregulation, and the removal of barriers to foreign direct investment affect the efficiency of business, new business formation, and the rate of economic growth in India during the post-1990 time period?d. India now has pockets of strengths in key high technology industries such as software and pharmaceuticals. Why do you think India is developing strength in these areas? How might success in these industries help to generate growth in other sectors of the Indian economy?e. Given what is now occurring in the Indian economy, do you think that the country represents an attractive target for inward investment by foreign multinationals selling consumer products? Why?Answer:a. The economic system that developed in India after 1947 was a mixed economy characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. In 1991, India’s government embarked on anambitious economic reform program. Much of the industrial licensing system was dismantled, and several areas once closed to the private sector were opened. In addition, investment by foreign companies was welcomed, and plans to start privatizing state-owned businesses were announced. India has posted impressive gains since 1991, however there are still impediments to further transformation. Attempts to reduce import tariffs have been stalled by political opposition from employers, employees, and politicians. Moreover, the privatization program has been slowed thanks to actions taken by the Supreme Court. Finally, extreme poverty continues to plague the country.b. The mixed economy that developed in India after 1947 was characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. This system not only constrained the growth of the private sector, but it also consequently limited the effects of competition that typically promote efficiency and productivity in a free market system. The system even limited the actions of private companies, requiring them to get government approval for routine business activities. Production quotas and high import tariffs also stunted the development of a healthy private sector, as did restrictive labor laws that made it difficult to fire employees. Foreign exchange restrictions, limitations on foreign investment, controls on land use, and managed prices further exacerbated the situation. It would appear that India’s rate of economic growth was negatively affected during this time frame. By 1994, India’s economy was still smaller than Belgium’sdespite having a large population. Both GDP and literacy rates were very low, and some 40 percent of the population lived in poverty.c. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. So far, the response to the program has been impressive. The economy expanded at an annual rate of about 6.3 percent from 1994 to 2004. Foreign investment is up from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. Certain sectors of the economy including information technology and pharmaceuticals have done particularly well. Still, problems persist. Actions taken by the government continue to limit efficiency gains for private companies and the country’s high rate of poverty is still a major problem.d. India’s gains in information technology and pharmaceuticals are impressive. The country has emerged as a vibrant global center for software development, and India’s pharmaceutical companies have taken a strong global position by selling low cost generic versions of drugs that have come of patent in the developed world. As these industries continue to prosper, other sectors of the economy should also see the benefit of spillover effects.e. Foreign investment is up in India. In fact, foreign investment rose from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. However, whether India is an attractive destination for foreign multinationals selling consumer products remains to be seen. Certainly, the large population will serve to attractsome companies, but the fact that some 40 percent of the population is living in abject poverty will scare other companies away. Moreover, it is still not easy to run a company in India thanks to laws limiting everything from who can be fired to who can which products.Chapter 3: Differences in Culture1. Outline why the culture of a country influences the costs of doing business in that country. Illustrate your answer with examples.Answer: Since in a sense the entire chapter is about this question, there can be numerous reasons and examples of how culture influences the costs of doing business. Several are highlighted in the following sentences, but there could be numerous others. When there are simply different norms between how individuals from different countries interact, the costs of doing business rise as people grapple with unfamiliar ways of doing business. For example, while in the US we may get down to business first, and then get to know each other socially later, in many South American countries it is important develop a good social relationship before trying to discuss business issues. Different class structures and social mobility also raise the costs of doing business, for if there are inhibitions against working with people from different classes, then the efficiency with which information can flow may be limited and the cost of running a business increased. A country's religion can also affect the costs of business, as religious values can affectattitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, honesty, fairness, and social responsibility. In Hindu societies where the pursuit of material well-being can be viewed as making spiritual well being less likely, worker productivity may be lower than in nations with other religious beliefs. Finally, a country's education system can have important implications for the costs of business. In countries where workers receive excellent training and are highly literate, the need for specific worker training programs are decreased and the hiring of additional employees is facilitated.2. Do you think business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States? If so, how?Answer: A number of aspects of the cultural differences between an Islamic country and the USA will cause business practices to differ. The role women can take, appropriate etiquette (including simple things like not passing papers with the left hand), holidays, and wining and dining all differ from in the USA. But beyond these, the underlying philosophy and role of business differs from in the USA. Since Muslims are stewards of property for God, rather than owners, they are more likely to use their resources carefully and may be less likely to give up or sell something to a person who may not practice the same stewardship. The importance of fairness to all parties in relations means that over-aggressiveness in self-interest may not be well received, and breaking an agreement, even if technically/legally permissible may be viewed as very inappropriate. Finally, the prohibitions on interestpayments in some Islamic countries means that the wording of the terms of an agreement must be done carefully so that "fair profits" are not construed as being "interest payments."3. What are the implications for international business of differences in the dominant religion of a country?Answer: Differences in the dominant religion of a country affect relationships, attitudes toward business, and overall economic development. Firstly, differences in religion require inter-cultural sensitivity. This sensitivity requires things like simply knowing the religious holidays, accepting that some unexpected things may happen "because of Allah's will," or understanding how interpersonal relationships may be different between "believers" and "non-believers." (Hence non-believers may be treated differently.) Secondly, religious beliefs can significantly affect a countries attitude toward business, work, and entrepreneurship. In one country successfully beating a competitor may be considered a great achievement while in another it may be thought of as showing a lack of compassion and disruptive to the society and persons involved, both attitudes that may be derived from underlying religious beliefs. Likewise, hard work may be either rewarded positively or viewed as something of secondary importance to spiritual peace and harmony. Thirdly, different dominant religions may affect the overall competitiveness and potential for economic growth of a nation, and hence attractiveness of a country for international business.。

《国际商务》作业P 89三、案例题1、答：在案例中，出口方耗费了时间和精力，损失也未能全部得到赔偿，这充分表明了CIF术语本身的缺陷使之在应用于内陆地区出口义务时不能充分保障出口方的权益。

两种合同项下交货义务的分离，使风险转移滞后于货物实际控制权的转移。

在采用CIF术语订立贸易合同时，出口方同时以托运人的身份与运输公司即承运人签订运输合同。

在出口方向承运人交付货物，完成运输合同项下的交货义务后，并不意味着他已经完成了贸易合同项下的交货义务。

出口方仍要承担货物越过船舷前的一切风险和损失。

而在货物交由承运人掌管后，托运人(出口方)已经丧失了对货物的实际控制权。

承运人对货物的保管、配载、装运等都由其自行操作，托运人只是对此进行监督。

出口方在其已经丧失了对货物的实际控制权的情况下继续承当责任和风险，这就存在损害出口方权益的隐患，尤其是从内陆地区经陆路运输到装运港口越过船舷，中间要经过一段很长的时间，无法预料会发生什么意外。

也许有人认为，在此期间如果发生货损，出口方向进口方承当责任后，可依据运输合同再向承运人索赔，转移经济损失。

但是对于涉及有关诉讼的费用、损失责任承担很有可能无法达成协议，再加上时间耗费，出口方很可能得不偿失。

本案例中，货物在承运人掌管之下发生了车祸，承运人就应该对所导致的货物损失、延迟装船、仓储费用等负责，但由此导致的货价损失、利息损失的承担双方却无法达成协议，使得出口方受到重大损失。

运输单据规定有限制，致使内陆出口方无法在当地交单。

根据《2000国际贸易术语解释通则》的规定，CIF条件下出口方应准备可转让提单、不可转让海运单或内河运输单据以备交单付款，这与其仅适用水上运输方式相对应。

在沿海地区这种要求易于得到满足，不会耽误结汇。

货物在内陆地区交付承运人后，如果走的是河道航运，也没有太大问题，但如果是走陆路，这时承运人会签发陆运单或陆运海联运提单而不是CIF条件要求的运输单据。

这样，只有当货物运至装运港装船后出后方才能拿到提单或得到在联运提单上“已装船”的批注，然后再结汇。

国际商务导论（一）1（B）是最后加入“金砖国家”称号的国家。

A、中国B、南非C、巴西D、印度2下列哪一选项是跨国公司的战略导向？（D）A、国内市场B、国家形象C、利润最大化D、国际市场3下列哪一个公司为全球排名第三的飞机制造公司？（A）A、巴西航东工业公司B、加拿大庞巴迪公司C、中国商飞D、美国麦道4跨国公司这一称谓是从哪年开始被运用的？（D）A、1984年B、1994年C、1964年D、1974年5截至2012年，LDC国家占据了全球手机90%以上的新增用户份额。

（错误）。

6当前世界500强公司包括华为公司。

（正确）国际商务导论（二）1下列几种贸易形式中，哪种在北美洲的美国增长最快？（A）A、分包B、代理C、许可证贸易D、特许经营2外国公众认为，中国产品的（C）好评度最差。

A、质量B、价格C、品牌和环保D、实用3中国公司的（D）被国外公众紧盯。

A、产品质量B、售后服务C、环保和人工权益D、以上都有4企业之所以要进行国际化经营，其根本原因是要解决（B）的问题。

A、寻找新的顾客B、打造核心竞争力C、寻找低成本资源D、开发海外市场5（D）是产品对东道国当地市场需求适应能力较差的经营战略。

A、一国中心战略B、全球中心战略C、多国中心战略D、本国中心战略6自2008年起，中国对外直接投资存量连续9年保持连续增长势头。

（错误）7对跨国公司来说，公司越大发展就越好。

（错误）国际商务导论（三）1曾经被中断过历史的文化体系是（B）。

A、以罗马、希腊为始的西欧文化体系B、希伯来文化体系C、印度文化体系D、中国文化体系2有一类公司，它需要较多的跨国界价值链协调，但需要较少的新兴市场，这种公司是（B）。

A、新兴进出口商B、区域集中型公司C、全球型公司D、跨国界贸易3下列选项中，五力关系模型中竞争关系的构成要素不包括（D）。

A、竞争者B、潜在竞争者C、替代品D、供应商4下列选项中，国际企业的市场环境是（D）。

A、国际金融市场B、区域经济一体化C、国际经济组织D、以上都对5有些外币不是外汇。

希尔《国际商务》（第九版）课后习题详解（1-20章）【圣才出品】第Ⅰ篇引言和概论第1章全球化1．描述在过去30年中世界经济所发生的转变。

这些转变对总部设在英国、北美、中国香港的国际企业各意味着什么？答：（1）在过去30年中，全球经济发生了巨大变化。

20世纪60年代，世界经济的格局可用四个事实来描述：第一是美国主宰了世界经济和世界贸易；第二是美国支配了当时的世界对外直接投资；第三是在国际商务舞台上，美国的大型多国企业占统治地位；第四是地球上大约一半的计划经济国家对西方国际企业的排斥。

在过去30年中，这四个事实都已发生了变化或正在迅速地发生变化：①美国虽仍是世界上最强大的工业国，但在相对规模上较20世纪60年代下降了许多。

日本、泰国、马来西亚、中国台湾和韩国，它们的世界产出份额显著增加。

②各国在对外直接投资总存量中所占的份额的趋势是：发展中国家的份额在稳步增长，而发达国家在稳步下降。

③多国企业的性质也在变化。

多国企业的统计构成中出现了两个值得注意的趋势：一是非美国的多国公司增多了，尤其是日本；二是小型多国公司的增长。

④许多东欧国家和拉美国家进行民主政治改革和实行自由市场经济。

对国际企业而言，这种情形无疑提供了巨大的机会。

在过去的半个世纪里，这些国家和西方的国际企业实质上已有所接触，现在则提供了极多的出口与投资机会。

（2）这些转变对总部设在英国、北美、中国香港的国际企业的影响①对英国和北美国际企业的影响：美国和英国曾经主导世界，很少遭受到发展中国家的威胁，但现在却受到一定的威胁。

如今，美国和英国的制造商必须与全世界的竞争者竞争订单，但发展中国家对其高新产品和技术的需要也能促进它们的出口份额。

此外，出于成本的考虑，英国和北美的公司可能会在成本相对低的地方设立分公司。

②对中国香港国际企业的影响：中国属于发展中国家，由之前的计划经济体制向市场经济体制转轨。

香港地理位置优越，接近日本、韩国、马来西亚和其他亚洲市场，这为出口提供了便利的条件。

韩玉军《国际商务》课后习题详解（第11~15章）【圣才出品】韩玉军《国际商务》课后习题详解第十一章国际商务组织1．请比较全球地区分部结构和全球产品分部结构，并结合组织结构阶段模型说明它们各自适合于具有什么特点的跨国公司。

答：（1）全球地区分部结构全球地区结构，又称为区域事业部制，是指跨国公司根据全球不同地区划分分部，地区分部在很大程度上是独立自治的实体，并拥有各自的价值创造活动。

地区分部拥有经营领导权和与各项价值创造活动有关的战略决策权，而总部掌握公司总的组织战略方向和财务控制权。

①优缺点：由于全球地区结构采取分权的管理方式，决策权的下放有助于促进各分部对地区的适应。

然而这种组织结构也会将组织分割成一个个高度自治的实体，阻碍地区间核心竞争力和技术的转移。

②适用性：产品多样化程度低而且国内组织结构以职能为基础的企业适合采用全球地区分部结构。

（2）全球产品分部结构全球产品分部结构是指以公司主要产品的种类及相关服务的特点为基础，在全球范围内设立若干产品分部。

每一个分部都是一个自给自足、大体上自治的实体，并对其价值创造活动负全部责任。

总部负责公司的整体组织战略发展和财务控制。

①优缺点：全球产品分部结构使得同一产品部门内有关的职能活动协调比较容易，并且每一个产品部都是一个独立的利润中心，有利于评价各部门的业绩，同时这容易适应企业的扩展与业务多元化要求。

全球产品分部结构的缺陷有：地区或各国经理被视为产品分部经理的下属，发言权受到了限制，这可能导致缺乏地区的调适；企业由于产品种类的不同而在相同的地区设立相同职能的多个机构，造成机构设置的重叠；每一个产品分部都有一定的独立权力，高层管理人员有时会难以控制；对总部的各职能部门，产品分部往往不充分利用，导致总部资源的浪费。

②适用性：产品相当多样化和原先在国内的组织结构是以产品划分部门的企业倾向于采用全球产品分部结构。

2．试述全球矩阵结构和网络型组织结构各自的优缺点。

国际商务英语课后答案问：在架设三角架时，借助于三角架上的气泡将三角架。

答：调平问：碧石的颜色通常为<p>答：不一定问：进入职场的注意事项有哪些？答：注意职场礼仪尽快了解公司文化，快速度过试用期工作不满一年辞职需谨慎注意财务部分的管理问：《荀子 . 劝学》中有“木受绳则直，金就砺则利”之说，这里的“木”是指木料。

答：对问：原文:华氏40度以上译文:above forty degrees Fahrenheit答：√问：商界男士所穿皮鞋的款式应是（）答：A问：不矛盾律的适用范围是（）。

答：具有矛盾关系的判断具有反对关系的判断具有可同假不可同真关系的判断问：碧石的主要矿物成分是<p>答：石英问：对《易经》八卦图无论是站在从内向外看的视角，还是站在从外从外向内看的视角，其由阴爻和阳爻所组成的八种卦形中，永远不变、永远保持一致的四种卦形的名称分别是乾、坤、坎、离，分别代表天、地、水、火。

答：对问：对《易经》八卦图无论是站在从内向外看的视角，还是站在从外从外向内看的视角，其由阴爻和阳爻所组成的八种卦形中，永远不变、永远保持一致的四种卦形的名称分别是（），分别代表（）。

<p>答：1 乾兑坎艮 4乾坤坎离 8天地水火问：什么是柔性基础？答：用抗拉、抗压、抗弯、抗剪均较好的钢筋混凝土材料做基础；用于地基承载力较差、上部荷载较大且基础埋深较大的建筑。

问：1. Mark the letter that identifies the tone for each of the following sentences. _____ 1) Baseball was invented as an urban game in order for owners to make money, players to become arrogant, and spectators to drink overpriced beer. A. objective B. nostalgic C. humorous答：humorous问：欧珀的最重要产地是<p>答：澳大利亚问：“上善若水”启示人们要具备如水一样的“十一种”美好品德。

《国际商务导论》课后思考题答案第1章导论1．什么是国际商务,国际商务包括哪些主要内容？参考答案：国际商务是一门研究为满足个人及组织需求而进行的跨国界交易的科学.一般而言,国际商务包括两层含义：一是指跨越国界的任何形式的商业性活动,包括几乎任何形式的经济资源——商品、劳务、技术、资本和信息等的国际转移；二是指国家、企业或个人以经济利益为目的而进行的商业性经济活动.2．国际商务有哪些特点？参考答案：1.国际商务是企业国际化战略的综合反映；2.国际商务是以进入和开拓国际市场为目标；3.国际商务复杂多变、风险更大.3．为何社会文化环境对国际商务运营如此重要？参考答案：社会文化环境是指企业国际经营所涉及国家或地区居民的语言文化、教育水平、宗教信仰、价值取向、风俗习惯以及社会组织结构等多方面内容的综合.不同国家的文化社会环境各有差异和特点,国际商务运营中需要尤其注意当地风俗、习惯、宗教信仰等.4．如何评估国际商务宏观环境？参考答案：一般情况下,不同行业、不同企业根据自身特点和经营需要,对国际商务宏观环境分析的具体内容存在差异,但一般都应对政治法律（political）、经济（economic）、社会文化（social）、技术（technological）这四大类影响企业国际商务活动的主要外部环境因素进行分析,即PEST分析法.5．企业进行国际商务运营的动因和条件？参考答案：寻求市场、寻求资源、寻求先进的技术和管理理念、寻求效率、寻找贸易支持条件.6．国际商务的形成与发展经历了哪些阶段？参考答案：国际商务的发展历程可以划分为以下三个阶段：贸易主导阶段、投资主导阶段、全球商务阶段（生产活动国际化不断增强、国际贸易对企业经营更加重要、国际商务活动的需求环境逐渐形成、无形贸易在国际商务活动中的重要性凸显、世界经济区域化、集团化）第2章国际贸易理论1. 单选题（1）主张一国应集中生产优势最大或劣势最小的产品的国际分工理论是（）A．绝对优势理论 B. 比较优势理论 C. 异质性企业贸易理论 D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：B（2）提出各国应按照生产要素禀赋进行国际分工的经济学家是（）A．亚当·斯密 B. 里昂惕夫 C. 赫克歇尔和俄林 D. 大卫·李嘉图参考答案：C（3）主张各国按绝对有利的生产条件进行国际分工的理论是（）A．绝对优势理论 B. 比较优势理论 C. 产品生命周期理论 D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：A（4）要素禀赋理论认为,国际贸易将会使各国生产要素价格的差别（）A．变大 B. 变小 C. 不变 D. 无法确定参考答案：B（5）一国拥有的资本要素充裕,就应专门生产并出口资本密集型产品,这一说法来自（）A．绝对优势理论 B. 比较优势理论 C. 要素禀赋理论 D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：C2. 多选题（1）广义的要素禀赋理论包括（）A．罗伯津斯基理论 B. 要素价格均等化理论 C.H-O理论D. 产业内贸易理论参考答案：ABC（2）产业内贸易的商品必须具备的两个条件是（）A．消费上能够相互替代 B. 劳动密集型产品 C. 生产中需要相近或相似的生产要素投入 D. 资本密集型产品参考答案：AC（3）对里昂惕夫之谜的解释的理论有（）A．劳动熟练说 B. 自然资源说 C. 技术差距说 D. 人力资本说参考答案：ABD（4）英国生产一单位酒需要120人/年,生产一单位毛呢需要100人/年；葡萄牙生产一单位酒需要80人/年,生产一单位毛呢需要90人/年,根据比较优势理论,（）A．英国应该生产和出口酒 B. 英国应该生产和出口毛呢 C. 葡萄牙应该生产和出口酒D. 葡萄牙应该生产和出口毛呢参考答案：BC（5）动态的国际贸易的理论有（）A．要素禀赋理论 B. 产品生命周期理论 C. 技术差距理论 D. 异质性企业贸易理论参考答案：BC3. 简答题（1）绝对优势理论的基本观点是什么？参考答案：绝对优势理论的基本观点是各国应该集中生产并出口其具有劳动生产率和生产成本“绝对优势”的产品,进口其不具有“绝对优势”的产品.贸易的双方都会从贸易中获利.（2）比较优势理论的核心思想是什么？与绝对优势理论有什么区别？参考答案：李嘉图的比较优势理论认为贸易的基础是生产技术的相对差别.每个国家应该集中生产并出口其具有“比较优势”的产品,进口其具有“比较劣势”的产品.绝对优势理论比较是直接在二者中选出谁好谁劣,而比较优势理论则是“两利相权取其重,两弊相权取其轻.”；绝对优势理论只能说明各国分别在某一种或某几中产品的生产上,劳动生产率高于其他国家,分工得以形成,而比较优势理论还可以解释当一国在所有产品的生产上劳动生产率都高于他国时国际贸易得以成立的原因；绝对优势理论是同一产品一国对另一国的优势,是内生的,而比较优势理论是同一国一产品对另一种产品的优势,是外生性的.（3）要素禀赋理论的基本内容是什么？参考答案：要素禀赋理论认为国家贸易的基础是生产要素的禀赋和使用比例的相对差别,各国倾向于集中生产并出口那些密集使用本国充裕资源的产品,进口那些密集使用本国稀缺资源的产品.（4）基于局部均衡分析要素禀赋理论下贸易影响和贸易所得.参考答案：①贸易影响：没有贸易时出口国的国内市场均衡价格<国际市场价格<没有贸易时进口国的国内市场均衡价格.进口国外商品会导致国内同类产品价格下降,生产减少,消费增加.出口产品的价格上升,生产增加,国内消费减少.②贸易所得：对出口国而言,出口产品价格提高,使“消费者剩余”减少,但对生产者来说,出口则带来了很大利益：既增加了产量,又提高了价格,“生产者剩余”增加,出口使本国消费者受害而生产者得益.对进口国而言,从生产者的角度来讲,自由贸易并非一件好事,在廉价进口的冲击下,“生产者剩余”减少.但正是由于廉价外国产品的进口,使得“消费者剩余”增加,进口使本国消费者受益生产者受损.无论是对进口国还是对出口国而言,贸易使该国的整体福利增加.具体分析见本章第3节.（4）什么是里昂惕夫之谜？西方学者对此作了哪些解释？参考答案：里昂惕夫1947年运用投入一产出分析法考察美国对外易商品结构,拟对H-O 定理进行实践上的验证时,却发现美国出口的是劳动密集型产品,进口的却是资本密集型产品,而美国显然是一个资本雄厚而劳动相对不足的国家.这一结论与赫克歇尔、俄林的观点完全相反.西方学者提出了人力资本说、熟练劳动说、自然资源论、要素密集度逆转论、需求偏向论和贸易保护论六种解释.（5）什么是产业内贸易？其产生的原因是什么？参考答案：产业内贸易,是指同一产业部门具有相似的要素投入和消费替代性的产品通过外部或内部市场在不同国家或地区间的双向流动,简单地说,它是指一个国家或地区既进口又出口同一产业部门的现象,在某些研究中,又被称为双向贸易或重叠贸易.产业内贸易理论中所指的产业,必须具备两个条件：一是生产投入要素相近；二是产品在消费上可以相互替代.产生的原因主要有产品的同质性、规模经济和经济发展水平三方面.（6）简述产品生命周期理论的主要内容.参考答案：从创新国与模仿国的角度,将产品生命周期划分为五个阶段.第一阶段为新产品阶段.在这一阶段,由于新产品刚刚问世,仅在创新国生产和消费,所以既无出口也无进口.第二阶段为产品成长阶段.在这一阶段,创新国对新产品进行了改进,使产量迅速提高.此时,国外还不能生产这种产品,故创新国在国内外市场都拥有垄断地位.在这一阶段,将有一定量的新产品出口到国外,主要是其他一些发达国家.第三阶段为产品成熟阶段.新产品在创新国已经标准化,创新厂商开始授权外国厂商生产这种产品.第四阶段为其他发达国家参与新产品的出口市场竞争.模仿国不仅为本国消费者生产,而且出口产品,并且成为该产品的主要出口国.第五阶段为创新国成为该产品的进口国.由于外国的技术水平与创新国的技术水平逐渐接近,同时外国的工资水平仍低于创新国,因此该产品在其他一些发达国家生产和出口,而创新国逐渐成为该产品的净进口国.此外,由于技术日益陈旧,技术的转让费用越来越低,技术逐渐在发展中国家扩散,一些发展中国家开始引进该产品的技术进行生产和出口,最后发展中国家成为该产品的主要生产国和出口国.（7）国家竞争优势理论的主要内容.参考答案：迈克尔·波特的国家竞争优势理论认为,一国的国内经济环境对企业开发其自身的竞争能力有很大影响,其中影响最大、最直接的因素是以下四项因素：生产要素、需求要素、相关和支持产业以及企业战略和组织结构.第3章对外直接投资理论国际直接投资的基本理论有哪些？参考答案：国际直接投资的基本理论包括垄断优势理论、内部化理论、国际生产折衷理论、对外直接投资发展阶段理论和投资诱发要素组合理论.简述垄断优势理论的主要内容及其重要发展.参考答案：垄断优势理论认为,在完全竞争的市场条件下,国际贸易是跨国企业进入国际市场的唯一方式,并根据比较优势原则从事进出口活动；而市场不完全性的存在使得一些企业取得了垄断优势,这些垄断优势则成为企业对外直接投资的根本动力和决定因素.在二十世纪六、七十年代,众多西方经济学家在海默与金德尔伯格研究的基础上进一步对垄断优势理论进行了发展与完善,主要包括约翰逊“知识资产垄断优势理论”、凯夫斯“产品异质化垄断优势理论”、尼克博克“寡占反应垄断优势理论”和阿哈罗奈“生产技术垄断优势理论”.目前跨国公司内部贸易增长较快,请以内部化理论解释该现象.参考答案：内部化理论认为世界市场是不完全竞争的市场,跨国公司为了其自身的利益,为克服外部市场的某些失效以及某些产品的特殊性质或垄断势力的存在,导致企业市场交易成本的增加.而通过国际直接投资, 公司可以将本来应在外部市场交易的业务转变为在公司所属企业之间进行,并形成一个内部市场.从而通过外部市场内部化降低交易成本和交易风险. 国际生产折衷理论的主要内容有哪些？如何评价？参考答案：国际生产折衷理论的核心为“三优势模式”（O.I.L.Paradigm）,即跨国公司经营决策是由所有权优势、内部化优势和区位优势三组变量决定的.一国企业是否应从事国际生产和对外直接投资,应当全面研究和评价它是否具备所有权优势、内部化优势和区位优势,三类优势是相互结合、缺一不可的,任何一类优势都不能单独用来解释国际生产和对外直接投资的倾向,只有同时具备这三类优势才能进行对外直接投资.若只拥有所有权优势而无力将其内部化,同时也不能利用国外的区位优势,则最好采用许可证合同的方式转让技术；若公司具备所有权优势且能够将其内部化,但仍然不具备区位优势,则其最优选择为国内生产然后出口；若公司同时具备所有权优势、内部化优势和区位优势,则企业应当选择对外直接投资.邓宁的国际生产折衷理论融合了自海默以来的多家国际直接投资理论学派,具有高度的概括性和综合性,用以评价在对外直接投资的起因和发展方面影响重大的一系列因素,较为全面准确地解释了跨国公司的国际生产活动,成为国际直接投资理论中影响最大、最为深远的理论框架,被称为对外直接投资的“通论”.对外直接投资发展阶段理论与国际生产折衷理论的区别在哪里？参考答案：国际生产折衷理论的研究对象是发达国家的跨国公司,而对外直接投资发展阶段理论则是形成了一个对发达国家和发展中国家普遍适用的国际直接投资理论框架；国际生产折衷理论认为一个国家的对外直接投资倾向只取决于其所拥有的所有权优势、内部化优势以及区位优势,而对外直接投资发展阶段理论则认为对外直接投资的一部分是国家特定优势或企业特定优势的函数,另一部分是该国经济发展阶段的函数.简述投资诱发要素组合理论的基本内容.参考答案：投资诱发要素组合理论认为,任何形式的对外直接投资都是在投资直接诱发要素和间接诱发要素的组合作用下而发生的.所谓直接诱发要素,主要是指各类生产要素,包括劳动力、资本、资源、技术、管理及信息知识等.间接诱发要素是指除直接诱发要素以外的其他诱发对外直接投资的因素,主要包括三个方面：(1)投资国政府诱发和影响对外直接投资的因素.(2)东道国诱发和影响对外直接投资的因素.(3)全球性诱发和影响对外直接投资的因素.发达国家对外直接投资主要是直接诱发要素在起作用,这与他们拥有某种要素优势有关,如资本、技术、管理等.而发展中国家则相反,由于他们相对于发达国家缺乏明显的直接诱发要素优势,对外直接投资很大程度上受间接诱发要素影响.间接诱发要素对当代国际直接投资起着越来越重要的作用.第4章国际收支与汇率理论1．什么是一价定律？它有什么假设？使用范围是什么？参考答案：一价定律可表述为,当贸易是开放的且交易费用为零时,同样的货物无论在何地销售,其价格都必然相同.即：表示商品的国内价格,表示的是商品的国外价格,为两国间的汇率.一价定律的成立需要满足严格的限制条件,例如没有额外交易成本的假设.同时,一价定律并不适用于世界上所有的商品和服务,因为某些商品和服务（例如理发等）是非贸易品,各国的消费习惯、经济发展阶段与产业结构的差异也会扭曲一价定律.2、购买力平价理论的贡献有哪些？有哪些缺陷？能否真实反映一国的经济发展水平？参考答案：购买力平价理论提出了纸币制度下决定汇率的基础,可以判断一国货币币值是否被高估或低估,为制定正确的汇率政策提供依据.同时,它还可以作为换算工具,用来比较各国的主要国民经济指标,避免按照市场汇率转换而产生的偏差.购买力平价理论的缺陷在于,各国国内都存在一些不进入国际贸易领域、不参与国际交易的商品和劳务,无法衡量其价格水平；它要求不同市场上的同类、同质商品的价格通过国际贸易趋向相等,这一条件存在的前提国家间的自由贸易和交易成本为零,但在国际贸易的实践中,存在着种种人为障碍（如关税壁垒、进口配额、进口许可证制、外汇管制以及市场上存在的垄断力量等）和自然障碍（如贸易本身所涉及的运输成本和保险费用等）,因此,贸易商品的价格是不可能完全趋向相等的.该理论并不能真实反映一国的经济水平.因为在购买力平价理论的框架中,消费者偏好的变化、生产技术的进步、资本货物或生产资料的积累、市场结构的改变以及国民收入的增长等实际因素对汇率的影响被简化,该理论仅仅在货币性经济变量之上进行分析,将实际性经济变量以及人们的预期心理因素排斥在外.政府实施的管制及其他干预措施、市场参与者的预期心理出现的频繁变化等因素,也都会阻碍货币汇率对通货膨胀率差异作出充分的调整,从而使得购买力平价难以成立.3、利率平价方程说明了什么？如何理解现实中对利率平价的偏离？参考答案：利率平价方程表明：如果国内利率高于国外利率,远期外汇将升水；反之则贴水,而且升（贴）水率等于利率差异.现实中对利率平价的偏离情况为投资者提供了机会,根据利率平价对现实偏离的方向进行分析,既可以让风险爱好者赖以牟利,也可以为风险规避者提供避险的依据.4．西方发达国家的学者们根据购买力平价计算的结果,认为中国经济发展水平目前已经位居世界前列,并据此对中国以发展中国家的身份加入世界贸易组织的要求设置种种障碍.试根据购买力平价的缺陷谈谈你的看法.参考答案：参照第二题.购买力平价说本身就存在许多缺陷,因此给予此理论的论述可以作为特定假设下的参考,而用于政策制定则难免有失偏颇.5．如果分别代表本国和外国利率水平,分别代表以间接标价法表示的即期汇率与远期汇率,而且远期期限与利率期限相同.试推导利率平价条件并解释它为什么会成立？参考答案：如果用本币投资于本国金融市场,则1单位本国货币到期可增值为.如果这一单位本币用于投资于外国金融市场,则这一投资行为分为三个步骤：(1)先在外汇市场上兑换为外币,在间接标价法下,可得单位的外币；(2)再投资于外国金融市场,一年后可得外币：个单位；(3)存款到期后,将外国货币在外汇市场上按照远期汇率换成本国货币,可得本币：个单位.如果,则众多的投资者都会将资金投入外国金融市场,这导致外汇市场上即期购入外国货币以及远期卖出外国货币行为增多,从而使本币即期贬值(增大),远期升值(减小),投资于外国金融市场的收益率下降,反之亦然.只有当这两种投资方式的收益率完全相同时,市场才处于平衡状态.所以,当投资者采取持有远期合约的抛补方式交易时,市场会最终使利率与汇率之间形成下列关系：.记即期汇率与远期汇率之间的升(贴)水率为,整理得间接表示法下的利率平价公式：,其经济含义是：汇率的远期升贴水率等于两国货币利率水平之差.6、假定美国与瑞士的利率分别为,即期汇率为1美元等于1.1314瑞士法郎,试计算瑞士法郎三个月的远期汇率.参考答案：第5章国际贸易与世界市场1.什么是区域经济一体化? 它有哪些形式?参考答案：区域经济一体化是指位于某一地理区域内的各个国家通过相互合作,削减或消除国与国之间的商品、劳务和资本的流通壁垒的过程被.区域经济一体化可以划分为以下几种形式,其中每一种经济一体化形式都包含了比它更低层次的一体化形式的所有特点.主要包括特惠贸易安排、自由贸易区、关税同盟、共同市场、经济同盟和完全的经济一体化.2.试分析自由贸易区与关税同盟的区别.参考答案：自由贸易区通常指签订有自由贸易协定的国家所组成的经济贸易集团,成员国相互取消关税和数量限定,使区域内各成员国的商品可以自由流动,但各成员国仍保留独立的对非成员国的关税和其他贸易壁垒,以及保持其内外经济政策的独立性.其重要特征是在该一体化组织参与者之间取消了商品贸易的障碍,成员国内的厂商可以将商品自由的输入和输出,真正实现了商品的自由贸易,但是它严格地将这种贸易待遇限制在参与国或成员国之间.自由贸易区的另一个重要特征是成员国之间没有共同对外关税.而关税同盟是指成员国根据缔结的协定,将各自的关税合并为一个统一的关税,成员国之间取消关税和进口数量限制,对从同盟以外的国家进口的货物实行统一的关税和进口数量限制.关税同盟规定成员国之间共同、统一的对外关税,实际上是将关税的制定权让渡给经济一体化组织.它不像自由贸易区那样,只是相互之间取消关税,而不作权利让渡.因此,关税同盟对成员国的约束力比自由贸易区大.3.简述WTO的基本原则.参考答案：世界贸易组织建立的协定是国际贸易制度运行和各成员国贸易政策制定的法律基础,它继承了关贸总协定的主要原则,比关贸总协定约束的范围更加广泛,它是一个真正意义上的国际贸易体系. 在世界贸易组织建立的协定中,明确指出了五个基本原则,即非歧视原则、通过谈判逐渐推行贸易自由化原则、可预见原则、促进公平竞争原则和鼓励发展与改革原则.非歧视原则,即贯彻最惠国待遇和国民待遇原则,非歧视原则在关贸总协定中作了明确的规定.贸易自由化原则是指通过减少贸易障碍来促进贸易的扩大.这些贸易障碍不仅是指进口关税,还包括各种数量限制、政府的某些限制进口的规定以及汇率政策等方面的限制措施.可预见性原则是指各成员国在其贸易政策或规定执行以前,要对成员国公开并通知世界贸易组织.鼓励公平竞争的原则是指世界贸易要在公开、公正和不受干预的情况下开展,因而该体系反对倾销、补贴及政府的歧视性采购等.鼓励发展与改革原则是指对发展中成员国的经济发展和改革采取鼓励原则.4.关贸总协定通过八轮谈判成功地降低了各成员国货物贸易中的关税和非关税壁垒,为什么还要成立WTO？参考答案：关贸总协定的制定使得国际贸易能够在一个比较自由的贸易环境下展开.但关贸总协定在设立时,主要是针对货物贸易及其相关产业部门的贸易问题而设定的规则协议,这就制约着缔约国之间贸易范围的发展扩大,如服务贸易和知识产权等贸易问题.1986年9 月,关贸总协定在乌拉圭启动第八轮谈判(又称乌拉圭回合),谈判议题中涉及了服务贸易和与贸易有关的知识产权等非货物贸易问题.这些重大议题的谈判成果很难在关税与贸易总协定的框架内付诸实施,使得创立一个正式的国际贸易组织的必要性日益突出.5.分析北美自由贸易区成立的原因.参考答案：促使北美自由贸易区成立的原因主要有三个方面.第一,美、加、墨三国具有实行经济一体化的可能性.三国地理位置紧紧相连,语言文字、价值观念和风俗习惯等都具有相似性.三国的经济互补性加强且依存度很高.第二,是来自欧洲经济一体化的压力.20世纪80年代以来,世界经济一体化成为世界经济的一个突出现象.为了适应激烈的竞争,更多的国家组成新的区域经济一体化组织或者加入到原有的一体化组织当中.欧洲一体化的扩大和深化使美国倍感压力.美国清楚地认识到,统一大市场将使自己面临一系列的难题.单靠自己的力量,不足以应付来自欧共体和其他区域经济体的挑战,建立以美国为首的区域经济一体化组织,以整体力量与其他一体化组织对抗,才可以保持在世界经济中的主导地位.第三,符合北美各成员国发展经济的需要.建立北美自由贸易区,实行美、加、墨三国经济一体化,对美国而言,既可以扩大商品出。

国际商务管理学习通课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.在融合，同化，隔离，边缘化这四种文化适应方式中，最痛苦糟糕的适应方式（）。

参考答案:边缘化2.因为（），所以地球不会因成为“地球村”而拥有完全一致的价值观。

参考答案:各民族都有自己的文化个性和特点3.联合利华是一家美国跨国公司。

（）参考答案:错4.GDP的范围要大于GNI。

（）参考答案:错5.一般情况下，本国货币对外贬值有利于（）。

参考答案:出口6.（）是中国当前产品出口的主要障碍。

参考答案:技术性贸易壁垒7.（）指资源利用和市场焦点都放在国内的企业。

参考答案:本地市场经营者8.对于规模经济型行业中的优胜企业可以采用领导地位战略。

（）参考答案:错9.下列选项中，（）属于多国行业竞争。

参考答案:软饮料市场10.下列选项中，（）对市场内部化的影响最重要。

参考答案:行业特定因素11.特殊保障措施是针对特定产品或特定国家的产品而采取实施的条件相对宽松的保障措施。

（）参考答案:对12.下列选项中，公司重构的主要内容不包括（）。

参考答案:工商重构13.（）是指政府尽可能减少各种贸易障碍的贸易类型。

参考答案:自由贸易14.（）是指在现有的市场中发展新的产品。

参考答案:新产品发展策略15.（）是简单整合最普遍的形式。

参考答案:外包16.全局性是企业战略管理最根本的特性。

（）参考答案:对17.下列选项中，执行多样化战略的原因不包括（）。

参考答案:提高某个业务单元的不佳经营状况18.美国的公司更倾向于社会化，欧洲的公司倾向于集权。

（）参考答案:错19.（）最早提出全球本土化的概念。

参考答案:20世纪80年代20.下列选项中，“拉丁美洲自由贸易协会”属于（）。

参考答案:自由贸易区21.战略贸易理论认为，一个国家的优势并不是在所有行业中，而是体现在某些行业中。

（）参考答案:错22.（）公司较多采用国际事业部结构。

参考答案:美国23.下列选项中，不属于企业进入市场的类型的是（）。

《国际商务管理学》补充习题 2 专题三单选题：货物生产国与货物消费国通过第三国进行贸易，对第三国而言是（ B ）。

A,过境贸易B,转口贸易C,直接贸易D,多边贸易2，世界贸易组织对任何多边贸易协议的解释和决议，须经部长会议和总理事会成员（C ）。

A,2/3以上的多数通过B,1/2以上的多数通过C,3/4以上的多数通过D,4/5以上的多数通过3，价格条款中（A ）组成。

A,单价和总值B,单位价格和计量单位C,计价货币和总值D,单位价格金额和价格术语4，CIF条件下交货，（C ）。

A,装运时间先于交货时间B,装运时间迟于交货时间C,装运时间与交货时间一致D,其先后次序视运输方式而定5，进口关税是一种间接税，其税负最终由（C ）承担。

A,进口商B,出口商C,消费者D，生产商6，单独海损仅涉及受损货物的所有者单方面的利益，由受损方承担损失，这种损失（A ）。

A,属部分损失B,属全部损失C,属推定损失D,有时是全部损失，有时是部分损失7，通过寄售协议，获得某地区商品专营权的是（A ）。

A,代理商B,包销商C,寄售商D,拍卖商8，买方信贷是指（B ）。

A,出口方银行向本国出口商提供的贷款B,出口方银行向外国进口商提供的贷款C,进口方银行向外国出口商提供的贷款D,进口方银行向本国出口商提供的贷款9，（B ）是出票人签发的，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定金额给收款人或者持票人的依据。

A,汇票B,本票C,光票D,支票10，约束性贷款是指（A ）。

A,买方信贷B,卖方信贷C,短期信贷D,进口信贷11，出口补贴作为一种鼓励出口的措施就是在出口某种商品时给予出口商（A ）优惠待遇。

A,在现金补贴或财政上B,仅在现金补贴上C,仅在财政上D，仅在退还进口税上12，在出口业务中，采用托收的支付方式时，汇款的付款人应填写（C ）。

A,本国进口人B,本国出口人C,外国进口人D,外国出口人13，下列哪一项不是国际技术转让的动机（C ）。

第19章全球人力资源管理1．以一国为中心、以多国为中心和以全球为中心的人员配备政策各有哪些主要优缺点？它们在何时适用？答：（1）以一国为中心的人员配备政策是指所有关键的管理职位都是由母国的人员担任。

其优点有：①克服东道国缺少称职的管理者的不足；②有助于维系企业统一的文化；③有助于转移核心竞争力来创造价值。

缺点有：①易在东道国造成员工不满；②导致文化短视。

以一国为中心的人员配备政策适用于实施国际战略的公司。

（2）以多国为中心的人员配备政策要求母国人员占据公司总部的关键职位，而子公司管理层由东道国人员担任。

其优点有：①避免文化短视；②实施成本低。

缺点有：①限制职业流动性；②隔离总部与国外子公司。

以多国为中心的人员配备政策适用于实施本土化战略的公司。

（3）以全球为中心的人员配备政策在整个组织内为关键岗位寻找最佳人选而不考虑国籍因素。

其优点有：①有效利用人力资源；②有助于建立浓厚的企业文化和非正式的管理网络。

缺点有：①国家移民政策可能会限制该政策的实施；②实施成本高。

以全球为中心的人员配备政策适用于实施全球标准化战略或跨国战略的公司。

2．研究显示，许多外派人员遇到了既会影响他们在国外任职的有效性，也会限制他们回国后对公司做出贡献的问题。

这些问题的主要原因是什么？后果如何？企业如何减少这类问题的发生？答：（1）这些问题的主要原因有：公司甄选外派人员的程序不合理；经理人员本人、配偶难以适应新环境；其他家庭问题；经理人员难以担当起国外重任；公司未对外派人员的归国问题制定合理的规划。

（2）这些问题的存在导致外派人员不能在国外很好地发展，结果导致他们提前回国和外派高离职率。

（3）企业可以通过有效的挑选程序、培训和管理发展规划来减少外派失败的发生率。

最易在国外任职成功的外派经理人员通常具备以下素质：拥有自尊、自信和良好的心态；能与东道国人员相互交往；愿意使用东道国的语言；能够理解他国人员行为的原因等。

外派经理的培训项目通常包括文化培训、语言培训和实践培训。

国际商务课后习题参考答案集团标准化工作小组 [Q8QX9QT-X8QQB8Q8-NQ8QJ8-M8QMN]C h a p t e r1:G l o b a l i z a t i o n1. Describe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years. What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Great Britain North America Hong KongAnswer: The world economy has shifted dramatically over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960s, four stylized facts described the demographics of the global economy. The first was . dominancein the world economy and world trade. The second was . dominance in the world foreign direct investment picture. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational . firms in the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half of the globe - the centrally planned economies of the Communist world - was off-limits to Western international businesses. All of these demographic facts have changed. Although the . remains the world's dominant economic power, its share of world output and world exports have declined significantly since the 1960s. This trend does not reflect trouble in the . economy, but rather reflects the growing industrialization of developing countries such as China, India, Indonesia, and South Korea. This trend is also reflected in the world foreign direct investment picture. As depicted in Figure in the textbook, the share of world output (or the stock of foreign direct investment) generated by developing countries has been on a steady increase since the 1960s, while the share of world output generated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady decline. Shifts in the world economy can also be seen through the shifting power of multinational enterprises. Since the 1960s, there have been two notable trends in the demographics of the multinational enterprise. The first has been the rise of . multinationals, particularly Japanese multinationals. The second has been the emergence of a growing number of small and medium-sized multinationals, called mini-multinationals. The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe and the republics of the former Soviet Union have brought about the final shift in the world economy. Many of the former Communist nations of Europe and Asia seem to share a commitment to democratic politics and free market economies. Similar developments are being observed in Latin America. If these trends continue, the opportunities for international business may be enormous. The implications of these shifts are similar for North America and Britain. The United States and Britain once had the luxury of being the dominant players in the world arena, with little substantive competition from the developing nations of the world. That has changed. Today, . and British manufacturers must compete with competitors from across the world to win orders. The changing demographics of the world economy favor a city like Hong Kong. Hong Kong (which is now under Chinese rule) is well located with easy access to markets in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, and other Asian markets. Hong Kong has a vibrant labor force that can compete on par with the industrialized nations of the world. The decline in the influence of the . and Britain on the global economy provides opportunities for companies in Hong Kong to aggressively pursue export markets.2. "The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large multinational enterprise, but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in smaller firms." Evaluate this statement.Answer: People who believe in this view, and the firms that they work for, may find that they do not achieve their full potential (at best) and may ultimately fail because of their myopia. As barriers to trade decrease and state of the art technological developments take place throughout the world, new opportunities and threats exist on a worldwide basis. The rise of the mini-multinationals suggests there are global opportunities even for small firms. But staying attunedto international markets is not only important from the perspective of seeking profitable opportunities for small firms; it can also be critical for long-term competitive survival. Firms from other countries may be developing products that, if sold internationally, may wipe out small domestic competitors. Scanning international markets for the best suppliers is also important for small firms, for if a domestic competitor is able to tap into a superior supplier from a foreign country, it may be able to seriously erode a small firm's competitive position before the small firm understands the source of its competitor's competitive advantage and can take appropriate counter actions.3. How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of markets and of production Would the globalization of production and markets have been possible without these technological changesAnswer: Changes in technology have contributed to the globalization of markets and of productionin a very substantive manner. For instance, improvements in transportation technology have paved the way for companies like Coca-Cola, Levi Strauss, Sony and McDonalds to make their products available worldwide. Similarly, improvements in communications technology have had a major impact. The ability to negotiate across continents has been facilitated by improved communications technology, and the rapidly decreasing cost of communications has lowered the expense of coordinating and controlling a global corporation. Finally, the impact of information technology has been far reaching. Companies can now gain worldwide exposure simply by setting up a homepage on the Internet. This technology was not available just a few short years ago. The globalization of production and markets may have been possible without improvements in technology, but the pace of globalization would have been much slower. The falling cost of technology has made it affordable for many developing nations, which has been instrumental in helping these nations improve their share of world output and world exports. The inclusion of these nations, such as China, India, Thailand, and South Korea, has been instrumental in the globalization of markets and production. In addition, improvements in global transportation and communication have made it relatively easy for business executives from different countries to converse with one another. If these forms of technology, including air-travel, fax capability, e-mail, and overnight delivery of packages were not available, it would be much more difficult for businesses to conduct international trade.4. "Ultimately, the study of international business is no different from the study of domestic business. Thus, there is no point in having a separate course on international business." Evaluate this statement.Answer: This statement reflects a poor understanding of the unique challenges involved in international business. Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business for at least four reasons. These are: (1) countries are different; (2) the range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business is wider and the problems themselves more complex than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business; (3) an international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system; and (4) international transactions involve converting money into different currencies. As a result of these differences, there are ample reasons for studying international business as a specific field of study or discipline.5. How might the Internet and the associated World Wide Web impact international business activity and the globalization of the world economyAnswer: According to the text, the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) promise to develop into the information background of tomorrow's global economy. This improved technology will not only makeit easier for individuals and companies in different countries to conduct business with one another, but will also further decrease the cost of communications. These improvements will undoubtedly hasten the already rapid pace of globalization. Another distinct attribute of the Internet and the WWW is that they act as an equalizer between large (resource rich) and small (resource poor) firms. For instance, it does not cost any more for a small software firm to gain visibility via the WWW than it does for a large software company like Microsoft. As a result, the WWW helps small companies reach the size of audience that was previously only within the reach of large, resource rich firms.6. If current trends continue, China may emerge as the world's largest economy by 2020. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for(1) The world trading system.(2)The world monetary system.(3)The business strategy of today's European and . based global corporations.(4)Global commodity prices.Answer: The world trading system would clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within the World Trade Organization as a “developing” country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively affect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have fully conve rtible and trading currency, and it could become one of the “benchmark” currencies of the world. From the perspective of Western global firms, China would represent botha huge market, and potentially the home base of some very capable competitors. Finally, commodity prices would probably fall.7. Read the Country Focus in this chapter on the Ecuadorian rose industry, the answer the following questions:a) How has participation in the international rose trade helped Ecuador’s economy and its people How has the rise of Ecuador as a center for rose growing benefited consumers in developed nationswho purchase the roses What do the answers to these questions tell you about the benefits of international tradeb) Why do you think that Ecuador’s rose indust ry only began to take of 20 years ago Why do you think it has grown so rapidlyc) To what extent can the alleged health problems among workers in Ecuador’s rose industry be laid at the feet of consumers in the developed world and their desire for perfect Valentine’s Day rosesd) Do you think governments in the developed world should place trade sanctions on Ecuador roses if reports of health issues among Ecuadorian rose workers are verified What else might they do to improve the situation in Ecuadora) Ecuador is the world’s fourth largest producer of roses. In fact, roses represent the country’s fifth largest export. The industry is vital to Ecuador’s economy, creating tens of thousands of jobs, jobs that pay significantly above the country’s mi nimum wage. Taxes and revenues from the rose growers have also helped to pave roads, build schools, and construct sophisticated irrigation systems. For Ecuador’s consumers, the success of the industry means bigger, more vibrant flowers than were previously available. Most students will recognize that the conditions in Ecuador give the country a distinct advantage in rose growing, and that by focusing on the industry, Ecuador has been able to benefit from international trade. Consumers in other countries also benefit from Ecuador’s flower exports with better products.b) Ecuador’s rose industry began some 20 years ago, and has been expanding rapidly ever since then. Most students will probably focus advances in technology as a key to the industry’s success. Roses are a very fragile, perishable product. Modern technology enables growers to used refrigerated air transport to get the product to markets around the globe. Without that ability, the growers would be limited to the market immediately surrounding the country.c) Students will probably be divided on this issue with some students arguing that consumers are to blame for the problems, and others placing the blame on the growers. Students taking the first perspective will probably suggest that most consumers purchase their roses with little consideration for how they are grown. Rather, most consumers simply focus on their beauty and price. Students blaming the growers might argue that growers, because they feel the effect of less-than-perfect roses in the form of smaller profits, will be motivated to find ways to produce ever more perfect flowers. Certainly, the use of pesticides and other products can produce a better crop. In the end, there is probably blame on both sides. If more consumers were aware of the health problems resulting from the improper use of pesticides, they would probably demand some changes. Similarly, if pressure were put on the growers to use pesticides safely, health problems could be reduced.d) Trade sanctions are a tool that is often employed by governments that are making a statement against a specific action or actions. In the case of Ecuador, trade sanctions certainly would be an option, as would publicizing the situation so that more consumers were aware of the conditions. In the end though, it is important to consider the effect of the sanctions or other measures on people like Maria who might lose their livelihood as a result.Chapter 2: National Differences1. Free market economies stimulate greater economic growth, whereas state-directed economies stifle growth! Discuss.Answer: In a market economy, private individuals and corporations are allowed to own property and other assets. This right of ownership provides a powerful incentive for people to work hard, introduce new products, develop better advertising campaigns, invent new products, etc., all in the hopes of accumulating additional personal capital and wealth. In turn, the constant search on the part of individuals and corporation to accumulate wealth enriches the entire economy and creates economic growth. In contrast, in a command economy, private individuals and corporations are not allowed to own substantial quantities of property and other assets. The objective of a command economy is for ever yone to work for “the good of the society.” Although this sounds like a noble ideal, a system that asks individuals to work for the good of society rather than allowing individuals to build personal wealth does not provide a great incentive for people to invent new products, develop better advertising campaigns, find ways to be more efficient, etc. As a result, command economies typically generate less innovation and are less efficient than market economies.2. A democratic political system is an essential condition for sustained economic progress. Discuss.Answer: This question has no clear-cut answer. In the West, we tend to argue that democracy is good for economic progress. This argument is largely predicted upon the idea that innovation is the engine of economic growth, and a democratic political system encourages rather than stifles innovation. However, there are examples of totalitarian regimes that have fostered a market economy and strong property rights protection and experienced rapid economic growth. The examples include four of the fastest growing economies of the past 30 years –South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong – all of which have grown faster than Western economies. However, while it is possible to argue that democracy is not a necessary precondition for the establishment of a free market economy, it seems evident that subsequent economic growth leads to establishment of democratic regimes. Several of the fastest-growing Asian economies have recently adopted more democratic governments.3. What is the relationship between corruption ., bribe taking by government officials) in a country and economic growth Is corruption always badAnswer: Economic evidence suggests that high levels of corruption significantly reduce the economic growth rate in a country. By siphoning off profits, corrupt politicians and bureaucrats reduce the returns to business investment, and hence, reduce the incentive that both domestic and foreign businesses have to invest in that country. The lower level of investment that results has a negative impact on economic growth. However, while most students will probably agree that corruption is bad, some may point out that the ., despite its Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, does allow “grease payments” to exp edite or secure the performance of a routine governmental action. According to Congress, “grease payments” while technically bribes are not being used to obtain or maintain business, but rather are simply made to facilitate performance of duties that the recipients are already obligated to perform.4. The Nobel prize-winning economist Amartya Sen argues that the concept of development should be broadened to include more than just economic development. What other factors does Sen think should be included i n an assessment of development How might adoption of Sen’s views influence government policy Do you think Sen is correct that development is about more than just economic development Explain.Answer: Sen has argued that development be assessed less by material output measures such as GNP per capita, and more by the capabilities and opportunities that people enjoy. Sen suggests that development be seen as a process of expanding real freedoms that people experience, and as such, that development requires the removal of major impediments to freedom. Governments influenced by Sen might ensure that basic health care and education programs are available especially for women. Many students will agree with Sen and the notion that development is not just an economic process, but a political one too, and that to succeed citizens must be given a voice in the important decisions made for the country.5. You are the CEO of a company that has to choose between making a $100 million investment in either Russia or the Czech Republic. Both investments promise the same long-run return, so your choice of which investment to make is driven by considerations of risk. Assess the various risks of doing business in each of these nations. Which investment would you favor and whyAnswer: When assessing the risks of investment, one should consider the political, economic, and legal risks of doing business in either Russia or the Czech Republic. At this time (Fall 2002), the risk in Russia would probably be considered higher than the risk in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic has just been accepted as a future member of the EU, and as such gains the benefits and stability offered by the EU. Russia, by contrast, is still many years away from even being in a position to be considered by the EU for membership. Depending upon when you are using the book, this situation could be different. (You also may want to substitute other countries into this question depending on current events and the countries with which you feel your students will be most familiar.)6. Read the Country Focus on India in this chapter and answer the following questions:a. What kind of economic system did India operate during 1947-1990 What kind of system is it moving towards today What are the impediments to completing this transformationb. How might widespread public ownership of businesses and extensive government regulations have impacted (i) the efficiency of state and private businesses, and (ii) the rate of new business formation in India during the 1947-1990 time frame How do you think these factors affected the rate of economic growth in India during this time framec. How would privatization, deregulation, and the removal of barriers to foreign direct investment affect the efficiency of business, new business formation, and the rate of economic growth in India during the post-1990 time periodd. India now has pockets of strengths in key high technology industries such as software and pharmaceuticals. Why do you think India is developing strength in these areas How might success in these industries help to generate growth in other sectors of the Indian economye. Given what is now occurring in the Indian economy, do you think that the country represents an attractive target for inward investment by foreign multinationals selling consumer products Why Answer:a. The economic system that developed in India after 1947 was a mixed economy characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. Much of the industrial licensing system was dismantled, and several areas once closed to the private sector were opened. In addition, investment by foreign companies was welcomed, and plans to start privatizing state-owned businesses were announced. India has posted impressive gains since 1991, however there are still impediments to further transformation. Attempts to reduce import tariffs have been stalled by political opposition from employers, employees, and politicians. Moreover, the privatization program has been slowed thanks to actions taken by the Supreme Court. Finally, extreme poverty continues to plague the country.b. The mixed economy that developed in India after 1947 was characterized by a large number of state-owned enterprises, centralized planning, and subsidies. This system not only constrained the growth of the private sector, but it also consequently limited the effects of competition that typically promote efficiency and productivity in a free market system. The system even limited the actions of private companies, requiring them to get government approval for routine business activities. Production quotas and high import tariffs also stunted the development of a healthy private sector, as did restrictive labor laws that made it difficult to fire employees. Foreign exchange restrictions, limitations on foreign investment, controls on land use, and managed prices further exacerbated the situation. It would appear that India’s rate of economic growth was negatively affected during this time frame. By 1994, India’s economy was still smaller than Belgium’s despite having a large population. Bot h GDP and literacy rates were very low, and some40 percent of the population lived in poverty.c. In 1991, India’s government embarked on an ambitious economic reform program. So far, the response to the program has been impressive. The economy expanded at an annual rate of about percent from 1994 to 2004. Foreign investment is up from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. Certain sectors of the economy including information technology and pharmaceuticals have done particularly well. Still, problems persist. Actions taken by the government continue to limit efficiency gains for private companies and the country’s high rate of poverty is still a major problem.d. India’s gains in information technology and pharmaceuticals are impressive. The co untry has emerged as a vibrant global center for software development, and India’s pharmaceutical companies have taken a strong global position by selling low cost generic versions of drugs that have come of patent in the developed world. As these industries continue to prosper, other sectors of the economy should also see the benefit of spillover effects.e. Foreign investment is up in India. In fact, foreign investment rose from $150 million in 1990 to $6 billion in 2005. However, whether India is an attractive destination for foreign multinationals selling consumer products remains to be seen. Certainly, the large population will serve to attract some companies, but the fact that some 40 percent of the population is living in abject poverty will scare other companies away. Moreover, it is still not easy to run a company in India thanks to laws limiting everything from who can be fired to who can which products. Chapter 3: Differences in Culture1. Outline why the culture of a country influences the costs of doing business in that country. Illustrate your answer with examples.Answer: Since in a sense the entire chapter is about this question, there can be numerous reasons and examples of how culture influences the costs of doing business. Several are highlighted in the following sentences, but there could be numerous others. When there are simply different norms between how individuals from different countries interact, the costs of doing business rise as people grapple with unfamiliar ways of doing business. For example, while in the US we may get down to business first, and then get to know each other socially later, in many South American countries it is important develop a good social relationship before trying to discuss business issues. Different class structures and social mobility also raise the costs of doing business, for if there are inhibitions against working with people from different classes, then the efficiencywith which information can flow may be limited and the cost of running a business increased. A country's religion can also affect the costs of business, as religious values can affect attitudes towards work, entrepreneurship, honesty, fairness, and social responsibility. In Hindu societies where the pursuit of material well-being can be viewed as making spiritual well being less likely, worker productivity may be lower than in nations with other religious beliefs. Finally, a country's education system can have important implications for the costs of business. In countries where workers receive excellent training and are highly literate, the need for specific worker training programs are decreased and the hiring of additional employees is facilitated.2. Do you think business practices in an Islamic country are likely to differ from business practices in the United States If so, howAnswer: A number of aspects of the cultural differences between an Islamic country and the USA will cause business practices to differ. The role women can take, appropriate etiquette (including simple things like not passing papers with the left hand), holidays, and wining and dining all differ from in the USA. But beyond these, the underlying philosophy and role of business differs from in the USA. Since Muslims are stewards of property for God, rather than owners, they are more likely to use their resources carefully and may be less likely to give up or sell something to a person who may not practice the same stewardship. The importance of fairness to all parties in relations means that over-aggressiveness in self-interest may not be well received, and breaking an agreement, even if technically/legally permissible may be viewed as very inappropriate. Finally, the prohibitions on interest payments in some Islamic countries means that the wording of the terms of an agreement must be done carefully so that "fair profits" are not construed as being "interest payments."3. What are the implications for international business of differences in the dominant religion ofa countryAnswer: Differences in the dominant religion of a country affect relationships, attitudes toward business, and overall economic development. Firstly, differences in religion require inter-cultural sensitivity. This sensitivity requires things like simply knowing the religious holidays, accepting that some unexpected things may happen "because of Allah's will," or understanding how interpersonal relationships may be different between "believers" and "non-believers." (Hence non-believers may be treated differently.) Secondly, religious beliefs can significantly affect a countries attitude toward business, work, and entrepreneurship. In one country successfully beating a competitor may be considered a great achievement while in another it may be thought of as showing a lack of compassion and disruptive to the society and persons involved, both attitudes that may be derived from underlying religious beliefs. Likewise, hard work may be either rewarded positively or viewed as something of secondary importance to spiritual peace and harmony. Thirdly, different dominant religions may affect the overall competitiveness and potential for economic growth of a nation, and hence attractiveness of a country for international business.4. Choose two countries that appear to be culturally diverse. Compare the culture of thosecountries and then indicate how cultural differences influence(1)the costs of doing business in each country(2)the likely future economic development of that country(3)business practices(4)business ethicsAnswer: Responses to this question will obviously vary based on the countries chosen by the students, and their knowledge of the countries. Hopefully the student can present some information on the dimensions of culture including values, norms, social structure, religion, language, and education of the countries and also describe the key differences and similarities of the countries along these dimensions. Relating the differences between the countries along these dimensions to differences in the costs of doing business, the potential for economic development, and business practices would fully answer the question. (While it may be more difficult for students to come up with really good examples relative to business practices, the costs and prospects for economic development should be quite feasible.)Chapter 4: Ethics in International Business1. Review the Management Focus on testing drugs in the developing world and discuss the following questions:(a) Did Pfizer behave unethically by rushing to take advantage of an epidemic in Nigeria in order to test an experimental drug on sick children Should the company have proceeded more carefully (b) Is it ethical to test an experimental drug on children in emergency settings in the developing。

2019年超星尔雅管理学精要答案上传者：王洋时间：2019年3月23日1.1管理学课程简介（一）1【单选题】管理学研究的对象是(C)。

A、个人B、社会C、组织D、自然2【单选题】提出“让一群平凡的人,创造不平凡的组织绩效”的现代管理之父是(B)。

A、迈克尔·波特B、彼得·德鲁克C、加里·哈默尔D、汤姆·彼得斯3【多选题】管理学的职能包括(ABCD)。

A、计划B、组织C、领导D、控制4【判断题】以应用型为导向的管理学注重介绍管理学理论发展历史、现存的问题,以及一些新的研究动向。

(ⅹ)5【判断题】管理学是以目标为导向的。

(√)1.2管理学课程简介（二）1【单选题】普华永道变革整合小组所著的哪本书讲述了管理者面临的两面论?(C)A、《定位》B、《商战》C、《管理悖论》D、《影响力》2【单选题】以下哪本书讲述了百年企业是如何打造的?(B)A、《蓝海战略》B、《基业长青》C、《管理大未来》D、《追求卓越的管理》3【多选题】以下哪些是管理大师德鲁克的著作?(ACD)A、《卓有成效的管理者》B、《将心注入》C、《21世纪的管理挑战》D、《创新与企业家精神》4【判断题】以问题为导向的学习,能够提高学生的研究能力、沟通能力、团队合作能力等。

(√) 5【判断题】学习管理学需要掌握管理基本思维方式,初步掌握理论研究和实践运用的方式方法。

(√)1.3管理学课程简介（三）1【单选题】以下哪个选项不属于组织的基本构成要素(D)。

A、组织成员B、组织目标C、组织结构D、社会地位2【多选题】专题问题的研究方式包括(ABCD)。

A、文献阅读B、小组讨论C、理论分析D、实践标杆研究3【多选题】组织结构包括(ABCD)。

A、职位职权体系B、角色分工C、规章制度D、组织文化4【判断题】五分钟快速交流法包括1分钟个体思考、2分钟轮流发言、1分钟相互交流和1分钟归纳总结四个步骤。

(√)5【判断题】《金字塔原理》一书强调表达的时候要结论先行。

国际商务目录第一章国际商务导论第二章国际商务的基本理论第三章国际商务环境第四章外国经营环境第五章国际商务经营方式第六章国际经营战略第七章国际商务的营销战略第八章国际商务中的进出口实务第九章国际财务管理第十章国际人力资源管理第十一章国际商务组织与控制第十二章中国企业的国际经营第一章国际商务导论1．国际商务的含义和经济实质➢国际商务学是一门研究为满足个人及组织需求而进行的跨国界交易的科学。

该定义有两层含义：一是国际商务学研究的是跨国界的活动；二是国际商务学研究的是国家、企业或个人以经济利益为目的而进行的商业性经济活动，而不是非商业性的跨国经济活动（例如国家的对外经济援助）。

非商业性经济活动不在国际商务学的研究范围之内。

➢国际商务的本质是“跨国界”，最基本的国际商务活动是跨国界的经济交易活动。

国际商务学研究的主要对象是跨国公司。

跨国公司是在两个或两个以上国家设立分支机构或子公司进行跨国生产经营活动的企业。

2．经济全球化的含义和经济实质➢经济全球化(Economic Globalization) 是指世界经济活动超越国界，通过对外贸易、资本流动、技术转移、提供服务、相互依存、相互联系而形成的全球范围的有机经济整体。

（简单的说也就是世界经济日益成为紧密联系的一个整体）。

经济全球化是当代世界经济的重要特征之一，也是世界经济发展的重要趋势。

3．国内经营和国外经营的联系和区别➢经营环境的复杂化(面临不同的政治制度，法律制度和货币制度，经济环境不同，社会文化背景有差别)➢面临更多的机会和选择➢面临着更大的风险➢面临着特殊的冲突➢面临着经营决策的特殊性4，现代企业和国际商务之间的必然联系➢国际商务是现代企业功能的组成部分➢市场国际化导致了生产和资本越过了国界➢市场国际化导致了世界范围内的竞争更加激烈➢市场国际化导致了市场需求的趋同化和多样化趋势5．为了适应国际经营活动的需要，在经营观念上应该有哪些转变➢参与国际分工的意识➢按WTO原则和国际惯例办事的意识➢竞争的意识第二章国际商务的基本理论1．国际商务的基本理论是由哪些主要理论组成的？为什么选择这些理论作为国际商务的基本理论？➢主要有国际贸易理论，国际直接投资理论和国际生产理论➢国际贸易：古典贸易理论(重商主义，绝对优势理论，比较优势理论，资源配置理论)，现代贸易理论(规模经济理论，产品周期理论，需求贸易理论)➢重商主义：认为贵金属（货币）是衡量财富的唯一标准。

希尔国际商务课后答案【篇一：国际商务管理期末考试答案】p class=txt>一、单选题（题数：50，共 50.0 分）1根据以往的判例和先例来判决，是下列（）法系的特点？1.0 分 a、大陆法系b、宗教法c、欧美法d、普通法我的答案：d2跨国公司为了加强某地的投资，而往往必须放弃另外其他地区投资的撤资策略是（）。

1.0 分a、主动撤资b、进攻性撤资c、有计划地撤资d、被动撤资我的答案：b3计划经济条件下，中国贸易形式属于（）。

1.0 分a、自由贸易b、垄断贸易c、统制贸易d、区域贸易我的答案：c4制定企业的战略目标既要具有可行性，又要考虑到它的先进性，这是指战略目标制定的（）。

1.0 分a、关键性b、一致性c、激励性d、稳定性我的答案：c5下列不属于政治风险的是（）。

0.0 分a、本国化b、国有化c、当地化d、有偿征用我的答案：d6当前我国外汇储备中最主要的是（）。

1.0 分a、欧元b、日元c、黄金d、美元我的答案：d7根据要素禀赋论，下列不适宜发展资本密集型产业的国家是（）。

1.0 分a、美国日本c、澳大利亚d、朝鲜我的答案：d8差异化战略的核心是取得某种对顾客有价值的（）。

1.0 分a、可靠性b、信誉性c、实用性d、独特性我的答案：d9按照一般跨国公司组织形式发展的第三阶段是（）。

1.0 分a、销售部b、出口部c、国际部d、全球结构我的答案：c10下列要素中，不属于国家竞争优势钻石模型中基本要素的是（）。

1.0 分a、自然地理环境b、人口c、通讯基础气候我的答案：c11出口补贴作为一种鼓励出口的措施就是在出口某种商品时给予出口商（）优惠待遇。

1.0 分a、仅在退还进口税上b、仅在财政上c、仅在现金补贴上d、在现金补贴或财政上我的答案：d12全球化发展的物质基础是（）。

1.0 分a、跨国公司的经营成果b、新技术革命提供的成果c、全球性的非管制化和市场化政策d、国际金融市场的深化与创新我的答案：b13重商主义理论盛行于（）。

1金砖国家中，最后加入的国家是（）。

A、中国B、巴西C、印度D、南非我的答案：D2跨国公司这一名称产生于（）。

A、1964年B、1974年C、1984年D、1994年我的答案：B3全球排名第三的飞机制造公司是（）。

A、加拿大庞巴迪公司B、中国商飞C、美国麦道D、巴西航东工业公司我的答案：D4跨国公司的战略导向是（）。

A、国内市场B、国家形象C、国际市场D、利润最大化我的答案：c5到20PP年，全球手机新增用户的80%以上来自LDC国家。

（）我的答案：√6华为公司目前还不是世界500强公司。

（）我的答案：×1外国公众对中国商品的（）评价最低？A、质量B、价格C、实用D、品牌和环保我的答案：D2外国公众紧盯中国公司的方面有（）A、产品质量B、售后服务C、环保和人工权益D、以上都有我的答案：D3企业国际化经营的根本性原因是（）。

A、寻找新的顾客B、寻找低成本资源C、开发海外市场D、打造核心竞争力我的答案：D4下列企业国家化经营战略中，产品对东道国当地市场的需求适应能力较差的是（）。

A、本国中心战略B、一国中心战略C、全球中心战略D、多国中心战略我的答案：A5在美国，下列哪种贸易形式增长最快？（）A、许可证贸易B、特许经营C、分包D、代理我的答案：C6。

20PP年，中国对外直接投资存量实现连续9年增长。

（）我的答案：√7跨国公司越大发展越好。

（）我的答案：×1需要较少的新兴市场，但是需要较多的跨国界价值链协调的公司称为（）。

∙A、新兴进出口商∙B、跨国界贸易∙C、区域集中型公司∙D、全球型公司我的答案：C2下列不属于国际企业的市场环境的是（）。

∙A、国际金融市场∙B、区域经济一体化∙C、国际经济组织∙D、政治与法律我的答案：D3下列文化体系中，不属于没有中断过的文化体系的是（）。

∙A、印度文化体系∙B、中国文化体系∙C、希伯来文化体系∙D、以罗马、希腊为始的西欧文化体系我的答案：C4下列哪个要素中，不属于五力关系模型中竞争关系的构成要素？（）∙A、供应商∙B、竞争者∙C、潜在竞争者∙D、替代品我的答案：A5世界上最大的多变贸易组织是国际货币基金组织。

国际商务管理学试题答案一、名词解释1、国际商务:指不同国家或地区之间所进行的有关商品、服务、技术、生产要素、知识产权等方面的交易或交流活动。

2、经济体制:是在一定生产关系下生产、交换、分配和消费的具体形式。

3、不正当竞争:是行为人故意规避法律或直接违反法律政策,以牟取非法利益为目的,采取不合法的或格格不入的商业行为作为竞争手段,损害了消费者或其它经营者的利益,破坏了市场经济秩序的行为。

它是法律禁止的行为。

4、间接出口:指将产品卖给国内出口商或委托出口代理商代理出口。

5、不可抗力:又称人力不可抗拒,是指在合同签订以后,发生了当事人不能预见、又无法避免的意外事件,以致不能履行或不能如期履行合同。

二、单项选择题6—10 BCCDD11—15 DCDDD16—20 DDCCA21—25 AACCA26—30 ABBAD31—35 ACDAB三、简答题36、答:1.产品延伸:这种策略是将现有的标准化产品直接销往国际市场。

2.产品适应:这种策略是根据国际市场需求的特点对现有产品进行改造,或以全部或部分解决原有产品不适应国外顾客需求的缺陷。

3.产品创新:这种策略是根据国际市场需求的特点开发全新的产品。

4.国际产品:是指在产品开发过程中,不是根据某个国家的市场需求—1—开发新产品,而是根据若干国家的需求开发新产品,这样的产品相对于每一个国家都可能不是最好的,但在每一个国家都可以采用类似的营销策略进行销售。

37、答:(1)通货膨胀指价格总水平相当程度的普遍而持续上涨的现象。

对经济的不利影响表现为:由于物价持续上涨,致使企业成本持续上升;同时商品投机行为增多,冲击正常的生产经营活动。

(2)通货紧缩是指价格总水平相当程度的普遍而持续的下降的现象。

对经济的影响也是不利的:因为价格下降会导致消费者持币待购,企业缩减投资。

38、答:(1)与国际商务管理有关的国内法律。

(2)国际性法律与组织(3)国外法律体系。

39、答:(1)“越境提供”:从一国境内向任何其它国家境内提供服务,如对外海陆空运输服务。

国际商务管理(试题与标准答案)国际商务管理试题及答案第一单元国际商务导论1金砖国家中，最后加入的国家是。

? A、中国B、巴西C、印度D、南非我的答案：D 2跨国公司这一名称产生于。

? A、1964年B、1974年C、1984年D、1994年我的答案：B 3全球排名第三的飞机制造公司是。

? A、加拿大庞巴迪公司B、中国商飞C、美国麦道D、巴西航东工业公司我的答案：D 4跨国公司的战略导向是。

? A、国内市场B、国家形象C、国际市场D、利润最大化我的答案：C 5到2012年，全球手机新增用户的80%以上来自LDC国家。

我的答案：√ 6华为公司目前还不是世界500强公司。

我的答案：×1外国公众对中国商品的评价最低？? A、质量B、价格C、实用D、品牌和环保我的答案：D 2外国公众紧盯中国公司的方面有。

? A、产品质量B、售后服务C、环保和人工权益D、以上都有我的答案：D 3企业国际化经营的根本性原因是。

1 ? A、寻找新的顾客B、寻找低成本资源C、开发海外市场D、打造核心竞争力我的答案：D 4下列企业国家化经营战略中，产品对东道国当地市场的需求适应能力较差的是。

? A、本国中心战略B、一国中心战略C、全球中心战略D、多国中心战略我的答案：A 5在美国，下列哪种贸易形式增长最快？? A、许可证贸易B、特许经营C、分包D、代理我的答案：C 62010年，中国对外直接投资存量实现连续9年增长。

我的答案：×7跨国公司越大发展越好。

我的答案：×1需要较少的新兴市场，但是需要较多的跨国界价值链协调的公司称为。

A、新兴进出口商B、跨国界贸易C、区域集中型公司D、全球型公司我的答案：C 2下列不属于国际企业的市场环境的是。

? A、国际金融市场B、区域经济一体化C、国际经济组织D、政治与法律我的答案：D 3下列文化体系中，不属于没有中断过的文化体系的是。

? A、印度文化体系B、中国文化体系C、希伯来文化体系D、以罗马、希腊为始的西欧文化体系? 我的答案：C 4下列哪个要素中，不属于五力关系模型中竞争关系的构成要素？? A、供应商B、竞争者C、潜在竞争者D、替代品我的答案：A 5世界上最大的多变贸易组织是国际货币基金组织。

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考试保证100分答案请看答案选，不要看选项选，有可能选项变动。

1.1以下不属于制定法国家制定了商法的是？A、德国B、法国C、英国D、葡萄牙不属于商法调整的商事关系的是？A、消费者与商家B、公司间进货C、企业破产D、企业分立商法发展的第二个阶段是：A.中世纪的商法B.罗马法时代的商法C.16世纪以后到20世纪的商法D.法典化时期的商法关于中世纪商法的特点，说法不正确的是：A、商法是具有国际性的法律B、商法是习惯法C、商法是关于集市的法律D、商法是国家制定法市民法解决的主要问题是人格身份和财产权的归属√罗马成文法的开端是：A.市民法B.《十二表法》C.万民法D.《民法通则》（还有几题不造￣へ￣）1.2罗马人在修订和完善罗马法的过程中，是以制定法为主要依据来整理法律的。

√调整具有罗马城邦公民身份的人之间的法律叫做万民法。

×英国人的商法认为商法最核心的部分是：A 赔偿B 交易C 谈判D 沟通商人是一个阶级，而不是一个职业。

×以下说法不正确的是：A 商法是调整商业关系的法律B 商法解决的事件之一是：商人是什么C 商法的民族化与商法的本土化并不是同一个概念D 商人自治法是指商人自己解决自己内部事务的法律关于16世纪以后商法的特点，不正确的是：A 商法变成了国家制定法B 商法变成了国家控制的法律C 商法被法典化了D 商法是商人的自治法调整不具有罗马城邦公民身份的人之间的法律叫做？A 市民法B 万民法C 公民法D 异邦法市民法和万民法是哪个法的分类？A 中国法B 印度法C 希腊法D 罗马法法典即是一个国家的立法者依照法定的程度所制定的法律。

√施米托夫是哪一学科的主要创始人之一？A 民法学B 经济法学C 国际贸易法学D 社会法学1.3关于李杏仁英诉上海大润发超市存包损害赔偿案败诉的原因，说法不正确的是：A 在超市存包不是保管，而是保管箱的租用B 李杏英没有证据证明存包的事实C 李杏英没有拍照证明自己确实存放物品D 超市的自动储物柜是无偿供消费者使用的中世纪商法是习惯法而不是制定法。